電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)質量(liang)(liang)問題固然對UPS至關重要，但充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)質量(liang)(liang)在(zai)很大程度上(shang)(shang)影(ying)響著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)質量(liang)(liang)，其原因在(zai)前面已(yi)經提及。尤(you)其是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)精度一定要保證(zheng)(zheng)，因為(wei)浮(fu)(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)過高或(huo)過低(di)都(dou)(dou)會(hui)影(ying)響電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)壽命，圖1表示(shi)的(de)是(shi)(shi)MSE電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)與壽命的(de)關系，該(gai)實驗是(shi)(shi)在(zai)40oC的(de)條件下加速進行的(de)。由(you)此曲線(xian)可以看出，在(zai)這(zhe)里(li)的(de)浮(fu)(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)推薦值是(shi)(shi)2.25V/cell，高于(yu)這(zhe)個值或(huo)低(di)于(yu)這(zhe)個值都(dou)(dou)會(hui)縮(suo)短電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)壽命。比如(ru)浮(fu)(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)是(shi)(shi)2.225V/cell時(shi)，壽命將縮(suo)短5%，而浮(fu)(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)上(shang)(shang)升到2.4V/cell時(shi)，壽命就(jiu)縮(suo)短了(le)40%。由(you)此可見，維持精確的(de)浮(fu)(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)值是(shi)(shi)如(ru)何重要。但為(wei)了(le)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)長期使用后還能保證(zheng)(zheng)各電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)平衡(heng)，采用的(de)措施是(shi)(shi)均衡(heng)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，而均衡(heng)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)也大都(dou)(dou)是(shi)(shi)2.4V/cell，這(zhe)就(jiu)和(he)上(shang)(shang)面的(de)曲線(xian)發生(sheng)了(le)矛盾，實際上(shang)(shang)事情就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)這(zhe)樣，有得就(jiu)有失，所(suo)以電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在(zai)均衡(heng)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)一定要控制(zhi)好時(shi)間，以盡量(liang)(liang)延長電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)服務壽命。

　　圖1 MSE電池的充電電壓與壽命的關系（40oC加速實驗）

1.恒壓充電

　　所謂恒壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)就是用一穩壓(ya)源(yuan)給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，這種(zhong)方法簡單易行(xing)(xing)，也能夠保(bao)證(zheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)精確浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。但(dan)若在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)深(shen)度放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，由(you)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)內(nei)阻相對而言(yan)仍然很低(di)，就會(hui)有很大(da)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流使化(hua)學反應劇(ju)烈地進行(xing)(xing)，從而產生大(da)量的(de)(de)氣體(ti)，由(you)于(yu)還原(yuan)反應來不(bu)及進行(xing)(xing)，使殼(ke)內(nei)氣壓(ya)迅(xun)速(su)(su)增加，沖開排氣閥將氣體(ti)逸(yi)出，加速(su)(su)了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液的(de)(de)干涸，縮短(duan)了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)壽命；若排氣閥因(yin)故障而無法打(da)開，就會(hui)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)外殼(ke)鼓脹或破裂(lie)。隨著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)升高(gao)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流逐漸減小，其減小的(de)(de)規律是：

 　　                                             （1）

式中   ICH――電(dian)池的充電(dian)電(dian)流，A；

       E――充電器的輸出(chu)電壓，V；

       UGB――電池電壓，V；

       RGB――電池的內阻，Ω。

　　上式(shi)中(zhong)有(you)三個變(bian)(bian)量ICH、UGB、RGB，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流ICH隨著(zhu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)進行(xing)(xing)而(er)減小，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)壓UGB隨著(zhu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)進行(xing)(xing)而(er)升(sheng)高(gao)，而(er)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)內(nei)阻RGB隨著(zhu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)進行(xing)(xing)而(er)減小。這就(jiu)決定了充(chong)電(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)非線性。尤(you)其是在接近浮充(chong)電(dian)(dian)壓值(zhi)時，使充(chong)電(dian)(dian)變(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)非常緩慢(man)，從理論上講，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)到額定浮充(chong)值(zhi)的(de)(de)時間(jian)是無窮大。

　　這(zhe)種充電方式在早期的小容量(liang)UPS中曾一度使(shi)用過，因出(chu)現了(le)好多故障，目(mu)前一般不用了(le)。{{分頁}}

2.恒流充電

　　恒流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)好處(chu)在(zai)于：一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)可(ke)以限制充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，避免了由(you)于上述的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)劇烈反(fan)應而導致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)副作用(yong)；另(ling)一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)，可(ke)使充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直線進(jin)行(xing)，加(jia)快了充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)速度，也(ye)(ye)(ye)可(ke)避免接近(jin)(jin)浮充(chong)(chong)值(zhi)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)于緩慢的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程。這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)方(fang)法也(ye)(ye)(ye)有(you)不足之(zhi)處(chu)，因為隨著充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)行(xing)，未(wei)經反(fan)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)質會(hui)越來(lai)越少，如果仍(reng)用(yong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)初期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)注入，由(you)于反(fan)應物(wu)質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)缺乏就會(hui)用(yong)水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解來(lai)填補，這(zhe)(zhe)又會(hui)導致水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)離物(wu)氫(qing)和(he)氧的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)快速蒸發，從而也(ye)(ye)(ye)縮短(duan)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)服務壽命。因此(ci)也(ye)(ye)(ye)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)出(chu)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)浮充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)到(dao)“一(yi)定值(zhi)”時(shi)將充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)減半。就是(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)個“一(yi)定值(zhi)”也(ye)(ye)(ye)很難掌握(wo)(wo)，尤其是(shi)接近(jin)(jin)額定浮充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓值(zhi)時(shi)，如果仍(reng)用(yong)這(zhe)(zhe)個即使是(shi)減了半的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)強行(xing)灌入，也(ye)(ye)(ye)會(hui)加(jia)快電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)程，縮短(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壽命。因此(ci)這(zhe)(zhe)個界限也(ye)(ye)(ye)難于劃分和(he)掌握(wo)(wo)。此(ci)種(zhong)方(fang)法有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)在(zai)均(jun)衡充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)中使用(yong)。

3.恒流恒壓充電

　　鑒于(yu)(yu)上述(shu)兩(liang)種充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)的(de)(de)優點和不足，于(yu)(yu)是就推出了(le)將(jiang)二者優點集(ji)合(he)與(yu)一(yi)體的(de)(de)所(suo)謂(wei)恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)，實際上是限(xian)流(liu)(liu)恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)。在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)初期由于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)有可(ke)能(neng)非常大，所(suo)以(yi)這時的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路將(jiang)該電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)限(xian)制在一(yi)個(ge)規定值(zhi)，使(shi)之能(neng)最大限(xian)度地保證既能(neng)快速充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，又能(neng)保證充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)的(de)(de)安全(quan)。這一(yi)段的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)幾乎是線性(xing)的(de)(de)，隨著充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)的(de)(de)進行，大約充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)至80%～90%電(dian)(dian)(dian)池容量時，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)開始小于(yu)(yu)限(xian)流(liu)(liu)值(zhi)，其電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)變化(hua)開始遵從式(shi)(1)。目前UPS中的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)大都采用(yong)這種方式(shi)。

4.充電電路

　　(1)概述  UPS中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)不外乎兩種：降(jiang)(jiang)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)和升壓(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)一些(xie)小容量(liang)UPS中(zhong)，由(you)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)比(bi)較低，故多用降(jiang)(jiang)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)，比(bi)如Smart、Matrix和Symmetra等系(xi)列UPS中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)最高也就是120V，浮充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)也小于140V，由(you)單相(xiang)220V交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)足可以得到此(ci)值；為了(le)提高充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)效率和降(jiang)(jiang)低功耗，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)多采用稱為Buck電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)高頻PWM方(fang)案，這在(zai)(zai)(zai)前面已有介紹。在(zai)(zai)(zai)中(zhong)大容量(liang)的(de)UPS系(xi)統中(zhong)，輸入多是三相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，又由(you)于輸入整流器(qi)采用了(le)相(xiang)控的(de)晶閘管(guan)方(fang)案，本身的(de)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)穩定度已達(da)到了(le)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)要求，故電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功能統一由(you)整流器(qi)負擔，這也是一個降(jiang)(jiang)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)。

　　只有一部分小容量UPS采(cai)用(yong)了高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)，比(bi)如單(dan)相220V輸入的(de)(de)Imel 7.5kVA UPS就采(cai)用(yong)了384V的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，遠(yuan)遠(yuan)超過了220V交流電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)幅值310V，因此(ci)不提(ti)高電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)就無法滿足電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)要(yao)求。所以機器中(zhong)就采(cai)用(yong)了稱為Boost的(de)(de)升壓(ya)PWM電(dian)(dian)路。

　　一般UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)后(hou)備時間大都(dou)在10min左右(you)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)(de)設計也與此(ci)對應。如(ru)遇有長延(yan)時的(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)，雖然(ran)增加了(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池可以滿足其放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)力(li)，但充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)速度就遠達不到(dao)目的(de)(de)(de)了(le)(le)。比如(ru)一般UPS內含10min電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池時，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)重新(xin)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)時間為10～12h。當有的(de)(de)(de)用(yong)戶提(ti)出了(le)(le)8h要求(qiu)時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池容量增加到(dao)原來的(de)(de)(de)48倍！若充(chong)足如(ru)此(ci)大的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池顯然(ran)不能(neng)靠UPS的(de)(de)(de)內部(bu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器了(le)(le)。于是(shi)就提(ti)出了(le)(le)外加充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)。

　　(2)UPS外(wai)(wai)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)配(pei)置(zhi)原則  UPS外(wai)(wai)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)配(pei)置(zhi)原則首先是(shi)要和UPS隔(ge)(ge)(ge)離(li)，其(qi)次(ci)才是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁兼容指標要和UPS相(xiang)適應(ying)。以往市場上的(de)(de)(de)(de)商品充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器雖然也考(kao)慮了(le)(le)(le)(le)隔(ge)(ge)(ge)離(li)問題，并(bing)且也采(cai)取了(le)(le)(le)(le)措施(shi)，但(dan)(dan)由(you)于措施(shi)不(bu)利，也不(bu)乏導致(zhi)UPS故(gu)障(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)例(li)子。圖(tu)2就(jiu)是(shi)一(yi)般(ban)外(wai)(wai)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器隔(ge)(ge)(ge)離(li)措施(shi)圖(tu)，實際上所謂的(de)(de)(de)(de)隔(ge)(ge)(ge)離(li)措施(shi)就(jiu)是(shi)一(yi)只(zhi)二極(ji)(ji)管。GB1是(shi)UPS內部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)，GB2是(shi)外(wai)(wai)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)長延時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)，而(er)(er)往往由(you)于外(wai)(wai)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)容量遠大于內部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)，一(yi)般(ban)將GB1省(sheng)掉(diao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)，無論是(shi)省(sheng)掉(diao)還是(shi)不(bu)省(sheng)掉(diao)，都有一(yi)個(ge)不(bu)變的(de)(de)(de)(de)事實，即UPS內部(bu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器和外(wai)(wai)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)接(jie)并(bing)聯。為了(le)(le)(le)(le)隔(ge)(ge)(ge)離(li)相(xiang)互間的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)，多數外(wai)(wai)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器多在(zai)其(qi)輸出正端串聯了(le)(le)(le)(le)一(yi)只(zhi)正向二極(ji)(ji)管D。這樣(yang)做的(de)(de)(de)(de)結果(guo)是(shi)隔(ge)(ge)(ge)離(li)了(le)(le)(le)(le)UPS對(dui)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)，保證(zheng)了(le)(le)(le)(le)它(ta)不(bu)受其(qi)干擾，但(dan)(dan)沒有消除(chu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器對(dui)UPS的(de)(de)(de)(de)干擾。而(er)(er)且最關(guan)鍵的(de)(de)(de)(de)就(jiu)是(shi)怕(pa)外(wai)(wai)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器對(dui)UPS的(de)(de)(de)(de)干擾。當外(wai)(wai)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)因失控而(er)(er)突然增高時，它(ta)就(jiu)會通過二極(ji)(ji)管去干擾UPS，如果(guo)該外(wai)(wai)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)是(shi)由(you)市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直(zhi)接(jie)整流(liu)后通過開(kai)關(guan)管斬波(bo)(PWM)而(er)(er)來(lai)，這就(jiu)將市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直(zhi)接(jie)接(jie)入UPS直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)，就(jiu)會導致(zhi)故(gu)障(zhang)。當然，此(ci)類(lei)故(gu)障(zhang)不(bu)會多見，但(dan)(dan)導致(zhi)UPS冒(mao)煙的(de)(de)(de)(de)例(li)子已經有過。這種明顯存在(zai)隱患的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)一(yi)定要謹用。

　　圖2 一般外加充(chong)電器隔離措施圖

　　為了完全隔離相(xiang)互(hu)間的干擾，圖3的外加充(chong)電(dian)器完全隔離方案是可取(qu)的，并(bing)在長(chang)期的實(shi)踐運(yun)行中得到(dao)了證明，既安全又可靠(kao)。{{分頁}}

　　圖(tu)3 外加充電器完全隔離方案原(yuan)理圖(tu)

　　①外加(jia)充(chong)電器完(wan)全隔離方案(an)設計思(si)想(xiang)：

　　a.充分保證(zheng)UPS電(dian)路的完整性，即該(gai)方案(an)不(bu)動UPS的一點一線(xian)，不(bu)從UPS機內引(yin)出(chu)任何附加的信號線(xian)。按(an)照UPS正常的要求，只從UPS的輸(shu)出(chu)接線(xian)端子做正常連接。

　　b.在外加(jia)充(chong)電器(qi)與(yu)UPS電池(chi)之間加(jia)接(jie)(jie)一個簡單的三端雙向互投機(ji)構，如圖3所(suo)示，用(yong)一個中(zhong)間繼電器(qi)J（或(huo)接(jie)(jie)觸器(qi)甚(shen)至雙投手動開關），將該(gai)機(ji)構的中(zhong)間臂3接(jie)(jie)外加(jia)電池(chi)組GB2的正極，繼電器(qi)線包J跨接(jie)(jie)在UPS市電輸入線上。

　　c.當市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)正(zheng)常(chang)(chang)(chang)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，由(you)于繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)線包J被激勵(li)而將(jiang)觸(chu)點(dian)臂(bei)3由(you)常(chang)(chang)(chang)閉觸(chu)點(dian)1打(da)向2，此(ci)時正(zheng)好是外加充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)正(zheng)常(chang)(chang)(chang)輸出充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時期，GB2被正(zheng)常(chang)(chang)(chang)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。可(ke)以看出，此(ci)時UPS和外加充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)是完全隔(ge)離的(de)，并且UPS的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)僅(jin)僅(jin)給(gei)自己的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)GB1充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，保證了(le)其(qi)原有的(de)一(yi)切充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功能。

　　d.當(dang)市電(dian)(dian)斷電(dian)(dian)時，繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)器線包J被釋放，中間臂3由(you)2回到1，將外加電(dian)(dian)池組(zu)GB2并(bing)(bing)聯在GB1上，形成了純電(dian)(dian)池組(zu)的(de)并(bing)(bing)聯，也就(jiu)達到了大容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)池長延(yan)時放電(dian)(dian)的(de)目的(de)。

　　e.市電(dian)(dian)(dian)恢(hui)復時(shi)，繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)又回到“3-2”狀態。這里(li)可(ke)能(neng)有(you)這樣一個問題(ti)：市電(dian)(dian)(dian)恢(hui)復時(shi)，由(you)于繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)動作存在惰性，有(you)可(ke)能(neng)外加電(dian)(dian)(dian)池組GB2不(bu)能(neng)及(ji)時(shi)斷開，將會(hui)(hui)造(zao)成(cheng)UPS內部充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)同時(shi)為(wei)兩組電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的局面，會(hui)(hui)不(bu)會(hui)(hui)因充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流太大(da)而導致故障呢？回答是(shi)否定的。因為(wei)所有(you)在線式UPS的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)都是(shi)限流溫壓式的，所以不(bu)會(hui)(hui)過流。

　　上面只是給出了一個原理(li)方案，實際(ji)結構還要復(fu)雜一些。不過，用這個原理(li)進行隔離已經足夠了。

　　關于(yu)(yu)外加(jia)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)兼容(rong)問題(ti)也不可忽視，由(you)于(yu)(yu)現代UPS的(de)(de)(de)用戶大(da)都(dou)集(ji)通信(xin)和(he)大(da)量的(de)(de)(de)數據傳輸為(wei)一體，尤其牽涉到無(wu)(wu)線通信(xin)，就(jiu)更要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)不能對用電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)有(you)任(ren)何干擾。因此(ci)，一般UPS系統(tong)都(dou)要(yao)(yao)通過一定的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)兼容(rong)標準(zhun)，如EN50091-2等(deng)。然(ran)而一般市(shi)面上的(de)(de)(de)外加(jia)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)很(hen)少注意到這些(xie)問題(ti)，恰恰PWM開關電(dian)(dian)(dian)源就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)無(wu)(wu)線通信(xin)的(de)(de)(de)敏(min)感干擾源，因此(ci)不得不向(xiang)其提(ti)出相應的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)。有(you)時為(wei)了安(an)全起(qi)見，采用原(yuan)理上的(de)(de)(de)無(wu)(wu)干擾電(dian)(dian)(dian)路是(shi)(shi)必要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)。圖4表示的(de)(de)(de)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)這樣一種無(wu)(wu)干擾充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路原(yuan)理圖，這是(shi)(shi)一個典型的(de)(de)(de)具有(you)限(xian)流(liu)穩壓功能的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)。

　　圖4 無干擾充電器電路原理圖{{分頁}}

　　②無干(gan)擾充電(dian)器(qi)電(dian)路特點：

　　a.電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)結(jie)構簡單、成熟、可靠(kao)。主回路(lu)(lu)只有電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)和普(pu)通(tong)整流器(qi)，這種傳(chuan)統(tong)器(qi)件(jian)的制(zhi)(zhi)造歷(li)史很長，已達到(dao)很高的可靠(kao)性(xing)指標；輔助充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)也是歷(li)史很長的、性(xing)能指標非常好的傳(chuan)統(tong)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)，輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)壓精度很容易(yi)做到(dao)1%，輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)壓紋波做到(dao)<5mV則輕(qing)而易(yi)舉；測量與控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)都(dou)是由傳(chuan)統(tong)的比較(jiao)器(qi)、運算放大器(qi)之類的組件(jian)構成，可靠(kao)性(xing)當然(ran)更無問題；執行器(qi)件(jian)是一只繼電(dian)(dian)器(qi)，一般觸點的動(dong)作次(ci)數都(dou)在106次(ci)以上。

　　b.電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路工作(zuo)原理(li)簡單、實用(yong)。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)兩個主要功能就(jiu)是限(xian)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)穩壓(ya)浮充(chong)。該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中的(de)限(xian)流(liu)(liu)是靠(kao)一只電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)來完成的(de)，既無電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)傳感器(qi)(qi)又無反饋控制機(ji)構(gou)，僅僅靠(kao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)本身的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)自調整(zheng)就(jiu)實現(xian)了限(xian)流(liu)(liu)功能；大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)高精度(du)浮充(chong)溫壓(ya)分(fen)別進(jin)行，就(jiu)大(da)大(da)簡化了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路，指(zhi)標(biao)(biao)也容(rong)易(yi)做得好；用(yong)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)做主充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路和(he)輔(fu)助充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)（線性穩壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)）的(de)切(qie)換(huan)機(ji)構(gou)而不考慮(lv)0切(qie)換(huan)，這(zhe)正(zheng)是利(li)用(yong)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路對該指(zhi)標(biao)(biao)不加考慮(lv)的(de)特點。

　　c.整(zheng)個電(dian)路(lu)的(de)工(gong)作狀(zhuang)態都是線性的(de)，無產(chan)生高頻(pin)干(gan)擾(rao)的(de)機構和過程(cheng)。主回路(lu)的(de)電(dian)容器和普通整(zheng)流(liu)器都自然地工(gong)作于50Hz，線性穩壓器從小信號(hao)到大信號(hao)都是典型的(de)線性工(gong)作狀(zhuang)態，測量與控制電(dian)路(lu)也僅(jin)僅(jin)是對直流(liu)電(dian)平(ping)的(de)線性轉換。

　　因(yin)此(ci)，整(zheng)個電(dian)路從原理上就杜(du)絕(jue)了高(gao)頻干擾(rao)的(de)發生。不(bu)過這種電(dian)路比同(tong)容量的(de)PWM充電(dian)器體積要大一些。因(yin)此(ci)，在那(nei)些對干擾(rao)指標要求不(bu)太(tai)嚴格的(de)地方，PWM充電(dian)器還是得到了廣(guang)泛的(de)應用。

　　(3)雙電池組充電器：

　　①升壓(ya)(ya)(ya)（Boost）充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路。單(dan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子器(qi)件的(de)(de)發展促進了(le)UPS技術的(de)(de)發展，近年來高(gao)頻機UPS的(de)(de)出現(xian)，使該(gai)類(lei)產品(pin)的(de)(de)逆變(bian)器(qi)輸出省去(qu)了(le)笨(ben)重的(de)(de)隔(ge)離變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)，同(tong)時將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)由一(yi)(yi)組(zu)增加到兩(liang)(liang)(liang)組(zu)，但容量(liang)不變(bian)，比如原來用一(yi)(yi)組(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)時是100Ah，而現(xian)在變(bian)成了(le)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)組(zu)50Ah。如圖(tu)5所示(shi)的(de)(de)GB1和GB2。兩(liang)(liang)(liang)組(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)串聯(lian)連(lian)接，每組(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)標(biao)稱電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)一(yi)(yi)般為(wei)384V，兩(liang)(liang)(liang)組(zu)串聯(lian)總(zong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)768V，若按照2.25V/單(dan)元的(de)(de)標(biao)準充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，兩(liang)(liang)(liang)組(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)浮充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)就需：