所謂鋰離子電(dian)池(chi)是指分別(bie)用(yong)二個能(neng)可逆地嵌(qian)入(ru)與脫(tuo)嵌(qian)鋰離子的化合物作為(wei)正負極構成(cheng)的二次(ci)電(dian)池(chi)。人們將這種靠鋰離子在正負極之間的轉移來完成(cheng)電(dian)池(chi)充放電(dian)工作的獨(du)特機理的鋰離子電(dian)池(chi)形象地稱(cheng)為(wei)“搖椅式電(dian)池(chi)”，俗稱(cheng)“鋰電(dian)”。

　　鋰離子電(dian)池的內部結構如下圖所示(shi)：

　　電池由(you)正極(ji)鋰化合(he)物、中間(jian)的電解質膜及(ji)負極(ji)碳(tan)組(zu)成。

　　◎當電(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)時，鋰(li)(li)離子(zi)從正(zheng)極(ji)中脫嵌，在負極(ji)中嵌入，放電(dian)時反之。一般采用嵌鋰(li)(li)過(guo)渡金屬(shu)氧化物做(zuo)正(zheng)極(ji)，如(ru)LiCoO2、LiNiO2、LiMn2O4。

　　◎做為負(fu)極的(de)材(cai)(cai)料則選擇電位盡可能接近鋰電位的(de)可嵌入鋰化(hua)合物，如各種碳材(cai)(cai)料包括天(tian)然(ran)石墨、合成石墨、碳纖維、中間相(xiang)小球碳素等和(he)金屬氧化(hua)物，包括SnO、SnO2、錫復合氧化(hua)物SnBxPyOz等。

　　◎電解質采用LiPF6的乙(yi)烯碳酸(suan)脂(zhi)(zhi)（EC）、丙(bing)烯碳酸(suan)脂(zhi)(zhi)（PC）和低粘度二乙(yi)基碳酸(suan)脂(zhi)(zhi)（DEC）等烷基碳酸(suan)脂(zhi)(zhi)搭配的高分(fen)子材料(liao)。

　　◎隔膜(mo)(mo)采用聚(ju)烯微(wei)多(duo)孔膜(mo)(mo)如PE、PP或它們(men)復合膜(mo)(mo)，采用PP/PE/PP三層隔膜(mo)(mo)優(you)點是熔點較(jiao)低，具有較(jiao)高的抗穿刺強度，起到了(le)過(guo)熱保險作用。

　　◎外殼采用鋼或(huo)鋁(lv)材料(liao)，具(ju)有防爆(bao)的功(gong)能。

　　鋰(li)離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的額定電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)3.6V。電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)滿時的電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)（稱為(wei)終(zhong)止(zhi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)）一般為(wei)4.2V;鋰(li)離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)終(zhong)止(zhi)放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)2.75V。如果(guo)鋰(li)離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)在使用(yong)過程中電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)已降到2.75V后還繼續使用(yong)，則稱為(wei)過放電(dian)(dian)，對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)有損害。

    鋰電池充電原理：

　　鋰離子電池充電原理圖：

　　其中(zhong)：Iconst：恒流(liu)充(chong)電電流(liu);

　　Ipre：預(yu)充電(dian)電(dian)流(liu);

　　Ifull：充滿判(pan)斷電流;

　　Vconst：恒壓(ya)充電電壓(ya);=

　　Vmin：預(yu)充結束(shu)電壓及短路判斷電壓

　　鋰離子電(dian)池(chi)比(bi)較驕貴。如果不滿足其(qi)充電(dian)及使用要求，很容易出現(xian)爆炸，壽命(ming)下降等(deng)現(xian)象(xiang)。因為鋰離子電(dian)池(chi)對溫度(du)、過(guo)壓、過(guo)流(liu)及過(guo)放電(dian)很敏感，所(suo)以所(suo)有的電(dian)池(chi)內部(bu)均集成了(le)熱(re)敏電(dian)阻（監控充電(dian)溫度(du)）及防過(guo)壓、過(guo)流(liu)、過(guo)放電(dian)保護(hu)電(dian)路。

　　圖一(yi)為標準鋰(li)離子(zi)電池(chi)充(chong)(chong)電原理曲(qu)線(xian)，鋰(li)離子(zi)電池(chi)的充(chong)(chong)電過(guo)程分三個階(jie)段：預(yu)充(chong)(chong)電階(jie)段;恒(heng)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電階(jie)段;恒(heng)壓充(chong)(chong)電階(jie)段。

　　預(yu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階段(duan)是在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)低于(yu)3V時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)不能(neng)承(cheng)受大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這(zhe)(zhe)時(shi)有(you)(you)必要以小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)進(jin)行(xing)浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong);當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)達到(dao)3V時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)可以承(cheng)受大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)了。這(zhe)(zhe)時(shi)應以恒定的(de)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。以使鋰離(li)子快速均勻轉(zhuan)移，這(zhe)(zhe)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)值越(yue)大(da)，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿及壽命(ming)(ming)越(yue)有(you)(you)利;當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)達到(dao)4.2V時(shi)，達到(dao)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)承(cheng)受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)極限(xian)。這(zhe)(zhe)時(shi)應以4.2V的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)恒壓(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這(zhe)(zhe)時(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)逐漸降低。當充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)小(xiao)于(yu)30mA時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)即充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿了。這(zhe)(zhe)時(shi)要停止充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。否則(ze)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)因過充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)而降低壽命(ming)(ming)。恒壓(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階段(duan)要求電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)控制精度為1%。依國家標準，鋰離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)要能(neng)在(zai)1C的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)下，可以循環充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)500次以上(shang)。依一(yi)般(ban)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)使用三天一(yi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。這(zhe)(zhe)樣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)壽命(ming)(ming)應在(zai)4年。

　　但用(yong)戶在使(shi)用(yong)電池(chi)的時候往往發現，原裝(zhuang)電池(chi)在使(shi)用(yong)1年，甚(shen)到(dao)半年左右的時間就報(bao)廢了，這是因(yin)為簡單的充電方式惹得禍。下面將(jiang)以最(zui)簡單的充電原理(li)分析一(yi)下為什么會對鋰電池(chi)有損害：

　　當沒電的電池插在這種充電器上時，充電器即以(yi)最大(da)的電(dian)流(liu)為電(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)。如果在(zai)鋰離子(zi)電(dian)池(chi)最虛弱(ruo)的低壓時(shi)（低于2.5V）就以(yi)大(da)電(dian)流(liu)沖擊，將會嚴重(zhong)損害電(dian)池(chi)的壽(shou)命。

　　另外，這(zhe)類的充電器均(jun)為直接市(shi)電220V接入，轉(zhuan)換為5V的低壓直流。因為轉(zhuan)換效率低下(xia)，會產生大量(liang)的熱(re)(re)。熱(re)(re)量(liang)直接疊加在了電池上，使電池溫度過高，這(zhe)對(dui)電池有很大損害(hai)