電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車電(dian)(dian)(dian)池隨(sui)著(zhu)使(shi)用時間的長短，自身硫化現象不可避免的存(cun)在。很(hen)多(duo)消費(fei)者(zhe)不了解為什么電(dian)(dian)(dian)池用兩年(nian)就需要更換，是什么原因造成了電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車電(dian)(dian)(dian)池報廢？

      與其它鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)使用(yong)環境不(bu)同，電(dian)(dian)動自行(xing)車(che)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)失效原因有其特殊性。電(dian)(dian)動自行(xing)車(che)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)循環次數遠(yuan)遠(yuan)多后備電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)類(lei)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。

      例(li)如，原郵電(dian)(dian)(dian)部(bu)[1994]763號(hao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)信(xin)網維護規程(cheng)的(de)(de)規定(ding)，每(mei)(mei)年應以實際(ji)負荷做(zuo)一次核(he)對性(xing)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)試驗，放出(chu)(chu)容量(liang)的(de)(de)30％～40％。每(mei)(mei)3年做(zuo)一次容量(liang)試驗，到使用(yong)6年以后，每(mei)(mei)年做(zuo)一次容量(liang)試驗。這樣(yang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)信(xin)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池如果不是頻(pin)繁(fan)的(de)(de)出(chu)(chu)現停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池很少處于放電(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態。假定(ding)每(mei)(mei)年遇到4次停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，這樣(yang)，在10年間電(dian)(dian)(dian)池放電(dian)(dian)(dian)也(ye)就是40次，所以電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)深(shen)循環壽命定(ding)為(wei)80次。同時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)信(xin)系統的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池放電(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)度也(ye)就是按照(zhao)30％～40％。

      而(er)(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行(xing)車使用的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)依據標準，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)壽命應該是(shi)按照70％標稱容量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)要(yao)達到350次。這(zhe)樣，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行(xing)車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深度和(he)循(xun)環壽命遠(yuan)遠(yuan)超過(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信(xin)系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)要(yao)求。另外，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行(xing)車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)要(yao)求在(zai)8小(xiao)時以內完(wan)(wan)成充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這(zhe)樣，不(bu)得不(bu)提高(gao)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)值，超過(guo)(guo)了(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大量(liang)析氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)2.42V而(er)(er)形成了(le)(le)較塊速度的(de)(de)(de)(de)失水(shui)。而(er)(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信(xin)系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)是(shi)完(wan)(wan)全沒(mei)有這(zhe)樣高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。

      同時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行(xing)車(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流很大(da)，就是巡(xun)航期間(jian)的放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流也(ye)接近于0.5C放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，啟(qi)動(dong)的時(shi)候，放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流會超過1C放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的。這樣，也(ye)在影響電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的使用壽(shou)命。由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)特性的特殊(shu)要求，我們看到一些(xie)可以(yi)給(gei)核電(dian)(dian)(dian)站供應(ying)鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的制造商也(ye)沒有步(bu)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行(xing)車(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)供應(ying)商的行(xing)列。一些(xie)規模可觀(guan)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)制造商也(ye)逐(zhu)步(bu)退出了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行(xing)車(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)供應(ying)商的行(xing)列。而給(gei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行(xing)車(che)供貨的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)制造商除了(le)沈陽松下(xia)以(yi)外(wai)，就沒有幾個成規模的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)制造商。雖(sui)然沈陽松下(xia)供應(ying)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的初期容(rong)量(liang)(liang)相對(dui)最低，按照(zhao)行(xing)業標準(zhun)檢驗，其容(rong)量(liang)(liang)在合(he)(he)格與不(bu)合(he)(he)格之間(jian)，但(dan)是，其壽(shou)命相對(dui)比(bi)較長。

      這(zhe)樣，電動自行(xing)車(che)使(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)電池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)能要求與傳統的(de)(de)(de)密封電池(chi)不(bu)同，失(shi)效模式與傳統的(de)(de)(de)電池(chi)失(shi)效模式存在很(hen)大的(de)(de)(de)差異。出現了一些過(guo)去少見的(de)(de)(de)失(shi)效模式和失(shi)效比例。

      一(yi)個(ge)主要的(de)(de)(de)區別是(shi)(shi)放(fang)電(dian)率(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)差異(yi)。普(pu)通的(de)(de)(de)閥(fa)控密封式鉛酸蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)放(fang)電(dian)率(lv)(lv)多數是(shi)(shi)以10小(xiao)時率(lv)(lv)或者(zhe)20小(xiao)時率(lv)(lv)來制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)，而電(dian)動自行(xing)車(che)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)都是(shi)(shi)以2小(xiao)時率(lv)(lv)或者(zhe)3小(xiao)時率(lv)(lv)來制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)，這與(yu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)際(ji)使(shi)用情況大體相當。所(suo)以，在供應電(dian)動自行(xing)車(che)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)初期(qi)，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)容(rong)量是(shi)(shi)最大的(de)(de)(de)問題。為了提(ti)高電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量，各個(ge)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)制(zhi)(zhi)造商采取(qu)了多種方法。

以大量使(shi)用的10Ah電(dian)池為例，最典型的方(fang)法(fa)如下：

      1、 增加極板數量

      把原設計(ji)的單格5片(pian)(pian)6片(pian)(pian)改為6片(pian)(pian)7片(pian)(pian)，7片(pian)(pian)8片(pian)(pian)，甚至(zhi)8片(pian)(pian)9片(pian)(pian)。靠減(jian)薄(bo)極板(ban)厚度和隔板(ban)，增加(jia)極板(ban)數量來提高電池容量。

      2、 提(ti)高電池的(de)硫酸比(bi)重

      原來(lai)浮(fu)充電池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)硫酸(suan)比重一般都(dou)在(zai)1.21~1.28之間，而電動自行車的(de)(de)(de)電池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)硫酸(suan)比重一般都(dou)在(zai)1.36～1.38左右。只(zhi)有極少數的(de)(de)(de)采用(yong)1.32的(de)(de)(de)比重。

      3、 增加正極板活性物質用量

      4、 低溫固化(hua)，增加β氧(yang)化(hua)鉛的比(bi)例

      一般密封電(dian)池為(wei)了(le)(le)實現氧循環(huan)，都要(yao)求(qiu)做好負極(ji)過度(du)。增(zeng)加正極(ji)板活性物質用(yong)量(liang)，可(ke)以(yi)提高電(dian)池的(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)，是以(yi)降低氧循環(huan)為(wei)代價的(de)。通過這些(xie)主要(yao)措(cuo)施(shi)，電(dian)池的(de)初期(qi)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)滿足了(le)(le)電(dian)動(dong)自行(xing)車(che)的(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)要(yao)求(qiu)，特別是改善了(le)(le)電(dian)池的(de)大(da)電(dian)流放電(dian)的(de)特性，延長了(le)(le)電(dian)池大(da)電(dian)流放電(dian)的(de)壽(shou)命。但是，這些(xie)措(cuo)施(shi)也制約(yue)著電(dian)池壽(shou)命。

      一、電池失水問題

      產生電(dian)池失水的(de)一些原因(yin)主要(yao)如下(xia)：

      1、為(wei)了滿足電(dian)(dian)池在(zai)8小時以(yi)內充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿電(dian)(dian)，所(suo)以(yi)在(zai)三段(duan)式恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)限(xian)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)中，不(bu)(bu)得不(bu)(bu)通過恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)值，達到折(zhe)合單格電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為(wei)2.47V～2.49V。這樣(yang)(yang)，大(da)大(da)超(chao)過電(dian)(dian)池正(zheng)極板(ban)析氧(yang)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)2.35V和負極板(ban)析氫電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)2.42V。一些(xie)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器制造商的(de)(de)(de)產品為(wei)了降低充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時間的(de)(de)(de)指(zhi)示，提高(gao)了恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)轉(zhuan)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)流，而使得充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)指(zhi)示充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿電(dian)(dian)以(yi)后(hou)，還沒有充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿電(dian)(dian)，就靠提高(gao)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)來(lai)彌補。這樣(yang)(yang)，很多充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)(de)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)超(chao)過單格電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)2.35V，這樣(yang)(yang)在(zai)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)階段(duan)還在(zai)大(da)量析氧(yang)。而電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)循環又不(bu)(bu)好，這樣(yang)(yang)在(zai)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)階段(duan)也(ye)在(zai)不(bu)(bu)斷的(de)(de)(de)排氣。

      2、一(yi)些電(dian)(dian)池制造商沒有(you)找(zhao)到好的板柵合(he)金，仍然(ran)采用低(di)銻合(he)金，這樣，比鉛鈣系列(lie)的板柵合(he)金析氣電(dian)(dian)位低(di)，電(dian)(dian)池出氣量(liang)大，失水相對(dui)嚴重。

      3、增加極(ji)(ji)(ji)板和增加正極(ji)(ji)(ji)板活性物質用量以后，負極(ji)(ji)(ji)過渡(du)不足，氧(yang)循環下降，充電過程中正極(ji)(ji)(ji)板的氧(yang)氣來不及(ji)被(bei)負極(ji)(ji)(ji)板吸收，而(er)產生失水。

      4、一(yi)些(xie)電(dian)池的開(kai)閥壓(ya)偏低，容易排氣(qi)，同(tong)時電(dian)池內部的氧分(fen)壓(ya)低，降低了氧循環能力，增加了析(xi)氣(qi)量(liang)。

      5、由于電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)硫酸(suan)比重相(xiang)對高了(le)很(hen)多，所以(yi)，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)硫化也(ye)相(xiang)對嚴重。電(dian)池(chi)(chi)放電(dian)以(yi)后到第二天充電(dian)以(yi)前，硫酸(suan)比重高的(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)硫化明(ming)顯。這(zhe)樣(yang)，更加(jia)降低了(le)負極板氧循環的(de)能力。而失(shi)水(shui)(shui)以(yi)后的(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)，失(shi)去的(de)主要是水(shui)(shui)，留下(xia)了(le)硫酸(suan)的(de)成分，相(xiang)當(dang)于進一步提高了(le)硫酸(suan)的(de)比重，這(zhe)樣(yang)就使電(dian)池(chi)(chi)更加(jia)容易硫化。所以(yi)，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)硫化加(jia)重了(le)失(shi)水(shui)(shui)，失(shi)水(shui)(shui)又加(jia)重了(le)硫化。

      為(wei)了(le)(le)克(ke)服電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)失水，一些(xie)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)制造(zao)商采取了(le)(le)不少措(cuo)施(shi)。在(zai)板柵合(he)(he)(he)金方(fang)面，一些(xie)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)制造(zao)商采用了(le)(le)多種方(fang)式，去掉了(le)(le)低(di)銻合(he)(he)(he)金而采用鉛(qian)鈣錫鋁合(he)(he)(he)金。提高了(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)析(xi)氣電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。同(tong)(tong)時，緩解(jie)(jie)了(le)(le)鉛(qian)鈣合(he)(he)(he)金的(de)(de)析(xi)鈣問(wen)題，克(ke)服了(le)(le)鉛(qian)鈣合(he)(he)(he)金的(de)(de)早期容量損失的(de)(de)意(yi)外(wai)容量下(xia)降。同(tong)(tong)時，還要(yao)解(jie)(jie)決大電(dian)(dian)流放電(dian)(dian)特性下(xia)降的(de)(de)問(wen)題。

      令人遺憾的(de)(de)是，山東(dong)某電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)制(zhi)造(zao)商(shang)采(cai)用軍(jun)工(gong)技術(shu)，做出了銅網電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，試驗結果證明，其(qi)各(ge)項參數都非常優秀，但是，可能(neng)因為成本問題，沒有(you)見到(dao)他(ta)們大批量(liang)生產和(he)推廣。一些電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)制(zhi)造(zao)商(shang)改(gai)進了電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)塑(su)料模具(ju)的(de)(de)結構尺寸，增(zeng)加了電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)開閥(fa)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，降低(di)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)開閥(fa)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)離(li)散(san)性，改(gai)善了氧循環(huan)。最重要的(de)(de)一個進步就是采(cai)用抗失(shi)(shi)水的(de)(de)膠(jiao)體電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)結構，大大的(de)(de)改(gai)善了氧循環(huan)。同(tong)時(shi)，也出現(xian)了膠(jiao)體電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)容易熱失(shi)(shi)控(kong)的(de)(de)故障。為了緩(huan)解電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)失(shi)(shi)水和(he)熱失(shi)(shi)控(kong)，一些電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)制(zhi)造(zao)商(shang)要求充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器制(zhi)造(zao)商(shang)降低(di)恒壓(ya)(ya)(ya)值(zhi)。但是，簡單(dan)的(de)(de)降低(di)恒壓(ya)(ya)(ya)值(zhi)，沒有(you)降低(di)恒壓(ya)(ya)(ya)轉(zhuan)浮充的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)難免發生欠充電(dian)(dian)(dian)累積(ji)，形成電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量(liang)下降。

      有(you)創(chuang)意的是一些電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)制(zhi)造商面臨著電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)失水(shui)(shui)，采(cai)取了(le)(le)一些措施，在全國設立了(le)(le)補水(shui)(shui)站(zhan)，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)也為(wei)補水(shui)(shui)改進了(le)(le)結構。利用修舊(jiu)利舊(jiu)，使(shi)平均(jun)8個月(yue)的電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)壽命延(yan)長到平均(jun)13個月(yue)。

      為了(le)改善(shan)膠體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)熱失(shi)控，最近(jin)市場上開(kai)始見到(dao)一些“半(ban)膠體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)池”，就(jiu)是在灌酸(suan)的(de)后期，在電(dian)(dian)池上面再增加膠體(ti)(ti)。這樣(yang)(yang)，相當于給(gei)普通的(de)AGM隔(ge)(ge)板電(dian)(dian)池增加了(le)一層彈性的(de)氣(qi)密隔(ge)(ge)離，增加了(le)隔(ge)(ge)板之間的(de)氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)壓力，改善(shan)了(le)氧循環。同時(shi)，比膠體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)局(ju)部(bu)(bu)壓力小，平均(jun)壓力不小。這樣(yang)(yang)克服了(le)局(ju)部(bu)(bu)高氣(qi)壓，緩解(jie)了(le)氧循環產生(sheng)局(ju)部(bu)(bu)高熱。

      其結果是(shi)：氧(yang)循(xun)環(huan)好于普通(tong)AGM隔板電(dian)池，熱失(shi)控低于膠體(ti)(ti)電(dian)池，而(er)材(cai)料(liao)成本也(ye)低于膠體(ti)(ti)電(dian)池。

      二、電(dian)池硫化問題

      在(zai)解(jie)剖失效(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)中(zhong)，單純(chun)硫(liu)化(hua)失效(xiao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)不(bu)是(shi)很多(duo)，但是(shi)，幾乎所有的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)都不(bu)同程度的(de)存在(zai)著硫(liu)化(hua)。一些電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在(zai)做70%的(de)1C充電(dian)(dian)(dian)和60％的(de)2C放電(dian)(dian)(dian)中(zhong)，由于采用(yong)連續大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流循環，破(po)壞了電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)生成大(da)硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛結晶的(de)條(tiao)件(jian)，所以可能看不(bu)到(dao)硫(liu)化(hua)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)破(po)壞。如果試驗中(zhong)途(tu)停頓，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)硫(liu)化(hua)的(de)問題就會顯現。

      由(you)于電(dian)池重量大，一些用(yong)戶經常采取電(dian)池經過多次使(shi)用(yong)放完電(dian)才再次充電(dian)，這樣電(dian)池放電(dian)以后沒(mei)有及時充電(dian)，電(dian)池的硫(liu)(liu)化就比(bi)較嚴重。另外，電(dian)池的硫(liu)(liu)酸比(bi)重比(bi)較高，也(ye)是(shi)硫(liu)(liu)化的重要因(yin)素。而電(dian)池的硫(liu)(liu)化，破壞了負極(ji)板氧循環的能力，形(xing)成更加容(rong)易失水。這樣，電(dian)池的硫(liu)(liu)酸比(bi)重更加高，導致更加容(rong)易硫(liu)(liu)化。

      所以，電(dian)池硫化(hua)的(de)(de)程度可能不同，但(dan)是對(dui)電(dian)池的(de)(de)壽(shou)命影(ying)響也是不可忽略的(de)(de)。

      三(san)、漏酸問題

      在(zai)(zai)電(dian)池(chi)密封和排氣閥(fa)(fa)沒有問(wen)題的時(shi)候，也會出(chu)現漏(lou)液(ye)(ye)。很多電(dian)池(chi)在(zai)(zai)灌酸以后，電(dian)池(chi)處于富(fu)液(ye)(ye)狀態，電(dian)池(chi)沒有氧循(xun)環。靠電(dian)池(chi)處于開口狀態的三充二放把多于的電(dian)解液(ye)(ye)排出(chu)。硫酸比重再(zai)次(ci)提高。在(zai)(zai)蓋排氣閥(fa)(fa)的時(shi)候，電(dian)解液(ye)(ye)沒有吸光(guang)(guang)，還存(cun)在(zai)(zai)游離酸。即(ji)時(shi)把游離酸吸光(guang)(guang)，電(dian)池(chi)還是(shi)處在(zai)(zai)“準(zhun)貧(pin)液(ye)(ye)”狀態。

      隔板(ban)中(zhong)的電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液相對要(yao)多(duo)一些。而(er)隔板(ban)中(zhong)稍多(duo)的電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液影響氧循環(huan)，這樣(yang)，對新(xin)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)進行充(chong)電(dian)(dian)的時候，排氣(qi)量比較(jiao)大，代出(chu)(chu)的硫酸比較(jiao)多(duo)。形(xing)成(cheng)“漏(lou)酸”。而(er)膠(jiao)體電(dian)(dian)池(chi)前50～100個循環(huan)，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)處于(yu)富液到貧(pin)液的轉換期，排氣(qi)比較(jiao)嚴重，排氣(qi)代出(chu)(chu)膠(jiao)體微粒形(xing)成(cheng)了“漏(lou)酸”。

      四、正極板軟化問題

      正極(ji)板活性物質的有效成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)是(shi)氧化(hua)鉛，氧化(hua)鉛分(fen)α－PbO2和β－PbO2，其(qi)中，α－PbO2是(shi)活性物質的骨架(jia)，容量(liang)比較小；β－PbO2依附α－PbO2構成(cheng)(cheng)的骨架(jia)上(shang)面，其(qi)荷(he)電能力比α－PbO2強很(hen)多。

      氧化鉛(qian)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以(yi)后輸出(chu)硫酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時硫酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)生產氧化鉛(qian)。而充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)時候，在(zai)強酸(suan)(suan)環(huan)境中只(zhi)(zhi)能夠(gou)生成(cheng)β－PbO2。所以(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)深(shen)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以(yi)后，一旦具有骨架作用的(de)(de)(de)α－PbO2參(can)(can)與(yu)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)生成(cheng)硫酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)以(yi)后，就再也不能夠(gou)恢復成(cheng)為α－PbO2，而充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)只(zhi)(zhi)能生成(cheng)β－PbO2。正(zheng)極板軟(ruan)化就出(chu)現了(le)。正(zheng)極板一旦出(chu)現軟(ruan)化，起到(dao)支持作用的(de)(de)(de)多(duo)孔(kong)結構被破壞了(le)，正(zheng)極板的(de)(de)(de)多(duo)孔(kong)被電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)極板的(de)(de)(de)壓力壓實了(le)，就降低了(le)參(can)(can)與(yu)反(fan)應的(de)(de)(de)真實面積(ji)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量就下(xia)降了(le)。

      這樣，防止過(guo)放電(dian)就是控制正極板軟化的(de)重要措施。而這個靠的(de)是控制器的(de)欠壓保護。如果欠壓保護電(dian)壓過(guo)低，電(dian)池就會(hui)出現過(guo)放電(dian)，一(yi)些α－PbO2參與放電(dian)，就會(hui)出現正極板軟化。

      放(fang)(fang)電(dian)的(de)時候(hou)，如果連(lian)續放(fang)(fang)電(dian)電(dian)流比(bi)較大(da)，深層的(de)β－PbO2來不及參與(yu)(yu)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)反應，外(wai)層的(de)α－PbO2就要參與(yu)(yu)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)反應，這樣，也會形成正極板軟化。所(suo)以控(kong)制器中的(de)限(xian)流參數也浮(fu)充重(zhong)要。電(dian)摩的(de)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)電(dian)流相對比(bi)較大(da)，差不多在1C左(zuo)右放(fang)(fang)電(dian)，加上(shang)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)深度相對比(bi)較深，所(suo)以非(fei)常容易(yi)產生正極板軟化。

      每次放電，或多或少的(de)總要有一點點α－PbO2參與反應。所以，一個正常(chang)使用的(de)電池(chi)(chi)，在不(bu)失水也不(bu)硫化(hua)，也沒(mei)有過放電的(de)情況下，電池(chi)(chi)的(de)壽命(ming)就取(qu)決(jue)于正極板軟化(hua)。

      五、電池(chi)均衡問題

      電池(chi)(chi)不(bu)均衡主要有(you)2中表現形式，其一是(shi)某(mou)單只電池(chi)(chi)容(rong)量(liang)低，其二(er)是(shi)電池(chi)(chi)荷電容(rong)量(liang)低。第二(er)種情(qing)況是(shi)說(shuo)該(gai)(gai)電池(chi)(chi)的(de)容(rong)量(liang)并不(bu)抵，但(dan)是(shi)該(gai)(gai)電池(chi)(chi)沒有(you)充(chong)滿電。

      第(di)一種情況是(shi)該電(dian)(dian)(dian)池放電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)時候，提前反應電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)下(xia)降(jiang)的(de)(de)快，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)時候電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)上升(sheng)也快。第(di)二(er)種情況是(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷放電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)都低。

      其縮短(duan)電(dian)池壽命的(de)原因如(ru)下：

      1、充電(dian)(dian)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)高的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)會增加(jia)失水，電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)低的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)會欠充電(dian)(dian)；

      2、放電的時候，電壓(ya)低的會出現(xian)過放電，形成電池(chi)正極(ji)板(ban)軟化。

      這(zhe)樣，容量低(di)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池在每次放電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)時候放電(dian)(dian)(dian)深度比其他電(dian)(dian)(dian)池深度深，所以正(zheng)極板(ban)軟(ruan)化的(de)(de)快(kuai)。二充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)高的(de)(de)失水，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)低(di)的(de)(de)欠充電(dian)(dian)(dian)。如果一只電(dian)(dian)(dian)池荷電(dian)(dian)(dian)少(shao)，就存在充電(dian)(dian)(dian)少(shao)，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)深的(de)(de)問題(ti)。這(zhe)樣該電(dian)(dian)(dian)池就會(hui)同時產生正(zheng)極板(ban)軟(ruan)化荷硫化的(de)(de)問題(ti)。

      產生電池不(bu)均衡的原因如(ru)下：

      1、對串連電池(chi)組(zu)的組(zu)配不好，存在著容量差(cha)(cha)和開路電壓差(cha)(cha)，這是原(yuan)始就有誤差(cha)(cha)的問題；

      2、電(dian)池開閥壓有差別(bie)，失水不同，形(xing)成后(hou)天電(dian)池的容量差；

      3、電(dian)池(chi)的自(zi)放電(dian)不同，逐(zhu)步(bu)形(xing)成荷電(dian)容量的差異；

      4、失水(shui)不同，形(xing)成(cheng)電池實際的硫酸比(bi)重不同，形(xing)成(cheng)開路電壓差；

      5、電池壽(shou)命差，在后期反應一只(zhi)電池容量下降(jiang)，影響(xiang)其(qi)他(ta)電池的正(zheng)常狀態(tai)。

      要(yao)改(gai)(gai)進(jin)電(dian)池的不均衡問題(ti)，首先就要(yao)改(gai)(gai)善電(dian)池在(zai)制(zhi)造期(qi)間的工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)一(yi)致性(xing)問題(ti)。這也是國內多數電(dian)池制(zhi)造商的主要(yao)問題(ti)。例如，最(zui)好的電(dian)池制(zhi)造商的板(ban)柵是采用壓鑄(zhu)的，而國內相(xiang)當多的電(dian)池制(zhi)造商連鑄(zhu)板(ban)機都沒有(you)，還(huan)是手工(gong)(gong)澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)。

      六(liu)、是熱(re)失控(kong)

      密封電(dian)池(chi)的(de)最基本原(yuan)理之一就(jiu)是正(zheng)極(ji)板(ban)析(xi)氧以后，氧氣直接到負(fu)極(ji)板(ban)，被負(fu)極(ji)板(ban)吸收(shou)而(er)還原(yuan)為水，考核電(dian)池(chi)這(zhe)個技術指標的(de)參(can)數叫(jiao)做“密封反應效(xiao)率(lv)”，這(zhe)種現象叫(jiao)做“氧循環”。這(zhe)樣，電(dian)池(chi)的(de)失(shi)水很(hen)少，實(shi)現了“免維護”，就(jiu)是免加(jia)水。為此，都要求(qiu)負(fu)極(ji)板(ban)容量做的(de)比(bi)正(zheng)極(ji)板(ban)容量大一些，叫(jiao)做負(fu)極(ji)過(guo)渡。

      電(dian)池(chi)在(zai)充入(ru)電(dian)量(liang)達到70％以后，電(dian)池(chi)的(de)極(ji)化電(dian)壓相對比較高，充電(dian)的(de)副反(fan)應開始逐步(bu)增加(jia)。電(dian)解水(shui)開始了。

      在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)單格電(dian)(dian)壓達(da)(da)到2.35V以后(hou)(hou)，首(shou)先(xian)正極板析氧，在達(da)(da)到2.42V以后(hou)(hou)，負極板開始析氫。這時(shi)候(hou)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)轉變為化學能(neng)(neng)減少，轉變為電(dian)(dian)解水(shui)的(de)能(neng)(neng)量增加。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程的(de)是否(fou)析氣取(qu)決(jue)于充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓，析氣量取(qu)決(jue)于達(da)(da)到析氣電(dian)(dian)壓以后(hou)(hou)的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)。

      所(suo)以，在(zai)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)在(zai)進入(ru)恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)以后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)開始接近于最高，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)也保持限(xian)流(liu)值(zhi)。這時候析(xi)氣量(liang)最大。在(zai)進入(ru)恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)以后，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)應該逐步下降，析(xi)氣量(liang)也應該逐步下降。

      充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)本身是(shi)(shi)放熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)反(fan)(fan)應，一般電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)設計(ji)是(shi)(shi)可以控制(zhi)溫升的(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)大量析氣(qi)以后，氧(yang)(yang)氣(qi)在(zai)(zai)負(fu)極板(ban)復合為水，發(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)量遠遠大于(yu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)。密封電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)希(xi)望負(fu)極板(ban)具有良好的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)循(xun)環能力，但是(shi)(shi)，氧(yang)(yang)循(xun)環也會(hui)產生發(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)。所(suo)以，氧(yang)(yang)循(xun)環是(shi)(shi)一把雙刃劍，好處是(shi)(shi)減少了(le)水損失，壞處是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)會(hui)發(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)。如果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)發(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)，在(zai)(zai)恒壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)條件(jian)下(xia)(xia)，氧(yang)(yang)循(xun)環電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)也參與了(le)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)，所(suo)以充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)下(xia)(xia)降速(su)率(lv)下(xia)(xia)降。而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)發(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)，會(hui)引(yin)(yin)起充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)下(xia)(xia)降速(su)率(lv)降低，甚至(zhi)會(hui)引(yin)(yin)起電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)反(fan)(fan)升。而充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)發(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)下(xia)(xia)，一旦電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)反(fan)(fan)升，又(you)增加了(le)發(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)。這(zhe)樣，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)一直會(hui)上升到(dao)限(xian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)值。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)發(fa)(fa)高(gao)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)，并且積累熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)，一直到(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)外殼發(fa)(fa)生熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)軟化變形(xing)。而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)變形(xing)時(shi)(shi)，內部氣(qi)壓(ya)高(gao)，所(suo)以呈現電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)時(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)脹(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)。這(zhe)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)失控而損壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)一旦出現嚴重鼓(gu)脹(zhang)，漏(lou)酸(suan)和漏(lou)氣(qi)的(de)(de)(de)問題也出現了(le)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)會(hui)出現急性失效。

      誘發(fa)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)鼓脹的(de)原(yuan)因(yin)有很(hen)多(duo)。如果充電(dian)電(dian)壓(ya)高(gao)，析氣量大，會(hui)(hui)產生(sheng)熱失(shi)(shi)控(kong)(kong)。如果某(mou)一(yi)組電(dian)池(chi)(chi)或者(zhe)某(mou)一(yi)個單格(ge)(ge)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)發(fa)生(sheng)嚴(yan)重落后，而充電(dian)的(de)恒壓(ya)值不變，其(qi)他的(de)單格(ge)(ge)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)也會(hui)(hui)出現充電(dian)電(dian)壓(ya)相對(dui)過高(gao)，也會(hui)(hui)產生(sheng)熱失(shi)(shi)控(kong)(kong)問題。

      七、電池異常故障

      為(wei)了增加(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的容量，目前電(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行車電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的隔(ge)板相對(dui)比其他電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的隔(ge)板薄一(yi)些，負極板的硫(liu)酸鉛(qian)結晶(jing)長大，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)以后出(chu)(chu)(chu)現少量硫(liu)酸鉛(qian)遺(yi)(yi)留(liu)在(zai)隔(ge)板中(zhong)(zhong)，遺(yi)(yi)留(liu)在(zai)隔(ge)板中(zhong)(zhong)的硫(liu)酸鉛(qian)一(yi)旦被還(huan)原稱為(wei)鉛(qian)，積(ji)累多了，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)就會(hui)出(chu)(chu)(chu)現微(wei)短(duan)路(lu)。這(zhe)種(zhong)現象(xiang)叫做“鉛(qian)枝搭橋”。產(chan)生這(zhe)種(zhong)微(wei)短(duan)路(lu)，輕的產(chan)生該單(dan)格電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓落(luo)后，嚴重的時候會(hui)出(chu)(chu)(chu)現單(dan)格短(duan)路(lu)。這(zhe)種(zhong)現象(xiang)不(bu)僅僅出(chu)(chu)(chu)現在(zai)膠體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)中(zhong)(zhong)，在(zai)普通的AGM電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)中(zhong)(zhong)也會(hui)出(chu)(chu)(chu)現。一(yi)旦出(chu)(chu)(chu)現電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的單(dan)格嚴重落(luo)后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)還(huan)很容易出(chu)(chu)(chu)現熱(re)失控現象(xiang)。

      還有就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)極群組(zu)裝虛(xu)焊(han)(han)問(wen)題。容易產生虛(xu)焊(han)(han)的(de)(de)地方是(shi)極板。而每個(ge)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)單(dan)格(ge)有15片極板，就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)15個(ge)焊(han)(han)點(dian)，一(yi)(yi)個(ge)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)有6個(ge)單(dan)格(ge)，就(jiu)(jiu)有90個(ge)焊(han)(han)點(dian)，一(yi)(yi)組(zu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)由4個(ge)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)成(cheng)，就(jiu)(jiu)要(yao)360個(ge)焊(han)(han)點(dian)。如果一(yi)(yi)個(ge)焊(han)(han)點(dian)存(cun)在(zai)虛(xu)焊(han)(han)，該單(dan)格(ge)容量就(jiu)(jiu)下(xia)降，進而該單(dan)格(ge)形(xing)成(cheng)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)落后，形(xing)成(cheng)整個(ge)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)都(dou)落后，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)就(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)(hui)形(xing)成(cheng)嚴(yan)重的(de)(de)不均(jun)衡。就(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)(hui)使改組(zu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)提前失效。如果虛(xu)焊(han)(han)率達到萬分之一(yi)(yi)，平均(jun)每37組(zu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)就(jiu)(jiu)有一(yi)(yi)組(zu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)存(cun)在(zai)這虛(xu)焊(han)(han)，這是(shi)絕對不能夠允許的(de)(de)。而鉛鈣(gai)(gai)合金(jin)的(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，在(zai)焊(han)(han)接的(de)(de)時(shi)候會(hui)(hui)析出鈣(gai)(gai)而掩蓋(gai)虛(xu)焊(han)(han)問(wen)題，這樣，很多電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)制造(zao)商(shang)寧愿還采(cai)用低銻合金(jin)的(de)(de)板柵而沒有采(cai)用簡單(dan)的(de)(de)鉛鈣(gai)(gai)合金(jin)。