分布式電能(neng)存(cun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)設備(bei)的(de)功率(lv)從幾千(qian)瓦至幾兆瓦不等，儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)容量(liang)一般小(xiao)于10MW·h，多接入中(zhong)低(di)壓(ya)配電網或用戶側。從能(neng)量(liang)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)存(cun)形式看，分布式電能(neng)存(cun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)技(ji)術可分為機械儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)、電磁儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)、化學(xue)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)等。

　　分(fen)(fen)(fen)布式電能(neng)存(cun)儲(chu)設備的(de)功率從幾(ji)千瓦(wa)至幾(ji)兆瓦(wa)不等(deng)，儲(chu)能(neng)容量一般小于(yu)10MW·h，多接入中低壓配電網或用(yong)戶(hu)側。從能(neng)量儲(chu)存(cun)形式看(kan)，分(fen)(fen)(fen)布式電能(neng)存(cun)儲(chu)技術可(ke)分(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)機械儲(chu)能(neng)、電磁儲(chu)能(neng)、化學儲(chu)能(neng)等(deng)。若(ruo)按照能(neng)量存(cun)儲(chu)和釋(shi)放的(de)外部(bu)特(te)征劃分(fen)(fen)(fen)，又(you)可(ke)分(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)功率型(xing)和能(neng)量型(xing)2種。

　　1、分布式電能存儲技術的特點及發展情況

　　分(fen)(fen)布式(shi)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)存儲(chu)設備的(de)(de)(de)(de)功率(lv)從(cong)幾千(qian)瓦至幾兆瓦不(bu)(bu)等(deng)(deng)，儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)容量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)一般小于10MW·h，多(duo)接入中低壓配電(dian)(dian)網或用(yong)(yong)戶側。從(cong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)儲(chu)存形(xing)式(shi)看，分(fen)(fen)布式(shi)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)存儲(chu)技術(shu)可(ke)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)機械儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、電(dian)(dian)磁儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、化(hua)學儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)(deng)。若按照能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)存儲(chu)和(he)釋放的(de)(de)(de)(de)外部特(te)征劃分(fen)(fen)，又可(ke)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)功率(lv)型和(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)型2種。前者適用(yong)(yong)于短時(shi)間內(nei)對功率(lv)需求(qiu)較(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)場合，如改善電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)、提(ti)供快速功率(lv)支(zhi)撐(cheng)等(deng)(deng)；后者適用(yong)(yong)于對能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)需求(qiu)較(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)場合，需要儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)設備提(ti)供較(jiao)長時(shi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)支(zhi)撐(cheng)。功率(lv)型儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)響應(ying)迅速、功率(lv)密(mi)度(du)較(jiao)大，包括(kuo)超(chao)(chao)級電(dian)(dian)容、飛輪儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、超(chao)(chao)導儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)(deng)。能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)型儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)具有較(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)存儲(chu)密(mi)度(du)，充放電(dian)(dian)時(shi)間較(jiao)長，包括(kuo)壓縮(suo)空氣儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、鈉硫電(dian)(dian)池、液流(liu)電(dian)(dian)池、鉛酸電(dian)(dian)池、鋰離子電(dian)(dian)池等(deng)(deng)。各種分(fen)(fen)布式(shi)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)存儲(chu)技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展水平不(bu)(bu)同，成本也有明顯差(cha)異，在效率(lv)、壽命、功率(lv)/能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)密(mi)度(du)等(deng)(deng)方面(mian)具有不(bu)(bu)同特(te)點(dian)。采用(yong)(yong)混合儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)形(xing)式(shi)，將不(bu)(bu)同性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系統進行(xing)組合，可(ke)充分(fen)(fen)發揮不(bu)(bu)同儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)優勢，以(yi)滿足功率(lv)和(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)等(deng)(deng)多(duo)方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)需求(qiu)，這將是未來(lai)分(fen)(fen)布式(shi)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)存儲(chu)技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展和(he)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)趨勢之一。

　　2、分布式電能存儲系統的應用場景

　　分布式電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)存儲系統（DESS）的(de)應用(yong)涉及配用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統中(zhong)的(de)各個(ge)環(huan)(huan)節，與大規(gui)模、集中(zhong)式的(de)儲能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站相比，分布式電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)存儲系統對(dui)接(jie)入(ru)位置的(de)環(huan)(huan)境條件限制較少，接(jie)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)方式更加(jia)靈活，在配電(dian)(dian)(dian)網、微(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網、分布式電(dian)(dian)(dian)源側(ce)，以及用(yong)戶側(ce)都可以發揮獨特的(de)作用(yong)。

　　2.1 在配電系統中的應(ying)用

　　參(can)與(yu)系統(tong)(tong)調(diao)峰。利用(yong)分布式(shi)電能(neng)存(cun)儲系統(tong)(tong)在高(gao)峰負荷時放(fang)電，在低谷(gu)負荷時充(chong)電，可有效實現負荷的(de)削峰填谷(gu)。其效果可體現在如下3個方面：

　　① 緩解電(dian)網(wang)功率阻塞；

　　② 延(yan)緩配電網升級改造；

　　③ 降低網(wang)絡能量損耗。

　　參與系(xi)統(tong)頻(pin)率(lv)調(diao)節。分布式(shi)電能存(cun)儲(chu)(chu)系(xi)統(tong)具(ju)有(you)(you)響應速(su)度(du)快、輸出功率(lv)控制(zhi)精度(du)高等特點，十分符(fu)合電網調(diao)頻(pin)的(de)需求。與傳統(tong)調(diao)頻(pin)電源(yuan)相比，分布式(shi)電能存(cun)儲(chu)(chu)系(xi)統(tong)具(ju)有(you)(you)較為明顯(xian)的(de)技術優勢。隨著(zhu)分布式(shi)電能存(cun)儲(chu)(chu)系(xi)統(tong)成本的(de)下降，在調(diao)頻(pin)服務中也(ye)將逐漸顯(xian)現出其經濟性。

　　參(can)與(yu)系統(tong)或饋線級調壓。大量分布(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)源在配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)系統(tong)中(zhong)接(jie)入，將直(zhi)接(jie)改變(bian)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)中(zhong)功率(lv)的(de)流動規律(lv)，造成(cheng)一些節(jie)點(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓的(de)升高(gao)。利用(yong)分布(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)能存儲系統(tong)有功功率(lv)的(de)調節(jie)能力，可以(yi)有效緩解分布(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)源接(jie)入后(hou)的(de)節(jie)點(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓升高(gao)問題，提高(gao)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)對(dui)分布(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)源接(jie)納能力。

　　2.2 在改(gai)善分布式電源運行特性方(fang)面的(de)應用

　　平(ping)滑分布(bu)(bu)式(shi)電(dian)源的(de)功率(lv)波動。將分布(bu)(bu)式(shi)電(dian)能存儲(chu)系(xi)統(tong)與光伏發電(dian)、風電(dian)等波動性分布(bu)(bu)式(shi)電(dian)源緊密(mi)配合，利用(yong)儲(chu)能的(de)快速充放電(dian)特性平(ping)抑這些電(dian)源的(de)快速波動，可在一(yi)定(ding)時間尺度上（分鐘至(zhi)小時級）實現輸出功率(lv)的(de)平(ping)滑，顯(xian)著提高這些電(dian)源的(de)功率(lv)輸出品(pin)質，降低其對系(xi)統(tong)的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)。

　　實(shi)現分(fen)(fen)布式(shi)電源(yuan)(yuan)端節(jie)點電壓(ya)(ya)控(kong)制(zhi)。將(jiang)分(fen)(fen)布式(shi)電源(yuan)(yuan)直接與(yu)儲(chu)能系統相配合(he)，對分(fen)(fen)布式(shi)電源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)端電壓(ya)(ya)實(shi)現有效控(kong)制(zhi)，在饋線中一定比例(li)的(de)分(fen)(fen)布式(shi)電源(yuan)(yuan)上采用(yong)這(zhe)樣的(de)手段，完全可(ke)以克服饋線節(jie)點電壓(ya)(ya)升(sheng)高問題。該方案不(bu)會(hui)隨分(fen)(fen)布式(shi)電源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)接入改變(bian)系統運行或控(kong)制(zhi)策略，能夠實(shi)現“即(ji)插(cha)即(ji)用(yong)”。

　　增強分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式電(dian)源的功率(lv)可調(diao)度(du)(du)性。將分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式電(dian)能存(cun)儲系(xi)統與風電(dian)和光(guang)伏發電(dian)等(deng)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式電(dian)源有(you)效加以(yi)集成，對電(dian)網(wang)而言(yan)形成一(yi)個統一(yi)的單元，實現在一(yi)定時間尺(chi)度(du)(du)（分(fen)(fen)鐘(zhong)至小時級）上輸出總(zong)功率(lv)的調(diao)節(jie)，進而使其具備一(yi)定程度(du)(du)的可調(diao)度(du)(du)性。

　　2.3 在微(wei)電網中的應用

　　實現聯絡(luo)線(xian)功率(lv)控制。微(wei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)聯網(wang)(wang)(wang)運(yun)行時，微(wei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)與配電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)間聯絡(luo)線(xian)功率(lv)的波(bo)動可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)對配電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)產生較大的影響。通過對微(wei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)中分(fen)布式電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)存儲系統的控制，能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)將聯絡(luo)線(xian)功率(lv)的波(bo)動控制在(zai)一(yi)定(ding)范(fan)圍之內。聯網(wang)(wang)(wang)運(yun)行時，對配電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)而(er)言，微(wei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)將成為一(yi)個可(ke)(ke)調度的電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)（或(huo)負荷），可(ke)(ke)以利(li)用微(wei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)實現一(yi)些(xie)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)輔(fu)助服(fu)務(wu)功能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，進而(er)更多地(di)發(fa)揮出微(wei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的技(ji)術優(you)勢(shi)。

　　支撐系(xi)統(tong)(tong)電(dian)壓與頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)。微(wei)(wei)電(dian)網(wang)孤島(dao)運行模(mo)式(shi)(shi)時，分布式(shi)(shi)電(dian)能(neng)存(cun)儲系(xi)統(tong)(tong)可(ke)作為微(wei)(wei)電(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)主電(dian)源(yuan)提供電(dian)壓和頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)支持(chi)，發揮快速響(xiang)應的(de)(de)特(te)點，實時平衡微(wei)(wei)電(dian)網(wang)中的(de)(de)功率(lv)波動(dong)，維(wei)持(chi)電(dian)壓和頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)穩定。此外，分布式(shi)(shi)電(dian)能(neng)存(cun)儲系(xi)統(tong)(tong)還可(ke)以在微(wei)(wei)電(dian)網(wang)運行模(mo)式(shi)(shi)切換時提供暫態功率(lv)支撐，盡可(ke)能(neng)減小對(dui)用戶負荷的(de)(de)沖擊。

　　2.4 在用(yong)戶側的應用(yong)

　　發揮不間(jian)斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源作(zuo)用。分(fen)布式電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能存儲系統由(you)于(yu)具(ju)有快速響應(ying)能力，可以作(zuo)為不間(jian)斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源（UPS），在停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時確保(bao)重要負(fu)荷(he)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，提高供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可靠性，這一(yi)模式已(yi)經(jing)獲得廣泛應(ying)用。

　　實現需求(qiu)側(ce)響應。安裝在用戶側(ce)的分布(bu)式電(dian)(dian)(dian)能存儲系統(tong)，可用于參(can)與需求(qiu)側(ce)響應，幫助用戶在不改變(bian)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)習(xi)慣的情況(kuang)下(xia)進行(xing)錯(cuo)峰用電(dian)(dian)(dian)，降低購電(dian)(dian)(dian)費用。對于電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)而言，錯(cuo)峰用電(dian)(dian)(dian)將會顯著提高電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的資產利(li)用率(lv)，延緩(huan)系統(tong)改擴建，具(ju)有多方面(mian)的經(jing)濟(ji)性。

　　改善電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)質量。間歇性的分布式電(dian)(dian)源和(he)大量電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)子設(she)備的應用可能(neng)(neng)會造成高次(ci)諧(xie)波、電(dian)(dian)壓閃變、電(dian)(dian)壓跌落等電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)質量問題(ti)。在(zai)用戶(hu)側接入分布式電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)存儲系(xi)統，能(neng)(neng)快速(su)響應系(xi)統中各(ge)種擾動，有(you)效控制波形畸變率在(zai)較小的范圍內，提高用戶(hu)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)質量。