由于密(mi)封鉛酸(suan)蓄電池的諸多(duo)優點(dian),因(yin)此獲得了廣泛應用(yong)．然而密(mi)封鉛酸(suan)蓄電池的充(chong)電技(ji)術(shu)似(si)乎(hu)不(bu)被看重,因(yin)充(chong)電方式不(bu)合理而造成電池過(guo)早(zao)報廢的情況普遍(bian)存在(zai)．充(chong)電過(guo)程分(fen)析:

1.維護充電:

      當電池電壓較低時(可設定,本電路預設在9V以下),充電器工(gong)(gong)作在小電(dian)(dian)流維(wei)護充電(dian)(dian)狀態下,工(gong)(gong)作原理為U1C⑨腳(jiao)(jiao)(同相端(duan)(duan))電(dian)(dian)位低于⑧腳(jiao)(jiao)(反相端(duan)(duan)),U1C輸出低電(dian)(dian)位,T4截(jie)止(zhi).U1D 11 腳(jiao)(jiao)電(dian)(dian)位約0.18V．此時充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流約250mA(恒流電(dian)(dian)路由R14,U1D,T1B周(zhou)邊外(wai)圍電(dian)(dian)路構成,恒流原理讀(du)者請自行(xing)分析)．

2. 快速充電:

       隨著維護(hu)充電(dian)(dian)繼續,電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)壓逐(zhu)漸升高(gao),當電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)壓超(chao)過9V時,充電(dian)(dian)器轉入大電(dian)(dian)流快充模式下,U1C⑨腳(jiao)(同相端)電(dian)(dian)位(wei)高(gao)于⑧腳(jiao)(反相端),U1C輸出(chu)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)位(wei),T4導通,U1D 11 腳(jiao)電(dian)(dian)位(wei)約為(wei)0.48V,充電(dian)(dian)器恒定輸出(chu)約1A電(dian)(dian)流給電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian).

3. 限壓浮充:

      當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池接近充(chong)(chong)(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi),充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器自(zi)動轉入限壓(ya)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)狀態(tai)下(xia)(限壓(ya)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)設定(ding)為(wei)13.8V,如為(wei)6V蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池,則浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)應設定(ding)為(wei)6.9V), 此時(shi)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)會由快速充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態(tai)下(xia)逐漸下(xia)降,至電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池完全充(chong)(chong)(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后,充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)僅(jin)為(wei)10~30mA,用以補充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池因(yin)自(zi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)而損失(shi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量.

4. 保護及充(chong)電(dian)指(zhi)示電(dian)路:

    本電(dian)路設(she)有反(fan)(fan)極性保護(hu)電(dian)路,由D4,U1C,U1D,T1及外圍元(yuan)件(jian)構(gou)成(cheng),當電(dian)池反(fan)(fan)接時,充電(dian)器(qi)限制輸出電(dian)流不致發生事故(原(yuan)理請(qing)讀(du)者(zhe)自行分析,或Email給作(zuo)者(zhe)).充電(dian)指示由U1A,D7及外圍元(yuan)件(jian)構(gou)成(cheng),充電(dian)時,D7點亮,充電(dian)器(qi)進入浮充狀(zhuang)態(tai)后,D7熄滅(mie),表示充電(dian)結束.

5. 本電路略為修改電路參數(shu)即可任意調整充電電流,浮(fu)充電壓以滿足不同規(gui)格電池的需要.

6. 物料清單如下

注:CF=碳膜電(dian)阻(zu);MF=金(jin)屬(shu)膜電(dian)阻(zu);M.O.F=金(jin)屬(shu)氧(yang)化膜電(dian)阻(zu)

*表示可根據需要調整的元件．
有鑒于此,設計制作了一款二階段恒流限壓式鉛酸電池充電器.
7.實(shi)測充電(dian)器(qi)的充電(dian)曲(qu)線如下圖.

由(you)于密封鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄電(dian)池的(de)諸多優點,因(yin)此獲得了廣(guang)泛應用(yong)．然(ran)而(er)密封鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄電(dian)池的(de)充(chong)電(dian)技術似乎不被(bei)看重,因(yin)充(chong)電(dian)方式不合理而(er)造成(cheng)電(dian)池過早報(bao)廢的(de)情況普遍存在(zai)．充(chong)電(dian)過程(cheng)分析:

1.維護充電:

      當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓較低(di)時(shi)(可設(she)定,本(ben)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)預設(she)在9V以下),充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器工(gong)作在小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流維護充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態下,工(gong)作原理(li)為(wei)U1C⑨腳(jiao)(同相(xiang)端)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)低(di)于⑧腳(jiao)(反相(xiang)端),U1C輸出低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei),T4截止.U1D 11 腳(jiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)約(yue)0.18V．此時(shi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流約(yue)250mA(恒流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)由R14,U1D,T1B周邊(bian)外圍電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)構成,恒流原理(li)讀者請自行分(fen)析)．

2. 快速充電:

       隨著維護充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)繼續,電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)逐(zhu)漸升高,當電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)超過9V時,充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器轉入大電(dian)(dian)流快充(chong)(chong)模(mo)式下,U1C⑨腳(jiao)(同相端(duan))電(dian)(dian)位高于⑧腳(jiao)(反相端(duan)),U1C輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)高電(dian)(dian)位,T4導通,U1D 11 腳(jiao)電(dian)(dian)位約為(wei)0.48V,充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器恒定輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)約1A電(dian)(dian)流給電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian).

3. 限壓浮充:

      當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)接近充(chong)(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時,充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)自(zi)動轉(zhuan)入限(xian)壓(ya)(ya)浮充(chong)(chong)狀(zhuang)態下(限(xian)壓(ya)(ya)浮充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)設(she)定(ding)為(wei)(wei)(wei)13.8V,如為(wei)(wei)(wei)6V蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi),則浮充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)應設(she)定(ding)為(wei)(wei)(wei)6.9V), 此時的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流會由(you)快速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態下逐漸下降,至(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)完全充(chong)(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后,充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流僅(jin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)10~30mA,用以補充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)因自(zi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)而損失的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量.

4. 保(bao)護及充電指示電路:

    本電路(lu)設(she)有反極性保(bao)護電路(lu),由(you)D4,U1C,U1D,T1及(ji)外圍元件構(gou)成(cheng),當(dang)電池反接時,充(chong)電器(qi)限制(zhi)輸出(chu)電流不致發(fa)生事故(gu)(原理請讀者自(zi)行分析,或Email給(gei)作者).充(chong)電指(zhi)示由(you)U1A,D7及(ji)外圍元件構(gou)成(cheng),充(chong)電時,D7點亮,充(chong)電器(qi)進入浮充(chong)狀(zhuang)態后,D7熄(xi)滅(mie),表示充(chong)電結束.

5. 本(ben)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路略為修改電(dian)(dian)(dian)路參(can)數即(ji)可任意調整充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流,浮充電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)以滿足不同規格電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的需要.

6. 物料清單如下

注:CF=碳膜(mo)電(dian)阻(zu);MF=金屬膜(mo)電(dian)阻(zu);M.O.F=金屬氧化膜(mo)電(dian)阻(zu)

*表示可根據需要調整的元件．
有鑒于此,設計制作了一款二階段恒流限壓式鉛酸電池充電器.
7.實(shi)測充電器(qi)的充電曲線如下圖(tu).