所謂鋰(li)離子電(dian)池(chi)(chi)是(shi)指分別用二(er)個能可逆地(di)嵌入與脫嵌鋰(li)離子的(de)化合物作為正負極構成的(de)二(er)次電(dian)池(chi)(chi)。人們將這種靠鋰(li)離子在(zai)正負極之間(jian)的(de)轉移(yi)來(lai)完成電(dian)池(chi)(chi)充放電(dian)工作的(de)獨特(te)機理(li)的(de)鋰(li)離子電(dian)池(chi)(chi)形象地(di)稱(cheng)為“搖(yao)椅式電(dian)池(chi)(chi)”，俗(su)稱(cheng)“鋰(li)電(dian)”。

　　鋰(li)離子電池的內部(bu)結構如(ru)下(xia)圖(tu)所示：

　　電池由正極鋰(li)化合物、中間的電解質膜及負極碳(tan)組(zu)成。

　　◎當電池充(chong)電時，鋰離子從正極中脫嵌，在負極中嵌入(ru)，放電時反之(zhi)。一般(ban)采(cai)用嵌鋰過渡(du)金屬氧化物做(zuo)正極，如LiCoO2、LiNiO2、LiMn2O4。

　　◎做為負極的材料則選擇電位盡可能(neng)接近鋰(li)電位的可嵌入鋰(li)化合物(wu)，如各種碳材料包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)天然石墨、合成石墨、碳纖維(wei)、中(zhong)間相小球碳素(su)等(deng)和金屬氧(yang)(yang)化物(wu)，包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)SnO、SnO2、錫復合氧(yang)(yang)化物(wu)SnBxPyOz等(deng)。

　　◎電解質采用LiPF6的(de)乙烯碳(tan)酸脂(zhi)（EC）、丙烯碳(tan)酸脂(zhi)（PC）和低粘度二乙基碳(tan)酸脂(zhi)（DEC）等烷基碳(tan)酸脂(zhi)搭配的(de)高(gao)分子材料。

　　◎隔(ge)膜(mo)(mo)采用聚烯微多孔膜(mo)(mo)如PE、PP或它們復合膜(mo)(mo)，采用PP/PE/PP三(san)層隔(ge)膜(mo)(mo)優點是熔點較(jiao)低，具(ju)有較(jiao)高的抗穿刺強度(du)，起到了過熱(re)保險(xian)作(zuo)用。

　　◎外殼采用鋼或鋁材料(liao)，具有(you)防爆的功能。

　　鋰(li)離(li)(li)子電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的額定電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)3.6V。電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充滿時的電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)（稱為(wei)終(zhong)止充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)）一般為(wei)4.2V;鋰(li)離(li)(li)子電(dian)(dian)池(chi)終(zhong)止放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)2.75V。如果鋰(li)離(li)(li)子電(dian)(dian)池(chi)在使(shi)用過程中電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)已降到2.75V后還繼續使(shi)用，則稱為(wei)過放電(dian)(dian)，對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)有(you)損害。

    鋰電池充電原理：

　　鋰離子電池充電原理圖：

　　其中：Iconst：恒流充電電流;

　　Ipre：預充電(dian)電(dian)流;

　　Ifull：充滿判斷電流;

　　Vconst：恒壓充電電壓;=

　　Vmin：預充(chong)結束電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)及短路判(pan)斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)

　　鋰離子電(dian)池(chi)比較驕貴(gui)。如果不滿足其充電(dian)及(ji)使用要求，很容易出現(xian)爆炸，壽命下降等(deng)現(xian)象。因為鋰離子電(dian)池(chi)對溫度(du)(du)、過(guo)壓、過(guo)流及(ji)過(guo)放(fang)電(dian)很敏感，所以所有(you)的電(dian)池(chi)內部均集(ji)成了熱(re)敏電(dian)阻（監控充電(dian)溫度(du)(du)）及(ji)防(fang)過(guo)壓、過(guo)流、過(guo)放(fang)電(dian)保護電(dian)路(lu)。

　　圖一為標準鋰離子電(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)原理曲(qu)線，鋰離子電(dian)(dian)池的充電(dian)(dian)過程分三個階段(duan)：預充電(dian)(dian)階段(duan);恒(heng)流充電(dian)(dian)階段(duan);恒(heng)壓(ya)充電(dian)(dian)階段(duan)。

　　預充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階(jie)段是在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)低(di)(di)于(yu)3V時(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)不能(neng)承(cheng)(cheng)受大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這(zhe)時(shi)(shi)有必要(yao)以(yi)小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)進行浮充(chong)(chong)(chong);當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)達到(dao)(dao)3V時(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)可以(yi)承(cheng)(cheng)受大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)了。這(zhe)時(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)以(yi)恒(heng)(heng)定的(de)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。以(yi)使鋰離子(zi)快速均勻轉移，這(zhe)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)值越大(da)，對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿及(ji)壽命(ming)越有利(li);當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)達到(dao)(dao)4.2V時(shi)(shi)，達到(dao)(dao)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)承(cheng)(cheng)受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)極限。這(zhe)時(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)以(yi)4.2V的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這(zhe)時(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)逐漸(jian)降低(di)(di)。當(dang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)小(xiao)于(yu)30mA時(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)即充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿了。這(zhe)時(shi)(shi)要(yao)停止(zhi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。否則，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)因過(guo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)而降低(di)(di)壽命(ming)。恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階(jie)段要(yao)求電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)控制精度為(wei)1%。依國家標準(zhun)，鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)要(yao)能(neng)在1C的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)下，可以(yi)循(xun)環充(chong)(chong)(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)500次以(yi)上。依一(yi)(yi)般的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)使用三天(tian)一(yi)(yi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)。這(zhe)樣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)壽命(ming)應(ying)(ying)在4年。

　　但(dan)用戶在使用電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)時候往(wang)往(wang)發現，原(yuan)裝電(dian)(dian)池在使用1年，甚到(dao)半年左(zuo)右的(de)(de)時間就報廢了(le)，這是因為(wei)簡單的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)方式惹得禍。下面(mian)將以(yi)最簡單的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)原(yuan)理分析一下為(wei)什么(me)會對鋰電(dian)(dian)池有損害：

　　當沒電的電池插在這種充電器上時，充電器即(ji)以(yi)最大(da)(da)的電(dian)流(liu)為(wei)電(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)。如(ru)果(guo)在鋰離(li)子電(dian)池(chi)最虛弱的低壓時（低于2.5V）就以(yi)大(da)(da)電(dian)流(liu)沖擊，將會嚴重損害電(dian)池(chi)的壽命(ming)。

　　另外，這類的(de)充(chong)電器均為直接(jie)市電220V接(jie)入(ru)，轉換為5V的(de)低壓直流。因(yin)為轉換效率低下(xia)，會產生大量的(de)熱(re)。熱(re)量直接(jie)疊(die)加在了(le)電池上(shang)，使電池溫(wen)度過(guo)高，這對電池有很大損害