分布(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)存儲(chu)(chu)設備的功率(lv)從幾(ji)千瓦(wa)至幾(ji)兆瓦(wa)不等，儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)容量一(yi)般小于10MW·h，多接入中低壓配(pei)電(dian)(dian)網或用戶側。從能(neng)(neng)量儲(chu)(chu)存形式(shi)看，分布(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)存儲(chu)(chu)技術可分為機械(xie)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)、電(dian)(dian)磁儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)、化學(xue)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)等。

　　分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式電(dian)能(neng)存(cun)(cun)(cun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)設備的(de)功率從(cong)幾千(qian)瓦(wa)至幾兆瓦(wa)不(bu)等，儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)容量一般小于10MW·h，多接入(ru)中低壓配(pei)電(dian)網或用戶側。從(cong)能(neng)量儲(chu)(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)形式看，分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式電(dian)能(neng)存(cun)(cun)(cun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)技術可分(fen)(fen)為(wei)機械儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)、電(dian)磁儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)、化學(xue)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)等。若按(an)照能(neng)量存(cun)(cun)(cun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)和釋(shi)放的(de)外部特征劃(hua)分(fen)(fen)，又可分(fen)(fen)為(wei)功率型和能(neng)量型2種。

　　1、分布式電能存儲技術的特點及發展情況

　　分布(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)存(cun)(cun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)設備的(de)功率從幾(ji)千瓦至幾(ji)兆瓦不(bu)(bu)等(deng)(deng)，儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)容(rong)量(liang)一般小于10MW·h，多(duo)接入中低壓(ya)配電(dian)(dian)網或用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶側。從能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)形式(shi)看，分布(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)存(cun)(cun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)技(ji)術(shu)可分為(wei)機械儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、電(dian)(dian)磁儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、化學儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)(deng)。若按照能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)存(cun)(cun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)和(he)釋放的(de)外部特征劃(hua)分，又可分為(wei)功率型(xing)和(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)型(xing)2種。前者適(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于短時間內對(dui)功率需(xu)(xu)求(qiu)較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)的(de)場(chang)合，如改善電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)質量(liang)、提(ti)供(gong)快速功率支(zhi)撐等(deng)(deng)；后者適(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于對(dui)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)需(xu)(xu)求(qiu)較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)的(de)場(chang)合，需(xu)(xu)要儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)設備提(ti)供(gong)較(jiao)(jiao)長時間的(de)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)支(zhi)撐。功率型(xing)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)響(xiang)應迅速、功率密(mi)度(du)較(jiao)(jiao)大，包括超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)、飛輪(lun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、超導儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)(deng)。能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)型(xing)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)具有(you)較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)的(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)存(cun)(cun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)密(mi)度(du)，充放電(dian)(dian)時間較(jiao)(jiao)長，包括壓(ya)縮(suo)空(kong)氣儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、鈉硫電(dian)(dian)池、液流電(dian)(dian)池、鉛酸電(dian)(dian)池、鋰離子電(dian)(dian)池等(deng)(deng)。各種分布(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)存(cun)(cun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)發展水平不(bu)(bu)同(tong)，成本也有(you)明顯差異，在效率、壽(shou)命(ming)、功率/能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)密(mi)度(du)等(deng)(deng)方面具有(you)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)特點。采用(yong)(yong)(yong)混合儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)形式(shi)，將不(bu)(bu)同(tong)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系統(tong)進(jin)行(xing)組合，可充分發揮不(bu)(bu)同(tong)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)優勢，以滿(man)足功率和(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)等(deng)(deng)多(duo)方面的(de)需(xu)(xu)求(qiu)，這將是未來分布(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)存(cun)(cun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)發展和(he)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)趨勢之一。

　　2、分布式電能存儲系統的應用場景

　　分(fen)布式(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)能存(cun)儲系統(tong)(tong)（DESS）的(de)應用(yong)涉及配用(yong)電(dian)系統(tong)(tong)中的(de)各個(ge)環節，與大(da)規模、集中式(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)儲能電(dian)站(zhan)相比，分(fen)布式(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)能存(cun)儲系統(tong)(tong)對接入位置的(de)環境條件限制較少，接入電(dian)網的(de)方式(shi)(shi)(shi)更加靈活(huo)，在配電(dian)網、微電(dian)網、分(fen)布式(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)源側(ce)，以(yi)及用(yong)戶側(ce)都可以(yi)發(fa)揮獨特的(de)作用(yong)。

　　2.1 在配電系(xi)統(tong)中的應用(yong)

　　參(can)與系(xi)(xi)統調峰。利用分布式電能存儲系(xi)(xi)統在高峰負荷時放電，在低(di)谷(gu)負荷時充電，可有(you)效實現負荷的(de)削峰填(tian)谷(gu)。其(qi)效果可體現在如下3個方面(mian)：

　　① 緩解(jie)電網功率阻塞；

　　② 延緩配(pei)電網(wang)升級改造；

　　③ 降低網絡能量損耗。

　　參與系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)頻(pin)率調節。分布(bu)(bu)式電能(neng)存儲(chu)(chu)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)具(ju)有響應速度快(kuai)、輸出功率控制精度高(gao)等特點，十分符合電網調頻(pin)的(de)(de)需求。與傳統(tong)(tong)調頻(pin)電源相比，分布(bu)(bu)式電能(neng)存儲(chu)(chu)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)具(ju)有較為(wei)明(ming)顯的(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)優勢。隨著分布(bu)(bu)式電能(neng)存儲(chu)(chu)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)成本(ben)的(de)(de)下降，在調頻(pin)服(fu)務中也(ye)將(jiang)逐漸顯現出其(qi)經濟性。

　　參與系(xi)統(tong)(tong)或饋線級調壓。大(da)量分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)(shi)電(dian)源在配(pei)電(dian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)中接(jie)(jie)入，將直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)改變配(pei)電(dian)網中功率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)流(liu)動規律(lv)，造成(cheng)一些節點電(dian)壓的(de)(de)(de)升高(gao)。利用(yong)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)(shi)電(dian)能(neng)(neng)存儲系(xi)統(tong)(tong)有功功率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)調節能(neng)(neng)力，可(ke)以(yi)有效(xiao)緩(huan)解分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)(shi)電(dian)源接(jie)(jie)入后的(de)(de)(de)節點電(dian)壓升高(gao)問題，提高(gao)配(pei)電(dian)網對分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)(shi)電(dian)源接(jie)(jie)納能(neng)(neng)力。

　　2.2 在(zai)改善分布(bu)式電源運行特性方面(mian)的應用

　　平(ping)滑(hua)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式電(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)功率波動。將分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式電(dian)能存儲系統與光伏發電(dian)、風電(dian)等波動性分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式電(dian)源(yuan)緊密配合，利用(yong)儲能的(de)(de)快(kuai)速(su)(su)充放電(dian)特性平(ping)抑這些電(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)快(kuai)速(su)(su)波動，可在一定(ding)時間尺度上（分(fen)(fen)鐘至小時級）實現輸出功率的(de)(de)平(ping)滑(hua)，顯著提高(gao)這些電(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)功率輸出品(pin)質，降(jiang)低其(qi)對系統的(de)(de)影響。

　　實現分(fen)布式(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)端節(jie)點(dian)(dian)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)控(kong)制。將分(fen)布式(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)直(zhi)接與儲能系統(tong)相配合，對分(fen)布式(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的端電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)實現有效控(kong)制，在(zai)饋線中(zhong)一定比例(li)的分(fen)布式(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)上(shang)采用這樣的手段(duan)，完全可以克(ke)服(fu)饋線節(jie)點(dian)(dian)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)升高問題。該(gai)方案(an)不會隨分(fen)布式(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的接入改(gai)變系統(tong)運行或(huo)控(kong)制策略，能夠(gou)實現“即插即用”。

　　增強分布式(shi)電(dian)源(yuan)的功率可調(diao)(diao)度(du)性。將(jiang)分布式(shi)電(dian)能(neng)存儲系統與風(feng)電(dian)和光伏(fu)發電(dian)等分布式(shi)電(dian)源(yuan)有效加以集成(cheng)，對電(dian)網而言(yan)形成(cheng)一個統一的單元，實現在一定(ding)時(shi)間尺度(du)（分鐘至(zhi)小(xiao)時(shi)級(ji)）上輸出總功率的調(diao)(diao)節，進而使其具備一定(ding)程度(du)的可調(diao)(diao)度(du)性。

　　2.3 在微電網中的應用

　　實(shi)現聯(lian)絡(luo)線功(gong)率控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)。微(wei)(wei)電(dian)網(wang)聯(lian)網(wang)運行(xing)時(shi)，微(wei)(wei)電(dian)網(wang)與配電(dian)網(wang)間聯(lian)絡(luo)線功(gong)率的(de)波(bo)動可(ke)(ke)能(neng)對(dui)配電(dian)網(wang)產生較大的(de)影(ying)響。通過對(dui)微(wei)(wei)電(dian)網(wang)中分布(bu)式電(dian)能(neng)存儲系統的(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)，能(neng)將聯(lian)絡(luo)線功(gong)率的(de)波(bo)動控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)在一(yi)定范圍之內。聯(lian)網(wang)運行(xing)時(shi)，對(dui)配電(dian)網(wang)而(er)言(yan)，微(wei)(wei)電(dian)網(wang)將成(cheng)為一(yi)個可(ke)(ke)調(diao)度的(de)電(dian)源（或負荷），可(ke)(ke)以利用微(wei)(wei)電(dian)網(wang)實(shi)現一(yi)些電(dian)網(wang)輔(fu)助服務功(gong)能(neng)，進而(er)更(geng)多地發揮出微(wei)(wei)電(dian)網(wang)的(de)技術優(you)勢。

　　支(zhi)(zhi)撐系統電(dian)(dian)壓與(yu)頻率。微(wei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)孤島運行模(mo)式(shi)時，分布(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)存(cun)儲系統可作為微(wei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)的主電(dian)(dian)源提供(gong)電(dian)(dian)壓和頻率支(zhi)(zhi)持，發揮快速響應的特點，實時平衡微(wei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)中的功率波動，維持電(dian)(dian)壓和頻率穩定。此外，分布(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)存(cun)儲系統還可以在(zai)微(wei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)運行模(mo)式(shi)切換時提供(gong)暫態功率支(zhi)(zhi)撐，盡可能(neng)減(jian)小對(dui)用(yong)戶負荷(he)的沖擊。

　　2.4 在用戶側的應用

　　發揮不(bu)(bu)間斷電(dian)(dian)源作用(yong)。分布式電(dian)(dian)能(neng)存儲系(xi)統由(you)于具有快速響(xiang)應能(neng)力，可(ke)以作為不(bu)(bu)間斷電(dian)(dian)源（UPS），在(zai)停電(dian)(dian)時確保重要(yao)負荷供電(dian)(dian)，提(ti)高(gao)供電(dian)(dian)可(ke)靠(kao)性，這(zhe)一模式已經獲得廣泛應用(yong)。

　　實(shi)現需(xu)求(qiu)側(ce)響應(ying)。安裝在(zai)用戶側(ce)的(de)分布式(shi)電能存儲系統(tong)(tong)，可用于(yu)參與需(xu)求(qiu)側(ce)響應(ying)，幫助用戶在(zai)不(bu)改(gai)變用電習慣(guan)的(de)情況(kuang)下進行錯峰用電，降低購(gou)電費用。對于(yu)電網而言，錯峰用電將(jiang)會顯著提高電網的(de)資產利用率(lv)，延緩系統(tong)(tong)改(gai)擴建(jian)，具有多(duo)方面的(de)經濟(ji)性。

　　改善電(dian)(dian)能質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)。間歇(xie)性的分布式電(dian)(dian)源和大量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)子設備的應用(yong)可(ke)能會造(zao)成高次諧波(bo)、電(dian)(dian)壓閃變、電(dian)(dian)壓跌落(luo)等電(dian)(dian)能質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)問題(ti)。在用(yong)戶(hu)側接(jie)入分布式電(dian)(dian)能存儲系統(tong)，能快速響應系統(tong)中各(ge)種(zhong)擾動，有效控制波(bo)形(xing)畸變率在較小的范圍內，提高用(yong)戶(hu)電(dian)(dian)能質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)。