所謂鋰離子(zi)電池(chi)是指分別用二(er)個(ge)能(neng)可逆地嵌(qian)入與脫嵌(qian)鋰離子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)化合物(wu)作(zuo)為正負極(ji)(ji)構成的(de)(de)(de)二(er)次電池(chi)。人(ren)們將這種靠鋰離子(zi)在(zai)正負極(ji)(ji)之間的(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)移來完成電池(chi)充放(fang)電工(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)獨(du)特機理(li)的(de)(de)(de)鋰離子(zi)電池(chi)形象地稱為“搖椅式電池(chi)”，俗稱“鋰電”。

　　鋰離子電池(chi)的內部結構如下圖所示：

　　電(dian)池由(you)正極鋰化合物(wu)、中間(jian)的電(dian)解質膜(mo)及負(fu)極碳組成。

　　◎當(dang)電池充電時，鋰離子從正(zheng)極(ji)中(zhong)脫嵌(qian)，在負極(ji)中(zhong)嵌(qian)入，放電時反之。一般采(cai)用嵌(qian)鋰過(guo)渡金屬氧化物做正(zheng)極(ji)，如LiCoO2、LiNiO2、LiMn2O4。

　　◎做為負極的(de)材料則選擇(ze)電位(wei)(wei)盡(jin)可能接近鋰電位(wei)(wei)的(de)可嵌入鋰化合(he)物(wu)，如各種碳(tan)(tan)材料包(bao)括天然石(shi)墨、合(he)成石(shi)墨、碳(tan)(tan)纖維、中間(jian)相小球(qiu)碳(tan)(tan)素等(deng)(deng)和金屬氧(yang)化物(wu)，包(bao)括SnO、SnO2、錫(xi)復(fu)合(he)氧(yang)化物(wu)SnBxPyOz等(deng)(deng)。

　　◎電解(jie)質采用LiPF6的(de)乙(yi)烯(xi)碳酸(suan)(suan)脂(zhi)（EC）、丙烯(xi)碳酸(suan)(suan)脂(zhi)（PC）和低粘度二乙(yi)基碳酸(suan)(suan)脂(zhi)（DEC）等烷基碳酸(suan)(suan)脂(zhi)搭配(pei)的(de)高分子材(cai)料。

　　◎隔膜(mo)采用聚烯微多孔(kong)膜(mo)如PE、PP或(huo)它們復(fu)合膜(mo)，采用PP/PE/PP三層(ceng)隔膜(mo)優點是熔(rong)點較低，具有較高(gao)的抗穿刺強度，起到了過(guo)熱(re)保險作用。

　　◎外殼采(cai)用鋼或鋁材料，具有防爆(bao)的功能。

　　鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)3.6V。電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充滿時的電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)（稱為(wei)(wei)終(zhong)止充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)）一(yi)般為(wei)(wei)4.2V;鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)終(zhong)止放電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)2.75V。如果鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在使用過程中電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)已降到2.75V后還繼(ji)續使用，則稱為(wei)(wei)過放電(dian)(dian)(dian)，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)有損(sun)害。

    鋰電池充電原理：

　　鋰離子電池充電原理圖：

　　其中：Iconst：恒流充電電流;

　　Ipre：預充電電流(liu);

　　Ifull：充滿判斷電流(liu);

　　Vconst：恒壓充電電壓;=

　　Vmin：預充結束(shu)電壓(ya)及短路判(pan)斷電壓(ya)

　　鋰離子電(dian)(dian)池(chi)比較驕貴。如果不滿足其充(chong)電(dian)(dian)及使用要(yao)求，很(hen)容易出(chu)現爆炸，壽命下降等現象。因為鋰離子電(dian)(dian)池(chi)對溫度、過(guo)壓、過(guo)流(liu)及過(guo)放電(dian)(dian)很(hen)敏(min)感(gan)，所(suo)(suo)以所(suo)(suo)有的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)內(nei)部均集(ji)成了熱敏(min)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)（監控充(chong)電(dian)(dian)溫度）及防過(guo)壓、過(guo)流(liu)、過(guo)放電(dian)(dian)保護電(dian)(dian)路。

　　圖(tu)一為標(biao)準鋰離子電池充電原理曲線，鋰離子電池的充電過程分三(san)個階(jie)段：預充電階(jie)段;恒(heng)流充電階(jie)段;恒(heng)壓(ya)充電階(jie)段。

　　預充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)是在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)低(di)于3V時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)不能(neng)承受(shou)(shou)大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這(zhe)(zhe)時有必要(yao)以(yi)(yi)小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)進行浮充(chong)(chong)(chong);當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)達(da)到3V時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)可以(yi)(yi)承受(shou)(shou)大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)了(le)(le)。這(zhe)(zhe)時應以(yi)(yi)恒定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。以(yi)(yi)使鋰離子(zi)快速(su)均(jun)勻(yun)轉移，這(zhe)(zhe)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)值越大(da)(da)，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿及壽(shou)命越有利;當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)達(da)到4.2V時，達(da)到了(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)承受(shou)(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)極(ji)限。這(zhe)(zhe)時應以(yi)(yi)4.2V的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)恒壓(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這(zhe)(zhe)時充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)逐漸降低(di)。當充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)小(xiao)于30mA時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)即充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿了(le)(le)。這(zhe)(zhe)時要(yao)停止充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。否則，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)因過充(chong)(chong)(chong)而(er)降低(di)壽(shou)命。恒壓(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)要(yao)求(qiu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)控(kong)制精度為1%。依國家標準，鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)要(yao)能(neng)在(zai)1C的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)下，可以(yi)(yi)循環(huan)充(chong)(chong)(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)500次以(yi)(yi)上(shang)。依一般的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)使用三天一充(chong)(chong)(chong)。這(zhe)(zhe)樣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)壽(shou)命應在(zai)4年。

　　但(dan)用戶(hu)在使用電池(chi)的時候往往發現，原裝(zhuang)電池(chi)在使用1年，甚到半年左右的時間就報(bao)廢了，這是(shi)因為簡單的充(chong)電方式(shi)惹得禍。下面將(jiang)以最簡單的充(chong)電原理分析一下為什么會(hui)對鋰(li)電池(chi)有損(sun)害：

　　當沒電的電池插在這種充電器上時，充電器即(ji)以(yi)最大的電(dian)流為電(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)。如果在鋰離子電(dian)池(chi)最虛(xu)弱的低壓時（低于2.5V）就以(yi)大電(dian)流沖擊，將會(hui)嚴重損害電(dian)池(chi)的壽(shou)命(ming)。

　　另外，這(zhe)類的(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器均為直接(jie)市電(dian)(dian)(dian)220V接(jie)入(ru)，轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)為5V的(de)低壓(ya)直流(liu)。因為轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)效(xiao)率低下，會(hui)產生大(da)量的(de)熱。熱量直接(jie)疊(die)加在了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池上，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池溫度過高，這(zhe)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池有很大(da)損害