電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)芯(xin)容(rong)量(liang)的(de)(de)多種化學類型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，在不同的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階段上，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)可(ke)能會高于(yu)或(huo)低于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。因(yin)此，需(xu)要對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)做升(sheng)壓(ya)或(huo)降(jiang)(jiang)壓(ya)，以(yi)配合電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。例如，當為一(yi)(yi)個(ge)典型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為1.25V的(de)(de)單(dan)芯(xin)NiMH（鎳(nie)金屬）電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，必須對3.3V的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源做衰減或(huo)降(jiang)(jiang)壓(ya)。當要為一(yi)(yi)個(ge)單(dan)芯(xin)4.1V鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，輸入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)需(xu)要做升(sheng)壓(ya)。為解決這些問題，應用一(yi)(yi)種SEPIC（單(dan)端(duan)初級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感轉換器）作為主充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)徑。這種開關(guan)模式的(de)(de)DC/DC轉換結構可(ke)以(yi)同時(shi)在某個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)區(qu)間內(nei)完(wan)成(cheng)升(sheng)降(jiang)(jiang)壓(ya)工(gong)作，從而提供了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)靈活性。

　　鋰離子與NiMH化(hua)學(xue)(xue)類(lei)型需要不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充電曲線(xian)，但一(yi)個(ge)靈活(huo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充電架構可以方便(bian)地(di)用于兩種(zhong)情況。較為靈活(huo)與簡(jian)便(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)現(xian)方式是，用微控(kong)制器上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)固件(jian)，從一(yi)種(zhong)化(hua)學(xue)(xue)類(lei)型切(qie)換到(dao)另一(yi)種(zhong)類(lei)型。如果設(she)計一(yi)種(zhong)模塊(kuai)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充電子系統，并將各(ge)種(zhong)功能(neng)封(feng)裝(zhuang)到(dao)各(ge)個(ge)模塊(kuai)中，就(jiu)可以根據系統需求，使(shi)用某個(ge)系列(lie)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同微控(kong)制器，實(shi)現(xian)相(xiang)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)用。模塊(kuai)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用簡(jian)化(hua)了設(she)計，開發(fa)人員就(jiu)能(neng)夠為其(qi)它主要應(ying)(ying)用增加(jia)電池(chi)充電功能(neng)，如電機控(kong)制與醫療測量等。

　　在控制充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)必須要確(que)(que)(que)定(ding)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)與(yu)溫度。確(que)(que)(que)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)狀態的(de)硬件對所有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)類型(xing)都(dou)是共同的(de)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)高于(yu)或低于(yu)微控制器(qi)的(de)輸入(ru)范圍。因(yin)此(ci)，工程(cheng)師(shi)們一(yi)般都(dou)會用(yong)一(yi)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)分壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路測(ce)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，做電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)衰減(jian)。他(ta)們可(ke)(ke)以(yi)測(ce)量(liang)高側的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，即進入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)；也可(ke)(ke)以(yi)測(ce)量(liang)低側的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，即離開電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)；或者，在SEPIC情(qing)況下(xia)，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感的(de)次級端使(shi)用(yong)一(yi)只電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)通常(chang)都(dou)內嵌(qian)有(you)熱敏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)用(yong)于(yu)監控和確(que)(que)(que)保電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)溫度的(de)精(jing)度。有(you)些商(shang)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)制造商(shang)為降低成本而省略了這(zhe)些熱敏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)。這(zhe)種情(qing)況下(xia)，用(yong)戶可(ke)(ke)以(yi)外接一(yi)只熱敏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，并使(shi)之與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)接觸。

　　采用這(zhe)些測量參數，微控(kong)制器就能確定并控(kong)制進(jin)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的角度(du)來說，不(bu)同(tong)化學類(lei)型之間(jian)的主要區別就是充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)曲(qu)線(xian)（圖1）。鋰離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池采用的是恒(heng)流(liu)恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)曲(qu)線(xian)。如果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)在啟動時低(di)于恒(heng)流(liu)閾值(zhi)(zhi)，則電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器會以少量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，大約為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池容量的10%。在這(zhe)個預處(chu)理階段(duan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)會隨(sui)著(zhu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)而逐步(bu)增加。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)達到(dao)快(kuai)充(chong)(chong)閾值(zhi)(zhi)時，微控(kong)制器將充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)增加到(dao)約為(wei)100%容量。這(zhe)個恒(heng)流(liu)階段(duan)一直保(bao)持(chi)下去，直到(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)達到(dao)規定的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)值(zhi)(zhi)。然后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器進(jin)入恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)階段(duan)，在此期間(jian)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)減小(xiao)，同(tong)時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)保(bao)持(chi)在規定的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)值(zhi)(zhi)。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)降低(di)到(dao)終止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)保(bao)持(chi)不(bu)變，而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程終止(zhi)。

                                          圖1，從電池充電器的角度，鋰離子電池化學類型(a)與NiMH電池化學類型(b) 之間的主要差異是充電曲線。

　　在充電期間，電池中的電流隨溫度的變化而變化。如果有任何電池狀態參數（電壓、電流或溫度）超出了相應電池充電階段所規定的范圍，則電池充電器會停止充電做保護。

　　NiMH電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)前(qian)兩個(ge)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)階段(duan)與鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)類似，即：20%容(rong)量的(de)激(ji)活段(duan)，以及100%容(rong)量的(de)恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)段(duan)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓下(xia)跌與溫度(du)下(xia)跌表明了(le)(le)NiMH電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)段(duan)結束，而電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)保持恒(heng)(heng)定。在這(zhe)(zhe)次電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓下(xia)跌后(hou)，NiMH充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)曲線進入了(le)(le)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)完(wan)成階段(duan)，在此期間，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)降低到約5%容(rong)量的(de)涓流(liu)水平。這(zhe)(zhe)一階段(duan)提供一個(ge)恒(heng)(heng)定時間的(de)小充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，直到充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)終止。

　使用這(zhe)些充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)需求(qiu)，就可以(yi)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)簡化(hua)為(wei)不(bu)同的(de)水平(ping)，方(fang)法是用一(yi)個預(yu)先定義了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流、溫度和(he)超時等數值(zhi)的(de)狀(zhuang)態機。微控制器的(de)狀(zhuang)態機控制著(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)狀(zhuang)態，以(yi)及充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所需要的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流量(liang)。圖2是一(yi)個可為(wei)這(zhe)兩(liang)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)簡化(hua)的(de)狀(zhuang)態機。

                                                圖2，一個預先確定了電壓、電流、溫度和超時數值的狀態機，可以簡化鋰離子電池和NiMH電池的充電曲線。

　　根據(ju)所(suo)選(xuan)擇(ze)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池化學類型(xing)，微(wei)控制器會檢查電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)狀態機，控制充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流。電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)曲線(xian)可以有預編程、啟動前或自動決(jue)定三種(zhong)形式(shi)。對于(yu)前兩種(zhong)方式(shi)，微(wei)控制器會從用(yong)戶的(de)(de)輸(shu)入獲得(de)電(dian)(dian)池類型(xing)。對預編程情況，模塊軟件會選(xuan)擇(ze)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)類型(xing)，用(yong)所(suo)需曲線(xian)為(wei)微(wei)控制器編程。這種(zhong)決(jue)策方式(shi)適用(yong)于(yu)那些充(chong)電(dian)(dian)是(shi)附加(jia)功能的(de)(de)應用(yong)。在這些應用(yong)中，電(dian)(dian)池類型(xing)是(shi)已知的(de)(de)。

　　在(zai)啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)前方式中，微(wei)控制器會做(zuo)一個附(fu)加檢(jian)查(cha)，這種檢(jian)查(cha)可以簡單到在(zai)啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)時由微(wei)控制器檢(jian)查(cha)開關的位置，從而(er)確(que)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)曲線(xian)與選擇。對于(yu)(yu)自動(dong)(dong)(dong)檢(jian)查(cha)方式，微(wei)控制器會在(zai)啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)后自動(dong)(dong)(dong)地(di)做(zuo)出決策(ce)，通(tong)過(guo)檢(jian)測電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的類型而(er)選擇電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)曲線(xian)。例如，一只單芯NiMH電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的典型電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓范(fan)圍(wei)為0.9V~1.25V，而(er)一個鋰離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)芯的電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓范(fan)圍(wei)為2.7V~4.2V。同樣(yang)，不同電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的溫度(du)范(fan)圍(wei)也(ye)有差(cha)異，微(wei)控制器可以在(zai)啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)時保存(cun)和(he)比較這些數(shu)值。自動(dong)(dong)(dong)檢(jian)查(cha)方案只能用(yong)于(yu)(yu)某些情況。一般(ban)來說，預編程與啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)前方法可用(yong)于(yu)(yu)大(da)多數(shu)應(ying)用(yong)。本文主(zhu)要討論預編程決策(ce)，面(mian)向那些電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)附(fu)加功能的應(ying)用(yong)。

　　兩種化學類型都使用了相同的硬件，用于電池充電器的(de)檢測(ce)(ce)與控制（圖3）。要確定(ding)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)狀(zhuang)態，就(jiu)要將(jiang)電(dian)壓(ya)、電(dian)流(liu)(liu)和溫度(du)以多工方(fang)式輸(shu)入(ru)到(dao)微控制器中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)一只(zhi)ADC，完成(cheng)測(ce)(ce)量。固件使用這(zhe)些(xie)數值(zhi)確定(ding)出(chu)狀(zhuang)態，通(tong)過(guo)(guo)改變PWM（脈沖寬度(du)調制器）的(de)占(zhan)空比(bi)而控制充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)。PWM的(de)輸(shu)出(chu)連接到(dao)SEPIC中(zhong)(zhong)MOSFET的(de)柵極上，控制流(liu)(liu)經(jing)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)。這(zhe)些(xie)步驟(zou)都與CPU有(you)關(guan)，因此會有(you)一些(xie)延遲。有(you)些(xie)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)（包括鋰離子電(dian)池(chi)(chi)芯）對(dui)過(guo)(guo)充(chong)很敏(min)感，在(zai)(zai)較(jiao)(jiao)高電(dian)壓(ya)下(xia)(xia)會變得不穩定(ding)。比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)器增加了防止過(guo)(guo)壓(ya)和過(guo)(guo)流(liu)(liu)狀(zhuang)況(kuang)的(de)硬(ying)件保(bao)護電(dian)路。這(zhe)些(xie)比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)器會在(zai)(zai)必(bi)要時中(zhong)(zhong)止充(chong)電(dian)，直到(dao)用戶將(jiang)其復位(wei)，或電(dian)池(chi)(chi)回到(dao)安全的(de)狀(zhuang)況(kuang)下(xia)(xia)。

                                                             圖3，微控制器根據所選擇電池的化學類型，用電池的狀態機控制充電電流。

　　兩(liang)種化學類(lei)型下，用(yong)于檢(jian)測(ce)和控(kong)制電池充電的外(wai)部硬(ying)件是(shi)相(xiang)同的。

根據測得(de)的(de)(de)參數(shu)值以及電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)化學類型，CPU確(que)(que)定出電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)狀態，并相(xiang)應地改變PWM占空比(bi)。按(an)傳統(tong)方法，CPU用(yong)于確(que)(que)定充電(dian)(dian)曲(qu)線的(de)(de)條(tiao)件(jian)都是(shi)代碼中(zhong)的(de)(de)常數(shu)，程(cheng)序員要手(shou)工修(xiu)改它們(men)（代碼清單1）。

　　當需要修改(gai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)曲線(xian)(xian)時(shi)，將電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)曲線(xian)(xian)設為(wei)0或(huo)1，可(ke)在兩個充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)曲線(xian)(xian)之(zhi)間做切換。程(cheng)序將針對所有狀態的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、電(dian)(dian)(dian)流和(he)溫(wen)度極限保存為(wei)常(chang)數(shu)(shu)，并做相應(ying)的(de)修改(gai)。如果(guo)某種電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)類型需要不同的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓水平，則必須修改(gai)代(dai)碼，輸入新的(de)參(can)數(shu)(shu)，這(zhe)意味著(zhu)應(ying)用(yong)的(de)用(yong)戶必須了(le)解(jie)修改(gai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)曲線(xian)(xian)的(de)代(dai)碼，以(yi)及(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)限制(zhi)條(tiao)件。而(er)采用(yong)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)化方(fang)案后，當選擇了(le)相應(ying)的(de)IP（智能(neng)產權）塊(kuai)(kuai)時(shi)，就可(ke)以(yi)輸入用(yong)于修改(gai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器曲線(xian)(xian)的(de)參(can)數(shu)(shu)。圖4給出(chu)了(le)鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)與(yu)NiMH電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)參(can)數(shu)(shu)。

                                                           圖4，通過圖形用戶界面，輸入電池化學類型的參數極限值。

使用(yong)這(zhe)些模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)后(hou)，應用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)設計(ji)者就(jiu)可以(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)應用(yong)增(zeng)加充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)，建立(li)相應的(de)(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)曲(qu)線(xian)。模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)還(huan)生成(cheng)了(le)所有其它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)硬件(jian)塊(kuai)(kuai)，包括比較(jiao)器(qi)與PWM，以(yi)(yi)及軟件(jian)狀態機。采用(yong)可重新編(bian)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)架(jia)構(gou)時，如Cypress半導體公司的(de)(de)(de)PSoC（可編(bian)程(cheng)系統單芯片），就(jiu)可以(yi)(yi)用(yong)軟件(jian)應用(yong)，對硬件(jian)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)做編(bian)程(cheng)和(he)實現。采用(yong)這(zhe)種(zhong)方(fang)式(shi)，開發(fa)人員可用(yong)NiMH電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)曲(qu)線(xian)為(wei)(wei)圖3中的(de)(de)(de)硬件(jian)編(bian)程(cheng)。為(wei)(wei)產(chan)品增(zeng)加一(yi)個USB（通用(yong)串行總線(xian)）模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)，開發(fa)人員就(jiu)可以(yi)(yi)將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池參數(shu)發(fa)送給(gei)計(ji)算機。用(yong)C#語言(yan)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個軟件(jian)工具就(jiu)可以(yi)(yi)繪出這(zhe)些數(shu)據，當然也(ye)可以(yi)(yi)采用(yong)其它(ta)類(lei)型的(de)(de)(de)通信方(fang)式(shi)和(he)相近(jin)的(de)(de)(de)工具。電(dian)(dian)(dian)池仿真(zhen)器(qi)用(yong)于模(mo)仿鋰離(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池和(he)NiMH電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，獲(huo)得實時的(de)(de)(de)圖像（圖5）。

                                                            圖5，電池仿真器模擬鋰離子電池(a)和NiMH電池(b)，獲得實時的圖形。

　　由于使(shi)(shi)用了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)仿真器，電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)便產生了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)關(guan)噪聲(sheng)。因(yin)為使(shi)(shi)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)仿真器的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)較快，PWM輸出對(dui)一個電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)響(xiang)應與安定(ding)時間可看(kan)作開(kai)關(guan)噪聲(sheng)。一塊(kuai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)中的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)是(shi)漸(jian)進的(de)(de)(de)，因(yin)此(ci)開(kai)關(guan)噪聲(sheng)在一塊(kuai)實(shi)際(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)中并(bing)不明顯(xian)。

　　通(tong)過對SoC（系(xi)統單芯(xin)片）固件的簡單修改(gai)，就可以(yi)用相同(tong)硬件，開發出(chu)用于多種化學類型電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的充電(dian)(dian)器。將(jiang)充電(dian)(dian)曲(qu)線(xian)模塊做到元件中(zhong)，便于主(zhu)應用附加電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian)的功能(neng)。