分布式(shi)電能(neng)存儲(chu)(chu)設備的功率從(cong)(cong)幾千瓦至幾兆瓦不(bu)等，儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)容量(liang)一般小(xiao)于10MW·h，多接入中低壓(ya)配電網或用戶側。從(cong)(cong)能(neng)量(liang)儲(chu)(chu)存形式(shi)看，分布式(shi)電能(neng)存儲(chu)(chu)技術(shu)可分為機械儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)、電磁儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)、化學儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)等。

　　分(fen)布式(shi)電(dian)(dian)能存(cun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)設備的功(gong)率從幾(ji)千瓦至幾(ji)兆瓦不等(deng)，儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能容量(liang)一般(ban)小(xiao)于(yu)10MW·h，多接入中低壓配電(dian)(dian)網(wang)或用戶側。從能量(liang)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)存(cun)形式(shi)看，分(fen)布式(shi)電(dian)(dian)能存(cun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)技術可分(fen)為機械儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能、電(dian)(dian)磁儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能、化學(xue)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能等(deng)。若按照能量(liang)存(cun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)和釋放的外部特征劃(hua)分(fen)，又可分(fen)為功(gong)率型和能量(liang)型2種。

　　1、分布式電能存儲技術的特點及發展情況

　　分布(bu)(bu)(bu)式(shi)電(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)存儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)設備(bei)的(de)(de)功率(lv)從幾千瓦至幾兆(zhao)瓦不(bu)(bu)等(deng)(deng)，儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)一般(ban)小于(yu)10MW·h，多接入中低壓配電(dian)網(wang)或用戶側。從能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)存形(xing)式(shi)看，分布(bu)(bu)(bu)式(shi)電(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)存儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)技術(shu)可(ke)(ke)分為(wei)機械儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、電(dian)磁儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、化學儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)(deng)。若按照能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)存儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)和釋放的(de)(de)外部特征劃分，又可(ke)(ke)分為(wei)功率(lv)型和能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)型2種(zhong)。前者適用于(yu)短時間內對(dui)功率(lv)需(xu)求較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)場合，如改善(shan)電(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)、提供(gong)快速(su)功率(lv)支(zhi)撐(cheng)等(deng)(deng)；后(hou)者適用于(yu)對(dui)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)需(xu)求較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)場合，需(xu)要儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)設備(bei)提供(gong)較(jiao)長(chang)時間的(de)(de)電(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)支(zhi)撐(cheng)。功率(lv)型儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)響應迅速(su)、功率(lv)密(mi)(mi)度較(jiao)大(da)，包括超(chao)級電(dian)容(rong)、飛輪儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、超(chao)導儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)(deng)。能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)型儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)具有較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)存儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)密(mi)(mi)度，充放電(dian)時間較(jiao)長(chang)，包括壓縮空氣(qi)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、鈉硫(liu)電(dian)池(chi)、液流電(dian)池(chi)、鉛酸電(dian)池(chi)、鋰離(li)子(zi)電(dian)池(chi)等(deng)(deng)。各(ge)種(zhong)分布(bu)(bu)(bu)式(shi)電(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)存儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)技術(shu)的(de)(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)水平不(bu)(bu)同，成本也有明顯差異，在效率(lv)、壽命、功率(lv)/能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)密(mi)(mi)度等(deng)(deng)方面具有不(bu)(bu)同特點。采用混合儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)形(xing)式(shi)，將(jiang)不(bu)(bu)同性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系統(tong)進(jin)行組合，可(ke)(ke)充分發揮(hui)不(bu)(bu)同儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技術(shu)的(de)(de)優(you)勢，以滿足功率(lv)和能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)等(deng)(deng)多方面的(de)(de)需(xu)求，這將(jiang)是未(wei)來(lai)分布(bu)(bu)(bu)式(shi)電(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)存儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)技術(shu)的(de)(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)和應用的(de)(de)趨勢之一。

　　2、分布式電能存儲系統的應用場景

　　分(fen)布式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能存儲系統（DESS）的(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)涉及(ji)(ji)配用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統中(zhong)的(de)(de)各個環節，與大規模、集中(zhong)式(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)儲能電(dian)(dian)(dian)站相比(bi)，分(fen)布式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能存儲系統對接入位置(zhi)的(de)(de)環境條件限制較少，接入電(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)更(geng)加靈活，在配電(dian)(dian)(dian)網、微電(dian)(dian)(dian)網、分(fen)布式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)側(ce)，以及(ji)(ji)用(yong)戶側(ce)都可以發(fa)揮獨(du)特的(de)(de)作用(yong)。

　　2.1 在(zai)配電系統中(zhong)的應用

　　參與(yu)系(xi)(xi)統調峰(feng)(feng)(feng)。利用分布(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)能存(cun)儲(chu)系(xi)(xi)統在(zai)高峰(feng)(feng)(feng)負(fu)荷(he)時放電(dian)(dian)，在(zai)低谷負(fu)荷(he)時充電(dian)(dian)，可有效(xiao)實現負(fu)荷(he)的削峰(feng)(feng)(feng)填(tian)谷。其(qi)效(xiao)果可體現在(zai)如下3個(ge)方面：

　　① 緩解電網(wang)功率阻塞；

　　② 延緩配電網(wang)升級改造；

　　③ 降低網絡能(neng)量損耗。

　　參與系統(tong)頻率調(diao)節。分布式電(dian)(dian)能存(cun)儲(chu)系統(tong)具有響應速度(du)快、輸(shu)出(chu)功率控(kong)制(zhi)精度(du)高(gao)等特點，十分符合(he)電(dian)(dian)網調(diao)頻的(de)需求。與傳統(tong)調(diao)頻電(dian)(dian)源相比(bi)，分布式電(dian)(dian)能存(cun)儲(chu)系統(tong)具有較為明顯(xian)的(de)技術優勢。隨(sui)著分布式電(dian)(dian)能存(cun)儲(chu)系統(tong)成本的(de)下降，在(zai)調(diao)頻服務(wu)中也將逐漸顯(xian)現出(chu)其經濟性。

　　參與系(xi)統或饋(kui)線級調壓。大(da)量分(fen)布式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)在(zai)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統中(zhong)接(jie)(jie)入，將直接(jie)(jie)改變配(pei)電(dian)(dian)網中(zhong)功(gong)(gong)率的流動規(gui)律，造(zao)成一些節(jie)點(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓的升高。利用分(fen)布式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)存儲系(xi)統有功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)率的調節(jie)能(neng)力，可以有效緩解分(fen)布式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)接(jie)(jie)入后的節(jie)點(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓升高問(wen)題，提高配(pei)電(dian)(dian)網對分(fen)布式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)接(jie)(jie)納能(neng)力。

　　2.2 在改善分布式電源運行特性方面的應(ying)用(yong)

　　平(ping)滑(hua)分(fen)布(bu)式(shi)電源(yuan)的功率波(bo)動。將分(fen)布(bu)式(shi)電能(neng)存儲(chu)系(xi)統與光伏發電、風電等(deng)波(bo)動性分(fen)布(bu)式(shi)電源(yuan)緊密(mi)配(pei)合，利用儲(chu)能(neng)的快(kuai)速充放電特性平(ping)抑這些電源(yuan)的快(kuai)速波(bo)動，可在一定時間(jian)尺度上（分(fen)鐘至小時級）實(shi)現輸(shu)出功率的平(ping)滑(hua)，顯(xian)著提高這些電源(yuan)的功率輸(shu)出品質，降低其對系(xi)統的影響(xiang)。

　　實(shi)(shi)現分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)端(duan)節點電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)控制(zhi)。將分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)直接與儲能(neng)系(xi)統(tong)相配(pei)合，對分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)實(shi)(shi)現有效控制(zhi)，在饋線中一(yi)定比例的(de)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)上采用這樣(yang)的(de)手段，完全可(ke)以(yi)克服饋線節點電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)升高問題。該方案(an)不(bu)會隨(sui)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)接入改變(bian)系(xi)統(tong)運行或控制(zhi)策略，能(neng)夠實(shi)(shi)現“即插即用”。

　　增(zeng)強(qiang)分(fen)布式電(dian)源的(de)功率可調(diao)度(du)性。將分(fen)布式電(dian)能存(cun)儲系統與風電(dian)和光伏發電(dian)等分(fen)布式電(dian)源有效加以集(ji)成(cheng)，對電(dian)網(wang)而(er)言(yan)形(xing)成(cheng)一個統一的(de)單(dan)元，實現(xian)在一定時(shi)間(jian)尺度(du)（分(fen)鐘至(zhi)小時(shi)級）上輸出總功率的(de)調(diao)節，進(jin)而(er)使(shi)其具備一定程度(du)的(de)可調(diao)度(du)性。

　　2.3 在微電網中的應(ying)用

　　實(shi)現聯(lian)絡線功(gong)率控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。微(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)聯(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)運(yun)行時，微(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)與(yu)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)間聯(lian)絡線功(gong)率的波動(dong)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)對(dui)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)產生較大的影(ying)響。通過對(dui)微(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)中分布式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)存儲(chu)系統(tong)的控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)，能(neng)(neng)將聯(lian)絡線功(gong)率的波動(dong)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)一(yi)(yi)定范圍之(zhi)內(nei)。聯(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)運(yun)行時，對(dui)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)而(er)言(yan)，微(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)將成(cheng)為(wei)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)可(ke)調度的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源（或負荷），可(ke)以利用(yong)微(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)實(shi)現一(yi)(yi)些(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)輔助服務功(gong)能(neng)(neng)，進(jin)而(er)更(geng)多地發揮出微(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的技術(shu)優(you)勢。

　　支(zhi)撐(cheng)系統電(dian)壓與(yu)頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)。微電(dian)網(wang)孤島(dao)運行(xing)模(mo)式時，分布(bu)式電(dian)能存(cun)儲系統可作為微電(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)主電(dian)源提供電(dian)壓和頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)支(zhi)持，發(fa)揮(hui)快速響應的(de)(de)特點(dian)，實時平衡微電(dian)網(wang)中的(de)(de)功率(lv)(lv)波動，維持電(dian)壓和頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)穩(wen)定(ding)。此(ci)外，分布(bu)式電(dian)能存(cun)儲系統還可以(yi)在微電(dian)網(wang)運行(xing)模(mo)式切換時提供暫態功率(lv)(lv)支(zhi)撐(cheng)，盡可能減(jian)小對用戶負荷的(de)(de)沖(chong)擊。

　　2.4 在用戶側的(de)應用

　　發揮不間(jian)斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)作用(yong)。分布(bu)式電(dian)(dian)(dian)能存(cun)儲系統由(you)于具有(you)快速響應(ying)能力(li)，可以(yi)作為(wei)不間(jian)斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)（UPS），在停電(dian)(dian)(dian)時確保重要負荷(he)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，提(ti)高供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)可靠性，這一模式已經獲得廣泛應(ying)用(yong)。

　　實現需求側響(xiang)應。安裝在用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶側的(de)分布式電(dian)(dian)能(neng)存儲系(xi)統，可用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)參與(yu)需求側響(xiang)應，幫(bang)助用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶在不改(gai)(gai)變(bian)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)習慣的(de)情況下進行(xing)錯(cuo)峰用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)，降(jiang)低(di)購(gou)電(dian)(dian)費用(yong)(yong)(yong)。對于(yu)電(dian)(dian)網而(er)言，錯(cuo)峰用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)將(jiang)會(hui)顯(xian)著提高電(dian)(dian)網的(de)資產利用(yong)(yong)(yong)率，延緩(huan)系(xi)統改(gai)(gai)擴建，具有(you)多方面的(de)經濟(ji)性(xing)。

　　改(gai)善電(dian)(dian)(dian)能質(zhi)量(liang)。間歇性的(de)分布式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源和大量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子設備的(de)應(ying)用(yong)可能會造成(cheng)高次諧(xie)波、電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)閃變、電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)跌(die)落等電(dian)(dian)(dian)能質(zhi)量(liang)問題。在用(yong)戶(hu)側接入分布式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能存(cun)儲系統(tong)，能快(kuai)速響應(ying)系統(tong)中(zhong)各種擾動，有效控制(zhi)波形畸變率(lv)在較(jiao)小的(de)范圍內，提(ti)高用(yong)戶(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能質(zhi)量(liang)。