電(dian)動車電(dian)池(chi)隨著使用時間的長短，自身硫化現象(xiang)不(bu)可(ke)避免(mian)的存(cun)在。很多消費者(zhe)不(bu)了(le)解為什(shen)么(me)電(dian)池(chi)用兩年(nian)就需要更換，是什(shen)么(me)原因(yin)造成了(le)電(dian)動車電(dian)池(chi)報廢？

      與(yu)其它鉛酸蓄電池的使(shi)用環境不(bu)同，電動自行車(che)電池的失效原(yuan)因有其特殊性。電動自行車(che)的電池的循(xun)環次數遠遠多后備電源類的電池。

      例如(ru)，原(yuan)郵電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)部[1994]763號電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信網維護(hu)規(gui)程的規(gui)定(ding)，每(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)應以(yi)實際負荷做一次(ci)(ci)(ci)核對性放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)，放出容量的30％～40％。每(mei)3年(nian)(nian)(nian)做一次(ci)(ci)(ci)容量試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)，到使用6年(nian)(nian)(nian)以(yi)后(hou)，每(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)做一次(ci)(ci)(ci)容量試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)。這(zhe)樣(yang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)如(ru)果不是頻繁的出現停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)很少處(chu)于放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態。假(jia)定(ding)每(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)遇到4次(ci)(ci)(ci)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，這(zhe)樣(yang)，在10年(nian)(nian)(nian)間電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也就(jiu)(jiu)是40次(ci)(ci)(ci)，所(suo)以(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的深循環(huan)壽命定(ding)為80次(ci)(ci)(ci)。同時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信系(xi)統的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深度也就(jiu)(jiu)是按照30％～40％。

      而電(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行車(che)(che)使(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)依據標(biao)(biao)準，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)壽命(ming)應該是按(an)照(zhao)70％標(biao)(biao)稱容量的(de)(de)(de)放電(dian)(dian)要達到350次。這樣，電(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行車(che)(che)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)放電(dian)(dian)深(shen)度和循環(huan)壽命(ming)遠(yuan)遠(yuan)超(chao)過電(dian)(dian)信系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)要求(qiu)。另外，電(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行車(che)(che)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)要求(qiu)在8小時以內完(wan)成(cheng)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)。這樣，不得不提高充(chong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓值(zhi)，超(chao)過了電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)量析(xi)氣電(dian)(dian)壓2.42V而形成(cheng)了較塊(kuai)速度的(de)(de)(de)失水。而電(dian)(dian)信系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)是完(wan)全沒有(you)這樣高的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)(de)。

      同(tong)時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自(zi)行(xing)(xing)車(che)(che)(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流很大，就(jiu)是巡航期間的(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流也接近于(yu)0.5C放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，啟動的(de)(de)時(shi)候，放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流會超過1C放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)。這(zhe)樣(yang)，也在影(ying)響電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)使(shi)用壽命(ming)(ming)。由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)特(te)(te)性的(de)(de)特(te)(te)殊要(yao)求，我們看到一(yi)(yi)些可以給(gei)核電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站供(gong)應(ying)鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)制造(zao)商(shang)也沒(mei)有(you)步(bu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自(zi)行(xing)(xing)車(che)(che)(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)供(gong)應(ying)商(shang)的(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)列。一(yi)(yi)些規模可觀的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)制造(zao)商(shang)也逐步(bu)退(tui)出(chu)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自(zi)行(xing)(xing)車(che)(che)(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)供(gong)應(ying)商(shang)的(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)列。而(er)給(gei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自(zi)行(xing)(xing)車(che)(che)(che)供(gong)貨的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)制造(zao)商(shang)除了沈(shen)陽(yang)松(song)下(xia)以外，就(jiu)沒(mei)有(you)幾個成(cheng)規模的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)制造(zao)商(shang)。雖(sui)然沈(shen)陽(yang)松(song)下(xia)供(gong)應(ying)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)初期容量相(xiang)對最低，按照行(xing)(xing)業標準檢驗，其容量在合格(ge)與不合格(ge)之間，但是，其壽命(ming)(ming)相(xiang)對比較(jiao)長(chang)。

      這樣，電動(dong)自行(xing)車使用的(de)電池的(de)性能要求(qiu)與(yu)傳統的(de)密(mi)封(feng)電池不同，失(shi)效(xiao)模式與(yu)傳統的(de)電池失(shi)效(xiao)模式存在很大的(de)差異(yi)。出現了一些過去少見的(de)失(shi)效(xiao)模式和(he)失(shi)效(xiao)比例。

      一個主(zhu)要的(de)區別是(shi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)率(lv)的(de)差異(yi)。普通的(de)閥控密封式鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)率(lv)多(duo)(duo)數是(shi)以10小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)率(lv)或者20小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)率(lv)來制(zhi)定的(de)，而(er)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行車的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)都是(shi)以2小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)率(lv)或者3小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)率(lv)來制(zhi)定的(de)，這與(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)實際(ji)使(shi)用情況大(da)體相當。所以，在供應(ying)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行車電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)初期，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量(liang)是(shi)最大(da)的(de)問題。為了提高(gao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)容量(liang)，各個電(dian)(dian)池(chi)制(zhi)造商采(cai)取了多(duo)(duo)種方法(fa)。

以大(da)量使用的10Ah電池為(wei)例，最典型的方法如下：

      1、 增加極板數量

      把原設計的單格5片(pian)(pian)6片(pian)(pian)改為6片(pian)(pian)7片(pian)(pian)，7片(pian)(pian)8片(pian)(pian)，甚(shen)至8片(pian)(pian)9片(pian)(pian)。靠(kao)減薄(bo)極(ji)板厚度和(he)隔板，增加極(ji)板數(shu)量來提高(gao)電池容量。

      2、 提(ti)高電池的硫酸比重

      原來浮(fu)充電池(chi)的硫酸(suan)比重一(yi)般(ban)都(dou)在(zai)(zai)1.21~1.28之(zhi)間，而電動自(zi)行車的電池(chi)的硫酸(suan)比重一(yi)般(ban)都(dou)在(zai)(zai)1.36～1.38左右。只(zhi)有極(ji)少數的采用1.32的比重。

      3、 增(zeng)加正極板活性(xing)物(wu)質用量(liang)

      4、 低溫(wen)固化，增加β氧(yang)化鉛(qian)的比例

      一(yi)般密封電(dian)池(chi)(chi)為(wei)了(le)實現氧循環(huan)，都要(yao)求做好負極(ji)過(guo)度(du)。增(zeng)加正極(ji)板活性(xing)物質用量，可以提高(gao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)容(rong)量，是以降低氧循環(huan)為(wei)代價的(de)(de)。通過(guo)這(zhe)些主要(yao)措(cuo)施，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)初期容(rong)量滿足了(le)電(dian)動自行車的(de)(de)容(rong)量要(yao)求，特別是改善了(le)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)大電(dian)流(liu)(liu)放(fang)電(dian)的(de)(de)特性(xing)，延長了(le)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)大電(dian)流(liu)(liu)放(fang)電(dian)的(de)(de)壽命。但是，這(zhe)些措(cuo)施也制約著電(dian)池(chi)(chi)壽命。

      一、電池失水問題

      產生(sheng)電池失水的一些原因主要如下：

      1、為(wei)了滿足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池在8小時以內充(chong)滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，所以在三段式恒(heng)壓限(xian)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)中(zhong)，不(bu)得不(bu)通過恒(heng)壓值，達到折(zhe)合單格電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)2.47V～2.49V。這(zhe)樣，大(da)(da)大(da)(da)超(chao)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池正極(ji)板析氧(yang)(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的2.35V和負極(ji)板析氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的2.42V。一些充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)制(zhi)造(zao)商的產(chan)品(pin)為(wei)了降低充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間的指示，提高了恒(heng)壓轉浮充(chong)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，而(er)使得充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)指示充(chong)滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以后，還(huan)沒(mei)有充(chong)滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，就靠提高浮充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓來彌補。這(zhe)樣，很多充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的浮充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓超(chao)過單格電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓2.35V，這(zhe)樣在浮充(chong)階段還(huan)在大(da)(da)量析氧(yang)(yang)。而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的氧(yang)(yang)循環又不(bu)好，這(zhe)樣在浮充(chong)階段也(ye)在不(bu)斷的排氣。

      2、一些(xie)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)制造商沒(mei)有找到好的(de)板柵合(he)金，仍然采用低銻合(he)金，這樣(yang)，比鉛鈣系列的(de)板柵合(he)金析氣電(dian)位低，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)出氣量大，失水(shui)相對(dui)嚴重。

      3、增(zeng)加極(ji)板和增(zeng)加正極(ji)板活性物質用量(liang)以(yi)后，負極(ji)過渡不足，氧(yang)循(xun)環下降(jiang)，充(chong)電(dian)過程(cheng)中正極(ji)板的氧(yang)氣來不及(ji)被負極(ji)板吸(xi)收，而產(chan)生失水。

      4、一些電池的(de)開閥壓偏低(di)，容易(yi)排(pai)氣，同時電池內部(bu)的(de)氧分壓低(di)，降低(di)了(le)氧循環能力，增加了(le)析氣量。

      5、由于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)酸比重(zhong)(zhong)相對(dui)(dui)高(gao)了(le)很(hen)多，所以(yi)，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)化也相對(dui)(dui)嚴重(zhong)(zhong)。電(dian)(dian)池(chi)放電(dian)(dian)以(yi)后到第二天充電(dian)(dian)以(yi)前，硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)酸比重(zhong)(zhong)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)化明顯。這樣，更加(jia)降低了(le)負極(ji)板(ban)氧循環的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)力。而(er)失(shi)水(shui)以(yi)后的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，失(shi)去的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)是水(shui)，留下了(le)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)酸的(de)(de)(de)成分，相當于(yu)(yu)進一步提高(gao)了(le)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)酸的(de)(de)(de)比重(zhong)(zhong)，這樣就使電(dian)(dian)池(chi)更加(jia)容易硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)化。所以(yi)，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)化加(jia)重(zhong)(zhong)了(le)失(shi)水(shui)，失(shi)水(shui)又加(jia)重(zhong)(zhong)了(le)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)化。

      為了(le)克(ke)服(fu)電池(chi)(chi)的失水(shui)，一(yi)些電池(chi)(chi)制造商采(cai)(cai)取了(le)不少措(cuo)施。在(zai)板柵合金(jin)方面，一(yi)些電池(chi)(chi)制造商采(cai)(cai)用了(le)多種方式，去掉了(le)低銻合金(jin)而(er)采(cai)(cai)用鉛鈣(gai)錫鋁(lv)合金(jin)。提高了(le)電池(chi)(chi)析氣(qi)電壓。同時，緩解了(le)鉛鈣(gai)合金(jin)的析鈣(gai)問題，克(ke)服(fu)了(le)鉛鈣(gai)合金(jin)的早期(qi)容量(liang)損失的意外容量(liang)下降。同時，還要解決大電流放電特性下降的問題。

      令(ling)人遺憾(han)的(de)是，山東某電(dian)池(chi)(chi)制造(zao)商(shang)采用(yong)軍(jun)工(gong)技術，做(zuo)出了(le)(le)(le)銅網電(dian)池(chi)(chi)，試驗(yan)結(jie)果證明，其各(ge)項參數都非(fei)常(chang)優秀(xiu)，但(dan)是，可能因為成(cheng)本問題，沒有見到(dao)他們大批量(liang)生產和推廣。一(yi)些(xie)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)制造(zao)商(shang)改進了(le)(le)(le)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)塑(su)料模具(ju)的(de)結(jie)構尺寸(cun)，增加了(le)(le)(le)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)開閥壓，降(jiang)低(di)了(le)(le)(le)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)開閥壓的(de)離散性，改善了(le)(le)(le)氧循(xun)(xun)環(huan)。最重要的(de)一(yi)個進步就(jiu)是采用(yong)抗失(shi)水的(de)膠體(ti)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)結(jie)構，大大的(de)改善了(le)(le)(le)氧循(xun)(xun)環(huan)。同(tong)時，也出現了(le)(le)(le)膠體(ti)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)容(rong)易熱失(shi)控的(de)故障。為了(le)(le)(le)緩(huan)解電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)失(shi)水和熱失(shi)控，一(yi)些(xie)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)制造(zao)商(shang)要求充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)制造(zao)商(shang)降(jiang)低(di)恒(heng)壓值(zhi)。但(dan)是，簡單的(de)降(jiang)低(di)恒(heng)壓值(zhi)，沒有降(jiang)低(di)恒(heng)壓轉浮充(chong)的(de)電(dian)流，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)難(nan)免(mian)發生欠充(chong)電(dian)累積(ji)，形成(cheng)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)容(rong)量(liang)下(xia)降(jiang)。

      有創意的(de)是一(yi)些(xie)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)制造(zao)商面臨著(zhu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)失水，采(cai)取了(le)一(yi)些(xie)措施，在全國設立(li)了(le)補(bu)水站，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)也為補(bu)水改進了(le)結(jie)構。利(li)用修舊(jiu)利(li)舊(jiu)，使平均8個(ge)月(yue)的(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)壽命延長到平均13個(ge)月(yue)。

      為了(le)改善膠體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)熱(re)失(shi)控，最近市場(chang)上開始見到一(yi)些“半(ban)膠體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)”，就是在灌(guan)酸的(de)(de)(de)后期，在電(dian)(dian)池(chi)上面再增(zeng)(zeng)加膠體(ti)(ti)。這(zhe)樣，相當于(yu)給普(pu)通的(de)(de)(de)AGM隔板電(dian)(dian)池(chi)增(zeng)(zeng)加了(le)一(yi)層彈性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)氣密隔離，增(zeng)(zeng)加了(le)隔板之間的(de)(de)(de)氣體(ti)(ti)壓(ya)力，改善了(le)氧(yang)循(xun)環。同時，比膠體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)局部壓(ya)力小，平均壓(ya)力不(bu)小。這(zhe)樣克服了(le)局部高氣壓(ya)，緩解了(le)氧(yang)循(xun)環產生局部高熱(re)。

      其結果是：氧(yang)循環好于普通AGM隔板(ban)電(dian)(dian)池，熱失控低(di)(di)于膠體(ti)電(dian)(dian)池，而材料(liao)成本也(ye)低(di)(di)于膠體(ti)電(dian)(dian)池。

      二(er)、電(dian)池硫(liu)化問題

      在(zai)解(jie)剖失效電(dian)(dian)池中(zhong)，單純硫化(hua)失效的電(dian)(dian)池不(bu)是(shi)很(hen)多，但是(shi)，幾(ji)乎所(suo)有的電(dian)(dian)池都不(bu)同程度的存在(zai)著硫化(hua)。一些電(dian)(dian)池在(zai)做70%的1C充電(dian)(dian)和60％的2C放電(dian)(dian)中(zhong)，由(you)于采用連續(xu)大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)流循環(huan)，破壞(huai)了電(dian)(dian)池生成大(da)(da)硫酸(suan)鉛結(jie)晶的條(tiao)件，所(suo)以可(ke)能看(kan)不(bu)到硫化(hua)對電(dian)(dian)池的破壞(huai)。如果試驗中(zhong)途(tu)停(ting)頓，電(dian)(dian)池硫化(hua)的問題就(jiu)會顯現。

      由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)重量大(da)，一(yi)些用戶經常采取(qu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)經過(guo)多次(ci)使(shi)用放完電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)才再次(ci)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，這(zhe)樣(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以后沒有及時充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)硫(liu)化(hua)就比(bi)較嚴重。另外，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)硫(liu)酸比(bi)重比(bi)較高，也(ye)是硫(liu)化(hua)的(de)(de)重要(yao)因素(su)。而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)硫(liu)化(hua)，破壞了負極板氧循環的(de)(de)能(neng)力(li)，形(xing)成更加容易失水(shui)。這(zhe)樣(yang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)硫(liu)酸比(bi)重更加高，導致更加容易硫(liu)化(hua)。

      所以(yi)，電池硫化的程度可能不同，但是(shi)對電池的壽(shou)命(ming)影響也是(shi)不可忽略的。

      三、漏酸問題

      在(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)密(mi)封和排(pai)氣(qi)閥沒(mei)(mei)有問題的時候，也會出(chu)現漏液(ye)。很多電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)灌酸(suan)(suan)以后，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)處(chu)(chu)于富液(ye)狀(zhuang)態(tai)，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)沒(mei)(mei)有氧循環。靠電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)處(chu)(chu)于開口狀(zhuang)態(tai)的三充二放(fang)把多于的電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)排(pai)出(chu)。硫酸(suan)(suan)比(bi)重再次提高。在(zai)(zai)(zai)蓋排(pai)氣(qi)閥的時候，電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)沒(mei)(mei)有吸光，還存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)游(you)離酸(suan)(suan)。即時把游(you)離酸(suan)(suan)吸光，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)還是處(chu)(chu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)“準貧液(ye)”狀(zhuang)態(tai)。

      隔板中的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液相對要(yao)多一些。而(er)隔板中稍多的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液影響氧循環，這樣，對新(xin)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)進行充電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)時候(hou)，排(pai)氣量比(bi)較(jiao)大(da)，代出(chu)的(de)(de)硫酸比(bi)較(jiao)多。形成(cheng)“漏酸”。而(er)膠體電(dian)(dian)池(chi)前50～100個循環，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)處于(yu)富液到貧液的(de)(de)轉換期，排(pai)氣比(bi)較(jiao)嚴重(zhong)，排(pai)氣代出(chu)膠體微粒形成(cheng)了“漏酸”。

      四(si)、正極板軟化(hua)問題

      正極(ji)板活(huo)性物質的有效(xiao)成(cheng)分是氧化鉛，氧化鉛分α－PbO2和(he)β－PbO2，其(qi)(qi)中，α－PbO2是活(huo)性物質的骨架，容(rong)量比較(jiao)小；β－PbO2依附α－PbO2構成(cheng)的骨架上面，其(qi)(qi)荷電能力比α－PbO2強很多。

      氧化鉛(qian)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)以后(hou)(hou)輸(shu)出硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)生(sheng)(sheng)產氧化鉛(qian)。而充電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候，在強酸(suan)環境中只能(neng)夠生(sheng)(sheng)成β－PbO2。所以電(dian)(dian)(dian)池深放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)以后(hou)(hou)，一旦具有骨架(jia)作用的(de)(de)(de)α－PbO2參與(yu)(yu)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)生(sheng)(sheng)成硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)以后(hou)(hou)，就(jiu)再也不能(neng)夠恢復(fu)成為(wei)α－PbO2，而充電(dian)(dian)(dian)只能(neng)生(sheng)(sheng)成β－PbO2。正(zheng)極板(ban)軟(ruan)化就(jiu)出現(xian)了(le)。正(zheng)極板(ban)一旦出現(xian)軟(ruan)化，起到支(zhi)持作用的(de)(de)(de)多(duo)孔(kong)結構被破(po)壞了(le)，正(zheng)極板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)多(duo)孔(kong)被電(dian)(dian)(dian)池極板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)壓力(li)壓實(shi)了(le)，就(jiu)降(jiang)低了(le)參與(yu)(yu)反(fan)應的(de)(de)(de)真實(shi)面(mian)積，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池容(rong)量就(jiu)下降(jiang)了(le)。

      這(zhe)樣，防止過(guo)放電(dian)(dian)就是控制(zhi)正極板軟(ruan)化的重要措(cuo)施。而(er)這(zhe)個靠的是控制(zhi)器的欠(qian)壓(ya)(ya)保護。如果欠(qian)壓(ya)(ya)保護電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)過(guo)低，電(dian)(dian)池就會出(chu)現過(guo)放電(dian)(dian)，一些α－PbO2參與放電(dian)(dian)，就會出(chu)現正極板軟(ruan)化。

      放電(dian)的時(shi)候(hou)，如果連續(xu)放電(dian)電(dian)流比較大(da)(da)，深(shen)層的β－PbO2來不(bu)及(ji)參(can)與放電(dian)反(fan)應，外層的α－PbO2就要參(can)與放電(dian)反(fan)應，這(zhe)樣，也會形成正極(ji)板(ban)軟化。所(suo)以控(kong)制(zhi)器中的限流參(can)數也浮充重(zhong)要。電(dian)摩的放電(dian)電(dian)流相(xiang)對(dui)比較大(da)(da)，差(cha)不(bu)多在1C左右放電(dian)，加上放電(dian)深(shen)度相(xiang)對(dui)比較深(shen)，所(suo)以非(fei)常容易產(chan)生正極(ji)板(ban)軟化。

      每次放電(dian)，或多或少的(de)(de)總(zong)要有(you)一(yi)點點α－PbO2參與反應。所以，一(yi)個正常使(shi)用的(de)(de)電(dian)池，在不(bu)失水也不(bu)硫(liu)化，也沒有(you)過放電(dian)的(de)(de)情況(kuang)下，電(dian)池的(de)(de)壽命就(jiu)取(qu)決于正極板軟化。

      五、電池均衡問(wen)題

      電(dian)池(chi)(chi)不均衡主要有2中表現形式(shi)，其一是(shi)某單只電(dian)池(chi)(chi)容量(liang)低(di)，其二是(shi)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)荷(he)電(dian)容量(liang)低(di)。第二種情況是(shi)說該電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)容量(liang)并不抵(di)，但是(shi)該電(dian)池(chi)(chi)沒有充滿電(dian)。

      第(di)一種(zhong)情況(kuang)是該電(dian)池(chi)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)的(de)(de)時(shi)候，提前反應(ying)電(dian)壓(ya)下(xia)降(jiang)的(de)(de)快，充(chong)電(dian)的(de)(de)時(shi)候電(dian)壓(ya)上升(sheng)也(ye)快。第(di)二種(zhong)情況(kuang)是充(chong)電(dian)荷放(fang)(fang)電(dian)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)電(dian)壓(ya)都低。

      其縮短(duan)電池(chi)壽命的原因如下：

      1、充電(dian)時電(dian)壓高的電(dian)池會增(zeng)加失水(shui)，電(dian)壓低的電(dian)池會欠(qian)充電(dian)；

      2、放(fang)電(dian)的(de)時候，電(dian)壓低的(de)會出現過放(fang)電(dian)，形成電(dian)池正極板軟化(hua)。

      這(zhe)樣(yang)，容量低的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池在每次放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)時候放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)度比其他電(dian)(dian)(dian)池深(shen)度深(shen)，所以正(zheng)極板軟(ruan)化的(de)快。二充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)高(gao)的(de)失(shi)水(shui)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)低的(de)欠充電(dian)(dian)(dian)。如果一只電(dian)(dian)(dian)池荷電(dian)(dian)(dian)少，就存在充電(dian)(dian)(dian)少，放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)的(de)問(wen)題。這(zhe)樣(yang)該電(dian)(dian)(dian)池就會同時產(chan)生正(zheng)極板軟(ruan)化荷硫化的(de)問(wen)題。

      產生電池不均衡的原(yuan)因(yin)如下：

      1、對串(chuan)連電(dian)池(chi)組(zu)的組(zu)配(pei)不好，存(cun)在著容(rong)量差(cha)和開路(lu)電(dian)壓(ya)差(cha)，這(zhe)是原始就有(you)誤差(cha)的問題；

      2、電池開閥壓有差(cha)別，失水不同，形(xing)成后天電池的容量差(cha)；

      3、電池的(de)自放(fang)電不同，逐步(bu)形成(cheng)荷電容量的(de)差(cha)異；

      4、失水不同(tong)，形成(cheng)電池實際(ji)的硫(liu)酸比重不同(tong)，形成(cheng)開路電壓(ya)差；

      5、電(dian)池(chi)(chi)壽(shou)命(ming)差，在后(hou)期(qi)反應一只電(dian)池(chi)(chi)容量下降，影響其他電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)正(zheng)常(chang)狀態。

      要(yao)改進電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)不均(jun)衡問(wen)題，首先就要(yao)改善電(dian)池(chi)(chi)在制造期(qi)間的(de)工(gong)(gong)藝一(yi)致性問(wen)題。這也是(shi)國內(nei)多數電(dian)池(chi)(chi)制造商的(de)主要(yao)問(wen)題。例如，最好的(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)制造商的(de)板柵是(shi)采用(yong)壓鑄的(de)，而(er)國內(nei)相當多的(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)制造商連鑄板機都沒(mei)有，還是(shi)手(shou)工(gong)(gong)澆鑄。

      六、是(shi)熱失控

      密封(feng)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)最基本原理之一就是(shi)正極板(ban)析(xi)氧(yang)以后，氧(yang)氣直接到負極板(ban)，被負極板(ban)吸收而還(huan)原為(wei)水(shui)，考核電(dian)池(chi)(chi)這個技術指標(biao)的(de)(de)參數叫做(zuo)“密封(feng)反應效率”，這種現象叫做(zuo)“氧(yang)循環(huan)”。這樣，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)失水(shui)很少，實現了“免維(wei)護”，就是(shi)免加水(shui)。為(wei)此，都(dou)要求負極板(ban)容(rong)量(liang)做(zuo)的(de)(de)比正極板(ban)容(rong)量(liang)大一些(xie)，叫做(zuo)負極過(guo)渡。

      電池(chi)在充入電量達(da)到(dao)70％以后(hou)，電池(chi)的極(ji)化電壓相對比較高，充電的副反應開(kai)(kai)始逐步增加(jia)。電解水(shui)開(kai)(kai)始了。

      在充電(dian)(dian)的單格電(dian)(dian)壓達到(dao)2.35V以(yi)(yi)后，首先正(zheng)極板析(xi)氧，在達到(dao)2.42V以(yi)(yi)后，負(fu)極板開始析(xi)氫。這時(shi)候充電(dian)(dian)的電(dian)(dian)能轉變(bian)為化學能減少，轉變(bian)為電(dian)(dian)解(jie)水(shui)的能量(liang)增加。充電(dian)(dian)過(guo)程的是(shi)否析(xi)氣取(qu)決(jue)于充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓，析(xi)氣量(liang)取(qu)決(jue)于達到(dao)析(xi)氣電(dian)(dian)壓以(yi)(yi)后的充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)。

      所以，在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)過程(cheng)中，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)壓在進(jin)入恒壓以后，電(dian)壓開始接近于(yu)最高，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流也保(bao)持(chi)限(xian)流值。這時候(hou)析(xi)氣(qi)(qi)量最大。在進(jin)入恒壓以后，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流應該逐步(bu)下(xia)降，析(xi)氣(qi)(qi)量也應該逐步(bu)下(xia)降。

      充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)本身是(shi)(shi)放熱(re)(re)反(fan)(fan)應，一(yi)(yi)般電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)熱(re)(re)設計(ji)是(shi)(shi)可以(yi)控(kong)制溫升(sheng)的(de)。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)大(da)(da)量(liang)析(xi)氣(qi)以(yi)后(hou)，氧(yang)氣(qi)在負(fu)極(ji)板復合為(wei)水，發(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)量(liang)遠遠大(da)(da)于充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時的(de)發(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)。密封(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)希(xi)望(wang)負(fu)極(ji)板具有(you)良好的(de)氧(yang)循(xun)環(huan)(huan)能力，但是(shi)(shi)，氧(yang)循(xun)環(huan)(huan)也(ye)會(hui)(hui)產生(sheng)發(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)。所(suo)以(yi)，氧(yang)循(xun)環(huan)(huan)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)把雙刃劍，好處是(shi)(shi)減少了(le)水損(sun)失，壞(huai)處是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)會(hui)(hui)發(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)。如果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)發(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)，在恒壓充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)條件(jian)下(xia)，氧(yang)循(xun)環(huan)(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流也(ye)參與(yu)了(le)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，所(suo)以(yi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流下(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)速(su)率下(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)。而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)發(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)，會(hui)(hui)引起充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流下(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)速(su)率降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)，甚至會(hui)(hui)引起電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流反(fan)(fan)升(sheng)。而(er)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)發(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)的(de)作(zuo)用下(xia)，一(yi)(yi)旦電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流反(fan)(fan)升(sheng)，又增加了(le)發(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)。這(zhe)樣，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流一(yi)(yi)直會(hui)(hui)上升(sheng)到限流值。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)發(fa)(fa)高熱(re)(re)，并且積累熱(re)(re)，一(yi)(yi)直到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)外殼(ke)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)熱(re)(re)軟化變(bian)形。而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)熱(re)(re)變(bian)形時，內(nei)部氣(qi)壓高，所(suo)以(yi)呈現(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)時鼓(gu)脹(zhang)的(de)。這(zhe)就是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)熱(re)(re)失控(kong)而(er)損(sun)壞(huai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)一(yi)(yi)旦出(chu)現(xian)嚴重鼓(gu)脹(zhang)，漏酸和(he)漏氣(qi)的(de)問題也(ye)出(chu)現(xian)了(le)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)會(hui)(hui)出(chu)現(xian)急性失效(xiao)。

      誘發電(dian)池(chi)(chi)鼓(gu)脹的原因有很多。如果充電(dian)電(dian)壓高，析氣量大(da)，會產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)熱失控。如果某(mou)一組電(dian)池(chi)(chi)或者某(mou)一個單(dan)格(ge)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)發生(sheng)(sheng)嚴(yan)重落后(hou)，而充電(dian)的恒壓值不變，其(qi)他的單(dan)格(ge)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)也(ye)會出現(xian)充電(dian)電(dian)壓相對過高，也(ye)會產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)熱失控問題。

      七、電池異常故障

      為了增加電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)容量(liang)，目前電(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行車電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)隔板(ban)(ban)相對比其(qi)他電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)隔板(ban)(ban)薄一些，負(fu)極板(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸鉛(qian)結晶長大，充電(dian)(dian)以后出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)少量(liang)硫(liu)(liu)酸鉛(qian)遺留在(zai)(zai)隔板(ban)(ban)中(zhong)，遺留在(zai)(zai)隔板(ban)(ban)中(zhong)的(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸鉛(qian)一旦被還(huan)原稱為鉛(qian)，積累多了，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)就會(hui)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)微短路。這種現(xian)(xian)(xian)象叫做(zuo)“鉛(qian)枝搭橋”。產生這種微短路，輕的(de)(de)產生該單格(ge)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)落后，嚴(yan)重的(de)(de)時候會(hui)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)單格(ge)短路。這種現(xian)(xian)(xian)象不僅僅出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)膠體電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)中(zhong)，在(zai)(zai)普通的(de)(de)AGM電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)中(zhong)也(ye)會(hui)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)。一旦出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)單格(ge)嚴(yan)重落后，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)還(huan)很容易出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)熱失控現(xian)(xian)(xian)象。

      還有就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)極(ji)群組(zu)(zu)裝虛(xu)焊(han)(han)(han)問題(ti)。容(rong)易產生虛(xu)焊(han)(han)(han)的(de)地(di)方是(shi)(shi)極(ji)板。而每個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)單(dan)(dan)格有15片極(ji)板，就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)15個(ge)焊(han)(han)(han)點，一(yi)(yi)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)有6個(ge)單(dan)(dan)格，就(jiu)(jiu)有90個(ge)焊(han)(han)(han)點，一(yi)(yi)組(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)由4個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)，就(jiu)(jiu)要360個(ge)焊(han)(han)(han)點。如果一(yi)(yi)個(ge)焊(han)(han)(han)點存在(zai)虛(xu)焊(han)(han)(han)，該單(dan)(dan)格容(rong)量就(jiu)(jiu)下(xia)降，進而該單(dan)(dan)格形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)落(luo)后(hou)，形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)整個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)都落(luo)后(hou)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)就(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)嚴重的(de)不(bu)均衡。就(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)使改(gai)組(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)提前失效(xiao)。如果虛(xu)焊(han)(han)(han)率達(da)到萬分之一(yi)(yi)，平均每37組(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)就(jiu)(jiu)有一(yi)(yi)組(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)存在(zai)這虛(xu)焊(han)(han)(han)，這是(shi)(shi)絕(jue)對不(bu)能夠允許(xu)的(de)。而鉛鈣合(he)(he)金(jin)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，在(zai)焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)的(de)時(shi)候會(hui)析出(chu)鈣而掩(yan)蓋(gai)虛(xu)焊(han)(han)(han)問題(ti)，這樣，很多電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)制(zhi)造商寧愿還采(cai)用低銻合(he)(he)金(jin)的(de)板柵而沒有采(cai)用簡(jian)單(dan)(dan)的(de)鉛鈣合(he)(he)金(jin)。