電動(dong)車電池隨著使用(yong)(yong)時間的長短，自身硫化現象(xiang)不(bu)可避免的存在。很(hen)多消費者不(bu)了(le)解為什(shen)么(me)電池用(yong)(yong)兩年就需要更換，是(shi)什(shen)么(me)原因(yin)造成了(le)電動(dong)車電池報廢？

      與其(qi)它鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)使用環(huan)(huan)境不同，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自(zi)行(xing)車(che)(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)失效原因有其(qi)特殊性。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自(zi)行(xing)車(che)(che)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)循環(huan)(huan)次(ci)數遠遠多后備電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源類(lei)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池。

      例如，原郵電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)部[1994]763號電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信網維(wei)護(hu)規(gui)程的(de)規(gui)定(ding)，每(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)應以實際負荷做一(yi)次(ci)(ci)核對性放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)試驗，放出容量(liang)的(de)30％～40％。每(mei)3年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)做一(yi)次(ci)(ci)容量(liang)試驗，到使用6年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)以后，每(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)做一(yi)次(ci)(ci)容量(liang)試驗。這樣，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)如果不是(shi)頻繁的(de)出現停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)很少處于放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態。假定(ding)每(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)遇到4次(ci)(ci)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，這樣，在10年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也(ye)就是(shi)40次(ci)(ci)，所(suo)以電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)深循(xun)環壽(shou)命定(ding)為80次(ci)(ci)。同(tong)時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信系統的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深度也(ye)就是(shi)按照30％～40％。

      而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行車使用的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池依據標(biao)準，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)壽命應該(gai)是按(an)照70％標(biao)稱容量的(de)(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)要達到350次。這(zhe)樣，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深度(du)(du)和循(xun)環壽命遠遠超過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信系統的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池要求。另外(wai)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池要求在(zai)8小時以內完成充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這(zhe)樣，不(bu)得不(bu)提(ti)高(gao)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)值(zhi)，超過(guo)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)大(da)量析氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)2.42V而(er)形成了較(jiao)塊速(su)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)失水。而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信系統的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池是完全(quan)沒有這(zhe)樣高(gao)的(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)。

      同時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)自(zi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流很大，就是(shi)巡航期(qi)間的(de)(de)(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流也(ye)接(jie)近于0.5C放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候(hou)，放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流會超過1C放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)。這樣，也(ye)在影響(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)使用壽命。由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)特(te)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)殊要求，我們(men)看到一些(xie)可以(yi)給(gei)核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站供(gong)應鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)造(zao)商(shang)(shang)也(ye)沒有(you)步入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)自(zi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)供(gong)應商(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)列(lie)。一些(xie)規模可觀(guan)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)制(zhi)造(zao)商(shang)(shang)也(ye)逐(zhu)步退出了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)自(zi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)供(gong)應商(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)列(lie)。而(er)給(gei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)自(zi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)車供(gong)貨(huo)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)制(zhi)造(zao)商(shang)(shang)除了沈陽(yang)松下以(yi)外，就沒有(you)幾個成規模的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)制(zhi)造(zao)商(shang)(shang)。雖(sui)然沈陽(yang)松下供(gong)應的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)初期(qi)容量相對最(zui)低，按照行(xing)(xing)(xing)業標準檢驗(yan)，其(qi)容量在合格(ge)與不(bu)合格(ge)之間，但是(shi)，其(qi)壽命相對比較長。

      這樣，電(dian)動自行車使用的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)性能要求與傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)密封電(dian)池不(bu)同，失效(xiao)模式與傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池失效(xiao)模式存(cun)在很大的(de)(de)(de)差異。出(chu)現了(le)一些過去少(shao)見的(de)(de)(de)失效(xiao)模式和失效(xiao)比例。

      一個(ge)主(zhu)要的(de)(de)區別(bie)是(shi)放(fang)電率(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)差異。普(pu)通的(de)(de)閥控(kong)密(mi)封式鉛酸(suan)蓄電池(chi)的(de)(de)放(fang)電率(lv)(lv)多(duo)數是(shi)以(yi)10小(xiao)時(shi)率(lv)(lv)或者(zhe)20小(xiao)時(shi)率(lv)(lv)來制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)的(de)(de)，而電動(dong)自(zi)行(xing)(xing)車的(de)(de)電池(chi)都是(shi)以(yi)2小(xiao)時(shi)率(lv)(lv)或者(zhe)3小(xiao)時(shi)率(lv)(lv)來制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)的(de)(de)，這與電池(chi)的(de)(de)實際使用情(qing)況大體相當。所以(yi)，在供應電動(dong)自(zi)行(xing)(xing)車電池(chi)的(de)(de)初期，電池(chi)容(rong)量是(shi)最大的(de)(de)問題。為了提高電池(chi)的(de)(de)容(rong)量，各個(ge)電池(chi)制(zhi)(zhi)造商采(cai)取了多(duo)種方法。

以(yi)大量使用(yong)的(de)10Ah電池(chi)為例(li)，最典型的(de)方法如下：

      1、 增加極板數量

      把原設計的(de)單(dan)格5片(pian)6片(pian)改為6片(pian)7片(pian)，7片(pian)8片(pian)，甚至8片(pian)9片(pian)。靠減薄極板(ban)厚度和隔板(ban)，增加極板(ban)數量來提高電(dian)池容量。

      2、 提高(gao)電池的(de)硫酸比重(zhong)

      原來浮充電(dian)(dian)池的(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)比重一(yi)般都在1.21~1.28之(zhi)間，而(er)電(dian)(dian)動自行車(che)的(de)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)比重一(yi)般都在1.36～1.38左(zuo)右。只有極少(shao)數的(de)采(cai)用1.32的(de)比重。

      3、 增(zeng)加正極板活性物(wu)質用量

      4、 低溫固化(hua)，增加(jia)β氧化(hua)鉛的比例

      一般(ban)密封電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)為了(le)實現氧循環(huan)，都要求做好(hao)負極過(guo)度(du)。增加正(zheng)極板活(huo)性(xing)物質用(yong)量(liang)(liang)，可以提高(gao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的容量(liang)(liang)，是(shi)(shi)以降低氧循環(huan)為代(dai)價的。通過(guo)這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)主(zhu)要措(cuo)施，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的初期容量(liang)(liang)滿足了(le)電(dian)動自行車的容量(liang)(liang)要求，特別(bie)是(shi)(shi)改善了(le)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的大電(dian)流(liu)放電(dian)的特性(xing)，延長了(le)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)大電(dian)流(liu)放電(dian)的壽命。但是(shi)(shi)，這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)措(cuo)施也(ye)制約(yue)著(zhu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)壽命。

      一、電池失水(shui)問題

      產生電(dian)池失(shi)水的一些(xie)原因主要如下：

      1、為(wei)了滿(man)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在8小時以內充(chong)滿(man)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，所以在三段(duan)式恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)限流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)中，不得(de)不通過(guo)恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)值，達到折合單(dan)格電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)2.47V～2.49V。這(zhe)樣(yang)，大大超(chao)(chao)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)正極(ji)板(ban)析氧(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)2.35V和(he)負極(ji)板(ban)析氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)2.42V。一(yi)些充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器制造商的(de)(de)產品為(wei)了降低充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間的(de)(de)指示(shi)，提(ti)高(gao)了恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)轉浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，而(er)使得(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)指示(shi)充(chong)滿(man)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以后，還沒有充(chong)滿(man)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，就靠提(ti)高(gao)浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)來彌補。這(zhe)樣(yang)，很多充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)超(chao)(chao)過(guo)單(dan)格電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)2.35V，這(zhe)樣(yang)在浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)階段(duan)還在大量(liang)析氧(yang)。而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)氧(yang)循環(huan)又不好，這(zhe)樣(yang)在浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)階段(duan)也在不斷的(de)(de)排氣。

      2、一些電(dian)池制(zhi)造商沒有找到(dao)好的板柵合(he)金，仍然采用低銻(ti)合(he)金，這(zhe)樣，比(bi)鉛鈣系列的板柵合(he)金析氣電(dian)位低，電(dian)池出氣量大(da)，失水相對嚴重。

      3、增(zeng)加極(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)和(he)增(zeng)加正極(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)活性(xing)物(wu)質用(yong)量以后，負極(ji)(ji)(ji)過(guo)渡不足(zu)，氧(yang)循環下降，充電過(guo)程中正極(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)的氧(yang)氣來不及被負極(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)吸收(shou)，而(er)產生(sheng)失水。

      4、一(yi)些電池(chi)(chi)的開閥壓偏低，容易排氣，同時(shi)電池(chi)(chi)內部(bu)的氧(yang)分壓低，降低了氧(yang)循環能力，增加(jia)了析氣量。

      5、由于(yu)電(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)酸比(bi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)相對(dui)高(gao)(gao)了(le)很多，所以(yi)(yi)，電(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)化也相對(dui)嚴重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。電(dian)池放電(dian)以(yi)(yi)后(hou)到第二天充電(dian)以(yi)(yi)前(qian)，硫(liu)酸比(bi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)化明顯。這樣(yang)，更加降低(di)了(le)負極板氧循環的(de)(de)(de)能力。而(er)失(shi)水(shui)(shui)以(yi)(yi)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池，失(shi)去的(de)(de)(de)主要是水(shui)(shui)，留下(xia)了(le)硫(liu)酸的(de)(de)(de)成分(fen)，相當(dang)于(yu)進(jin)一步提高(gao)(gao)了(le)硫(liu)酸的(de)(de)(de)比(bi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，這樣(yang)就使電(dian)池更加容易硫(liu)化。所以(yi)(yi)，電(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)化加重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)了(le)失(shi)水(shui)(shui)，失(shi)水(shui)(shui)又加重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)了(le)硫(liu)化。

      為了(le)克服電(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)失水，一些電(dian)池制造(zao)商采取了(le)不(bu)少措施。在(zai)板(ban)柵合(he)金方面，一些電(dian)池制造(zao)商采用了(le)多種方式，去(qu)掉了(le)低銻(ti)合(he)金而采用鉛(qian)鈣(gai)錫鋁合(he)金。提高了(le)電(dian)池析(xi)氣電(dian)壓(ya)。同時，緩解(jie)了(le)鉛(qian)鈣(gai)合(he)金的(de)(de)(de)析(xi)鈣(gai)問(wen)題(ti)，克服了(le)鉛(qian)鈣(gai)合(he)金的(de)(de)(de)早期容量損失的(de)(de)(de)意外(wai)容量下降。同時，還要解(jie)決(jue)大電(dian)流放電(dian)特性(xing)下降的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)。

      令(ling)人遺憾(han)的(de)是(shi)，山東某電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)制(zhi)造商采用軍工技術，做出了(le)(le)(le)銅網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，試(shi)驗結(jie)(jie)果證明(ming)，其各項參數都非(fei)常優秀，但(dan)是(shi)，可能因為成(cheng)本(ben)問題，沒有見到他(ta)們大(da)批量(liang)生(sheng)產和推廣。一(yi)些電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)制(zhi)造商改(gai)進(jin)了(le)(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)塑料模具的(de)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)尺寸，增(zeng)加了(le)(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)開(kai)閥壓，降低了(le)(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)開(kai)閥壓的(de)離散性(xing)，改(gai)善了(le)(le)(le)氧循環。最重要(yao)的(de)一(yi)個(ge)進(jin)步就是(shi)采用抗失水的(de)膠(jiao)(jiao)體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)，大(da)大(da)的(de)改(gai)善了(le)(le)(le)氧循環。同時，也出現了(le)(le)(le)膠(jiao)(jiao)體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)容易熱失控的(de)故障。為了(le)(le)(le)緩解電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)失水和熱失控，一(yi)些電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)制(zhi)造商要(yao)求(qiu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器制(zhi)造商降低恒(heng)壓值。但(dan)是(shi)，簡(jian)單的(de)降低恒(heng)壓值，沒有降低恒(heng)壓轉浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)難免(mian)發生(sheng)欠充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)累積，形成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)容量(liang)下降。

      有創意的是一些(xie)(xie)電池制造商面臨著電池失水，采取了(le)一些(xie)(xie)措施，在全(quan)國設立(li)了(le)補水站(zhan)，電池也為(wei)補水改進(jin)了(le)結構。利用(yong)修舊(jiu)利舊(jiu)，使平(ping)均(jun)(jun)8個月的電池壽命延長到平(ping)均(jun)(jun)13個月。

      為(wei)了(le)改善(shan)膠體電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)熱失控，最近市場上開始見到一些“半膠體電(dian)池(chi)”，就是在灌(guan)酸的(de)(de)后期，在電(dian)池(chi)上面再增(zeng)加膠體。這樣(yang)，相當于(yu)給普通的(de)(de)AGM隔板(ban)電(dian)池(chi)增(zeng)加了(le)一層彈(dan)性的(de)(de)氣密(mi)隔離，增(zeng)加了(le)隔板(ban)之間的(de)(de)氣體壓力，改善(shan)了(le)氧(yang)循環(huan)。同時，比膠體電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)局部(bu)(bu)壓力小，平(ping)均壓力不(bu)小。這樣(yang)克(ke)服了(le)局部(bu)(bu)高(gao)氣壓，緩解(jie)了(le)氧(yang)循環(huan)產生局部(bu)(bu)高(gao)熱。

      其結果是(shi)：氧循環好于(yu)(yu)普通AGM隔板(ban)電池，熱失控低(di)于(yu)(yu)膠體(ti)電池，而材料(liao)成本(ben)也低(di)于(yu)(yu)膠體(ti)電池。

      二、電(dian)池硫化問題

      在(zai)解剖失(shi)效電(dian)池(chi)(chi)中(zhong)，單純硫(liu)(liu)化失(shi)效的電(dian)池(chi)(chi)不(bu)是很多，但是，幾乎所有的電(dian)池(chi)(chi)都不(bu)同(tong)程度的存在(zai)著硫(liu)(liu)化。一些電(dian)池(chi)(chi)在(zai)做(zuo)70%的1C充電(dian)和60％的2C放電(dian)中(zhong)，由于采用連(lian)續大(da)電(dian)流循環，破(po)壞(huai)了電(dian)池(chi)(chi)生成大(da)硫(liu)(liu)酸鉛結晶的條件，所以(yi)可能(neng)看不(bu)到硫(liu)(liu)化對電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的破(po)壞(huai)。如果(guo)試驗中(zhong)途停頓(dun)，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)硫(liu)(liu)化的問題就會(hui)顯現。

      由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)重(zhong)量大(da)，一些用戶經常采取電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)經過多次使(shi)用放完電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)才再次充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，這(zhe)樣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以后沒有及時充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)硫(liu)化(hua)就比(bi)(bi)較嚴重(zhong)。另外，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)硫(liu)酸比(bi)(bi)重(zhong)比(bi)(bi)較高(gao)，也是硫(liu)化(hua)的(de)重(zhong)要因素。而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)硫(liu)化(hua)，破壞了負(fu)極板氧循環的(de)能(neng)力(li)，形成(cheng)更加容易失(shi)水。這(zhe)樣，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)硫(liu)酸比(bi)(bi)重(zhong)更加高(gao)，導致更加容易硫(liu)化(hua)。

      所以(yi)，電池硫化的(de)(de)程度可(ke)能不(bu)同(tong)，但(dan)是對電池的(de)(de)壽(shou)命影(ying)響(xiang)也是不(bu)可(ke)忽(hu)略的(de)(de)。

      三(san)、漏酸問題

      在(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)密封(feng)和(he)排氣閥沒有問題的(de)時候(hou)，也會(hui)出現(xian)漏(lou)液(ye)(ye)。很(hen)多(duo)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)灌酸(suan)以后，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)處(chu)于富液(ye)(ye)狀(zhuang)態(tai)，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)沒有氧循環(huan)。靠電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)處(chu)于開口狀(zhuang)態(tai)的(de)三充二放把多(duo)于的(de)電(dian)解(jie)液(ye)(ye)排出。硫(liu)酸(suan)比重再次提高。在(zai)(zai)(zai)蓋排氣閥的(de)時候(hou)，電(dian)解(jie)液(ye)(ye)沒有吸(xi)光，還存在(zai)(zai)(zai)游(you)離酸(suan)。即時把游(you)離酸(suan)吸(xi)光，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)還是處(chu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)“準貧液(ye)(ye)”狀(zhuang)態(tai)。

      隔(ge)板中(zhong)的(de)電解(jie)液相(xiang)對要多(duo)一些。而隔(ge)板中(zhong)稍(shao)多(duo)的(de)電解(jie)液影(ying)響氧循(xun)環(huan)，這樣，對新(xin)電池進行充電的(de)時(shi)候，排氣量(liang)比(bi)較大，代出的(de)硫酸(suan)比(bi)較多(duo)。形成“漏酸(suan)”。而膠體電池前50～100個循(xun)環(huan)，電池處于(yu)富(fu)液到(dao)貧液的(de)轉(zhuan)換(huan)期，排氣比(bi)較嚴(yan)重，排氣代出膠體微粒形成了(le)“漏酸(suan)”。

      四、正極板軟(ruan)化問題

      正極板活(huo)性物(wu)質的(de)有效成分是(shi)氧(yang)化(hua)鉛(qian)，氧(yang)化(hua)鉛(qian)分α－PbO2和β－PbO2，其(qi)中，α－PbO2是(shi)活(huo)性物(wu)質的(de)骨架，容(rong)量比較小；β－PbO2依附(fu)α－PbO2構成的(de)骨架上面，其(qi)荷電(dian)能力比α－PbO2強很多。

      氧化(hua)鉛放電(dian)(dian)放電(dian)(dian)以后輸出(chu)硫酸(suan)鉛，充電(dian)(dian)時(shi)硫酸(suan)鉛生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產氧化(hua)鉛。而充電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)時(shi)候，在(zai)強酸(suan)環境中只(zhi)能夠生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)β－PbO2。所以電(dian)(dian)池深放電(dian)(dian)以后，一旦具有骨架(jia)作用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)α－PbO2參與(yu)(yu)放電(dian)(dian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)硫酸(suan)鉛以后，就(jiu)(jiu)再(zai)也不能夠恢(hui)復(fu)成(cheng)(cheng)為α－PbO2，而充電(dian)(dian)只(zhi)能生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)β－PbO2。正(zheng)極(ji)板軟(ruan)化(hua)就(jiu)(jiu)出(chu)現了(le)。正(zheng)極(ji)板一旦出(chu)現軟(ruan)化(hua)，起到支持作用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)多(duo)孔結構被(bei)破(po)壞了(le)，正(zheng)極(ji)板的(de)(de)多(duo)孔被(bei)電(dian)(dian)池極(ji)板的(de)(de)壓力壓實(shi)(shi)了(le)，就(jiu)(jiu)降低(di)了(le)參與(yu)(yu)反(fan)應的(de)(de)真實(shi)(shi)面積(ji)，電(dian)(dian)池容量就(jiu)(jiu)下降了(le)。

      這(zhe)樣，防(fang)止過放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)就是控制正極板軟化(hua)的(de)重要(yao)措施。而這(zhe)個靠的(de)是控制器的(de)欠壓(ya)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)。如果(guo)欠壓(ya)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)過低，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池就會(hui)出現過放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，一些α－PbO2參與放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，就會(hui)出現正極板軟化(hua)。

      放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)時候，如果連續(xu)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)比(bi)較(jiao)大，深層的(de)β－PbO2來(lai)不及參(can)與(yu)(yu)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)反應，外層的(de)α－PbO2就要參(can)與(yu)(yu)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)反應，這樣(yang)，也會(hui)形成正極(ji)板軟(ruan)化(hua)。所以控制器(qi)中的(de)限流(liu)參(can)數也浮充重要。電(dian)(dian)(dian)摩的(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)相對(dui)(dui)比(bi)較(jiao)大，差不多在(zai)1C左右放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，加上放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)深度相對(dui)(dui)比(bi)較(jiao)深，所以非常容易(yi)產(chan)生正極(ji)板軟(ruan)化(hua)。

      每次(ci)放電(dian)，或多或少的(de)(de)總要有一點(dian)點(dian)α－PbO2參與反應。所(suo)以(yi)，一個正常使用(yong)的(de)(de)電(dian)池，在不(bu)失(shi)水(shui)也(ye)不(bu)硫化，也(ye)沒有過放電(dian)的(de)(de)情況下，電(dian)池的(de)(de)壽(shou)命就取決于(yu)正極板軟化。

      五、電(dian)池均衡問題

      電(dian)(dian)池(chi)不均衡(heng)主要有(you)2中表現(xian)形式，其一是某單只電(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量(liang)低，其二是電(dian)(dian)池(chi)荷電(dian)(dian)容量(liang)低。第二種情(qing)況是說該(gai)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)容量(liang)并不抵，但是該(gai)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)沒有(you)充滿電(dian)(dian)。

      第一(yi)種(zhong)情(qing)(qing)況是該電池(chi)(chi)放電的(de)時候(hou)，提前反應電壓下降的(de)快(kuai)，充電的(de)時候(hou)電壓上升也快(kuai)。第二(er)種(zhong)情(qing)(qing)況是充電荷放電電池(chi)(chi)的(de)電壓都低。

      其縮(suo)短電池壽命(ming)的原因如下：

      1、充電(dian)(dian)時電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)高的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)會(hui)增加失(shi)水，電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)低的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)會(hui)欠充電(dian)(dian)；

      2、放電(dian)的(de)時候(hou)，電(dian)壓(ya)低的(de)會出現過(guo)放電(dian)，形(xing)成電(dian)池正極板軟化。

      這(zhe)樣，容量低(di)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)(zai)每次放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)時候放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)深(shen)(shen)度(du)比其他電(dian)(dian)池(chi)深(shen)(shen)度(du)深(shen)(shen)，所(suo)以正極板軟(ruan)化(hua)的(de)(de)快。二充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)高的(de)(de)失水，充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)低(di)的(de)(de)欠充電(dian)(dian)。如果一(yi)只電(dian)(dian)池(chi)荷電(dian)(dian)少(shao)，就存(cun)在(zai)(zai)充電(dian)(dian)少(shao)，放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)深(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)問題。這(zhe)樣該電(dian)(dian)池(chi)就會同(tong)時產生(sheng)正極板軟(ruan)化(hua)荷硫(liu)化(hua)的(de)(de)問題。

      產生電池(chi)不均衡的(de)原因如下：

      1、對串(chuan)連電(dian)池組的組配(pei)不好(hao)，存在著容量(liang)差和(he)開路電(dian)壓差，這是(shi)原(yuan)始就(jiu)有誤差的問(wen)題；

      2、電池(chi)開閥壓有差別，失水(shui)不同，形成后天電池(chi)的容量差；

      3、電池(chi)的自放電不同，逐步(bu)形成荷電容量(liang)的差異；

      4、失水不同，形(xing)成電(dian)池實際的硫(liu)酸比重不同，形(xing)成開(kai)路電(dian)壓差(cha)；

      5、電池(chi)壽命差，在后期反(fan)應一只電池(chi)容量下降，影(ying)響其(qi)他(ta)電池(chi)的正常(chang)狀態。

      要改進電池(chi)的(de)不均(jun)衡問(wen)題(ti)，首先就要改善電池(chi)在制(zhi)(zhi)造期間的(de)工(gong)藝一致性問(wen)題(ti)。這也是國內多(duo)數電池(chi)制(zhi)(zhi)造商(shang)的(de)主要問(wen)題(ti)。例如，最好的(de)電池(chi)制(zhi)(zhi)造商(shang)的(de)板柵(zha)是采(cai)用壓鑄(zhu)的(de)，而國內相當多(duo)的(de)電池(chi)制(zhi)(zhi)造商(shang)連鑄(zhu)板機都沒(mei)有，還是手工(gong)澆鑄(zhu)。

      六、是熱失控

      密封電(dian)池(chi)的最基本(ben)原(yuan)理之一(yi)就(jiu)是(shi)正極板(ban)析氧以后，氧氣直接到(dao)負(fu)(fu)極板(ban)，被負(fu)(fu)極板(ban)吸收(shou)而還原(yuan)為水，考核電(dian)池(chi)這(zhe)個技術(shu)指(zhi)標的參數叫(jiao)做(zuo)(zuo)“密封反應(ying)效率”，這(zhe)種現象叫(jiao)做(zuo)(zuo)“氧循環”。這(zhe)樣，電(dian)池(chi)的失水很少，實現了“免維護”，就(jiu)是(shi)免加(jia)水。為此，都要求(qiu)負(fu)(fu)極板(ban)容量(liang)做(zuo)(zuo)的比正極板(ban)容量(liang)大一(yi)些，叫(jiao)做(zuo)(zuo)負(fu)(fu)極過渡。

      電(dian)池在充入電(dian)量達到70％以后，電(dian)池的極化(hua)電(dian)壓相(xiang)對比較高，充電(dian)的副反應開(kai)始(shi)逐(zhu)步增加。電(dian)解水開(kai)始(shi)了。

      在(zai)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)單格電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)達(da)到(dao)2.35V以(yi)后，首先(xian)正極(ji)板析(xi)氧，在(zai)達(da)到(dao)2.42V以(yi)后，負極(ji)板開始析(xi)氫。這(zhe)時候充電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)變(bian)為(wei)化學能(neng)(neng)減少(shao)，轉(zhuan)(zhuan)變(bian)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解水的(de)能(neng)(neng)量增(zeng)加。充電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)的(de)是(shi)否析(xi)氣(qi)取(qu)決于充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，析(xi)氣(qi)量取(qu)決于達(da)到(dao)析(xi)氣(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)以(yi)后的(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流。

      所以(yi)，在充(chong)電(dian)過程中，充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)在進(jin)入恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)以(yi)后，電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)開始接近于(yu)最高，充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流也保持(chi)限(xian)流值。這時候析(xi)氣量最大(da)。在進(jin)入恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)以(yi)后，充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流應該(gai)逐(zhu)步下降(jiang)，析(xi)氣量也應該(gai)逐(zhu)步下降(jiang)。

      充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)本身(shen)是(shi)放熱(re)(re)(re)反(fan)應，一(yi)般電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的熱(re)(re)(re)設計是(shi)可(ke)以(yi)控(kong)制溫升的。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)大量析(xi)氣(qi)以(yi)后，氧(yang)氣(qi)在負極(ji)板復(fu)合為水，發(fa)熱(re)(re)(re)量遠遠大于充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)的發(fa)熱(re)(re)(re)。密封電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)希望負極(ji)板具有良好的氧(yang)循(xun)(xun)環(huan)能(neng)力，但是(shi)，氧(yang)循(xun)(xun)環(huan)也(ye)會(hui)產(chan)生發(fa)熱(re)(re)(re)。所以(yi)，氧(yang)循(xun)(xun)環(huan)是(shi)一(yi)把(ba)雙刃(ren)劍(jian)，好處是(shi)減少了(le)(le)水損失(shi)，壞處是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)會(hui)發(fa)熱(re)(re)(re)。如果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)發(fa)熱(re)(re)(re)，在恒壓充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的條件下(xia)(xia)，氧(yang)循(xun)(xun)環(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)也(ye)參與了(le)(le)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，所以(yi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)下(xia)(xia)降速(su)率下(xia)(xia)降。而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)發(fa)熱(re)(re)(re)，會(hui)引起充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)下(xia)(xia)降速(su)率降低，甚至會(hui)引起電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)反(fan)升。而充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)發(fa)熱(re)(re)(re)的作用下(xia)(xia)，一(yi)旦電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)反(fan)升，又增(zeng)加了(le)(le)發(fa)熱(re)(re)(re)。這(zhe)樣，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)一(yi)直(zhi)會(hui)上升到限流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)值。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)發(fa)高(gao)(gao)熱(re)(re)(re)，并且積累熱(re)(re)(re)，一(yi)直(zhi)到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)外殼發(fa)生熱(re)(re)(re)軟化變(bian)形(xing)。而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的熱(re)(re)(re)變(bian)形(xing)時(shi)，內部(bu)氣(qi)壓高(gao)(gao)，所以(yi)呈現電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)時(shi)鼓脹(zhang)(zhang)的。這(zhe)就是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)熱(re)(re)(re)失(shi)控(kong)而損壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)一(yi)旦出現嚴重鼓脹(zhang)(zhang)，漏酸(suan)和(he)漏氣(qi)的問題也(ye)出現了(le)(le)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)會(hui)出現急性失(shi)效。

      誘(you)發電池鼓(gu)脹(zhang)的原因有很多。如果充(chong)電電壓(ya)高，析氣(qi)量(liang)大，會產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)熱(re)失控。如果某一組電池或(huo)者(zhe)某一個(ge)單格(ge)電池發生(sheng)(sheng)嚴重落后，而充(chong)電的恒壓(ya)值不(bu)變，其(qi)他的單格(ge)電池也(ye)(ye)會出現充(chong)電電壓(ya)相對過高，也(ye)(ye)會產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)熱(re)失控問題。

      七、電池異常故障

      為(wei)了增加電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)容(rong)量，目前電(dian)(dian)(dian)動自(zi)行車(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)隔(ge)板相對比其(qi)他電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)隔(ge)板薄一(yi)些，負極板的(de)硫酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)結晶長大，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)以后出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)少量硫酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)遺(yi)留在(zai)(zai)隔(ge)板中(zhong)(zhong)，遺(yi)留在(zai)(zai)隔(ge)板中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)硫酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)一(yi)旦被還原稱為(wei)鉛(qian)，積累(lei)多(duo)了，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)就會(hui)(hui)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微短(duan)(duan)路(lu)。這(zhe)種現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)象叫做“鉛(qian)枝搭(da)橋”。產生這(zhe)種微短(duan)(duan)路(lu)，輕的(de)產生該單格(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓落后，嚴重的(de)時(shi)候(hou)會(hui)(hui)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)單格(ge)短(duan)(duan)路(lu)。這(zhe)種現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)象不僅僅出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)膠體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)中(zhong)(zhong)，在(zai)(zai)普通的(de)AGM電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)中(zhong)(zhong)也會(hui)(hui)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。一(yi)旦出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)單格(ge)嚴重落后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)還很容(rong)易出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)熱失控現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)象。

      還(huan)(huan)有就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)極(ji)群組(zu)(zu)裝虛(xu)(xu)焊(han)(han)(han)問題(ti)。容(rong)易產生虛(xu)(xu)焊(han)(han)(han)的(de)地方是(shi)極(ji)板(ban)。而每(mei)個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)單(dan)格(ge)有15片極(ji)板(ban)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)15個(ge)(ge)焊(han)(han)(han)點(dian)，一(yi)個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)有6個(ge)(ge)單(dan)格(ge)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)有90個(ge)(ge)焊(han)(han)(han)點(dian)，一(yi)組(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)由4個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)成，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)要360個(ge)(ge)焊(han)(han)(han)點(dian)。如果(guo)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)焊(han)(han)(han)點(dian)存在虛(xu)(xu)焊(han)(han)(han)，該單(dan)格(ge)容(rong)量就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)下降，進而該單(dan)格(ge)形成電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)落(luo)后，形成整個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)都落(luo)后，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)形成嚴重的(de)不(bu)均衡。就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)使(shi)改(gai)組(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)提(ti)前失(shi)效。如果(guo)虛(xu)(xu)焊(han)(han)(han)率達到萬分之一(yi)，平均每(mei)37組(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)有一(yi)組(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)存在這(zhe)虛(xu)(xu)焊(han)(han)(han)，這(zhe)是(shi)絕對不(bu)能夠允(yun)許(xu)的(de)。而鉛(qian)鈣(gai)合(he)金(jin)的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，在焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)的(de)時候(hou)會(hui)析(xi)出鈣(gai)而掩(yan)蓋虛(xu)(xu)焊(han)(han)(han)問題(ti)，這(zhe)樣，很多電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)制造(zao)商(shang)寧愿還(huan)(huan)采(cai)用(yong)低銻(ti)合(he)金(jin)的(de)板(ban)柵而沒有采(cai)用(yong)簡單(dan)的(de)鉛(qian)鈣(gai)合(he)金(jin)。