分布式(shi)電能存(cun)儲(chu)(chu)設備的功率從(cong)幾千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)至幾兆瓦(wa)(wa)不等(deng)，儲(chu)(chu)能容量一般小于(yu)10MW·h，多接入中低壓配電網或(huo)用(yong)戶側。從(cong)能量儲(chu)(chu)存(cun)形式(shi)看，分布式(shi)電能存(cun)儲(chu)(chu)技術可分為機械儲(chu)(chu)能、電磁(ci)儲(chu)(chu)能、化學儲(chu)(chu)能等(deng)。

　　分布(bu)式(shi)電能(neng)存儲(chu)(chu)(chu)設備的功率從幾(ji)(ji)千瓦至幾(ji)(ji)兆瓦不等，儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)容量一般小于(yu)10MW·h，多(duo)接(jie)入(ru)中(zhong)低壓配(pei)電網或用(yong)戶側。從能(neng)量儲(chu)(chu)(chu)存形式(shi)看，分布(bu)式(shi)電能(neng)存儲(chu)(chu)(chu)技術可(ke)分為機械儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)、電磁(ci)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)、化(hua)學儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)等。若按照能(neng)量存儲(chu)(chu)(chu)和釋放的外(wai)部特征(zheng)劃分，又可(ke)分為功率型和能(neng)量型2種(zhong)。

　　1、分布式電能存儲技術的特點及發展情況

　　分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)存(cun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)設備的(de)(de)功(gong)率(lv)從幾千瓦(wa)至幾兆瓦(wa)不(bu)等(deng)(deng)，儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)容量(liang)(liang)一般小(xiao)于10MW·h，多接入中(zhong)低壓配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)或用(yong)(yong)戶側。從能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)存(cun)形式(shi)(shi)看(kan)，分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)存(cun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)技術可分(fen)(fen)為機械儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、化學儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)(deng)。若按照能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)存(cun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)和釋放的(de)(de)外部特征劃分(fen)(fen)，又可分(fen)(fen)為功(gong)率(lv)型和能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)型2種。前者(zhe)適用(yong)(yong)于短時(shi)間內對功(gong)率(lv)需(xu)求較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)場合(he)(he)，如改善電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)質量(liang)(liang)、提(ti)供(gong)(gong)快速(su)功(gong)率(lv)支(zhi)撐等(deng)(deng)；后者(zhe)適用(yong)(yong)于對能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)需(xu)求較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)場合(he)(he)，需(xu)要儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)設備提(ti)供(gong)(gong)較(jiao)長時(shi)間的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)支(zhi)撐。功(gong)率(lv)型儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)響應迅速(su)、功(gong)率(lv)密(mi)度(du)較(jiao)大，包括超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容、飛輪儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、超導儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)(deng)。能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)型儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)具(ju)有(you)較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)存(cun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)密(mi)度(du)，充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間較(jiao)長，包括壓縮(suo)空(kong)氣(qi)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、鈉硫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)、液(ye)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)、鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)、鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)等(deng)(deng)。各種分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)存(cun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)技術的(de)(de)發(fa)展水平(ping)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)，成本(ben)也有(you)明顯差(cha)異，在效率(lv)、壽命、功(gong)率(lv)/能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)密(mi)度(du)等(deng)(deng)方面(mian)具(ju)有(you)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)特點。采(cai)用(yong)(yong)混合(he)(he)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)形式(shi)(shi)，將不(bu)同(tong)(tong)性能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系統進行(xing)組合(he)(he)，可充分(fen)(fen)發(fa)揮(hui)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技術的(de)(de)優(you)勢，以(yi)滿足功(gong)率(lv)和能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)等(deng)(deng)多方面(mian)的(de)(de)需(xu)求，這將是未來(lai)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)存(cun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)技術的(de)(de)發(fa)展和應用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)趨勢之一。

　　2、分布式電能存儲系統的應用場景

　　分(fen)布式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能存儲系統(tong)（DESS）的應用涉(she)及(ji)配用電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)中的各個(ge)環節，與(yu)大規模、集中式(shi)的儲能電(dian)(dian)(dian)站相比，分(fen)布式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能存儲系統(tong)對接(jie)入位置的環境條件限制較(jiao)少，接(jie)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的方式(shi)更加靈活，在配電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)、微電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)、分(fen)布式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源側，以(yi)及(ji)用戶側都可(ke)以(yi)發揮(hui)獨特的作用。

　　2.1 在配電系統中的應用

　　參與系(xi)統調峰。利用分布(bu)式電(dian)能(neng)存儲系(xi)統在高峰負荷時放電(dian)，在低谷(gu)負荷時充電(dian)，可(ke)有效(xiao)實(shi)現負荷的(de)削(xue)峰填谷(gu)。其效(xiao)果可(ke)體現在如下(xia)3個方面：

　　① 緩解電網功率阻塞(sai)；

　　② 延(yan)緩配(pei)電(dian)網升(sheng)級改造；

　　③ 降低網絡能量損(sun)耗。

　　參與(yu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)頻(pin)率調(diao)節。分布(bu)式(shi)電(dian)能(neng)存儲(chu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)具(ju)(ju)有響應速度快、輸(shu)出(chu)功率控(kong)制精度高等特(te)點，十分符合電(dian)網調(diao)頻(pin)的需求。與(yu)傳統(tong)調(diao)頻(pin)電(dian)源相(xiang)比，分布(bu)式(shi)電(dian)能(neng)存儲(chu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)具(ju)(ju)有較(jiao)為明顯的技術優(you)勢。隨著分布(bu)式(shi)電(dian)能(neng)存儲(chu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)成(cheng)本的下降，在調(diao)頻(pin)服務中也(ye)將逐(zhu)漸顯現出(chu)其經濟性。

　　參與系(xi)統(tong)或饋線級調壓(ya)。大量分(fen)布式電(dian)(dian)源在配電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)中(zhong)接(jie)入，將直(zhi)接(jie)改變配電(dian)(dian)網中(zhong)功率(lv)的流動規律，造成一些節點(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的升(sheng)高。利用(yong)分(fen)布式電(dian)(dian)能存儲系(xi)統(tong)有功功率(lv)的調節能力，可以有效緩解分(fen)布式電(dian)(dian)源接(jie)入后的節點(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)升(sheng)高問題，提高配電(dian)(dian)網對(dui)分(fen)布式電(dian)(dian)源接(jie)納能力。

　　2.2 在(zai)改善分布式電源運行特性方(fang)面的應用

　　平(ping)滑分(fen)布式電(dian)源(yuan)的功(gong)率(lv)(lv)波動。將分(fen)布式電(dian)能存儲系統(tong)與光伏(fu)發(fa)電(dian)、風電(dian)等波動性(xing)(xing)分(fen)布式電(dian)源(yuan)緊(jin)密配合，利用儲能的快速(su)充放電(dian)特(te)性(xing)(xing)平(ping)抑這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)電(dian)源(yuan)的快速(su)波動，可在一定(ding)時間尺(chi)度上（分(fen)鐘至小時級）實現輸出(chu)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)的平(ping)滑，顯著提高這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)電(dian)源(yuan)的功(gong)率(lv)(lv)輸出(chu)品質，降低其對系統(tong)的影響。

　　實現分布(bu)(bu)式(shi)(shi)電(dian)源(yuan)端節點電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)控制。將分布(bu)(bu)式(shi)(shi)電(dian)源(yuan)直接(jie)與儲能(neng)系(xi)(xi)統相配合，對分布(bu)(bu)式(shi)(shi)電(dian)源(yuan)的端電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)實現有(you)效控制，在饋線(xian)中一定比例(li)的分布(bu)(bu)式(shi)(shi)電(dian)源(yuan)上采(cai)用這樣的手段，完全(quan)可(ke)以克服(fu)饋線(xian)節點電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)升高問題。該方案不會隨分布(bu)(bu)式(shi)(shi)電(dian)源(yuan)的接(jie)入改變系(xi)(xi)統運(yun)行或(huo)控制策略，能(neng)夠(gou)實現“即插即用”。

　　增強(qiang)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式(shi)電(dian)源(yuan)的功率可調(diao)度(du)性(xing)。將分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式(shi)電(dian)能存儲系統與風(feng)電(dian)和光(guang)伏發電(dian)等分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式(shi)電(dian)源(yuan)有效加(jia)以(yi)集(ji)成，對電(dian)網而(er)言形(xing)成一個統一的單元，實(shi)現在一定時間尺(chi)度(du)（分(fen)(fen)鐘至小時級）上(shang)輸出總功率的調(diao)節，進(jin)而(er)使其具備一定程度(du)的可調(diao)度(du)性(xing)。

　　2.3 在微電網(wang)中的應(ying)用

　　實現(xian)聯絡線功(gong)率控制。微(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)聯網(wang)(wang)(wang)運行時(shi)，微(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)與(yu)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)間聯絡線功(gong)率的(de)波動可能對配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)產生(sheng)較大的(de)影響(xiang)。通過對微(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)中分(fen)布式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能存儲(chu)系統的(de)控制，能將聯絡線功(gong)率的(de)波動控制在一(yi)定(ding)范圍之內。聯網(wang)(wang)(wang)運行時(shi)，對配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)而言，微(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)將成為一(yi)個可調度(du)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)（或負荷），可以利用微(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)實現(xian)一(yi)些電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)輔(fu)助服務功(gong)能，進而更多地發揮(hui)出(chu)微(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)技(ji)術優勢。

　　支(zhi)撐系(xi)統(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)壓與(yu)頻(pin)(pin)率。微電(dian)(dian)網(wang)孤(gu)島運(yun)行模(mo)式(shi)時(shi)，分布(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)能存儲(chu)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)可(ke)作為微電(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)主(zhu)電(dian)(dian)源提供電(dian)(dian)壓和(he)頻(pin)(pin)率支(zhi)持(chi)，發揮快速響應(ying)的(de)(de)特點，實時(shi)平衡微電(dian)(dian)網(wang)中的(de)(de)功(gong)率波動(dong)，維(wei)持(chi)電(dian)(dian)壓和(he)頻(pin)(pin)率穩定。此外，分布(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)能存儲(chu)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)還可(ke)以在微電(dian)(dian)網(wang)運(yun)行模(mo)式(shi)切(qie)換時(shi)提供暫(zan)態功(gong)率支(zhi)撐，盡可(ke)能減(jian)小對用戶負荷的(de)(de)沖擊。

　　2.4 在(zai)用(yong)戶(hu)側(ce)的應用(yong)

　　發揮不(bu)間(jian)斷電源(yuan)(yuan)作用。分布式電能存儲系統(tong)由于具有快速響(xiang)應(ying)能力，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)作為不(bu)間(jian)斷電源(yuan)(yuan)（UPS），在停(ting)電時確保(bao)重要(yao)負荷供(gong)電，提高供(gong)電可(ke)(ke)靠性(xing)，這一(yi)模(mo)式已經獲(huo)得廣(guang)泛應(ying)用。

　　實現(xian)需求側(ce)響應。安裝在(zai)用(yong)戶側(ce)的分布式電能存儲系統(tong)(tong)，可(ke)用(yong)于參與(yu)需求側(ce)響應，幫助用(yong)戶在(zai)不改變用(yong)電習慣的情況下進(jin)行錯峰(feng)用(yong)電，降低(di)購電費用(yong)。對于電網而言(yan)，錯峰(feng)用(yong)電將會顯著提高(gao)電網的資產利(li)用(yong)率(lv)，延緩系統(tong)(tong)改擴建(jian)，具有(you)多方面的經濟性(xing)。

　　改善電(dian)(dian)能(neng)質量。間(jian)歇性的(de)分布(bu)式電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)和大(da)量電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)子設備的(de)應(ying)用(yong)可能(neng)會造成高次諧波(bo)、電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)閃變、電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)跌落等電(dian)(dian)能(neng)質量問(wen)題。在(zai)用(yong)戶側接入(ru)分布(bu)式電(dian)(dian)能(neng)存儲系統，能(neng)快(kuai)速(su)響應(ying)系統中各種擾動，有效(xiao)控制(zhi)波(bo)形(xing)畸變率在(zai)較小的(de)范圍內，提(ti)高用(yong)戶電(dian)(dian)能(neng)質量。