電(dian)動(dong)車(che)(che)電(dian)池(chi)隨著使用時間(jian)的(de)長短，自身硫化現象不(bu)可避免的(de)存在。很多消費者不(bu)了(le)(le)解(jie)為什么電(dian)池(chi)用兩年(nian)就需要更換(huan)，是什么原因造成(cheng)了(le)(le)電(dian)動(dong)車(che)(che)電(dian)池(chi)報(bao)廢？

      與其它鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)使用環(huan)境(jing)不(bu)同，電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)自行車(che)(che)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)失(shi)效原(yuan)因(yin)有其特殊性(xing)。電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)自行車(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)循環(huan)次數(shu)遠遠多后備(bei)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)類的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)。

      例(li)如，原郵電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)部[1994]763號(hao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信(xin)網維護(hu)規程的(de)(de)規定，每年(nian)應(ying)以(yi)實際負(fu)荷(he)做(zuo)一(yi)次(ci)(ci)核對性放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)試(shi)驗(yan)，放(fang)出容(rong)量(liang)的(de)(de)30％～40％。每3年(nian)做(zuo)一(yi)次(ci)(ci)容(rong)量(liang)試(shi)驗(yan)，到使用(yong)6年(nian)以(yi)后，每年(nian)做(zuo)一(yi)次(ci)(ci)容(rong)量(liang)試(shi)驗(yan)。這(zhe)樣，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信(xin)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池如果(guo)不(bu)是頻(pin)繁的(de)(de)出現停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池很少處于放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態。假定每年(nian)遇到4次(ci)(ci)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，這(zhe)樣，在10年(nian)間(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也就是40次(ci)(ci)，所以(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)深循環壽命定為80次(ci)(ci)。同時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信(xin)系統(tong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深度也就是按照30％～40％。

      而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行(xing)車使用的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池依據標(biao)準，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)壽(shou)命應該是按照70％標(biao)稱容量(liang)的(de)(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)要(yao)達(da)到350次(ci)。這樣(yang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行(xing)車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深度和(he)循環壽(shou)命遠(yuan)遠(yuan)超過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信系統(tong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池要(yao)求。另外(wai)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行(xing)車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池要(yao)求在8小時以(yi)內完成充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這樣(yang)，不得不提高(gao)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)值，超過了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)大量(liang)析氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)2.42V而(er)形成了較塊速度的(de)(de)失水。而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信系統(tong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池是完全(quan)沒有這樣(yang)高(gao)的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)。

      同時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行(xing)車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流很大，就(jiu)是(shi)巡(xun)航期間的(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流也(ye)接(jie)近于0.5C放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，啟動(dong)的(de)(de)時候，放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流會超過1C放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)。這樣，也(ye)在影響電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)使用壽命(ming)。由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)特性(xing)的(de)(de)特殊要求(qiu)，我們看到一些(xie)可(ke)以給(gei)核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站供(gong)(gong)(gong)應鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)制(zhi)造(zao)商(shang)也(ye)沒(mei)有步入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行(xing)車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應商(shang)的(de)(de)行(xing)列。一些(xie)規(gui)模可(ke)觀的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)制(zhi)造(zao)商(shang)也(ye)逐步退出了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行(xing)車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應商(shang)的(de)(de)行(xing)列。而給(gei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行(xing)車供(gong)(gong)(gong)貨的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)制(zhi)造(zao)商(shang)除了沈(shen)陽松下以外，就(jiu)沒(mei)有幾個成規(gui)模的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)制(zhi)造(zao)商(shang)。雖然沈(shen)陽松下供(gong)(gong)(gong)應的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)初期容量相對最低，按照行(xing)業標準檢驗(yan)，其(qi)容量在合(he)(he)格(ge)與不(bu)合(he)(he)格(ge)之間，但是(shi)，其(qi)壽命(ming)相對比較長。

      這樣(yang)，電動自行車使用的(de)電池(chi)的(de)性能(neng)要求與(yu)傳(chuan)統的(de)密(mi)封電池(chi)不(bu)同，失效(xiao)(xiao)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)與(yu)傳(chuan)統的(de)電池(chi)失效(xiao)(xiao)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)存在(zai)很大的(de)差異(yi)。出現了一些過去少見的(de)失效(xiao)(xiao)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)和失效(xiao)(xiao)比例。

      一個主要(yao)的(de)(de)區別是(shi)放電(dian)率(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)差異。普(pu)通的(de)(de)閥控密封式鉛酸蓄電(dian)池的(de)(de)放電(dian)率(lv)(lv)多數是(shi)以10小時(shi)率(lv)(lv)或者20小時(shi)率(lv)(lv)來制定的(de)(de)，而電(dian)動自(zi)行車(che)的(de)(de)電(dian)池都是(shi)以2小時(shi)率(lv)(lv)或者3小時(shi)率(lv)(lv)來制定的(de)(de)，這與電(dian)池的(de)(de)實(shi)際使(shi)用情況大體相當。所以，在供應(ying)電(dian)動自(zi)行車(che)電(dian)池的(de)(de)初(chu)期，電(dian)池容量(liang)(liang)是(shi)最大的(de)(de)問題。為了(le)提高(gao)電(dian)池的(de)(de)容量(liang)(liang)，各個電(dian)池制造商采取了(le)多種方法。

以大(da)量使用(yong)的10Ah電池為例(li)，最(zui)典(dian)型的方法(fa)如下：

      1、 增(zeng)加極板(ban)數量(liang)

      把原設計的(de)單(dan)格5片(pian)6片(pian)改為6片(pian)7片(pian)，7片(pian)8片(pian)，甚至8片(pian)9片(pian)。靠減薄極(ji)板(ban)厚度和隔板(ban)，增加(jia)極(ji)板(ban)數量(liang)來提高電池容量(liang)。

      2、 提高(gao)電池的硫酸比重

      原(yuan)來浮充電池的(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸比(bi)重(zhong)一般(ban)都在(zai)(zai)1.21~1.28之間，而電動(dong)自行車的(de)(de)(de)電池的(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸比(bi)重(zhong)一般(ban)都在(zai)(zai)1.36～1.38左右。只有極少數的(de)(de)(de)采用1.32的(de)(de)(de)比(bi)重(zhong)。

      3、 增加正極板活性(xing)物質用量

      4、 低溫固(gu)化(hua)，增加β氧化(hua)鉛的比例(li)

      一般密封電(dian)(dian)池為了(le)(le)實現氧(yang)循(xun)環，都要求做好負極(ji)過(guo)度(du)。增加正極(ji)板活性(xing)物質用量(liang)，可以(yi)提高(gao)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)容量(liang)，是以(yi)降低氧(yang)循(xun)環為代價的(de)。通(tong)過(guo)這(zhe)些主要措(cuo)施(shi)，電(dian)(dian)池的(de)初期容量(liang)滿足(zu)了(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)動自行車的(de)容量(liang)要求，特(te)別是改善了(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)大(da)電(dian)(dian)流放電(dian)(dian)的(de)特(te)性(xing)，延長(chang)了(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)池大(da)電(dian)(dian)流放電(dian)(dian)的(de)壽命。但是，這(zhe)些措(cuo)施(shi)也制約(yue)著電(dian)(dian)池壽命。

      一、電池失水(shui)問(wen)題

      產(chan)生電池失水(shui)的一些原因主要如下：

      1、為了滿足電(dian)池(chi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)8小時(shi)以內充滿電(dian)，所以在(zai)(zai)(zai)三段(duan)式恒壓(ya)(ya)限流充電(dian)中，不(bu)得不(bu)通過恒壓(ya)(ya)值，達到折合單格電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為2.47V～2.49V。這樣，大(da)(da)大(da)(da)超過電(dian)池(chi)正(zheng)極板析(xi)氧(yang)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)2.35V和負極板析(xi)氫電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)2.42V。一些(xie)充電(dian)器(qi)制造(zao)商的(de)產品為了降低充電(dian)時(shi)間(jian)的(de)指示(shi)，提(ti)高了恒壓(ya)(ya)轉浮充的(de)電(dian)流，而使得充電(dian)指示(shi)充滿電(dian)以后(hou)，還(huan)沒有充滿電(dian)，就靠提(ti)高浮充電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)來彌(mi)補。這樣，很多(duo)充電(dian)器(qi)的(de)浮充電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)超過單格電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)2.35V，這樣在(zai)(zai)(zai)浮充階(jie)段(duan)還(huan)在(zai)(zai)(zai)大(da)(da)量析(xi)氧(yang)。而電(dian)池(chi)的(de)氧(yang)循環(huan)又不(bu)好，這樣在(zai)(zai)(zai)浮充階(jie)段(duan)也(ye)在(zai)(zai)(zai)不(bu)斷的(de)排氣。

      2、一些電池制(zhi)造商沒有找到好(hao)的(de)板(ban)柵(zha)合(he)金(jin)，仍然采(cai)用(yong)低(di)銻合(he)金(jin)，這樣，比(bi)鉛鈣系列的(de)板(ban)柵(zha)合(he)金(jin)析氣電位低(di)，電池出氣量大，失(shi)水相對嚴重。

      3、增加極(ji)板和增加正極(ji)板活性物質用量以后，負極(ji)過渡不足，氧循環下降，充電過程(cheng)中正極(ji)板的(de)氧氣來不及被負極(ji)板吸收，而產(chan)生失水。

      4、一些(xie)電池的開閥壓(ya)偏低(di)，容易(yi)排氣(qi)，同時電池內部的氧分壓(ya)低(di)，降(jiang)低(di)了(le)氧循環能力，增加了(le)析氣(qi)量。

      5、由于電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)比(bi)(bi)重(zhong)相對高了(le)很(hen)多，所(suo)以，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)化也相對嚴重(zhong)。電(dian)(dian)池(chi)放電(dian)(dian)以后(hou)到第二天充電(dian)(dian)以前，硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)比(bi)(bi)重(zhong)高的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)化明顯。這樣，更加(jia)(jia)降低了(le)負(fu)極(ji)板(ban)氧循環的(de)(de)能力。而失水以后(hou)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，失去的(de)(de)主要是水，留(liu)下了(le)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)成分，相當于進一步(bu)提高了(le)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)比(bi)(bi)重(zhong)，這樣就使電(dian)(dian)池(chi)更加(jia)(jia)容易硫(liu)(liu)化。所(suo)以，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)化加(jia)(jia)重(zhong)了(le)失水，失水又(you)加(jia)(jia)重(zhong)了(le)硫(liu)(liu)化。

      為了(le)克(ke)服電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)失水，一些電(dian)(dian)池(chi)制(zhi)造商采(cai)取(qu)了(le)不少(shao)措施(shi)。在板柵(zha)合金(jin)(jin)方(fang)面，一些電(dian)(dian)池(chi)制(zhi)造商采(cai)用(yong)了(le)多種方(fang)式，去掉了(le)低(di)銻合金(jin)(jin)而采(cai)用(yong)鉛鈣(gai)錫鋁合金(jin)(jin)。提高(gao)了(le)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)析氣電(dian)(dian)壓。同(tong)時，緩解(jie)了(le)鉛鈣(gai)合金(jin)(jin)的(de)析鈣(gai)問題，克(ke)服了(le)鉛鈣(gai)合金(jin)(jin)的(de)早期容(rong)量(liang)損失的(de)意(yi)外容(rong)量(liang)下降。同(tong)時，還(huan)要解(jie)決大電(dian)(dian)流放電(dian)(dian)特性下降的(de)問題。

      令人遺(yi)憾的(de)(de)是(shi)，山東某電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)制(zhi)造(zao)商采(cai)用軍工(gong)技術，做出(chu)了(le)銅網電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，試驗結(jie)果證明(ming)，其各項參(can)數都非常優秀(xiu)，但(dan)是(shi)，可能因(yin)為成本問題，沒有(you)見到他們大批量生產和推廣。一些(xie)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)制(zhi)造(zao)商改(gai)進了(le)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)塑料模具的(de)(de)結(jie)構尺寸，增加了(le)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)開(kai)閥壓(ya)，降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)了(le)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)開(kai)閥壓(ya)的(de)(de)離(li)散性，改(gai)善(shan)了(le)氧(yang)循環(huan)。最重(zhong)要的(de)(de)一個進步(bu)就是(shi)采(cai)用抗(kang)失水(shui)的(de)(de)膠體電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)結(jie)構，大大的(de)(de)改(gai)善(shan)了(le)氧(yang)循環(huan)。同時(shi)，也出(chu)現了(le)膠體電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)容易熱(re)失控的(de)(de)故(gu)障。為了(le)緩解電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)失水(shui)和熱(re)失控，一些(xie)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)制(zhi)造(zao)商要求(qiu)充電(dian)(dian)器制(zhi)造(zao)商降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)恒壓(ya)值。但(dan)是(shi)，簡(jian)單的(de)(de)降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)恒壓(ya)值，沒有(you)降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)恒壓(ya)轉(zhuan)浮充的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)流，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)難免發(fa)生欠充電(dian)(dian)累積(ji)，形成電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)容量下降(jiang)(jiang)。

      有創意的(de)是(shi)一些(xie)電(dian)池制造商面臨(lin)著電(dian)池失水(shui)，采取了一些(xie)措(cuo)施，在全國(guo)設立了補(bu)水(shui)站，電(dian)池也為補(bu)水(shui)改(gai)進(jin)了結構。利(li)用(yong)修舊(jiu)利(li)舊(jiu)，使平(ping)均8個(ge)月的(de)電(dian)池壽命延長到(dao)平(ping)均13個(ge)月。

      為了(le)(le)改善膠(jiao)體電(dian)(dian)池的熱失控，最近市場上開始見到一些“半膠(jiao)體電(dian)(dian)池”，就是在灌酸的后期，在電(dian)(dian)池上面再增加膠(jiao)體。這(zhe)樣，相當于(yu)給普通的AGM隔(ge)板(ban)電(dian)(dian)池增加了(le)(le)一層彈性(xing)的氣(qi)密隔(ge)離，增加了(le)(le)隔(ge)板(ban)之(zhi)間(jian)的氣(qi)體壓(ya)力，改善了(le)(le)氧循環(huan)。同時，比膠(jiao)體電(dian)(dian)池的局(ju)部壓(ya)力小，平均壓(ya)力不(bu)小。這(zhe)樣克服了(le)(le)局(ju)部高氣(qi)壓(ya)，緩(huan)解了(le)(le)氧循環(huan)產生局(ju)部高熱。

      其(qi)結(jie)果是：氧循環好于普通AGM隔板電池(chi)，熱失控低于膠體電池(chi)，而材料(liao)成本也低于膠體電池(chi)。

      二、電池硫化問題

      在解(jie)剖失效電(dian)池(chi)中(zhong)(zhong)，單純(chun)硫(liu)(liu)化失效的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)不是(shi)很多，但是(shi)，幾(ji)乎所有的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)都不同程度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)存在著硫(liu)(liu)化。一些電(dian)池(chi)在做(zuo)70%的(de)(de)(de)(de)1C充(chong)電(dian)和60％的(de)(de)(de)(de)2C放電(dian)中(zhong)(zhong)，由于采用連續大電(dian)流(liu)循環，破壞(huai)(huai)了(le)電(dian)池(chi)生成大硫(liu)(liu)酸鉛結晶的(de)(de)(de)(de)條件，所以可能看不到硫(liu)(liu)化對(dui)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)破壞(huai)(huai)。如果(guo)試驗中(zhong)(zhong)途停頓，電(dian)池(chi)硫(liu)(liu)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題就會顯現。

      由于電(dian)(dian)池(chi)重量大，一些用戶經常采(cai)取電(dian)(dian)池(chi)經過多次(ci)使用放完電(dian)(dian)才再次(ci)充電(dian)(dian)，這(zhe)樣(yang)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)放電(dian)(dian)以后沒(mei)有及時充電(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)硫(liu)化就比(bi)較嚴重。另外，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)硫(liu)酸比(bi)重比(bi)較高(gao)，也是硫(liu)化的(de)重要因素。而電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)硫(liu)化，破壞(huai)了負極板氧循環(huan)的(de)能(neng)力(li)，形成更加(jia)容(rong)易(yi)失水。這(zhe)樣(yang)，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)硫(liu)酸比(bi)重更加(jia)高(gao)，導致更加(jia)容(rong)易(yi)硫(liu)化。

      所以，電池(chi)硫化(hua)的程度可(ke)能不(bu)(bu)同，但是對電池(chi)的壽命(ming)影(ying)響也是不(bu)(bu)可(ke)忽略的。

      三、漏酸問題(ti)

      在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)池(chi)密封和排氣(qi)閥沒有(you)問題(ti)的(de)時候(hou)，也會出現漏液。很多(duo)電(dian)池(chi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)灌酸(suan)以后(hou)，電(dian)池(chi)處于富液狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)，電(dian)池(chi)沒有(you)氧(yang)循環。靠(kao)電(dian)池(chi)處于開(kai)口狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)的(de)三充(chong)二放把(ba)多(duo)于的(de)電(dian)解(jie)液排出。硫酸(suan)比重再(zai)次提高。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)蓋排氣(qi)閥的(de)時候(hou)，電(dian)解(jie)液沒有(you)吸光，還存在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)游(you)離(li)酸(suan)。即時把(ba)游(you)離(li)酸(suan)吸光，電(dian)池(chi)還是處在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)“準貧(pin)液”狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)。

      隔(ge)板(ban)中的(de)(de)電(dian)解(jie)液(ye)相對(dui)要多一些。而隔(ge)板(ban)中稍多的(de)(de)電(dian)解(jie)液(ye)影響氧(yang)循環，這樣，對(dui)新電(dian)池進行充電(dian)的(de)(de)時候，排(pai)氣量(liang)比較(jiao)大(da)，代出的(de)(de)硫(liu)酸比較(jiao)多。形(xing)成(cheng)“漏(lou)酸”。而膠(jiao)體電(dian)池前50～100個循環，電(dian)池處于富(fu)液(ye)到貧液(ye)的(de)(de)轉換(huan)期(qi)，排(pai)氣比較(jiao)嚴重(zhong)，排(pai)氣代出膠(jiao)體微粒形(xing)成(cheng)了“漏(lou)酸”。

      四、正(zheng)極板軟化問題(ti)

      正(zheng)極板活性(xing)物質的(de)(de)有效成分是(shi)氧(yang)化(hua)鉛，氧(yang)化(hua)鉛分α－PbO2和β－PbO2，其(qi)(qi)中，α－PbO2是(shi)活性(xing)物質的(de)(de)骨架，容量比較(jiao)小；β－PbO2依附α－PbO2構成的(de)(de)骨架上面，其(qi)(qi)荷電能力比α－PbO2強(qiang)很多。

      氧化鉛(qian)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)以(yi)后(hou)(hou)輸(shu)出硫酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時硫酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)生(sheng)產氧化鉛(qian)。而充電(dian)(dian)(dian)的時候，在強酸(suan)(suan)環(huan)境中(zhong)只(zhi)能(neng)夠生(sheng)成(cheng)β－PbO2。所以(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池深放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)以(yi)后(hou)(hou)，一(yi)(yi)旦(dan)具有骨架作用(yong)的α－PbO2參(can)(can)與放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)生(sheng)成(cheng)硫酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)以(yi)后(hou)(hou)，就(jiu)(jiu)再也不能(neng)夠恢(hui)復成(cheng)為α－PbO2，而充電(dian)(dian)(dian)只(zhi)能(neng)生(sheng)成(cheng)β－PbO2。正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)軟化就(jiu)(jiu)出現了(le)(le)。正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)一(yi)(yi)旦(dan)出現軟化，起到支持作用(yong)的多孔結(jie)構被(bei)破壞了(le)(le)，正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)的多孔被(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池極(ji)(ji)板(ban)的壓力壓實(shi)了(le)(le)，就(jiu)(jiu)降低了(le)(le)參(can)(can)與反應的真(zhen)實(shi)面(mian)積(ji)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池容量就(jiu)(jiu)下(xia)降了(le)(le)。

      這(zhe)(zhe)樣，防止(zhi)過(guo)(guo)放電(dian)(dian)就是控(kong)制(zhi)正(zheng)極(ji)板軟化(hua)的重要措施。而這(zhe)(zhe)個靠(kao)的是控(kong)制(zhi)器的欠(qian)壓(ya)保(bao)護。如果欠(qian)壓(ya)保(bao)護電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)過(guo)(guo)低，電(dian)(dian)池就會(hui)出現(xian)過(guo)(guo)放電(dian)(dian)，一些α－PbO2參與放電(dian)(dian)，就會(hui)出現(xian)正(zheng)極(ji)板軟化(hua)。

      放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)時候，如果(guo)連續(xu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)比較(jiao)(jiao)大，深層的(de)β－PbO2來不(bu)及(ji)參(can)與放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)反(fan)應，外(wai)層的(de)α－PbO2就要參(can)與放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)反(fan)應，這樣(yang)，也會形成正極板軟(ruan)(ruan)化(hua)(hua)。所(suo)以(yi)控制器(qi)中的(de)限流(liu)參(can)數(shu)也浮充重(zhong)要。電(dian)(dian)(dian)摩(mo)的(de)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)相(xiang)對比較(jiao)(jiao)大，差不(bu)多在1C左(zuo)右放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，加上放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)深度相(xiang)對比較(jiao)(jiao)深，所(suo)以(yi)非常容易產(chan)生正極板軟(ruan)(ruan)化(hua)(hua)。

      每次放電，或多或少的(de)總要有一點點α－PbO2參與反應(ying)。所以，一個(ge)正(zheng)常使用的(de)電池(chi)，在不(bu)失水也不(bu)硫化(hua)，也沒有過放電的(de)情況(kuang)下，電池(chi)的(de)壽命就取決于(yu)正(zheng)極板軟化(hua)。

      五、電池(chi)均衡(heng)問題

      電(dian)(dian)池(chi)不均衡主(zhu)要有2中表(biao)現(xian)形式，其一是某單只電(dian)(dian)池(chi)容(rong)(rong)量低，其二是電(dian)(dian)池(chi)荷電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量低。第二種情(qing)況是說該(gai)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的容(rong)(rong)量并不抵，但是該(gai)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)沒有充滿(man)電(dian)(dian)。

      第一種情況(kuang)是該電(dian)(dian)(dian)池放電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)時(shi)候，提前(qian)反(fan)應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)下降的(de)(de)快，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)時(shi)候電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)上升也快。第二種情況(kuang)是充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷放電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)都低(di)。

      其(qi)縮短電池(chi)壽命的原因如下(xia)：

      1、充電(dian)時電(dian)壓高的電(dian)池(chi)(chi)會增加失水，電(dian)壓低的電(dian)池(chi)(chi)會欠充電(dian)；

      2、放(fang)電的時(shi)候，電壓低(di)的會出現過放(fang)電，形(xing)成電池正極板軟(ruan)化。

      這(zhe)樣(yang)，容量低的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在每次放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)時候放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)(shen)度比其他電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)深(shen)(shen)度深(shen)(shen)，所以正(zheng)極板軟化(hua)的(de)(de)快。二(er)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓高的(de)(de)失水，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓低的(de)(de)欠充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。如果一只電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)荷(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)少(shao)，就(jiu)存在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)少(shao)，放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)問題。這(zhe)樣(yang)該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)就(jiu)會同時產生正(zheng)極板軟化(hua)荷(he)硫化(hua)的(de)(de)問題。

      產(chan)生電池不均衡的原因(yin)如下：

      1、對串連(lian)電(dian)(dian)池組(zu)的組(zu)配不好，存在(zai)著容(rong)量差(cha)(cha)和開路電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)差(cha)(cha)，這是原(yuan)始就有誤差(cha)(cha)的問題；

      2、電(dian)池開閥壓(ya)有差別，失(shi)水不同，形成(cheng)后天電(dian)池的容量差；

      3、電池的(de)自放電不(bu)同，逐步形成荷電容量的(de)差異(yi)；

      4、失(shi)水不同，形(xing)成電(dian)池實際的硫酸(suan)比重不同，形(xing)成開路電(dian)壓差；

      5、電(dian)池(chi)(chi)壽命差，在后(hou)期(qi)反應一(yi)只電(dian)池(chi)(chi)容量下降(jiang)，影響其他電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的正(zheng)常狀態。

      要(yao)改進電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)不均(jun)衡問(wen)題，首先就要(yao)改善電(dian)(dian)池(chi)在制造(zao)(zao)(zao)期間(jian)的(de)工(gong)藝(yi)一(yi)致性(xing)問(wen)題。這也是國內多數電(dian)(dian)池(chi)制造(zao)(zao)(zao)商(shang)的(de)主要(yao)問(wen)題。例(li)如，最好的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)制造(zao)(zao)(zao)商(shang)的(de)板(ban)柵是采(cai)用(yong)壓鑄(zhu)的(de)，而國內相當多的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)制造(zao)(zao)(zao)商(shang)連(lian)鑄(zhu)板(ban)機都沒(mei)有，還是手工(gong)澆鑄(zhu)。

      六、是熱失控

      密(mi)(mi)封電池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)最基(ji)本原(yuan)理之一就是正(zheng)極板(ban)析(xi)氧(yang)以后，氧(yang)氣直(zhi)接到負極板(ban)，被負極板(ban)吸收而還原(yuan)為水，考核電池(chi)(chi)這個技(ji)術指標的(de)(de)(de)參數(shu)叫做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)“密(mi)(mi)封反應(ying)效率”，這種現象叫做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)“氧(yang)循(xun)環”。這樣，電池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)失水很少，實現了“免維(wei)護”，就是免加水。為此(ci)，都要(yao)求負極板(ban)容(rong)(rong)量做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)比正(zheng)極板(ban)容(rong)(rong)量大一些，叫做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)負極過(guo)渡。

      電(dian)池在充(chong)入(ru)電(dian)量達到70％以后(hou)，電(dian)池的極化電(dian)壓相對比較高(gao)，充(chong)電(dian)的副反應開(kai)(kai)始(shi)逐步增(zeng)加。電(dian)解水開(kai)(kai)始(shi)了。

      在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)單格電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓達(da)(da)到2.35V以(yi)后，首(shou)先(xian)正極(ji)板析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)氧，在達(da)(da)到2.42V以(yi)后，負極(ji)板開(kai)始析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)氫。這時候(hou)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能轉(zhuan)(zhuan)變(bian)(bian)為(wei)(wei)化學能減少，轉(zhuan)(zhuan)變(bian)(bian)為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)水的(de)能量(liang)增(zeng)加。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程的(de)是(shi)否(fou)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)氣(qi)(qi)取(qu)決(jue)于充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)氣(qi)(qi)量(liang)取(qu)決(jue)于達(da)(da)到析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)氣(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓以(yi)后的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流。

      所以(yi)，在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓在進入恒(heng)壓以(yi)后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓開始接近于最高(gao)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流也保持限流值(zhi)。這時候析氣量(liang)(liang)最大(da)。在進入恒(heng)壓以(yi)后，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流應該(gai)逐步(bu)下降，析氣量(liang)(liang)也應該(gai)逐步(bu)下降。

      充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)本身是(shi)放熱(re)(re)(re)反(fan)應，一(yi)(yi)般電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)熱(re)(re)(re)設計是(shi)可(ke)以(yi)控(kong)制溫升的(de)(de)。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)大量(liang)析氣以(yi)后，氧(yang)氣在負極板復合為水，發(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)(re)量(liang)遠遠大于充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)(re)。密封(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)希望(wang)負極板具(ju)有(you)良好的(de)(de)氧(yang)循環能力，但是(shi)，氧(yang)循環也(ye)會(hui)產生發(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)(re)。所以(yi)，氧(yang)循環是(shi)一(yi)(yi)把雙刃劍，好處(chu)是(shi)減少了(le)水損失，壞(huai)處(chu)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)會(hui)發(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)(re)。如果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)發(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)(re)，在恒壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)條件下(xia)，氧(yang)循環電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)也(ye)參與了(le)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，所以(yi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)下(xia)降速(su)率(lv)下(xia)降。而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)發(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)(re)，會(hui)引起充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)下(xia)降速(su)率(lv)降低，甚(shen)至會(hui)引起電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)反(fan)升。而(er)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)發(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)(re)的(de)(de)作用(yong)下(xia)，一(yi)(yi)旦電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)反(fan)升，又增(zeng)加了(le)發(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)(re)。這樣，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)一(yi)(yi)直(zhi)會(hui)上升到限流(liu)(liu)值。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)發(fa)(fa)高(gao)熱(re)(re)(re)，并(bing)且積累熱(re)(re)(re)，一(yi)(yi)直(zhi)到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)外殼(ke)發(fa)(fa)生熱(re)(re)(re)軟化變形(xing)。而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)熱(re)(re)(re)變形(xing)時，內部氣壓(ya)高(gao)，所以(yi)呈現(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)時鼓(gu)脹(zhang)的(de)(de)。這就是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)熱(re)(re)(re)失控(kong)而(er)損壞(huai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)一(yi)(yi)旦出現(xian)(xian)嚴(yan)重(zhong)鼓(gu)脹(zhang)，漏酸和漏氣的(de)(de)問題也(ye)出現(xian)(xian)了(le)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)會(hui)出現(xian)(xian)急性失效。

      誘發電(dian)(dian)池(chi)鼓脹的原因有很多。如果充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓高，析氣量大，會(hui)產生熱(re)(re)失控。如果某(mou)一組(zu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)或者某(mou)一個單格(ge)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)發生嚴重落后，而充電(dian)(dian)的恒壓值不(bu)變，其他的單格(ge)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)也會(hui)出現充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓相對過高，也會(hui)產生熱(re)(re)失控問題(ti)。

      七、電池異常故障

      為了(le)增加電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)容(rong)量，目前(qian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動自(zi)行車(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)隔板(ban)(ban)相對比(bi)其(qi)他電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)隔板(ban)(ban)薄一些，負極板(ban)(ban)的(de)硫酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)結晶長大，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)以(yi)后(hou)出(chu)現(xian)少量硫酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)遺留在隔板(ban)(ban)中(zhong)(zhong)，遺留在隔板(ban)(ban)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)硫酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)一旦被還(huan)原稱為鉛(qian)(qian)，積(ji)累多了(le)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)就會(hui)出(chu)現(xian)微短路(lu)(lu)。這種(zhong)(zhong)現(xian)象(xiang)叫做“鉛(qian)(qian)枝搭橋(qiao)”。產生這種(zhong)(zhong)微短路(lu)(lu)，輕的(de)產生該單格電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)落后(hou)，嚴(yan)重的(de)時候會(hui)出(chu)現(xian)單格短路(lu)(lu)。這種(zhong)(zhong)現(xian)象(xiang)不僅(jin)僅(jin)出(chu)現(xian)在膠體電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)中(zhong)(zhong)，在普通(tong)的(de)AGM電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)中(zhong)(zhong)也會(hui)出(chu)現(xian)。一旦出(chu)現(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)單格嚴(yan)重落后(hou)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)還(huan)很容(rong)易(yi)出(chu)現(xian)熱失(shi)控現(xian)象(xiang)。

      還有(you)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)極(ji)群組(zu)裝虛焊(han)問(wen)題。容易(yi)產(chan)生虛焊(han)的(de)(de)地方(fang)是(shi)極(ji)板。而(er)每個電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)單(dan)(dan)格(ge)有(you)15片極(ji)板，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)15個焊(han)點(dian)，一個電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)有(you)6個單(dan)(dan)格(ge)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)有(you)90個焊(han)點(dian)，一組(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)由4個電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)成(cheng)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)要360個焊(han)點(dian)。如果(guo)一個焊(han)點(dian)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)虛焊(han)，該(gai)單(dan)(dan)格(ge)容量(liang)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)下降，進而(er)該(gai)單(dan)(dan)格(ge)形成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)落(luo)后，形成(cheng)整個電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)都(dou)落(luo)后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)(hui)形成(cheng)嚴重(zhong)的(de)(de)不均衡。就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)(hui)使改組(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)提前失效。如果(guo)虛焊(han)率達到萬分(fen)之一，平均每37組(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)有(you)一組(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)這虛焊(han)，這是(shi)絕對(dui)不能夠允許的(de)(de)。而(er)鉛鈣(gai)合(he)(he)金的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，在(zai)(zai)焊(han)接的(de)(de)時候會(hui)(hui)析出鈣(gai)而(er)掩蓋虛焊(han)問(wen)題，這樣，很(hen)多(duo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)制造(zao)商寧愿還采用(yong)低銻(ti)合(he)(he)金的(de)(de)板柵(zha)而(er)沒有(you)采用(yong)簡單(dan)(dan)的(de)(de)鉛鈣(gai)合(he)(he)金。