分布式電(dian)(dian)能(neng)存(cun)儲(chu)設備的功(gong)率(lv)從(cong)(cong)幾千瓦至(zhi)幾兆(zhao)瓦不等(deng)，儲(chu)能(neng)容量(liang)一般小于10MW·h，多接入(ru)中低壓配(pei)電(dian)(dian)網或(huo)用戶側(ce)。從(cong)(cong)能(neng)量(liang)儲(chu)存(cun)形式看，分布式電(dian)(dian)能(neng)存(cun)儲(chu)技術可(ke)分為(wei)機(ji)械(xie)儲(chu)能(neng)、電(dian)(dian)磁儲(chu)能(neng)、化學儲(chu)能(neng)等(deng)。

　　分(fen)布式電能(neng)存儲設備(bei)的功率從(cong)幾千瓦至幾兆瓦不(bu)等，儲能(neng)容量(liang)一般小于10MW·h，多接入中(zhong)低壓配電網(wang)或用戶側(ce)。從(cong)能(neng)量(liang)儲存形式看，分(fen)布式電能(neng)存儲技術可分(fen)為機械儲能(neng)、電磁(ci)儲能(neng)、化學儲能(neng)等。若按照能(neng)量(liang)存儲和釋放(fang)的外部特征劃分(fen)，又可分(fen)為功率型(xing)和能(neng)量(liang)型(xing)2種。

　　1、分布式電能存儲技術的特點及發展情況

　　分布式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)存(cun)(cun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)設備的(de)(de)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)從(cong)幾千瓦至幾兆瓦不(bu)(bu)(bu)等(deng)，儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)容量(liang)(liang)一(yi)般小于(yu)10MW·h，多接入中(zhong)低(di)壓(ya)(ya)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網或(huo)用戶(hu)側。從(cong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)形式(shi)看，分布式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)存(cun)(cun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)技(ji)術可分為機械儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、化學儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)。若(ruo)按照能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)存(cun)(cun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)和(he)釋放的(de)(de)外部特征劃分，又可分為功(gong)率(lv)(lv)型(xing)(xing)和(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)型(xing)(xing)2種(zhong)。前者適用于(yu)短時間內(nei)對(dui)(dui)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)需求(qiu)較(jiao)(jiao)高的(de)(de)場(chang)合(he)，如改善(shan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)質量(liang)(liang)、提供(gong)快速功(gong)率(lv)(lv)支撐等(deng)；后(hou)者適用于(yu)對(dui)(dui)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)需求(qiu)較(jiao)(jiao)高的(de)(de)場(chang)合(he)，需要儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)設備提供(gong)較(jiao)(jiao)長時間的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)支撐。功(gong)率(lv)(lv)型(xing)(xing)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)響應迅速、功(gong)率(lv)(lv)密度較(jiao)(jiao)大，包括超(chao)(chao)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容、飛(fei)輪儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、超(chao)(chao)導儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)。能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)型(xing)(xing)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)具有較(jiao)(jiao)高的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)存(cun)(cun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)密度，充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間較(jiao)(jiao)長，包括壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)空(kong)氣儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、鈉硫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、液流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、鋰離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)等(deng)。各種(zhong)分布式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)存(cun)(cun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)技(ji)術的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展水平不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)，成本(ben)也有明顯差異，在(zai)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)、壽命、功(gong)率(lv)(lv)/能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)密度等(deng)方(fang)(fang)面具有不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)特點(dian)。采用混合(he)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)形式(shi)，將不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)性能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系統進(jin)行組合(he)，可充(chong)分發(fa)(fa)揮不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技(ji)術的(de)(de)優(you)勢(shi)，以(yi)滿足功(gong)率(lv)(lv)和(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)等(deng)多方(fang)(fang)面的(de)(de)需求(qiu)，這(zhe)將是未(wei)來分布式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)存(cun)(cun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)技(ji)術的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展和(he)應用的(de)(de)趨勢(shi)之(zhi)一(yi)。

　　2、分布式電能存儲系統的應用場景

　　分布式(shi)電(dian)能(neng)存儲系統（DESS）的應用(yong)涉及(ji)配用(yong)電(dian)系統中的各個環節(jie)，與大規模、集中式(shi)的儲能(neng)電(dian)站(zhan)相(xiang)比(bi)，分布式(shi)電(dian)能(neng)存儲系統對接(jie)入(ru)位置(zhi)的環境條件限制(zhi)較少，接(jie)入(ru)電(dian)網(wang)的方式(shi)更加靈活，在配電(dian)網(wang)、微電(dian)網(wang)、分布式(shi)電(dian)源(yuan)側，以及(ji)用(yong)戶側都可(ke)以發(fa)揮獨特(te)的作(zuo)用(yong)。

　　2.1 在(zai)配電系統中(zhong)的應用

　　參與系(xi)(xi)統(tong)調(diao)峰。利用分布式電能存儲系(xi)(xi)統(tong)在(zai)高峰負(fu)荷時放電，在(zai)低谷(gu)負(fu)荷時充(chong)電，可(ke)有效實現負(fu)荷的(de)削峰填谷(gu)。其效果可(ke)體現在(zai)如下3個(ge)方面：

　　① 緩解電網功率阻塞；

　　② 延緩配(pei)電(dian)網升級改(gai)造；

　　③ 降低(di)網絡能(neng)量(liang)損耗(hao)。

　　參與系(xi)統(tong)頻(pin)率調節。分(fen)布式(shi)電能存儲(chu)系(xi)統(tong)具有響應速度快、輸(shu)出功(gong)率控制(zhi)精度高等特點，十分(fen)符合電網調頻(pin)的(de)需求(qiu)。與傳(chuan)統(tong)調頻(pin)電源(yuan)相比，分(fen)布式(shi)電能存儲(chu)系(xi)統(tong)具有較(jiao)為明(ming)顯的(de)技術優勢。隨著分(fen)布式(shi)電能存儲(chu)系(xi)統(tong)成本(ben)的(de)下降，在調頻(pin)服(fu)務中(zhong)也將(jiang)逐漸(jian)顯現出其經(jing)濟性。

　　參與系統或饋線級調壓(ya)。大量分(fen)布(bu)式電(dian)源在配(pei)電(dian)系統中接(jie)入，將(jiang)直接(jie)改變配(pei)電(dian)網中功(gong)率的(de)流動規律，造成一些節點電(dian)壓(ya)的(de)升高。利用分(fen)布(bu)式電(dian)能(neng)存儲(chu)系統有(you)功(gong)功(gong)率的(de)調節能(neng)力，可以有(you)效(xiao)緩解分(fen)布(bu)式電(dian)源接(jie)入后(hou)的(de)節點電(dian)壓(ya)升高問題，提(ti)高配(pei)電(dian)網對分(fen)布(bu)式電(dian)源接(jie)納能(neng)力。

　　2.2 在改善分布式電源(yuan)運行(xing)特性方面的應用

　　平(ping)滑分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的功(gong)率波動。將(jiang)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)能存儲(chu)系(xi)統(tong)與光(guang)伏發電(dian)(dian)、風(feng)電(dian)(dian)等波動性(xing)(xing)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)緊密配(pei)合，利用儲(chu)能的快速充放電(dian)(dian)特(te)性(xing)(xing)平(ping)抑這(zhe)些電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的快速波動，可(ke)在一定(ding)時間(jian)尺度上（分(fen)鐘(zhong)至小時級）實現(xian)輸出(chu)功(gong)率的平(ping)滑，顯著提(ti)高(gao)這(zhe)些電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的功(gong)率輸出(chu)品質，降低其對系(xi)統(tong)的影響(xiang)。

　　實現分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)端(duan)節點(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓控(kong)制(zhi)。將分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)直接與儲能系(xi)統相(xiang)配(pei)合，對分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)壓實現有效控(kong)制(zhi)，在饋線中一定比例的(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)上(shang)采用這樣(yang)的(de)(de)手段，完全可以克服(fu)饋線節點(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓升高問題。該方案不會隨分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)接入改變(bian)系(xi)統運行或控(kong)制(zhi)策略，能夠實現“即插即用”。

　　增強分(fen)布式電源的(de)功(gong)率可調度性。將分(fen)布式電能存儲系(xi)統與風(feng)電和光(guang)伏發電等分(fen)布式電源有效加以集成，對(dui)電網而(er)言形成一(yi)個統一(yi)的(de)單元，實現在一(yi)定時間(jian)尺(chi)度（分(fen)鐘(zhong)至小時級(ji)）上(shang)輸出總(zong)功(gong)率的(de)調節，進而(er)使其(qi)具(ju)備(bei)一(yi)定程(cheng)度的(de)可調度性。

　　2.3 在微電(dian)網(wang)中的應用

　　實現聯(lian)(lian)絡線(xian)功率控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)。微電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)運行時，微電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)與配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)間聯(lian)(lian)絡線(xian)功率的波(bo)(bo)動可能對(dui)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)產(chan)生較大的影響。通過(guo)對(dui)微電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)中分(fen)布式電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能存儲系(xi)統的控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)，能將(jiang)聯(lian)(lian)絡線(xian)功率的波(bo)(bo)動控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)在一定范(fan)圍之(zhi)內。聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)運行時，對(dui)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)而言，微電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)將(jiang)成為一個可調(diao)度的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源（或負荷），可以利用微電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)實現一些電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)輔助服務(wu)功能，進而更多地發(fa)揮出微電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的技術優勢。

　　支撐系統(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)與頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)。微電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)孤島運(yun)行模式(shi)時(shi)，分布式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)存(cun)儲系統(tong)可作為微電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)主電(dian)(dian)(dian)源提供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)支持，發揮(hui)快速響應的(de)(de)特點，實(shi)時(shi)平(ping)衡微電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)中的(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)波動，維持電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)穩定。此(ci)外(wai)，分布式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)存(cun)儲系統(tong)還可以在微電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)運(yun)行模式(shi)切換(huan)時(shi)提供(gong)暫態功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)支撐，盡可能(neng)(neng)減小對用戶負(fu)荷的(de)(de)沖(chong)擊。

　　2.4 在用(yong)戶側(ce)的應用(yong)

　　發揮(hui)不(bu)間斷電源作(zuo)用。分布式電能存儲系統由(you)于具有快速(su)響應(ying)能力(li)，可以(yi)作(zuo)為不(bu)間斷電源（UPS），在(zai)停電時確保重要負(fu)荷供(gong)電，提高供(gong)電可靠性，這一模式已經獲得廣泛應(ying)用。

　　實現(xian)需(xu)求(qiu)側(ce)響應(ying)。安裝在(zai)(zai)用戶(hu)側(ce)的分布(bu)式電(dian)(dian)能存儲系統，可用于(yu)參(can)與需(xu)求(qiu)側(ce)響應(ying)，幫助(zhu)用戶(hu)在(zai)(zai)不改變用電(dian)(dian)習慣的情況下(xia)進行錯峰用電(dian)(dian)，降低(di)購電(dian)(dian)費(fei)用。對于(yu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)而言，錯峰用電(dian)(dian)將會顯(xian)著提高電(dian)(dian)網(wang)的資產利用率，延(yan)緩系統改擴建，具有多(duo)方面的經濟性(xing)。

　　改善(shan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)質量(liang)(liang)。間歇性的分布式電(dian)(dian)(dian)源和大(da)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子設備的應用可(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)會造成高次諧波(bo)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓閃變、電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓跌落等電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)質量(liang)(liang)問題。在(zai)用戶側(ce)接入分布式電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)存儲系統，能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)快(kuai)速響應系統中各種(zhong)擾(rao)動，有效控制波(bo)形畸變率在(zai)較(jiao)小的范圍內，提高用戶電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)質量(liang)(liang)。