分布式電能(neng)(neng)存儲設備的功率(lv)從幾千瓦至幾兆瓦不等(deng)，儲能(neng)(neng)容量一般小于10MW·h，多接入中低壓(ya)配電網或用(yong)戶側(ce)。從能(neng)(neng)量儲存形式看，分布式電能(neng)(neng)存儲技術可分為機械(xie)儲能(neng)(neng)、電磁儲能(neng)(neng)、化(hua)學儲能(neng)(neng)等(deng)。

　　分布式(shi)電(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)存(cun)儲(chu)設備(bei)的(de)功率從幾千(qian)瓦(wa)至幾兆瓦(wa)不等，儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)一般小于(yu)10MW·h，多接入中低壓配電(dian)網或用戶側。從能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)儲(chu)存(cun)形式(shi)看，分布式(shi)電(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)存(cun)儲(chu)技術(shu)可(ke)分為(wei)機械儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、電(dian)磁(ci)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、化學(xue)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)等。若(ruo)按照能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)存(cun)儲(chu)和釋放的(de)外部(bu)特(te)征劃分，又可(ke)分為(wei)功率型和能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)型2種。

　　1、分布式電能存儲技術的特點及發展情況

　　分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)存(cun)(cun)(cun)儲(chu)(chu)設備的(de)(de)功率(lv)從(cong)幾千瓦至幾兆瓦不(bu)等(deng)(deng)，儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)容量(liang)(liang)(liang)一般小于(yu)10MW·h，多(duo)接入中(zhong)低(di)壓配電(dian)(dian)網或(huo)用戶側。從(cong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)儲(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)形式(shi)(shi)看，分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)存(cun)(cun)(cun)儲(chu)(chu)技術(shu)(shu)可(ke)分(fen)(fen)(fen)為機械儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、電(dian)(dian)磁儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、化學儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)(deng)。若(ruo)按(an)照能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)存(cun)(cun)(cun)儲(chu)(chu)和(he)釋放(fang)的(de)(de)外(wai)部(bu)特征(zheng)劃分(fen)(fen)(fen)，又可(ke)分(fen)(fen)(fen)為功率(lv)型(xing)和(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)型(xing)2種。前者適用于(yu)短時間(jian)內對功率(lv)需(xu)求較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)場合(he)，如改善電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)質量(liang)(liang)(liang)、提供(gong)(gong)快速功率(lv)支撐等(deng)(deng)；后(hou)者適用于(yu)對能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)需(xu)求較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)場合(he)，需(xu)要儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)設備提供(gong)(gong)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)長時間(jian)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)支撐。功率(lv)型(xing)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)響(xiang)應迅速、功率(lv)密度(du)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)大，包(bao)括超級電(dian)(dian)容、飛輪儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、超導儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)(deng)。能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)型(xing)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)具(ju)有較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)存(cun)(cun)(cun)儲(chu)(chu)密度(du)，充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)時間(jian)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)長，包(bao)括壓縮(suo)空氣儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、鈉硫電(dian)(dian)池、液流(liu)電(dian)(dian)池、鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)池、鋰離子電(dian)(dian)池等(deng)(deng)。各(ge)種分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)存(cun)(cun)(cun)儲(chu)(chu)技術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)水平不(bu)同(tong)，成本也有明顯差異，在效率(lv)、壽命、功率(lv)/能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)密度(du)等(deng)(deng)方面具(ju)有不(bu)同(tong)特點。采(cai)用混合(he)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)形式(shi)(shi)，將不(bu)同(tong)性能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系統進行組(zu)合(he)，可(ke)充分(fen)(fen)(fen)發(fa)揮不(bu)同(tong)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)優勢，以(yi)滿(man)足功率(lv)和(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)等(deng)(deng)多(duo)方面的(de)(de)需(xu)求，這將是未來(lai)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)存(cun)(cun)(cun)儲(chu)(chu)技術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)和(he)應用的(de)(de)趨勢之(zhi)一。

　　2、分布式電能存儲系統的應用場景

　　分(fen)布式(shi)電(dian)(dian)能存儲(chu)(chu)系(xi)統(tong)（DESS）的(de)應用(yong)涉及配(pei)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)中(zhong)的(de)各個(ge)環節，與大規模、集(ji)中(zhong)式(shi)的(de)儲(chu)(chu)能電(dian)(dian)站相(xiang)比(bi)，分(fen)布式(shi)電(dian)(dian)能存儲(chu)(chu)系(xi)統(tong)對接入位置(zhi)的(de)環境條件限制較少，接入電(dian)(dian)網的(de)方式(shi)更加靈活(huo)，在(zai)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)網、微電(dian)(dian)網、分(fen)布式(shi)電(dian)(dian)源側，以(yi)及用(yong)戶側都(dou)可以(yi)發揮獨特(te)的(de)作用(yong)。

　　2.1 在配電(dian)系統中的(de)應(ying)用(yong)

　　參與系統(tong)調峰。利用(yong)分布式(shi)電(dian)(dian)能存儲系統(tong)在高峰負荷(he)時放電(dian)(dian)，在低(di)谷(gu)負荷(he)時充電(dian)(dian)，可(ke)有效實現負荷(he)的(de)削峰填谷(gu)。其效果可(ke)體(ti)現在如下3個方面：

　　① 緩解電網功率阻(zu)塞；

　　② 延緩配電(dian)網升級改造；

　　③ 降低(di)網絡能量損耗。

　　參(can)與系統(tong)(tong)頻(pin)率調(diao)節。分布(bu)(bu)式(shi)電能(neng)(neng)存儲系統(tong)(tong)具(ju)有(you)響應速度快、輸出功率控制精度高等特點，十分符合(he)電網調(diao)頻(pin)的(de)需求。與傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)調(diao)頻(pin)電源(yuan)相(xiang)比，分布(bu)(bu)式(shi)電能(neng)(neng)存儲系統(tong)(tong)具(ju)有(you)較為明顯(xian)的(de)技術優勢。隨著(zhu)分布(bu)(bu)式(shi)電能(neng)(neng)存儲系統(tong)(tong)成本的(de)下降(jiang)，在調(diao)頻(pin)服務中也將逐漸顯(xian)現出其經濟性。

　　參與系(xi)統或饋(kui)線級調壓(ya)。大量分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)在配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統中接入(ru)，將直接改變配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網中功(gong)率的(de)流動規律，造成一些節(jie)(jie)點(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)升高(gao)。利用分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)存儲系(xi)統有(you)功(gong)功(gong)率的(de)調節(jie)(jie)能(neng)力，可以(yi)有(you)效緩解分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)接入(ru)后(hou)的(de)節(jie)(jie)點(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)升高(gao)問題，提高(gao)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網對分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)接納能(neng)力。

　　2.2 在改善(shan)分(fen)布式電源運(yun)行特性方(fang)面的應用

　　平(ping)滑(hua)分布式電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的功率波動(dong)。將分布式電(dian)(dian)能存儲(chu)系統與光伏發電(dian)(dian)、風電(dian)(dian)等波動(dong)性分布式電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)緊密配合(he)，利用儲(chu)能的快(kuai)速充放電(dian)(dian)特性平(ping)抑這(zhe)些電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的快(kuai)速波動(dong)，可在一定時(shi)間尺(chi)度上（分鐘至小時(shi)級）實現輸(shu)出(chu)功率的平(ping)滑(hua)，顯著提高這(zhe)些電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的功率輸(shu)出(chu)品質(zhi)，降低其對系統的影響。

　　實現分(fen)(fen)布式電(dian)(dian)源端(duan)節點電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)控制。將分(fen)(fen)布式電(dian)(dian)源直接(jie)與儲能(neng)系統相(xiang)配合，對分(fen)(fen)布式電(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)實現有效控制，在饋(kui)線中一定比(bi)例(li)的(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)布式電(dian)(dian)源上(shang)采用(yong)這樣的(de)(de)手段，完全可以克服饋(kui)線節點電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)升高問題。該(gai)方(fang)案不會隨分(fen)(fen)布式電(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)接(jie)入(ru)改變系統運行或控制策略，能(neng)夠(gou)實現“即(ji)插即(ji)用(yong)”。

　　增強分布(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的功率可(ke)調度(du)性。將分布(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)能存儲系統(tong)與風電(dian)(dian)和光伏發電(dian)(dian)等分布(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)有效加以集(ji)成，對電(dian)(dian)網而(er)言形成一(yi)(yi)個統(tong)一(yi)(yi)的單元，實現在一(yi)(yi)定(ding)時間尺度(du)（分鐘至小時級）上輸出總功率的調節，進而(er)使其具備一(yi)(yi)定(ding)程度(du)的可(ke)調度(du)性。

　　2.3 在微電網中的應(ying)用

　　實現聯(lian)絡線(xian)功率控(kong)制。微電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)聯(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)運行(xing)時(shi)，微電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)與配(pei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)間聯(lian)絡線(xian)功率的(de)波(bo)動可(ke)能(neng)對配(pei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)產生較大的(de)影響。通(tong)過對微電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)中(zhong)分布(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)存(cun)儲(chu)系統(tong)的(de)控(kong)制，能(neng)將聯(lian)絡線(xian)功率的(de)波(bo)動控(kong)制在一(yi)定范圍之內。聯(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)運行(xing)時(shi)，對配(pei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)而(er)言，微電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)將成為一(yi)個可(ke)調度(du)的(de)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)（或負荷），可(ke)以利用微電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)實現一(yi)些電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)輔助(zhu)服務功能(neng)，進而(er)更多地發揮出微電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)技術優勢(shi)。

　　支(zhi)(zhi)撐系(xi)統(tong)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)與頻(pin)率(lv)。微(wei)電(dian)(dian)網孤(gu)島運行模式(shi)時，分布式(shi)電(dian)(dian)能存儲(chu)系(xi)統(tong)可作為微(wei)電(dian)(dian)網的(de)主電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)提供電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和(he)頻(pin)率(lv)支(zhi)(zhi)持，發揮(hui)快速響應的(de)特點，實時平(ping)衡微(wei)電(dian)(dian)網中的(de)功率(lv)波動，維持電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和(he)頻(pin)率(lv)穩定。此外，分布式(shi)電(dian)(dian)能存儲(chu)系(xi)統(tong)還可以(yi)在微(wei)電(dian)(dian)網運行模式(shi)切換時提供暫態功率(lv)支(zhi)(zhi)撐，盡(jin)可能減(jian)小對(dui)用戶(hu)負荷的(de)沖擊。

　　2.4 在用戶側的應(ying)用

　　發揮不(bu)間斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)源作用(yong)(yong)。分布式電(dian)(dian)能(neng)存儲系統由(you)于具(ju)有(you)快速響應能(neng)力，可(ke)以(yi)作為(wei)不(bu)間斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)源（UPS），在(zai)停電(dian)(dian)時確保(bao)重要負荷供(gong)電(dian)(dian)，提高供(gong)電(dian)(dian)可(ke)靠(kao)性，這(zhe)一(yi)模式已經獲得廣泛應用(yong)(yong)。

　　實現需求(qiu)側響(xiang)應(ying)。安裝(zhuang)在用(yong)戶側的(de)(de)(de)分布式(shi)電(dian)能存儲系(xi)統，可用(yong)于參(can)與(yu)需求(qiu)側響(xiang)應(ying)，幫助用(yong)戶在不(bu)改(gai)變(bian)用(yong)電(dian)習慣的(de)(de)(de)情況下(xia)進(jin)行錯(cuo)峰用(yong)電(dian)，降(jiang)低購電(dian)費用(yong)。對(dui)于電(dian)網而言，錯(cuo)峰用(yong)電(dian)將會顯著提高(gao)電(dian)網的(de)(de)(de)資產利用(yong)率，延緩(huan)系(xi)統改(gai)擴(kuo)建，具(ju)有多方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)經濟性。

　　改善電(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)質量。間歇(xie)性的(de)(de)分布式(shi)電(dian)源和大(da)量電(dian)力電(dian)子設備的(de)(de)應用可(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)會造成高次(ci)諧波、電(dian)壓(ya)閃變、電(dian)壓(ya)跌(die)落(luo)等電(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)質量問題。在用戶(hu)側接入分布式(shi)電(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)存儲系(xi)統，能(neng)(neng)(neng)快(kuai)速響應系(xi)統中各種擾動，有效控制波形(xing)畸(ji)變率在較(jiao)小的(de)(de)范圍內，提高用戶(hu)電(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)質量。