所(suo)謂鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)子電(dian)池(chi)是指分別(bie)用(yong)二個能可逆地嵌入與脫(tuo)嵌鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)子的(de)化合物(wu)作為正(zheng)負極構成的(de)二次電(dian)池(chi)。人們(men)將這(zhe)種靠鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)子在正(zheng)負極之間(jian)的(de)轉移來完成電(dian)池(chi)充放電(dian)工作的(de)獨特(te)機理的(de)鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)子電(dian)池(chi)形象地稱為“搖(yao)椅式電(dian)池(chi)”，俗稱“鋰(li)(li)(li)電(dian)”。

　　鋰離子電池(chi)的(de)內部(bu)結構(gou)如下(xia)圖所示：

　　電池由正(zheng)極(ji)鋰(li)化(hua)合(he)物、中間(jian)的(de)電解質膜(mo)及負(fu)極(ji)碳組(zu)成。

　　◎當電(dian)池充電(dian)時(shi)，鋰離子(zi)從正極中脫嵌(qian)，在負極中嵌(qian)入，放(fang)電(dian)時(shi)反之(zhi)。一般(ban)采用(yong)嵌(qian)鋰過渡金屬(shu)氧化物做正極，如LiCoO2、LiNiO2、LiMn2O4。

　　◎做為(wei)負極的(de)材(cai)料則選擇電位(wei)盡(jin)可(ke)能接近鋰電位(wei)的(de)可(ke)嵌入鋰化(hua)(hua)合物(wu)，如各(ge)種(zhong)碳材(cai)料包括天然石(shi)墨、合成石(shi)墨、碳纖維、中間(jian)相小球碳素等和金屬氧化(hua)(hua)物(wu)，包括SnO、SnO2、錫(xi)復合氧化(hua)(hua)物(wu)SnBxPyOz等。

　　◎電解質采用LiPF6的乙烯碳酸(suan)脂(zhi)(zhi)（EC）、丙烯碳酸(suan)脂(zhi)(zhi)（PC）和低粘(zhan)度二乙基碳酸(suan)脂(zhi)(zhi)（DEC）等(deng)烷基碳酸(suan)脂(zhi)(zhi)搭配的高分子材(cai)料。

　　◎隔膜(mo)(mo)采用聚烯微多孔膜(mo)(mo)如PE、PP或它們復(fu)合膜(mo)(mo)，采用PP/PE/PP三層隔膜(mo)(mo)優點是(shi)熔點較低，具有較高的抗穿刺強度(du)，起到了過熱保險(xian)作用。

　　◎外殼(ke)采用(yong)鋼或(huo)鋁材料，具有防爆(bao)的功能。

　　鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的額定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為3.6V。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)滿時的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)（稱為終(zhong)止充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)）一(yi)般為4.2V;鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池終(zhong)止放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為2.75V。如果鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池在使用(yong)過程中電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)已(yi)降到(dao)2.75V后(hou)還繼續使用(yong)，則稱為過放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池有(you)損害。

    鋰電池充電原理：

　　鋰離子電池充電原理圖：

　　其(qi)中：Iconst：恒流(liu)充電電流(liu);

　　Ipre：預充(chong)電電流;

　　Ifull：充滿(man)判斷電流;

　　Vconst：恒(heng)壓充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)壓;=

　　Vmin：預充結束(shu)電(dian)壓(ya)及短(duan)路(lu)判斷(duan)電(dian)壓(ya)

　　鋰(li)離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)比較驕貴(gui)。如果不滿足其充電(dian)(dian)(dian)及(ji)使用要求，很(hen)容易出現爆炸，壽命下(xia)降(jiang)等現象。因為鋰(li)離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)對溫(wen)度(du)(du)、過(guo)壓(ya)、過(guo)流及(ji)過(guo)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)很(hen)敏感，所以所有的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內部均集成了熱敏電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻（監(jian)控充電(dian)(dian)(dian)溫(wen)度(du)(du)）及(ji)防過(guo)壓(ya)、過(guo)流、過(guo)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)保護(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)。

　　圖一為標準(zhun)鋰(li)(li)離(li)子電池充(chong)電原理曲線，鋰(li)(li)離(li)子電池的充(chong)電過(guo)程分三(san)個階(jie)段(duan)(duan)：預充(chong)電階(jie)段(duan)(duan);恒流充(chong)電階(jie)段(duan)(duan);恒壓充(chong)電階(jie)段(duan)(duan)。

　　預(yu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階段是在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)低(di)于(yu)(yu)3V時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)不能承受(shou)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)必要(yao)以小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)進(jin)行浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong);當(dang)(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)達(da)到3V時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)可以承受(shou)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)了(le)(le)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應以恒(heng)定的(de)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。以使(shi)鋰(li)離子快速(su)均勻轉移，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)值越(yue)大，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿及壽(shou)命(ming)越(yue)有(you)利(li);當(dang)(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)達(da)到4.2V時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，達(da)到了(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)承受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)極限。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應以4.2V的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)逐漸(jian)降(jiang)低(di)。當(dang)(dang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)小于(yu)(yu)30mA時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)即充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿了(le)(le)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)停(ting)止(zhi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。否則，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)因過(guo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)而降(jiang)低(di)壽(shou)命(ming)。恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階段要(yao)求電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)控制精度為(wei)1%。依(yi)國家標(biao)準，鋰(li)離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)要(yao)能在(zai)1C的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)下，可以循(xun)環(huan)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)500次以上。依(yi)一(yi)般的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)使(shi)用三天一(yi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)壽(shou)命(ming)應在(zai)4年。

　　但(dan)用(yong)戶(hu)在使(shi)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的時候往往發(fa)現(xian)，原(yuan)裝電(dian)(dian)池(chi)在使(shi)用(yong)1年，甚(shen)到半年左右(you)的時間就報廢(fei)了(le)，這是因(yin)為簡(jian)(jian)單的充電(dian)(dian)方式(shi)惹得禍。下面將以最簡(jian)(jian)單的充電(dian)(dian)原(yuan)理分析一下為什么會對鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)有損害：

　　當沒電的電池插在這種充電器上時，充電器即(ji)以(yi)最大的電(dian)(dian)流為電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充電(dian)(dian)。如果在鋰離子電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)最虛弱的低(di)(di)壓時（低(di)(di)于(yu)2.5V）就以(yi)大電(dian)(dian)流沖擊，將會嚴(yan)重損害(hai)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的壽命(ming)。

　　另外，這類的充電器均(jun)為(wei)直(zhi)接(jie)市(shi)電220V接(jie)入，轉換為(wei)5V的低壓直(zhi)流。因(yin)為(wei)轉換效率低下，會產生大(da)量(liang)的熱。熱量(liang)直(zhi)接(jie)疊加在了電池上，使電池溫度過(guo)高(gao)，這對電池有很大(da)損(sun)害