所謂(wei)鋰離(li)子電(dian)池是指分(fen)別用(yong)二個(ge)能可逆(ni)地嵌入(ru)與脫嵌鋰離(li)子的化合(he)物作為正負(fu)極構成的二次電(dian)池。人們將這種(zhong)靠鋰離(li)子在(zai)正負(fu)極之(zhi)間的轉(zhuan)移來完成電(dian)池充(chong)放電(dian)工作的獨特機(ji)理的鋰離(li)子電(dian)池形象地稱為“搖椅(yi)式(shi)電(dian)池”，俗稱“鋰電(dian)”。

　　鋰(li)離子電池的(de)內部結構如下圖所(suo)示(shi)：

　　電(dian)池由正極(ji)鋰(li)化合(he)物、中間的電(dian)解質膜及負極(ji)碳組成。

　　◎當電池充電時，鋰離子從正(zheng)極中脫嵌(qian)，在負極中嵌(qian)入，放電時反之(zhi)。一般采用嵌(qian)鋰過渡金屬氧化物(wu)做正(zheng)極，如(ru)LiCoO2、LiNiO2、LiMn2O4。

　　◎做(zuo)為負極(ji)的(de)材料(liao)則選擇電(dian)位盡可能接(jie)近鋰(li)電(dian)位的(de)可嵌(qian)入鋰(li)化(hua)合物，如各種碳(tan)材料(liao)包括天(tian)然石墨、合成石墨、碳(tan)纖維、中間(jian)相(xiang)小球(qiu)碳(tan)素等和金(jin)屬(shu)氧(yang)化(hua)物，包括SnO、SnO2、錫(xi)復合氧(yang)化(hua)物SnBxPyOz等。

　　◎電解質采用LiPF6的(de)(de)乙(yi)烯(xi)碳酸(suan)(suan)脂(zhi)（EC）、丙烯(xi)碳酸(suan)(suan)脂(zhi)（PC）和低粘(zhan)度(du)二乙(yi)基碳酸(suan)(suan)脂(zhi)（DEC）等(deng)烷基碳酸(suan)(suan)脂(zhi)搭(da)配的(de)(de)高分子材(cai)料。

　　◎隔膜(mo)采用(yong)聚(ju)烯(xi)微多孔(kong)膜(mo)如PE、PP或它們復(fu)合膜(mo)，采用(yong)PP/PE/PP三層(ceng)隔膜(mo)優(you)點是熔點較低，具有較高的抗(kang)穿刺(ci)強(qiang)度，起(qi)到了(le)過熱保(bao)險作用(yong)。

　　◎外殼采用鋼或鋁(lv)材料，具有防爆的(de)功能。

　　鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的額(e)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)3.6V。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充滿時的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)（稱(cheng)為(wei)終止(zhi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)）一(yi)般為(wei)4.2V;鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)終止(zhi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)2.75V。如(ru)果鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在使用(yong)過程中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)已(yi)降到2.75V后還(huan)繼續使用(yong)，則稱(cheng)為(wei)過放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)有損害。

    鋰電池充電原理：

　　鋰離子電池充電原理圖：

　　其(qi)中：Iconst：恒流充電電流;

　　Ipre：預充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流;

　　Ifull：充滿判斷電流;

　　Vconst：恒壓充電電壓;=

　　Vmin：預充結束電壓及短路判(pan)斷電壓

　　鋰(li)離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)比較(jiao)驕貴。如果(guo)不(bu)滿(man)足(zu)其(qi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及(ji)(ji)使用要求，很(hen)容易出現爆炸，壽(shou)命下降(jiang)等現象。因為鋰(li)離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)對(dui)溫度(du)(du)、過(guo)壓、過(guo)流(liu)及(ji)(ji)過(guo)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)很(hen)敏感，所以(yi)所有(you)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內部均(jun)集成了熱敏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻（監(jian)控充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)溫度(du)(du)）及(ji)(ji)防(fang)過(guo)壓、過(guo)流(liu)、過(guo)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保護(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)。

　　圖一(yi)為標準(zhun)鋰離子(zi)電(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)原理(li)曲(qu)線，鋰離子(zi)電(dian)池(chi)的充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)分三(san)個階(jie)(jie)段(duan)：預充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)階(jie)(jie)段(duan);恒(heng)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)階(jie)(jie)段(duan);恒(heng)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)。

　　預充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階段(duan)是在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)低(di)于3V時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)不能承受大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這(zhe)時(shi)有必(bi)要(yao)(yao)以(yi)(yi)小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)進行浮充;當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)達到(dao)3V時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)承受大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)了。這(zhe)時(shi)應(ying)以(yi)(yi)恒定的(de)大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。以(yi)(yi)使(shi)鋰離子(zi)快速均勻轉移(yi)，這(zhe)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)值越大(da)(da)，對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)充滿(man)(man)及壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)越有利(li);當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)達到(dao)4.2V時(shi)，達到(dao)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)承受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)極(ji)限。這(zhe)時(shi)應(ying)以(yi)(yi)4.2V的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)恒壓(ya)(ya)(ya)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這(zhe)時(shi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)逐漸降低(di)。當充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)小(xiao)于30mA時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)即充滿(man)(man)了。這(zhe)時(shi)要(yao)(yao)停止充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。否(fou)則，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)因過充而(er)降低(di)壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)。恒壓(ya)(ya)(ya)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階段(duan)要(yao)(yao)求電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)控制精(jing)度為(wei)1%。依國家(jia)標(biao)準，鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)要(yao)(yao)能在1C的(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)下，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)循環充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)500次以(yi)(yi)上(shang)。依一般的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)使(shi)用三天一充。這(zhe)樣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)應(ying)在4年。

　　但用(yong)戶在使用(yong)電池的(de)時候往往發現，原裝電池在使用(yong)1年(nian)，甚到半年(nian)左右的(de)時間(jian)就報廢了，這是因為(wei)簡(jian)單的(de)充(chong)電方式惹得(de)禍。下(xia)(xia)面(mian)將(jiang)以最簡(jian)單的(de)充(chong)電原理(li)分析一(yi)下(xia)(xia)為(wei)什(shen)么會對鋰電池有損害：

　　當沒電的電池插在這種充電器上時，充電器即(ji)以最大的電(dian)(dian)流(liu)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)。如果(guo)在鋰離子電(dian)(dian)池最虛弱的低壓(ya)時（低于2.5V）就以大電(dian)(dian)流(liu)沖擊，將會(hui)嚴重(zhong)損害電(dian)(dian)池的壽命。

　　另外，這(zhe)類的(de)充電器均(jun)為(wei)直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)市(shi)電220V接(jie)(jie)入，轉換(huan)為(wei)5V的(de)低壓直(zhi)流。因(yin)為(wei)轉換(huan)效率低下，會產生大量的(de)熱(re)。熱(re)量直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)疊加在了(le)電池上，使電池溫度過高，這(zhe)對(dui)電池有很大損(sun)害