由于密(mi)(mi)封鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)池的諸多(duo)優點,因此獲(huo)得了廣泛應(ying)用(yong)．然而密(mi)(mi)封鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)池的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)技(ji)術似乎不被(bei)看重,因充(chong)電(dian)(dian)方式不合(he)理而造成電(dian)(dian)池過早報廢(fei)的情(qing)況普(pu)遍存在．充(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程分析:

1.維護充電:

      當電池電壓較低時(可設定,本電路預設在9V以下),充電器工作在(zai)小電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)維護充(chong)電(dian)(dian)狀態下,工作原理為U1C⑨腳(同相端)電(dian)(dian)位(wei)低于⑧腳(反相端),U1C輸出低電(dian)(dian)位(wei),T4截止(zhi).U1D 11 腳電(dian)(dian)位(wei)約(yue)0.18V．此時充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)約(yue)250mA(恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)路由(you)R14,U1D,T1B周邊外圍電(dian)(dian)路構成,恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)原理讀者請自行(xing)分析)．

2. 快速充電:

       隨著維護充電(dian)(dian)繼續,電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)壓逐漸升高(gao),當(dang)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)壓超(chao)過9V時,充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)轉入大電(dian)(dian)流快充模式(shi)下(xia),U1C⑨腳(jiao)(同相端(duan))電(dian)(dian)位(wei)高(gao)于⑧腳(jiao)(反相端(duan)),U1C輸出高(gao)電(dian)(dian)位(wei),T4導通,U1D 11 腳(jiao)電(dian)(dian)位(wei)約(yue)為0.48V,充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)恒定輸出約(yue)1A電(dian)(dian)流給電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian).

3. 限壓浮充:

      當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池接(jie)近充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時,充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)自(zi)動轉入限壓(ya)(ya)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)狀態下(限壓(ya)(ya)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)設(she)定為(wei)(wei)13.8V,如為(wei)(wei)6V蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池,則浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)應設(she)定為(wei)(wei)6.9V), 此時的充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)會(hui)由快速充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態下逐漸下降(jiang),至電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池完全充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后,充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)僅為(wei)(wei)10~30mA,用以(yi)補充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池因自(zi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)而損失(shi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量.

4. 保(bao)護(hu)及充電指(zhi)示(shi)電路:

    本電(dian)(dian)(dian)路設有反(fan)極性(xing)保護電(dian)(dian)(dian)路,由D4,U1C,U1D,T1及(ji)外(wai)(wai)圍元(yuan)件(jian)構(gou)(gou)成,當電(dian)(dian)(dian)池反(fan)接時,充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器限(xian)制輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)流不(bu)致發生事(shi)故(原理請讀者(zhe)自行(xing)分(fen)析,或Email給作者(zhe)).充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)指(zhi)示(shi)由U1A,D7及(ji)外(wai)(wai)圍元(yuan)件(jian)構(gou)(gou)成,充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時,D7點(dian)亮,充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器進(jin)入浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)狀態(tai)后,D7熄滅,表示(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)結束.

5. 本電(dian)路(lu)略為修(xiu)改電(dian)路(lu)參數即(ji)可任意(yi)調(diao)整(zheng)充電(dian)電(dian)流(liu),浮充電(dian)壓以滿(man)足不(bu)同規格電(dian)池的(de)需(xu)要.

6. 物料清單如下

注:CF=碳膜電(dian)阻;MF=金屬膜電(dian)阻;M.O.F=金屬氧化膜電(dian)阻

*表示可根據需要調整的元件．
有鑒于此,設計制作了一款二階段恒流限壓式鉛酸電池充電器.
7.實測(ce)充電器的充電曲線如下圖.

由于密封(feng)鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)池的諸多優點,因此(ci)獲得(de)了廣泛應用．然而(er)密封(feng)鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)池的充(chong)電(dian)技(ji)術似(si)乎不被看重(zhong),因充(chong)電(dian)方式(shi)不合理(li)而(er)造(zao)成(cheng)電(dian)池過早(zao)報廢的情況普遍存(cun)在．充(chong)電(dian)過程分析(xi):

1.維護充電:

      當電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)壓較低時(可設定,本電(dian)(dian)路(lu)預設在9V以下),充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)工作在小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)維護充(chong)電(dian)(dian)狀態下,工作原(yuan)理(li)為(wei)U1C⑨腳(同相(xiang)端)電(dian)(dian)位(wei)低于⑧腳(反(fan)相(xiang)端),U1C輸出低電(dian)(dian)位(wei),T4截止.U1D 11 腳電(dian)(dian)位(wei)約(yue)0.18V．此時充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)約(yue)250mA(恒流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)由R14,U1D,T1B周邊外圍電(dian)(dian)路(lu)構(gou)成,恒流(liu)(liu)(liu)原(yuan)理(li)讀者請自行(xing)分析(xi))．

2. 快速充電:

       隨(sui)著維護(hu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)繼續,電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)壓(ya)逐漸升高(gao),當(dang)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)壓(ya)超過9V時,充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器轉入大電(dian)流快充(chong)(chong)模式下,U1C⑨腳(jiao)(同相端)電(dian)位(wei)高(gao)于⑧腳(jiao)(反相端),U1C輸出高(gao)電(dian)位(wei),T4導通,U1D 11 腳(jiao)電(dian)位(wei)約(yue)為0.48V,充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器恒定輸出約(yue)1A電(dian)流給電(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian).

3. 限壓浮充:

      當電(dian)(dian)(dian)池接近(jin)充(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)時,充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器自動轉入限壓(ya)浮充(chong)狀態下(xia)(限壓(ya)浮充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)設(she)定為13.8V,如(ru)為6V蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池,則浮充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)應設(she)定為6.9V), 此時的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)會由(you)快速充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態下(xia)逐漸(jian)下(xia)降(jiang),至電(dian)(dian)(dian)池完全充(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)后,充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)僅為10~30mA,用以補充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池因自放電(dian)(dian)(dian)而(er)損失(shi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)量.

4. 保護及充電(dian)指示電(dian)路:

    本電(dian)(dian)(dian)路設(she)有反(fan)極性保護電(dian)(dian)(dian)路,由(you)D4,U1C,U1D,T1及(ji)外(wai)圍(wei)元件構成,當電(dian)(dian)(dian)池反(fan)接時,充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器限(xian)制(zhi)輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流不(bu)致發生事(shi)故(原理請(qing)讀者自行分析,或(huo)Email給作者).充電(dian)(dian)(dian)指示由(you)U1A,D7及(ji)外(wai)圍(wei)元件構成,充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時,D7點亮,充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器進(jin)入(ru)浮充狀態后,D7熄滅,表(biao)示充電(dian)(dian)(dian)結束(shu).

5. 本(ben)電路(lu)略(lve)為修改電路(lu)參數即可任(ren)意調整充電電流,浮充電壓以滿足不同規格電池的需要.

6. 物料清單如下

注:CF=碳膜電阻(zu);MF=金屬膜電阻(zu);M.O.F=金屬氧化膜電阻(zu)

*表示可根據需要調整的元件．
有鑒于此,設計制作了一款二階段恒流限壓式鉛酸電池充電器.
7.實測(ce)充電(dian)器的充電(dian)曲(qu)線如下圖.