所(suo)謂鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)是指分別(bie)用二個(ge)能(neng)可逆地(di)嵌入(ru)與脫嵌鋰離子(zi)的化合物作(zuo)為正(zheng)負(fu)極構(gou)成(cheng)的二次電(dian)(dian)池(chi)。人們將這種(zhong)靠鋰離子(zi)在正(zheng)負(fu)極之間的轉移來完成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充放電(dian)(dian)工作(zuo)的獨(du)特(te)機理的鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)形象(xiang)地(di)稱為“搖椅(yi)式電(dian)(dian)池(chi)”，俗稱“鋰電(dian)(dian)”。

　　鋰離(li)子電池的內部結構如(ru)下圖所(suo)示：

　　電(dian)(dian)池由正極鋰(li)化合物、中間的電(dian)(dian)解(jie)質膜及負極碳組成。

　　◎當(dang)電(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)時，鋰離子從正極中脫嵌，在(zai)負(fu)極中嵌入，放(fang)電(dian)(dian)時反之。一般(ban)采用嵌鋰過渡金屬氧化物做正極，如LiCoO2、LiNiO2、LiMn2O4。

　　◎做(zuo)為負極的(de)(de)材料(liao)則選擇電位(wei)(wei)盡可(ke)能接近鋰電位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)可(ke)嵌(qian)入鋰化(hua)合物(wu)，如各(ge)種碳材料(liao)包括天然(ran)石(shi)墨、合成石(shi)墨、碳纖維、中間相(xiang)小(xiao)球碳素等(deng)和金屬(shu)氧化(hua)物(wu)，包括SnO、SnO2、錫復合氧化(hua)物(wu)SnBxPyOz等(deng)。

　　◎電解質采用(yong)LiPF6的乙烯碳(tan)酸(suan)(suan)脂(zhi)(zhi)（EC）、丙烯碳(tan)酸(suan)(suan)脂(zhi)(zhi)（PC）和低粘度二乙基碳(tan)酸(suan)(suan)脂(zhi)(zhi)（DEC）等烷基碳(tan)酸(suan)(suan)脂(zhi)(zhi)搭(da)配的高分子(zi)材料。

　　◎隔膜采(cai)用(yong)聚烯(xi)微多孔膜如(ru)PE、PP或它們復合膜，采(cai)用(yong)PP/PE/PP三層隔膜優點是(shi)熔(rong)點較(jiao)低，具有較(jiao)高的抗(kang)穿刺強度(du)，起到了過熱保險作用(yong)。

　　◎外(wai)殼采用鋼(gang)或鋁材料，具有防爆(bao)的功能。

　　鋰離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)3.6V。電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充滿時的電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)（稱(cheng)為(wei)終止(zhi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)）一般為(wei)4.2V;鋰離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)終止(zhi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)2.75V。如果鋰離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在(zai)使(shi)用過程中電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)已(yi)降(jiang)到(dao)2.75V后還(huan)繼續(xu)使(shi)用，則(ze)稱(cheng)為(wei)過放電(dian)(dian)(dian)，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)有損害。

    鋰電池充電原理：

　　鋰離子電池充電原理圖：

　　其中：Iconst：恒流充電電流;

　　Ipre：預充電電流;

　　Ifull：充滿判斷電流;

　　Vconst：恒壓充(chong)電電壓;=

　　Vmin：預(yu)充結束電壓(ya)(ya)及短路判(pan)斷電壓(ya)(ya)

　　鋰(li)(li)離子(zi)電池比(bi)較驕貴。如果不滿足其充(chong)電及使用要求，很容易出(chu)現爆炸，壽命下降等現象。因為鋰(li)(li)離子(zi)電池對(dui)溫度、過(guo)壓、過(guo)流及過(guo)放(fang)電很敏感，所以所有的電池內部均(jun)集成了(le)熱敏電阻（監控(kong)充(chong)電溫度）及防過(guo)壓、過(guo)流、過(guo)放(fang)電保護電路(lu)。

　　圖一(yi)為標準(zhun)鋰(li)離子(zi)(zi)電(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)原理曲線，鋰(li)離子(zi)(zi)電(dian)池(chi)的充電(dian)過程(cheng)分(fen)三個階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)：預充電(dian)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan);恒流充電(dian)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan);恒壓充電(dian)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)。

　　預(yu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階(jie)段是(shi)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)低(di)于3V時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)不能承(cheng)(cheng)受大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)必(bi)要(yao)以(yi)(yi)小(xiao)(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)進行浮充(chong)(chong);當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)達到(dao)3V時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)可以(yi)(yi)承(cheng)(cheng)受大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)了(le)。這時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應以(yi)(yi)恒定的(de)(de)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。以(yi)(yi)使鋰(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)快(kuai)速(su)均勻轉移，這個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)值越大(da)，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)滿(man)及壽命越有(you)利;當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)達到(dao)4.2V時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，達到(dao)了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)承(cheng)(cheng)受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)極限。這時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應以(yi)(yi)4.2V的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)恒壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)逐漸降(jiang)低(di)。當(dang)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)小(xiao)(xiao)于30mA時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)即充(chong)(chong)滿(man)了(le)。這時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)停止(zhi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。否則，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)因(yin)過充(chong)(chong)而(er)降(jiang)低(di)壽命。恒壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階(jie)段要(yao)求電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)控(kong)制(zhi)精度為(wei)1%。依國家標準，鋰(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)要(yao)能在(zai)1C的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)下，可以(yi)(yi)循環充(chong)(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)500次以(yi)(yi)上。依一(yi)般的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)使用(yong)三天一(yi)充(chong)(chong)。這樣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)壽命應在(zai)4年(nian)。

　　但用戶(hu)在(zai)(zai)使用電池的時候往往發現，原裝電池在(zai)(zai)使用1年(nian)，甚到(dao)半年(nian)左右的時間(jian)就(jiu)報廢了，這(zhe)是因為簡(jian)單的充電方式惹得禍。下(xia)面將以最簡(jian)單的充電原理分析(xi)一下(xia)為什么會對鋰電池有(you)損(sun)害：

　　當沒電的電池插在這種充電器上時，充電器即以最大的電(dian)(dian)流為電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian)。如果在鋰離子電(dian)(dian)池(chi)最虛弱的低壓時（低于2.5V）就(jiu)以大電(dian)(dian)流沖擊，將會(hui)嚴(yan)重損害電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的壽命。

　　另外，這類的充電(dian)(dian)器均為(wei)(wei)直(zhi)接市電(dian)(dian)220V接入，轉換為(wei)(wei)5V的低(di)壓直(zhi)流。因為(wei)(wei)轉換效(xiao)率(lv)低(di)下，會產生大(da)量的熱。熱量直(zhi)接疊(die)加(jia)在了電(dian)(dian)池(chi)上，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)溫度過高，這對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)有很大(da)損(sun)害