電(dian)動(dong)車(che)電(dian)池隨(sui)著使用時間的(de)長短，自身硫化現(xian)象不可避免的(de)存在。很多消(xiao)費者不了(le)解為(wei)什么(me)電(dian)池用兩年就需要更換(huan)，是什么(me)原因造成(cheng)了(le)電(dian)動(dong)車(che)電(dian)池報(bao)廢？

      與其它鉛酸蓄電池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)使用環境不同(tong)，電動自(zi)(zi)行(xing)(xing)車(che)電池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)失效(xiao)原因有其特殊(shu)性。電動自(zi)(zi)行(xing)(xing)車(che)的(de)(de)(de)電池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)循環次數遠(yuan)遠(yuan)多后備電源類的(de)(de)(de)電池(chi)。

      例(li)如，原(yuan)郵電(dian)(dian)部[1994]763號電(dian)(dian)信網(wang)維護規程(cheng)的(de)規定(ding)(ding)，每年(nian)(nian)應(ying)以實際負荷做一次核對性放(fang)電(dian)(dian)試驗(yan)，放(fang)出(chu)(chu)容(rong)量的(de)30％～40％。每3年(nian)(nian)做一次容(rong)量試驗(yan)，到使(shi)用(yong)6年(nian)(nian)以后，每年(nian)(nian)做一次容(rong)量試驗(yan)。這樣，電(dian)(dian)信的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)如果(guo)不是(shi)頻(pin)繁的(de)出(chu)(chu)現停電(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)很少處于(yu)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態。假定(ding)(ding)每年(nian)(nian)遇到4次停電(dian)(dian)，這樣，在10年(nian)(nian)間電(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)也就是(shi)40次，所以電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)深(shen)循環壽命定(ding)(ding)為80次。同(tong)時，電(dian)(dian)信系統的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)深(shen)度也就是(shi)按照30％～40％。

      而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)自(zi)行(xing)車使用(yong)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)依據標準，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的壽命應該(gai)是按照(zhao)70％標稱容量(liang)的放電(dian)(dian)(dian)要達到350次(ci)。這樣，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)自(zi)行(xing)車電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的放電(dian)(dian)(dian)深度(du)和循環壽命遠(yuan)遠(yuan)超(chao)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)信系統的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)要求(qiu)。另外(wai)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)自(zi)行(xing)車電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)要求(qiu)在(zai)8小時(shi)以(yi)內完成充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。這樣，不得不提高(gao)(gao)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓值，超(chao)過了電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的大(da)量(liang)析氣(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓2.42V而(er)形成了較(jiao)塊速度(du)的失(shi)水。而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)信系統的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)是完全沒有這樣高(gao)(gao)的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的。

      同時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行(xing)(xing)車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)很大，就是(shi)巡航期間的(de)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)也接近(jin)于(yu)0.5C放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，啟動(dong)的(de)時(shi)候(hou)，放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)會超(chao)過1C放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)。這(zhe)樣，也在影響(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)使(shi)用壽命。由(you)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)特性的(de)特殊要(yao)求，我們(men)看到一些可以給(gei)核電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站供(gong)(gong)應(ying)鉛(qian)酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)制(zhi)造商(shang)也沒有步(bu)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行(xing)(xing)車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)商(shang)的(de)行(xing)(xing)列(lie)。一些規(gui)模可觀的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)制(zhi)造商(shang)也逐(zhu)步(bu)退出了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行(xing)(xing)車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)商(shang)的(de)行(xing)(xing)列(lie)。而給(gei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行(xing)(xing)車供(gong)(gong)貨的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)制(zhi)造商(shang)除了沈陽(yang)松(song)下以外，就沒有幾個成規(gui)模的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)制(zhi)造商(shang)。雖然沈陽(yang)松(song)下供(gong)(gong)應(ying)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)初期容(rong)量相對最低，按照行(xing)(xing)業標(biao)準檢驗，其容(rong)量在合格(ge)與不(bu)合格(ge)之間，但(dan)是(shi)，其壽命相對比(bi)較長。

      這樣，電(dian)動自行車使用的電(dian)池(chi)的性(xing)能(neng)要(yao)求與傳統(tong)的密封(feng)電(dian)池(chi)不同，失(shi)效模式(shi)與傳統(tong)的電(dian)池(chi)失(shi)效模式(shi)存在(zai)很大的差(cha)異。出現了一些過去(qu)少見的失(shi)效模式(shi)和(he)失(shi)效比例。

      一個主要的(de)區別是放電(dian)(dian)(dian)率的(de)差異。普通的(de)閥控密封式(shi)鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)率多數(shu)是以(yi)10小時率或者(zhe)20小時率來制(zhi)(zhi)定的(de)，而電(dian)(dian)(dian)動自(zi)行(xing)車的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)都是以(yi)2小時率或者(zhe)3小時率來制(zhi)(zhi)定的(de)，這與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)實際使用情(qing)況大體相當。所以(yi)，在供應電(dian)(dian)(dian)動自(zi)行(xing)車電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)初期，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量是最大的(de)問題。為了提高電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)容量，各個電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)制(zhi)(zhi)造商采取了多種(zhong)方法。

以大量使用的(de)10Ah電池(chi)為例，最典(dian)型(xing)的(de)方法(fa)如下：

      1、 增加極(ji)板數量

      把(ba)原設(she)計的(de)單格(ge)5片(pian)6片(pian)改為6片(pian)7片(pian)，7片(pian)8片(pian)，甚至(zhi)8片(pian)9片(pian)。靠減薄(bo)極板(ban)厚度(du)和隔(ge)板(ban)，增加極板(ban)數(shu)量來提高電池容(rong)量。

      2、 提高電池的硫酸比重

      原來浮充電池的(de)硫(liu)酸比重(zhong)(zhong)一般都(dou)在(zai)(zai)1.21~1.28之間，而電動自行車的(de)電池的(de)硫(liu)酸比重(zhong)(zhong)一般都(dou)在(zai)(zai)1.36～1.38左右。只有極少數的(de)采用1.32的(de)比重(zhong)(zhong)。

      3、 增加正(zheng)極板活性物質用(yong)量

      4、 低(di)溫(wen)固化，增加β氧化鉛的(de)比例

      一般密封電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)為(wei)了實現氧(yang)循環(huan)，都要(yao)求做(zuo)好負極過度。增加正極板活(huo)性物質用(yong)量，可以提(ti)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)容量，是(shi)以降低氧(yang)循環(huan)為(wei)代(dai)價的(de)。通過這些(xie)主要(yao)措施，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)初期(qi)容量滿(man)足了電(dian)(dian)動自行車的(de)容量要(yao)求，特(te)別(bie)是(shi)改善了電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)大電(dian)(dian)流放電(dian)(dian)的(de)特(te)性，延(yan)長了電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)大電(dian)(dian)流放電(dian)(dian)的(de)壽命。但是(shi)，這些(xie)措施也制約(yue)著電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)壽命。

      一、電池失水問題

      產生電池失水的一些(xie)原因主要如(ru)下：

      1、為(wei)了滿足電(dian)(dian)池在(zai)(zai)(zai)8小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)以(yi)內充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿電(dian)(dian)，所以(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)三(san)段(duan)(duan)式恒壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)限流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)中，不得(de)(de)不通過恒壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)值，達到(dao)折合單(dan)格電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)2.47V～2.49V。這樣，大(da)大(da)超過電(dian)(dian)池正極(ji)板析(xi)氧(yang)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)2.35V和(he)負(fu)極(ji)板析(xi)氫電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)2.42V。一些充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)制造商(shang)的(de)(de)(de)產品(pin)為(wei)了降低充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間的(de)(de)(de)指示，提高了恒壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)轉浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)流，而使(shi)得(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)指示充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿電(dian)(dian)以(yi)后，還(huan)沒有充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿電(dian)(dian)，就靠提高浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)來彌補。這樣，很(hen)多充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)超過單(dan)格電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)2.35V，這樣在(zai)(zai)(zai)浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)還(huan)在(zai)(zai)(zai)大(da)量析(xi)氧(yang)。而電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)循環(huan)又不好，這樣在(zai)(zai)(zai)浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)也在(zai)(zai)(zai)不斷的(de)(de)(de)排氣(qi)。

      2、一些電(dian)池(chi)制(zhi)造商沒有找(zhao)到好的(de)板柵合金(jin)，仍然采用低(di)銻合金(jin)，這樣(yang)，比鉛鈣系列的(de)板柵合金(jin)析氣電(dian)位低(di)，電(dian)池(chi)出氣量大，失水相對嚴重。

      3、增加(jia)極(ji)板和增加(jia)正(zheng)極(ji)板活性物質用量以(yi)后，負極(ji)過(guo)渡(du)不足，氧(yang)(yang)循環下降，充電過(guo)程中(zhong)正(zheng)極(ji)板的氧(yang)(yang)氣來不及被負極(ji)板吸收，而產生失(shi)水。

      4、一些電池的開閥壓偏低，容易(yi)排氣，同時電池內部的氧(yang)分壓低，降低了氧(yang)循環能力，增加(jia)了析氣量。

      5、由于電(dian)池(chi)的硫(liu)(liu)酸比(bi)重(zhong)相對(dui)(dui)高(gao)了很(hen)多，所以(yi)，電(dian)池(chi)的硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)也(ye)相對(dui)(dui)嚴重(zhong)。電(dian)池(chi)放(fang)電(dian)以(yi)后到(dao)第(di)二(er)天充電(dian)以(yi)前，硫(liu)(liu)酸比(bi)重(zhong)高(gao)的電(dian)池(chi)的硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)明(ming)顯。這(zhe)樣(yang)，更加(jia)降低(di)了負極板(ban)氧循環的能(neng)力。而失(shi)水(shui)以(yi)后的電(dian)池(chi)，失(shi)去(qu)的主要是水(shui)，留(liu)下(xia)了硫(liu)(liu)酸的成(cheng)分，相當于進(jin)一步提(ti)高(gao)了硫(liu)(liu)酸的比(bi)重(zhong)，這(zhe)樣(yang)就(jiu)使電(dian)池(chi)更加(jia)容(rong)易硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)。所以(yi)，電(dian)池(chi)的硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)加(jia)重(zhong)了失(shi)水(shui)，失(shi)水(shui)又加(jia)重(zhong)了硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)。

      為了(le)(le)(le)克(ke)服電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)失(shi)水，一些電(dian)池(chi)(chi)制造商采(cai)取了(le)(le)(le)不少(shao)措施(shi)。在板(ban)柵合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)方面，一些電(dian)池(chi)(chi)制造商采(cai)用(yong)了(le)(le)(le)多(duo)種方式(shi)，去掉(diao)了(le)(le)(le)低銻(ti)合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)而采(cai)用(yong)鉛鈣錫(xi)鋁合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)。提(ti)高(gao)了(le)(le)(le)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)析氣電(dian)壓。同時，緩解了(le)(le)(le)鉛鈣合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)的(de)析鈣問題(ti)，克(ke)服了(le)(le)(le)鉛鈣合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)的(de)早期容(rong)量損失(shi)的(de)意外容(rong)量下降。同時，還要(yao)解決大電(dian)流放電(dian)特性(xing)下降的(de)問題(ti)。

      令人遺憾的(de)是，山東某電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)制造(zao)商采用(yong)軍(jun)工技術，做出(chu)了(le)(le)(le)銅(tong)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，試驗結果證(zheng)明，其(qi)各(ge)項參數都非(fei)常優(you)秀，但是，可(ke)能因為成本問(wen)題，沒(mei)有(you)見到他(ta)們大批量(liang)生產和推(tui)廣。一(yi)(yi)些(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)制造(zao)商改(gai)進(jin)了(le)(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)塑料模具(ju)的(de)結構尺寸，增加了(le)(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)開閥壓，降低(di)了(le)(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)開閥壓的(de)離散性，改(gai)善(shan)了(le)(le)(le)氧循環。最重要(yao)的(de)一(yi)(yi)個進(jin)步就是采用(yong)抗失(shi)水(shui)的(de)膠體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)結構，大大的(de)改(gai)善(shan)了(le)(le)(le)氧循環。同時，也出(chu)現了(le)(le)(le)膠體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)容易(yi)熱失(shi)控的(de)故障。為了(le)(le)(le)緩解電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)失(shi)水(shui)和熱失(shi)控，一(yi)(yi)些(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)制造(zao)商要(yao)求充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)制造(zao)商降低(di)恒壓值(zhi)。但是，簡單的(de)降低(di)恒壓值(zhi)，沒(mei)有(you)降低(di)恒壓轉(zhuan)浮充(chong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)難免發生欠(qian)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)累積，形成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)容量(liang)下降。

      有創意(yi)的是一些(xie)電池制造商面臨著(zhu)電池失(shi)水，采取了一些(xie)措施，在全國設立了補(bu)水站，電池也為補(bu)水改(gai)進了結構。利用(yong)修(xiu)舊利舊，使平均8個(ge)月的電池壽命延長到平均13個(ge)月。

      為了(le)改善膠(jiao)體電(dian)(dian)池的(de)熱(re)失控，最近(jin)市(shi)場上(shang)開始見到一些“半膠(jiao)體電(dian)(dian)池”，就是在(zai)灌(guan)酸的(de)后期(qi)，在(zai)電(dian)(dian)池上(shang)面再增(zeng)(zeng)加膠(jiao)體。這樣(yang)，相當(dang)于給(gei)普通的(de)AGM隔(ge)板電(dian)(dian)池增(zeng)(zeng)加了(le)一層(ceng)彈性的(de)氣密隔(ge)離，增(zeng)(zeng)加了(le)隔(ge)板之間的(de)氣體壓力，改善了(le)氧(yang)循環。同時，比膠(jiao)體電(dian)(dian)池的(de)局部壓力小，平均壓力不小。這樣(yang)克服了(le)局部高氣壓，緩解(jie)了(le)氧(yang)循環產生局部高熱(re)。

      其結(jie)果是：氧循環好于普通AGM隔(ge)板(ban)電池，熱失控(kong)低(di)于膠體(ti)電池，而材料成本也低(di)于膠體(ti)電池。

      二、電(dian)池硫化問(wen)題

      在(zai)解(jie)剖(pou)失效(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池中，單純硫(liu)化失效(xiao)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池不是很多，但是，幾乎(hu)所有的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池都不同程(cheng)度的存在(zai)著硫(liu)化。一些(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池在(zai)做70%的1C充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)和60％的2C放電(dian)(dian)(dian)中，由于采用連續(xu)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)流循(xun)環，破(po)壞(huai)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)池生成(cheng)大硫(liu)酸鉛結晶的條(tiao)件，所以可能(neng)看不到硫(liu)化對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的破(po)壞(huai)。如(ru)果試驗(yan)中途停頓(dun)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池硫(liu)化的問(wen)題就(jiu)會顯(xian)現。

      由于電(dian)(dian)池(chi)重量大，一些用戶(hu)經常采取電(dian)(dian)池(chi)經過多次使用放完電(dian)(dian)才再次充電(dian)(dian)，這(zhe)樣(yang)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)放電(dian)(dian)以后(hou)沒有(you)及(ji)時充電(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)就(jiu)比較(jiao)嚴重。另外，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)比重比較(jiao)高(gao)，也是硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)重要(yao)因素。而電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)，破壞(huai)了負極板氧循環的(de)(de)能力(li)，形成(cheng)更(geng)加(jia)容易(yi)失水。這(zhe)樣(yang)，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)比重更(geng)加(jia)高(gao)，導致更(geng)加(jia)容易(yi)硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)。

      所以，電池硫化的程度可能(neng)不(bu)同，但是對電池的壽命影(ying)響也是不(bu)可忽略(lve)的。

      三、漏酸問題

      在(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)池(chi)密封(feng)和排(pai)氣(qi)閥沒(mei)有(you)問題的時候，也(ye)會出(chu)(chu)現漏液。很多(duo)電(dian)池(chi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)灌酸(suan)以后，電(dian)池(chi)處于(yu)富液狀態(tai)，電(dian)池(chi)沒(mei)有(you)氧循環。靠電(dian)池(chi)處于(yu)開口狀態(tai)的三充二放把(ba)多(duo)于(yu)的電(dian)解液排(pai)出(chu)(chu)。硫酸(suan)比重再次提高(gao)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)蓋(gai)排(pai)氣(qi)閥的時候，電(dian)解液沒(mei)有(you)吸光(guang)，還存在(zai)(zai)(zai)游離酸(suan)。即時把(ba)游離酸(suan)吸光(guang)，電(dian)池(chi)還是處在(zai)(zai)(zai)“準貧(pin)液”狀態(tai)。

      隔板中的電(dian)解(jie)液相(xiang)對要多一些。而(er)隔板中稍多的電(dian)解(jie)液影(ying)響氧循環，這(zhe)樣，對新(xin)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)進(jin)行充電(dian)的時候，排氣量(liang)比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)，代出的硫酸(suan)比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)多。形成“漏酸(suan)”。而(er)膠體(ti)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)前50～100個循環，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)處于富液到(dao)貧液的轉換期，排氣比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)嚴重，排氣代出膠體(ti)微粒形成了“漏酸(suan)”。

      四、正極(ji)板軟化問題

      正極(ji)板活性物質的有效成分是氧(yang)化(hua)鉛，氧(yang)化(hua)鉛分α－PbO2和β－PbO2，其中，α－PbO2是活性物質的骨架(jia)，容量(liang)比較小；β－PbO2依附α－PbO2構(gou)成的骨架(jia)上面，其荷電能力比α－PbO2強很多。

      氧(yang)化(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)放電放電以(yi)(yi)后(hou)輸出(chu)硫(liu)酸鉛(qian)(qian)，充(chong)電時(shi)(shi)硫(liu)酸鉛(qian)(qian)生(sheng)產(chan)氧(yang)化(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)。而(er)充(chong)電的(de)時(shi)(shi)候，在(zai)強(qiang)酸環(huan)境中只能夠(gou)生(sheng)成(cheng)β－PbO2。所以(yi)(yi)電池(chi)(chi)深(shen)放電以(yi)(yi)后(hou)，一旦具有骨架作(zuo)用的(de)α－PbO2參(can)與放電生(sheng)成(cheng)硫(liu)酸鉛(qian)(qian)以(yi)(yi)后(hou)，就(jiu)再也不(bu)能夠(gou)恢(hui)復(fu)成(cheng)為α－PbO2，而(er)充(chong)電只能生(sheng)成(cheng)β－PbO2。正極(ji)板軟(ruan)(ruan)化(hua)就(jiu)出(chu)現(xian)了。正極(ji)板一旦出(chu)現(xian)軟(ruan)(ruan)化(hua)，起(qi)到支持(chi)作(zuo)用的(de)多孔結(jie)構被破(po)壞了，正極(ji)板的(de)多孔被電池(chi)(chi)極(ji)板的(de)壓(ya)力(li)壓(ya)實了，就(jiu)降(jiang)低了參(can)與反(fan)應(ying)的(de)真實面(mian)積，電池(chi)(chi)容量就(jiu)下降(jiang)了。

      這(zhe)(zhe)樣，防止過放(fang)電(dian)就是控制正極(ji)板軟化的重要(yao)措(cuo)施。而(er)這(zhe)(zhe)個靠的是控制器的欠壓(ya)保(bao)(bao)護。如果欠壓(ya)保(bao)(bao)護電(dian)壓(ya)過低，電(dian)池就會出(chu)現(xian)過放(fang)電(dian)，一(yi)些(xie)α－PbO2參(can)與放(fang)電(dian)，就會出(chu)現(xian)正極(ji)板軟化。

      放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)時候，如果連續放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流比較大，深(shen)層的(de)β－PbO2來不(bu)及參(can)與放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)反(fan)應，外層的(de)α－PbO2就要參(can)與放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)反(fan)應，這樣，也會形成(cheng)正極(ji)板軟(ruan)化(hua)。所(suo)以控制器(qi)中的(de)限(xian)流參(can)數也浮(fu)充重要。電(dian)(dian)(dian)摩的(de)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流相對比較大，差不(bu)多在(zai)1C左右放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，加上放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)度相對比較深(shen)，所(suo)以非常容易產生正極(ji)板軟(ruan)化(hua)。

      每次(ci)放電(dian)，或多(duo)或少的總(zong)要有一點點α－PbO2參與反(fan)應。所以，一個正常使用的電(dian)池，在不失(shi)水也不硫化，也沒有過放電(dian)的情(qing)況下，電(dian)池的壽(shou)命(ming)就取決于正極(ji)板軟化。

      五、電池均衡問(wen)題

      電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)不均(jun)衡主要有2中(zhong)表(biao)現形式，其一(yi)是(shi)(shi)某單只電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量(liang)低(di)，其二是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)荷(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)低(di)。第(di)二種情況是(shi)(shi)說該電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的容量(liang)并不抵，但是(shi)(shi)該電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)沒有充滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

      第一種情況是該(gai)電(dian)池放電(dian)的時候，提前(qian)反應電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)下降的快(kuai)，充電(dian)的時候電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)上升也快(kuai)。第二種情況是充電(dian)荷放電(dian)電(dian)池的電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)都(dou)低(di)。

      其縮(suo)短電池壽命的原因(yin)如下：

      1、充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時電(dian)(dian)壓高的電(dian)(dian)池會增加失水，電(dian)(dian)壓低(di)的電(dian)(dian)池會欠充(chong)電(dian)(dian)；

      2、放電(dian)的時候，電(dian)壓低的會出現過放電(dian)，形成電(dian)池正極板軟化(hua)。

      這(zhe)樣，容量低的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在每(mei)次(ci)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)(shen)度(du)比其他電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)深(shen)(shen)度(du)深(shen)(shen)，所以正極板軟化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)快。二充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)失水，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)低的(de)(de)(de)(de)欠充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。如(ru)果一只電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)荷(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)少(shao)(shao)，就存在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)少(shao)(shao)，放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題。這(zhe)樣該(gai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)就會(hui)同時(shi)產(chan)生正極板軟化(hua)(hua)荷(he)硫化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題。

      產生電(dian)池(chi)不均衡的原因如(ru)下：

      1、對(dui)串(chuan)連電池組(zu)的(de)組(zu)配(pei)不好(hao)，存在著容量(liang)差和開路電壓差，這是(shi)原始就有誤(wu)差的(de)問(wen)題；

      2、電池開閥壓有差別，失水不同，形成(cheng)后(hou)天電池的(de)容量(liang)差；

      3、電(dian)池(chi)的自放電(dian)不同，逐步形成(cheng)荷電(dian)容量的差異；

      4、失(shi)水(shui)不(bu)同(tong)，形成(cheng)電(dian)池實際的硫(liu)酸比重不(bu)同(tong)，形成(cheng)開路(lu)電(dian)壓差(cha)；

      5、電(dian)(dian)池壽命差，在后(hou)期(qi)反應一(yi)只電(dian)(dian)池容量下降，影響其他電(dian)(dian)池的正常(chang)狀態。

      要改進電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)不均衡(heng)問題(ti)，首先就要改善(shan)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在(zai)制(zhi)(zhi)造期間的(de)(de)工藝一致性(xing)問題(ti)。這(zhe)也是國內(nei)多(duo)數(shu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)制(zhi)(zhi)造商(shang)的(de)(de)主要問題(ti)。例如(ru)，最好的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)制(zhi)(zhi)造商(shang)的(de)(de)板柵是采(cai)用壓(ya)鑄的(de)(de)，而國內(nei)相當(dang)多(duo)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)制(zhi)(zhi)造商(shang)連鑄板機都沒(mei)有，還是手工澆(jiao)鑄。

      六、是熱失(shi)控

      密封電池的最基(ji)本原理之一就是(shi)正極(ji)(ji)板析氧(yang)以后，氧(yang)氣直(zhi)接到負(fu)極(ji)(ji)板，被(bei)負(fu)極(ji)(ji)板吸收(shou)而還原為(wei)水(shui)，考核(he)電池這(zhe)(zhe)個技術指標(biao)的參(can)數叫做“密封反應(ying)效率(lv)”，這(zhe)(zhe)種現象叫做“氧(yang)循(xun)環”。這(zhe)(zhe)樣，電池的失水(shui)很少，實現了“免(mian)維護”，就是(shi)免(mian)加水(shui)。為(wei)此(ci)，都要(yao)求負(fu)極(ji)(ji)板容(rong)量做的比正極(ji)(ji)板容(rong)量大一些，叫做負(fu)極(ji)(ji)過渡。

      電(dian)(dian)池(chi)在充(chong)入電(dian)(dian)量達到(dao)70％以后，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)極(ji)化(hua)電(dian)(dian)壓相對比(bi)較高，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)副(fu)反應(ying)開(kai)始(shi)逐步增加。電(dian)(dian)解水開(kai)始(shi)了。

      在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)的(de)單格電(dian)壓(ya)達(da)到2.35V以(yi)后，首先正極板(ban)析(xi)(xi)氧，在達(da)到2.42V以(yi)后，負極板(ban)開始析(xi)(xi)氫。這時(shi)候充(chong)(chong)電(dian)的(de)電(dian)能(neng)轉變為(wei)化學能(neng)減(jian)少，轉變為(wei)電(dian)解水的(de)能(neng)量(liang)增加。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)過程的(de)是否析(xi)(xi)氣取決(jue)于充(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)壓(ya)，析(xi)(xi)氣量(liang)取決(jue)于達(da)到析(xi)(xi)氣電(dian)壓(ya)以(yi)后的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)。

      所以(yi)(yi)，在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)中，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓在進入(ru)恒(heng)壓以(yi)(yi)后(hou)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓開始接(jie)近于(yu)最高，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)也(ye)保持(chi)限(xian)流(liu)值。這時(shi)候析(xi)氣(qi)量(liang)最大。在進入(ru)恒(heng)壓以(yi)(yi)后(hou)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)應(ying)該逐步(bu)下降(jiang)，析(xi)氣(qi)量(liang)也(ye)應(ying)該逐步(bu)下降(jiang)。

      充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)本身是(shi)放熱(re)反(fan)應，一(yi)般電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)熱(re)設計(ji)是(shi)可以(yi)控(kong)制溫(wen)升(sheng)的(de)。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)大量析(xi)氣以(yi)后，氧(yang)(yang)氣在負(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)板復(fu)合為水(shui)，發(fa)(fa)(fa)熱(re)量遠遠大于充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)的(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)熱(re)。密封(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)希望負(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)板具有(you)良好(hao)的(de)氧(yang)(yang)循(xun)環(huan)能力，但是(shi)，氧(yang)(yang)循(xun)環(huan)也(ye)會(hui)產生發(fa)(fa)(fa)熱(re)。所以(yi)，氧(yang)(yang)循(xun)環(huan)是(shi)一(yi)把(ba)雙刃劍，好(hao)處是(shi)減(jian)少了水(shui)損失(shi)，壞(huai)處是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)會(hui)發(fa)(fa)(fa)熱(re)。如(ru)果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)熱(re)，在恒壓充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)條件下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)，氧(yang)(yang)循(xun)環(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)也(ye)參與了充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，所以(yi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)降(jiang)速率(lv)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)降(jiang)。而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)熱(re)，會(hui)引起充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)降(jiang)速率(lv)降(jiang)低，甚至會(hui)引起電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)反(fan)升(sheng)。而充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)熱(re)的(de)作用下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)，一(yi)旦電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)反(fan)升(sheng)，又(you)增加了發(fa)(fa)(fa)熱(re)。這(zhe)樣，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)一(yi)直(zhi)會(hui)上升(sheng)到限(xian)流(liu)值。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)高(gao)熱(re)，并且積累熱(re)，一(yi)直(zhi)到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)外殼發(fa)(fa)(fa)生熱(re)軟(ruan)化變形。而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)熱(re)變形時(shi)，內部氣壓高(gao)，所以(yi)呈(cheng)現(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)時(shi)鼓脹的(de)。這(zhe)就是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)熱(re)失(shi)控(kong)而損壞(huai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)一(yi)旦出(chu)現(xian)嚴重鼓脹，漏酸和漏氣的(de)問題也(ye)出(chu)現(xian)了，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)會(hui)出(chu)現(xian)急性失(shi)效。

      誘發電(dian)(dian)池鼓脹的(de)(de)原因有很多(duo)。如果充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)高，析氣量大，會產生熱失控。如果某一組電(dian)(dian)池或者某一個單(dan)格電(dian)(dian)池發生嚴重落后，而充電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)恒壓(ya)值不變，其他(ta)的(de)(de)單(dan)格電(dian)(dian)池也(ye)(ye)會出現充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)相對過高，也(ye)(ye)會產生熱失控問題。

      七、電池異常故障

      為了增加電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)容量(liang)，目前電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)隔板(ban)(ban)相對比其他電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)隔板(ban)(ban)薄一些，負極(ji)板(ban)(ban)的(de)硫(liu)酸鉛結晶長大，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以后(hou)出(chu)現(xian)少量(liang)硫(liu)酸鉛遺留(liu)在(zai)隔板(ban)(ban)中(zhong)，遺留(liu)在(zai)隔板(ban)(ban)中(zhong)的(de)硫(liu)酸鉛一旦(dan)被還原稱為鉛，積累多了，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)就會出(chu)現(xian)微(wei)短(duan)路(lu)。這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)現(xian)象叫做“鉛枝搭(da)橋(qiao)”。產生這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)微(wei)短(duan)路(lu)，輕的(de)產生該單格電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓落(luo)后(hou)，嚴(yan)重的(de)時候(hou)會出(chu)現(xian)單格短(duan)路(lu)。這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)現(xian)象不(bu)僅僅出(chu)現(xian)在(zai)膠體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)中(zhong)，在(zai)普通的(de)AGM電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)中(zhong)也會出(chu)現(xian)。一旦(dan)出(chu)現(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)單格嚴(yan)重落(luo)后(hou)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)還很容易出(chu)現(xian)熱失(shi)控現(xian)象。

      還有(you)就是極群組(zu)(zu)(zu)裝虛(xu)(xu)焊問題。容(rong)易產生虛(xu)(xu)焊的地(di)方(fang)是極板。而每(mei)個電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的單格(ge)有(you)15片極板，就是15個焊點(dian)，一(yi)個電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)有(you)6個單格(ge)，就有(you)90個焊點(dian)，一(yi)組(zu)(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)由4個電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)，就要360個焊點(dian)。如(ru)果(guo)一(yi)個焊點(dian)存(cun)在虛(xu)(xu)焊，該單格(ge)容(rong)量就下降，進(jin)而該單格(ge)形成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)落(luo)后(hou)，形成(cheng)(cheng)整個電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)都落(luo)后(hou)，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)就會(hui)(hui)形成(cheng)(cheng)嚴重的不(bu)均衡。就會(hui)(hui)使改(gai)組(zu)(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)提(ti)前失效。如(ru)果(guo)虛(xu)(xu)焊率達到萬分之一(yi)，平均每(mei)37組(zu)(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)就有(you)一(yi)組(zu)(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)存(cun)在這(zhe)虛(xu)(xu)焊，這(zhe)是絕對不(bu)能夠允許(xu)的。而鉛鈣合(he)金的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，在焊接的時(shi)候會(hui)(hui)析出鈣而掩蓋虛(xu)(xu)焊問題，這(zhe)樣，很多電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)制造商寧(ning)愿還采(cai)(cai)用(yong)低銻合(he)金的板柵而沒(mei)有(you)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)簡單的鉛鈣合(he)金。