電動車電池隨著(zhu)使用時(shi)間的(de)長短，自身(shen)硫化(hua)現(xian)象不(bu)(bu)可(ke)避免的(de)存(cun)在。很多消費(fei)者(zhe)不(bu)(bu)了解為什么電池用兩年(nian)就需要更換，是什么原(yuan)因造(zao)成(cheng)了電動車電池報(bao)廢？

      與其(qi)它鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)使用環境(jing)不同(tong)，電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)自行車(che)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)失效原因有其(qi)特殊(shu)性(xing)。電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)自行車(che)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)循環次數遠遠多后備(bei)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)類的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池。

      例(li)如(ru)，原郵(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)部[1994]763號電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信(xin)網維護(hu)規(gui)程的規(gui)定，每年應以實際負荷做(zuo)(zuo)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)核(he)對(dui)性放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)試(shi)驗(yan)，放(fang)出容(rong)量的30％～40％。每3年做(zuo)(zuo)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)容(rong)量試(shi)驗(yan)，到使用6年以后，每年做(zuo)(zuo)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)容(rong)量試(shi)驗(yan)。這樣，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信(xin)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)如(ru)果(guo)不(bu)是頻繁(fan)的出現停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)很少處于放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態(tai)。假定每年遇到4次(ci)(ci)(ci)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，這樣，在10年間電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也就(jiu)是40次(ci)(ci)(ci)，所以電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的深循環壽(shou)命定為80次(ci)(ci)(ci)。同時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信(xin)系統的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深度(du)也就(jiu)是按照30％～40％。

      而電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)自(zi)行車使用(yong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)依據標準，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)壽命應該是按照(zhao)70％標稱容量的(de)(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)要達到(dao)350次。這樣，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)自(zi)行車電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)深度(du)和循環(huan)壽命遠遠超(chao)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)信(xin)系統的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)要求。另外，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)自(zi)行車電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)要求在8小時以內(nei)完成(cheng)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)。這樣，不得不提(ti)高(gao)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)值，超(chao)過(guo)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)大量析氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)2.42V而形(xing)成(cheng)了較塊速度(du)的(de)(de)失(shi)水。而電(dian)(dian)(dian)信(xin)系統的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)是完全沒有這樣高(gao)的(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)。

      同時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行(xing)車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)很大，就是巡航(hang)期間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)也(ye)接近于0.5C放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，啟動的(de)(de)時候，放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)會超過1C放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)。這樣(yang)，也(ye)在影響(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)使(shi)用壽(shou)命(ming)。由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)特性的(de)(de)特殊要求(qiu)，我們看(kan)到一(yi)些可以給(gei)(gei)核電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站供應(ying)鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)制造(zao)商也(ye)沒(mei)有步(bu)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行(xing)車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)供應(ying)商的(de)(de)行(xing)列。一(yi)些規模可觀的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)制造(zao)商也(ye)逐步(bu)退(tui)出了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行(xing)車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)供應(ying)商的(de)(de)行(xing)列。而給(gei)(gei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行(xing)車供貨的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)制造(zao)商除了(le)沈陽松下以外，就沒(mei)有幾(ji)個(ge)成規模的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)制造(zao)商。雖然沈陽松下供應(ying)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)初期容量相對最低，按照行(xing)業(ye)標準檢驗，其(qi)容量在合(he)格與不(bu)合(he)格之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)，但是，其(qi)壽(shou)命(ming)相對比(bi)較長。

      這(zhe)樣(yang)，電(dian)動(dong)自行車使用的電(dian)池(chi)的性能要求與傳統的密封電(dian)池(chi)不同，失效(xiao)模式與傳統的電(dian)池(chi)失效(xiao)模式存在很大的差異。出現了一些過去少(shao)見的失效(xiao)模式和失效(xiao)比例(li)。

      一(yi)個(ge)主要的(de)(de)區別是(shi)(shi)放電率的(de)(de)差異。普通的(de)(de)閥控密封(feng)式(shi)鉛酸(suan)蓄電池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)放電率多數是(shi)(shi)以10小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)率或者20小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)率來(lai)制(zhi)(zhi)定的(de)(de)，而(er)電動(dong)自行車(che)的(de)(de)電池(chi)(chi)都是(shi)(shi)以2小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)率或者3小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)率來(lai)制(zhi)(zhi)定的(de)(de)，這(zhe)與電池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)實際使用情況大(da)體相當。所以，在供應電動(dong)自行車(che)電池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)初期，電池(chi)(chi)容量(liang)是(shi)(shi)最大(da)的(de)(de)問(wen)題。為了(le)提高電池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)容量(liang)，各個(ge)電池(chi)(chi)制(zhi)(zhi)造商采取了(le)多種方(fang)法。

以大量(liang)使用的10Ah電(dian)池為(wei)例，最(zui)典型的方法如下：

      1、 增加(jia)極(ji)板(ban)數量

      把(ba)原(yuan)設計的單格(ge)5片6片改為6片7片，7片8片，甚至8片9片。靠減薄極板(ban)厚度和隔板(ban)，增(zeng)加極板(ban)數量來(lai)提高電池容量。

      2、 提(ti)高(gao)電池的硫酸比重(zhong)

      原(yuan)來(lai)浮充電池的(de)硫酸(suan)比(bi)重一般都(dou)在(zai)1.21~1.28之間，而(er)電動自行車的(de)電池的(de)硫酸(suan)比(bi)重一般都(dou)在(zai)1.36～1.38左右。只有(you)極少數(shu)的(de)采用1.32的(de)比(bi)重。

      3、 增加正極(ji)板活性物質用量(liang)

      4、 低溫固化，增加β氧化鉛(qian)的(de)比例

      一般(ban)密封電池為了(le)實現氧(yang)循環，都要(yao)求(qiu)做(zuo)好負極過度。增加(jia)正極板活性(xing)物質用量，可以提(ti)高(gao)電池的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量，是以降低氧(yang)循環為代價的(de)(de)(de)。通過這些(xie)主要(yao)措(cuo)施(shi)，電池的(de)(de)(de)初期容(rong)(rong)量滿足了(le)電動自行車的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量要(yao)求(qiu)，特別是改(gai)善(shan)了(le)電池的(de)(de)(de)大電流(liu)放電的(de)(de)(de)特性(xing)，延(yan)長了(le)電池大電流(liu)放電的(de)(de)(de)壽(shou)命。但(dan)是，這些(xie)措(cuo)施(shi)也制約著(zhu)電池壽(shou)命。

      一(yi)、電池失水問題

      產生電(dian)池失水的一些原因主要如下：

      1、為(wei)了(le)滿足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在8小時(shi)以(yi)(yi)內充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，所以(yi)(yi)在三段(duan)式(shi)恒(heng)(heng)壓限流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)中，不(bu)(bu)得不(bu)(bu)通過(guo)恒(heng)(heng)壓值，達(da)到折合單格電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)2.47V～2.49V。這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)，大大超(chao)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)正極(ji)板析(xi)(xi)氧(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)2.35V和負極(ji)板析(xi)(xi)氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)2.42V。一些充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)制(zhi)造商(shang)的(de)(de)產品為(wei)了(le)降低充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間的(de)(de)指示，提高了(le)恒(heng)(heng)壓轉浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，而使(shi)得充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)指示充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以(yi)(yi)后，還沒(mei)有充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，就靠提高浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓來彌補。這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)，很(hen)多充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓超(chao)過(guo)單格電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓2.35V，這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)在浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)階段(duan)還在大量(liang)析(xi)(xi)氧(yang)。而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)氧(yang)循環又不(bu)(bu)好，這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)在浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)階段(duan)也在不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)的(de)(de)排氣。

      2、一些電(dian)池制造(zao)商沒有找到好的(de)板柵合金(jin)，仍然采用低銻(ti)合金(jin)，這樣(yang)，比鉛鈣系列的(de)板柵合金(jin)析氣(qi)電(dian)位低，電(dian)池出(chu)氣(qi)量(liang)大，失水相對嚴重。

      3、增加極板(ban)和增加正極板(ban)活(huo)性物質用(yong)量以后，負極過渡不足，氧(yang)循環下降，充(chong)電(dian)過程中正極板(ban)的氧(yang)氣來不及被負極板(ban)吸收，而(er)產生失水。

      4、一(yi)些電池的開閥(fa)壓偏低，容易排氣，同(tong)時(shi)電池內部(bu)的氧(yang)分壓低，降低了氧(yang)循環(huan)能力，增(zeng)加了析(xi)氣量。

      5、由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)比(bi)重(zhong)(zhong)相對(dui)高(gao)了很多，所(suo)以(yi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)也相對(dui)嚴重(zhong)(zhong)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)以(yi)后(hou)到(dao)第(di)二天充電(dian)(dian)(dian)以(yi)前，硫(liu)酸(suan)比(bi)重(zhong)(zhong)高(gao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)明顯。這樣，更加(jia)(jia)降(jiang)低了負極板氧循環的(de)(de)能力(li)。而失(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)以(yi)后(hou)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，失(shi)(shi)去的(de)(de)主要是水(shui)(shui)，留下了硫(liu)酸(suan)的(de)(de)成分，相當于進一步提高(gao)了硫(liu)酸(suan)的(de)(de)比(bi)重(zhong)(zhong)，這樣就使電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)更加(jia)(jia)容易硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)。所(suo)以(yi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)加(jia)(jia)重(zhong)(zhong)了失(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)，失(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)又加(jia)(jia)重(zhong)(zhong)了硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)。

      為了(le)(le)(le)克服電(dian)池(chi)的失(shi)水，一些電(dian)池(chi)制造商采取了(le)(le)(le)不少措施。在板柵合金(jin)方面，一些電(dian)池(chi)制造商采用了(le)(le)(le)多種(zhong)方式，去掉了(le)(le)(le)低銻合金(jin)而(er)采用鉛(qian)鈣錫鋁合金(jin)。提高(gao)了(le)(le)(le)電(dian)池(chi)析(xi)氣電(dian)壓(ya)。同時，緩解了(le)(le)(le)鉛(qian)鈣合金(jin)的析(xi)鈣問(wen)題(ti)(ti)，克服了(le)(le)(le)鉛(qian)鈣合金(jin)的早期容量損失(shi)的意外容量下降(jiang)。同時，還要解決大電(dian)流放電(dian)特性(xing)下降(jiang)的問(wen)題(ti)(ti)。

      令人遺憾的(de)(de)(de)是，山東某電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)制(zhi)造(zao)(zao)商采用軍工(gong)技術(shu)，做出了(le)銅網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，試驗結(jie)果證明，其各項參數(shu)都非常(chang)優秀，但(dan)是，可能(neng)因(yin)為(wei)成本(ben)問題(ti)，沒有見(jian)到他們大(da)批量生產和推廣(guang)。一些電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)制(zhi)造(zao)(zao)商改(gai)(gai)進了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)塑(su)料(liao)模具(ju)的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)構尺寸，增加了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)閥(fa)壓(ya)(ya)，降(jiang)低(di)了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)開(kai)閥(fa)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)離散性，改(gai)(gai)善(shan)了(le)氧循環。最(zui)重要的(de)(de)(de)一個進步就是采用抗失(shi)水的(de)(de)(de)膠體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)結(jie)構，大(da)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)改(gai)(gai)善(shan)了(le)氧循環。同時，也出現了(le)膠體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)容(rong)易(yi)熱失(shi)控的(de)(de)(de)故(gu)障。為(wei)了(le)緩解電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)失(shi)水和熱失(shi)控，一些電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)制(zhi)造(zao)(zao)商要求充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器制(zhi)造(zao)(zao)商降(jiang)低(di)恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)值(zhi)。但(dan)是，簡單的(de)(de)(de)降(jiang)低(di)恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)值(zhi)，沒有降(jiang)低(di)恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)轉浮充的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)難免發生欠充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)累積，形成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)容(rong)量下降(jiang)。

      有創意(yi)的是一(yi)些電(dian)(dian)池制造商面臨著電(dian)(dian)池失水(shui)，采取了一(yi)些措施，在全(quan)國設立了補水(shui)站，電(dian)(dian)池也(ye)為補水(shui)改進了結(jie)構。利用(yong)修舊利舊，使平均8個月的電(dian)(dian)池壽(shou)命延(yan)長到平均13個月。

      為了改善膠體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)熱失控，最近市場上(shang)開始見到一些(xie)“半膠體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)池”，就是在灌酸的(de)后(hou)期，在電(dian)(dian)池上(shang)面再增(zeng)加膠體(ti)(ti)。這樣(yang)，相當(dang)于(yu)給普通的(de)AGM隔(ge)板電(dian)(dian)池增(zeng)加了一層彈(dan)性(xing)的(de)氣密隔(ge)離(li)，增(zeng)加了隔(ge)板之間的(de)氣體(ti)(ti)壓力(li)，改善了氧(yang)循環(huan)。同時(shi)，比膠體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)局(ju)部壓力(li)小，平均壓力(li)不小。這樣(yang)克服了局(ju)部高氣壓，緩解了氧(yang)循環(huan)產生局(ju)部高熱。

      其結果是：氧循(xun)環好于(yu)普通AGM隔板電(dian)(dian)池，熱失控低于(yu)膠體(ti)電(dian)(dian)池，而材(cai)料成本(ben)也低于(yu)膠體(ti)電(dian)(dian)池。

      二(er)、電(dian)池硫化(hua)問題

      在解(jie)剖失效電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)中(zhong)，單純硫(liu)化失效的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)不是很多，但是，幾(ji)乎所有的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)都不同程度(du)的(de)存在著硫(liu)化。一些電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在做70%的(de)1C充電(dian)(dian)和60％的(de)2C放電(dian)(dian)中(zhong)，由(you)于采用(yong)連續大電(dian)(dian)流循環，破(po)壞(huai)了電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)生(sheng)成(cheng)大硫(liu)酸鉛(qian)結(jie)晶的(de)條件，所以可能看(kan)不到硫(liu)化對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)破(po)壞(huai)。如(ru)果試驗(yan)中(zhong)途停頓，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)硫(liu)化的(de)問題就會顯現。

      由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)重(zhong)量大，一(yi)些用(yong)戶經常采取電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)經過多次(ci)使(shi)用(yong)放完(wan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)才再次(ci)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，這樣電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)以后沒有及時充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)硫(liu)(liu)化就比(bi)(bi)較(jiao)嚴重(zhong)。另外，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸比(bi)(bi)重(zhong)比(bi)(bi)較(jiao)高，也是硫(liu)(liu)化的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)因素。而電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)硫(liu)(liu)化，破(po)壞(huai)了負極(ji)板氧循環(huan)的(de)能力，形成更(geng)加(jia)(jia)容易失水。這樣，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸比(bi)(bi)重(zhong)更(geng)加(jia)(jia)高，導致更(geng)加(jia)(jia)容易硫(liu)(liu)化。

      所以，電(dian)池(chi)硫化的(de)程(cheng)度(du)可能不同，但是(shi)對電(dian)池(chi)的(de)壽命(ming)影(ying)響也是(shi)不可忽略(lve)的(de)。

      三、漏酸問題

      在(zai)電池密(mi)封和排(pai)氣(qi)閥沒有(you)(you)問題的(de)時候，也會出現漏液(ye)。很多(duo)電池在(zai)灌(guan)酸(suan)以后，電池處于富液(ye)狀態，電池沒有(you)(you)氧(yang)循(xun)環。靠電池處于開(kai)口狀態的(de)三(san)充二(er)放把多(duo)于的(de)電解液(ye)排(pai)出。硫酸(suan)比重再次提高(gao)。在(zai)蓋排(pai)氣(qi)閥的(de)時候，電解液(ye)沒有(you)(you)吸光，還(huan)存在(zai)游離(li)酸(suan)。即時把游離(li)酸(suan)吸光，電池還(huan)是(shi)處在(zai)“準貧液(ye)”狀態。

      隔(ge)板中的(de)電(dian)解液(ye)相對(dui)要(yao)多一些(xie)。而隔(ge)板中稍多的(de)電(dian)解液(ye)影響氧循環，這(zhe)樣，對(dui)新電(dian)池進(jin)行充電(dian)的(de)時候，排氣量比較(jiao)大(da)，代出(chu)的(de)硫酸比較(jiao)多。形成“漏酸”。而膠(jiao)體(ti)電(dian)池前50～100個(ge)循環，電(dian)池處(chu)于富液(ye)到貧液(ye)的(de)轉換(huan)期，排氣比較(jiao)嚴重，排氣代出(chu)膠(jiao)體(ti)微粒形成了“漏酸”。

      四(si)、正極(ji)板軟化問題

      正(zheng)極板活性(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)的(de)有(you)效(xiao)成(cheng)分(fen)是氧化(hua)鉛(qian)，氧化(hua)鉛(qian)分(fen)α－PbO2和(he)β－PbO2，其中，α－PbO2是活性(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)的(de)骨架，容量比較小；β－PbO2依附α－PbO2構(gou)成(cheng)的(de)骨架上面，其荷(he)電能力(li)比α－PbO2強(qiang)很(hen)多。

      氧化(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)放電(dian)放電(dian)以后輸出(chu)(chu)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)，充電(dian)時硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)生產氧化(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)。而充電(dian)的(de)時候，在強(qiang)酸(suan)(suan)環境中只能(neng)夠生成β－PbO2。所以電(dian)池(chi)深(shen)放電(dian)以后，一旦具有骨架作(zuo)用的(de)α－PbO2參(can)與(yu)放電(dian)生成硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)以后，就再也不(bu)能(neng)夠恢復成為α－PbO2，而充電(dian)只能(neng)生成β－PbO2。正極(ji)板(ban)(ban)軟化(hua)(hua)就出(chu)(chu)現了。正極(ji)板(ban)(ban)一旦出(chu)(chu)現軟化(hua)(hua)，起到支持(chi)作(zuo)用的(de)多孔結構被(bei)破(po)壞了，正極(ji)板(ban)(ban)的(de)多孔被(bei)電(dian)池(chi)極(ji)板(ban)(ban)的(de)壓力(li)壓實了，就降低(di)了參(can)與(yu)反應的(de)真實面積(ji)，電(dian)池(chi)容(rong)量就下(xia)降了。

      這(zhe)樣，防止過放(fang)(fang)電(dian)就是控制(zhi)正(zheng)極板軟化的(de)重要(yao)措施(shi)。而這(zhe)個靠的(de)是控制(zhi)器(qi)的(de)欠(qian)壓(ya)保護。如(ru)果欠(qian)壓(ya)保護電(dian)壓(ya)過低，電(dian)池就會出現過放(fang)(fang)電(dian)，一些α－PbO2參與放(fang)(fang)電(dian)，就會出現正(zheng)極板軟化。

      放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)時候，如果連續放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)，深層的(de)β－PbO2來不(bu)及參(can)與(yu)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)反(fan)應，外層的(de)α－PbO2就要參(can)與(yu)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)反(fan)應，這樣，也會形成(cheng)正極(ji)板軟化。所以(yi)控制器中的(de)限流(liu)(liu)參(can)數(shu)也浮充重要。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)摩的(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)相(xiang)對(dui)比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)，差不(bu)多在1C左右放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，加(jia)上放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深度(du)相(xiang)對(dui)比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)深，所以(yi)非常容易產生正極(ji)板軟化。

      每次放(fang)電，或(huo)(huo)多或(huo)(huo)少(shao)的(de)總要有一(yi)(yi)點點α－PbO2參與反應。所(suo)以，一(yi)(yi)個正常使用的(de)電池，在不失水也不硫(liu)化，也沒有過放(fang)電的(de)情況下，電池的(de)壽命就取決于正極板軟(ruan)化。

      五(wu)、電池均衡(heng)問題

      電(dian)(dian)池(chi)不(bu)均衡主(zhu)要有2中(zhong)表現形式，其一(yi)是(shi)某單只電(dian)(dian)池(chi)容(rong)量(liang)低(di)，其二(er)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)荷電(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)低(di)。第二(er)種情(qing)況是(shi)說該電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)容(rong)量(liang)并不(bu)抵，但是(shi)該電(dian)(dian)池(chi)沒(mei)有充滿電(dian)(dian)。

      第一種(zhong)情(qing)況是該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)時候，提前(qian)反應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)下降(jiang)的(de)快(kuai)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)時候電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)上升也快(kuai)。第二種(zhong)情(qing)況是充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)都低。

      其縮(suo)短電池壽命的(de)原因如(ru)下(xia)：

      1、充電(dian)(dian)時電(dian)(dian)壓高的(de)電(dian)(dian)池會(hui)增(zeng)加失水，電(dian)(dian)壓低的(de)電(dian)(dian)池會(hui)欠(qian)充電(dian)(dian)；

      2、放電(dian)(dian)的時(shi)候(hou)，電(dian)(dian)壓低(di)的會(hui)出現過放電(dian)(dian)，形成電(dian)(dian)池正(zheng)極(ji)板軟化(hua)。

      這樣(yang)，容量低(di)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池在每(mei)次(ci)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)時候放電(dian)(dian)(dian)深度比其他電(dian)(dian)(dian)池深度深，所以正極板(ban)軟(ruan)化的(de)快。二充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)高(gao)的(de)失水，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)低(di)的(de)欠充電(dian)(dian)(dian)。如(ru)果一(yi)只電(dian)(dian)(dian)池荷(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)少(shao)，就存在充電(dian)(dian)(dian)少(shao)，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)深的(de)問題(ti)。這樣(yang)該電(dian)(dian)(dian)池就會(hui)同(tong)時產生正極板(ban)軟(ruan)化荷(he)硫化的(de)問題(ti)。

      產生電池不(bu)均衡的原因如下：

      1、對串連電池組(zu)的(de)組(zu)配(pei)不(bu)好(hao)，存在著容量差(cha)(cha)和(he)開路(lu)電壓差(cha)(cha)，這是原始就有誤差(cha)(cha)的(de)問(wen)題；

      2、電池(chi)開閥壓有差(cha)別，失水(shui)不同，形成后天電池(chi)的容量差(cha)；

      3、電(dian)(dian)池的自放電(dian)(dian)不同，逐步形成荷電(dian)(dian)容量的差(cha)異；

      4、失水不同，形(xing)成電池實(shi)際的(de)硫酸比重不同，形(xing)成開(kai)路電壓(ya)差；

      5、電池壽命差，在后期反應一只電池容量下(xia)降，影響其他電池的(de)正常狀態(tai)。

      要改(gai)進電池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)不均衡問題(ti)，首先就要改(gai)善電池(chi)在(zai)制(zhi)造(zao)期間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)工藝一致性(xing)問題(ti)。這也是國內多數電池(chi)制(zhi)造(zao)商的(de)(de)(de)主要問題(ti)。例如，最好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)電池(chi)制(zhi)造(zao)商的(de)(de)(de)板柵是采(cai)用(yong)壓鑄(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)，而國內相當多的(de)(de)(de)電池(chi)制(zhi)造(zao)商連鑄(zhu)(zhu)板機都(dou)沒有(you)，還(huan)是手工澆鑄(zhu)(zhu)。

      六(liu)、是熱失(shi)控

      密封電池的(de)(de)最基本原(yuan)理之一就是正極(ji)板(ban)析氧以后(hou)，氧氣直(zhi)接到負(fu)極(ji)板(ban)，被負(fu)極(ji)板(ban)吸收而還原(yuan)為(wei)水(shui)，考核電池這(zhe)(zhe)個技術指標(biao)的(de)(de)參數叫(jiao)做“密封反應效率”，這(zhe)(zhe)種現象叫(jiao)做“氧循環”。這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)，電池的(de)(de)失水(shui)很少，實現了“免維護”，就是免加(jia)水(shui)。為(wei)此，都要求(qiu)負(fu)極(ji)板(ban)容(rong)量做的(de)(de)比正極(ji)板(ban)容(rong)量大一些，叫(jiao)做負(fu)極(ji)過(guo)渡。

      電(dian)(dian)池在充(chong)(chong)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)量達到70％以后(hou)，電(dian)(dian)池的極(ji)化電(dian)(dian)壓相對比較高(gao)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)的副反(fan)應開始逐(zhu)步(bu)增加。電(dian)(dian)解水開始了。

      在充(chong)電(dian)的(de)單格電(dian)壓達到2.35V以后(hou)，首先正(zheng)極(ji)板析(xi)(xi)氧，在達到2.42V以后(hou)，負(fu)極(ji)板開(kai)始(shi)析(xi)(xi)氫(qing)。這時候充(chong)電(dian)的(de)電(dian)能(neng)轉變為(wei)化學能(neng)減少，轉變為(wei)電(dian)解水(shui)的(de)能(neng)量(liang)增加(jia)。充(chong)電(dian)過(guo)程的(de)是否(fou)析(xi)(xi)氣(qi)取決(jue)于(yu)充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)壓，析(xi)(xi)氣(qi)量(liang)取決(jue)于(yu)達到析(xi)(xi)氣(qi)電(dian)壓以后(hou)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流。

      所以，在(zai)充(chong)電(dian)過程(cheng)中，充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)壓在(zai)進入恒(heng)壓以后(hou)，電(dian)壓開(kai)始(shi)接近于(yu)最高(gao)，充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流也保持限流值。這時候(hou)析(xi)(xi)氣量(liang)最大(da)。在(zai)進入恒(heng)壓以后(hou)，充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流應(ying)(ying)該(gai)逐步下(xia)降(jiang)，析(xi)(xi)氣量(liang)也應(ying)(ying)該(gai)逐步下(xia)降(jiang)。

      充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)本身是(shi)放熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)反(fan)(fan)應，一(yi)(yi)般電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)設計(ji)是(shi)可以控制溫(wen)升(sheng)的。在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)大量析氣以后，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)氣在(zai)負極(ji)板復(fu)合為水(shui)，發(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)量遠(yuan)遠(yuan)大于充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)的發(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)。密封(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)希(xi)望(wang)負極(ji)板具(ju)有良好(hao)的氧(yang)(yang)(yang)循(xun)(xun)環能力，但是(shi)，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)循(xun)(xun)環也(ye)會產生發(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)。所以，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)循(xun)(xun)環是(shi)一(yi)(yi)把雙刃劍(jian)，好(hao)處(chu)是(shi)減(jian)少了(le)水(shui)損(sun)失(shi)，壞處(chu)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)會發(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)。如果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)發(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)，在(zai)恒(heng)壓充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的條件下(xia)，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)循(xun)(xun)環電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流也(ye)參與了(le)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，所以充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流下(xia)降速率(lv)下(xia)降。而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)發(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)，會引起充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流下(xia)降速率(lv)降低(di)，甚至會引起電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流反(fan)(fan)升(sheng)。而(er)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)發(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)的作用(yong)下(xia)，一(yi)(yi)旦(dan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流反(fan)(fan)升(sheng)，又增加了(le)發(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)。這樣，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流一(yi)(yi)直會上升(sheng)到限流值。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)發(fa)(fa)高(gao)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)，并且積累(lei)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)，一(yi)(yi)直到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)外殼發(fa)(fa)生熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)軟化變(bian)形(xing)。而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)變(bian)形(xing)時(shi)，內部(bu)氣壓高(gao)，所以呈現(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)時(shi)鼓脹的。這就是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)失(shi)控而(er)損(sun)壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)一(yi)(yi)旦(dan)出現(xian)嚴重(zhong)鼓脹，漏酸和漏氣的問(wen)題也(ye)出現(xian)了(le)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)會出現(xian)急性(xing)失(shi)效。

      誘(you)發電(dian)池(chi)鼓脹的(de)原因有很(hen)多。如果充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)壓(ya)高(gao)，析氣量大，會(hui)產生(sheng)熱(re)失控。如果某一(yi)組(zu)電(dian)池(chi)或(huo)者某一(yi)個單格電(dian)池(chi)發生(sheng)嚴重(zhong)落后，而(er)充(chong)電(dian)的(de)恒壓(ya)值不變，其他的(de)單格電(dian)池(chi)也(ye)會(hui)出現充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)壓(ya)相對過高(gao)，也(ye)會(hui)產生(sheng)熱(re)失控問題。

      七、電池異常故障

      為了(le)增加電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)容(rong)量，目前電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行車(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)隔(ge)板(ban)相(xiang)對比其他電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)隔(ge)板(ban)薄一些，負極板(ban)的(de)(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛結晶長大，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以后(hou)(hou)出現(xian)(xian)少量硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛遺留(liu)在(zai)隔(ge)板(ban)中(zhong)(zhong)，遺留(liu)在(zai)隔(ge)板(ban)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛一旦被還(huan)原稱為鉛，積累多了(le)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)就會(hui)(hui)出現(xian)(xian)微(wei)短(duan)路。這(zhe)種現(xian)(xian)象叫(jiao)做“鉛枝(zhi)搭橋”。產(chan)生(sheng)這(zhe)種微(wei)短(duan)路，輕的(de)(de)產(chan)生(sheng)該單(dan)格電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓落后(hou)(hou)，嚴重的(de)(de)時候(hou)會(hui)(hui)出現(xian)(xian)單(dan)格短(duan)路。這(zhe)種現(xian)(xian)象不僅僅出現(xian)(xian)在(zai)膠體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)中(zhong)(zhong)，在(zai)普通的(de)(de)AGM電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)中(zhong)(zhong)也會(hui)(hui)出現(xian)(xian)。一旦出現(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)單(dan)格嚴重落后(hou)(hou)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)還(huan)很(hen)容(rong)易出現(xian)(xian)熱失(shi)控現(xian)(xian)象。

      還(huan)有(you)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)極(ji)群(qun)組(zu)(zu)(zu)裝(zhuang)虛(xu)(xu)焊(han)(han)問題(ti)。容易(yi)產生虛(xu)(xu)焊(han)(han)的(de)地方是(shi)(shi)極(ji)板。而(er)(er)每個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)單格有(you)15片極(ji)板，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)15個焊(han)(han)點(dian)，一(yi)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)有(you)6個單格，就(jiu)有(you)90個焊(han)(han)點(dian)，一(yi)組(zu)(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)由4個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)(zu)成(cheng)，就(jiu)要360個焊(han)(han)點(dian)。如(ru)果一(yi)個焊(han)(han)點(dian)存(cun)在虛(xu)(xu)焊(han)(han)，該單格容量就(jiu)下降，進(jin)而(er)(er)該單格形成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)落后，形成(cheng)整個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)都落后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)就(jiu)會(hui)形成(cheng)嚴重的(de)不均(jun)衡。就(jiu)會(hui)使改(gai)組(zu)(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)提(ti)前失(shi)效(xiao)。如(ru)果虛(xu)(xu)焊(han)(han)率達到萬分之(zhi)一(yi)，平均(jun)每37組(zu)(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)就(jiu)有(you)一(yi)組(zu)(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)存(cun)在這虛(xu)(xu)焊(han)(han)，這是(shi)(shi)絕對(dui)不能夠允許的(de)。而(er)(er)鉛鈣(gai)合(he)金(jin)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，在焊(han)(han)接的(de)時候會(hui)析出鈣(gai)而(er)(er)掩蓋虛(xu)(xu)焊(han)(han)問題(ti)，這樣，很多電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)制造商寧(ning)愿還(huan)采(cai)用低銻合(he)金(jin)的(de)板柵而(er)(er)沒有(you)采(cai)用簡單的(de)鉛鈣(gai)合(he)金(jin)。