所謂(wei)鋰離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池是指分別(bie)用(yong)二個能可逆地嵌(qian)入與脫嵌(qian)鋰離(li)子的化(hua)合物作為(wei)正負(fu)極構成的二次電(dian)(dian)(dian)池。人們將這種靠鋰離(li)子在正負(fu)極之間的轉移來完成電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)工作的獨特機理的鋰離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池形象地稱為(wei)“搖椅式電(dian)(dian)(dian)池”，俗稱“鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)”。

　　鋰離子電(dian)池的(de)內部結(jie)構(gou)如下(xia)圖所示：

　　電池由正極鋰(li)化合物、中間的電解質膜及負(fu)極碳組(zu)成。

　　◎當電(dian)池充電(dian)時(shi)，鋰離子從正(zheng)極中脫嵌(qian)，在(zai)負極中嵌(qian)入，放電(dian)時(shi)反之。一般采用嵌(qian)鋰過渡金屬氧化物做(zuo)正(zheng)極，如LiCoO2、LiNiO2、LiMn2O4。

　　◎做為負極的材(cai)料則選擇(ze)電(dian)位盡可能接近鋰電(dian)位的可嵌(qian)入鋰化合物，如各(ge)種碳材(cai)料包(bao)括(kuo)天然石(shi)墨(mo)、合成(cheng)石(shi)墨(mo)、碳纖維(wei)、中間相小(xiao)球碳素等(deng)和(he)金屬氧(yang)化物，包(bao)括(kuo)SnO、SnO2、錫復合氧(yang)化物SnBxPyOz等(deng)。

　　◎電解質采用LiPF6的乙(yi)烯(xi)碳(tan)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)脂(zhi)(zhi)（EC）、丙烯(xi)碳(tan)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)脂(zhi)(zhi)（PC）和低(di)粘度(du)二乙(yi)基(ji)碳(tan)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)脂(zhi)(zhi)（DEC）等烷基(ji)碳(tan)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)脂(zhi)(zhi)搭配的高分子材(cai)料。

　　◎隔膜(mo)采用(yong)聚(ju)烯微多孔膜(mo)如PE、PP或它們復合膜(mo)，采用(yong)PP/PE/PP三(san)層隔膜(mo)優(you)點是熔點較(jiao)低，具有較(jiao)高的抗(kang)穿刺強度，起到(dao)了過熱保(bao)險(xian)作(zuo)用(yong)。

　　◎外殼采(cai)用鋼或鋁材料，具有防(fang)爆的功(gong)能。

　　鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)3.6V。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充滿時的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓（稱為(wei)終(zhong)(zhong)止(zhi)(zhi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓）一(yi)般為(wei)4.2V;鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)終(zhong)(zhong)止(zhi)(zhi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)2.75V。如果鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在使用過(guo)程中電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓已(yi)降到(dao)2.75V后(hou)還繼續使用，則稱為(wei)過(guo)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)有損害。

    鋰電池充電原理：

　　鋰離子電池充電原理圖：

　　其(qi)中：Iconst：恒流充電電流;

　　Ipre：預充電電流;

　　Ifull：充(chong)滿判斷電流;

　　Vconst：恒(heng)壓充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓;=

　　Vmin：預(yu)充(chong)結束電壓及短路判(pan)斷電壓

　　鋰離子電(dian)池(chi)比較(jiao)驕貴。如果不滿足(zu)其充電(dian)及(ji)使用要求，很容(rong)易出現爆炸，壽命(ming)下降等現象。因為鋰離子電(dian)池(chi)對溫(wen)度(du)、過(guo)壓(ya)(ya)、過(guo)流(liu)及(ji)過(guo)放(fang)電(dian)很敏(min)(min)感，所(suo)(suo)以所(suo)(suo)有(you)的(de)電(dian)池(chi)內部均集成了熱敏(min)(min)電(dian)阻(zu)（監控(kong)充電(dian)溫(wen)度(du)）及(ji)防過(guo)壓(ya)(ya)、過(guo)流(liu)、過(guo)放(fang)電(dian)保護電(dian)路(lu)。

　　圖一為標準鋰離子(zi)電(dian)池充電(dian)原理曲線，鋰離子(zi)電(dian)池的充電(dian)過程分三(san)個階(jie)段：預(yu)充電(dian)階(jie)段;恒流(liu)充電(dian)階(jie)段;恒壓充電(dian)階(jie)段。

　　預(yu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階段是在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓低于3V時(shi)(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)不(bu)能承(cheng)受大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這(zhe)時(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)必要(yao)以(yi)(yi)小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)進行浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong);當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓達到(dao)(dao)3V時(shi)(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)承(cheng)受大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)了。這(zhe)時(shi)(shi)(shi)應以(yi)(yi)恒定(ding)的(de)(de)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。以(yi)(yi)使鋰離(li)子快速均勻轉移，這(zhe)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)值越(yue)大，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿(man)及壽命越(yue)有(you)利;當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓達到(dao)(dao)4.2V時(shi)(shi)(shi)，達到(dao)(dao)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)承(cheng)受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)極限。這(zhe)時(shi)(shi)(shi)應以(yi)(yi)4.2V的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓恒壓充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這(zhe)時(shi)(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)逐漸降低。當充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)小(xiao)于30mA時(shi)(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)即充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿(man)了。這(zhe)時(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)停止充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。否(fou)則，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)因過充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)而降低壽命。恒壓充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階段要(yao)求(qiu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓控制精度為1%。依(yi)國家標準，鋰離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)要(yao)能在(zai)1C的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)下，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)循環充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)500次(ci)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)。依(yi)一(yi)般的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)使用三天一(yi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。這(zhe)樣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)壽命應在(zai)4年。

　　但用(yong)戶在使用(yong)電(dian)(dian)池的時(shi)候往往發(fa)現，原(yuan)裝電(dian)(dian)池在使用(yong)1年，甚到半年左右的時(shi)間(jian)就報廢了，這是因為簡(jian)單的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)方式(shi)惹得禍。下面將以(yi)最(zui)簡(jian)單的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)原(yuan)理分析一下為什么會對鋰電(dian)(dian)池有損(sun)害(hai)：

　　當沒電的電池插在這種充電器上時，充電器即以(yi)最大的電流(liu)為電池(chi)充(chong)電。如(ru)果在鋰離子電池(chi)最虛弱的低壓時（低于2.5V）就(jiu)以(yi)大電流(liu)沖擊，將會嚴重損害電池(chi)的壽(shou)命。

　　另外，這類的充電(dian)(dian)器均為直(zhi)(zhi)接市(shi)電(dian)(dian)220V接入，轉換(huan)為5V的低(di)(di)壓直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)。因(yin)為轉換(huan)效率(lv)低(di)(di)下(xia)，會產生大(da)量的熱。熱量直(zhi)(zhi)接疊加在了電(dian)(dian)池(chi)上，使電(dian)(dian)池(chi)溫度過高，這對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)有很(hen)大(da)損害(hai)