電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)問題固(gu)然(ran)對UPS至關重(zhong)要，但充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)在很大程度上(shang)影響(xiang)著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)，其原(yuan)因在前面已經提及。尤其是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)精(jing)度一定(ding)要保證，因為(wei)(wei)浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)過高或過低都會(hui)影響(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)壽命(ming)(ming)，圖1表示的(de)(de)是(shi)MSE電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓與壽命(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)關系，該實(shi)驗是(shi)在40oC的(de)(de)條件(jian)下加速(su)進行的(de)(de)。由此曲(qu)線可以看出，在這(zhe)里的(de)(de)浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓推薦值(zhi)是(shi)2.25V/cell，高于這(zhe)個(ge)值(zhi)或低于這(zhe)個(ge)值(zhi)都會(hui)縮(suo)短(duan)(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)壽命(ming)(ming)。比如(ru)浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓是(shi)2.225V/cell時(shi)，壽命(ming)(ming)將縮(suo)短(duan)(duan)5%，而(er)浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓上(shang)升到2.4V/cell時(shi)，壽命(ming)(ming)就(jiu)(jiu)縮(suo)短(duan)(duan)了40%。由此可見，維(wei)持精(jing)確的(de)(de)浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓值(zhi)是(shi)如(ru)何(he)重(zhong)要。但為(wei)(wei)了使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)長期(qi)使用后還能(neng)保證各電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)平衡(heng)，采用的(de)(de)措(cuo)施是(shi)均衡(heng)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，而(er)均衡(heng)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓也大都是(shi)2.4V/cell，這(zhe)就(jiu)(jiu)和上(shang)面的(de)(de)曲(qu)線發生了矛盾，實(shi)際上(shang)事情就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)這(zhe)樣，有得就(jiu)(jiu)有失，所以電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在均衡(heng)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)一定(ding)要控(kong)制好時(shi)間，以盡量(liang)(liang)延(yan)長電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)服務壽命(ming)(ming)。

　　圖1 MSE電(dian)池的充電(dian)電(dian)壓與(yu)壽命(ming)的關系（40oC加速實驗(yan)）

1.恒壓充電

　　所謂恒壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)就是用一穩(wen)壓(ya)(ya)源(yuan)給電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，這(zhe)種方法簡單(dan)易行(xing)(xing)，也能夠保證(zheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)精確浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。但若在電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)深(shen)度放電(dian)(dian)(dian)后充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時，由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)內阻相對而言仍然很低，就會有很大(da)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流使(shi)化學反應劇烈地(di)進行(xing)(xing)，從(cong)而產生大(da)量的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)體，由于還原反應來不及進行(xing)(xing)，使(shi)殼內氣(qi)(qi)壓(ya)(ya)迅速(su)增(zeng)加(jia)，沖開(kai)排(pai)氣(qi)(qi)閥將氣(qi)(qi)體逸出，加(jia)速(su)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液的(de)(de)干涸(he)，縮短了電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)壽命；若排(pai)氣(qi)(qi)閥因故障而無法打開(kai)，就會使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)外(wai)殼鼓脹(zhang)或破裂(lie)。隨著電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)升高(gao)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流逐漸減小(xiao)，其減小(xiao)的(de)(de)規律是：

 　　                                             （1）

式中   ICH――電池的充電電流，A；

       E――充(chong)電(dian)器的輸出(chu)電(dian)壓，V；

       UGB――電(dian)池電(dian)壓，V；

       RGB――電(dian)池的內阻，Ω。

　　上(shang)式中有三個變量ICH、UGB、RGB，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流ICH隨(sui)著充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)的進(jin)行(xing)而(er)減小，電(dian)池電(dian)壓UGB隨(sui)著充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)的進(jin)行(xing)而(er)升高，而(er)電(dian)池內阻RGB隨(sui)著充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)的進(jin)行(xing)而(er)減小。這(zhe)就決定(ding)了充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)的非線性。尤其是在接近浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)壓值(zhi)時(shi)，使充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)變的非常緩慢(man)，從理論上(shang)講，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)到額定(ding)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)值(zhi)的時(shi)間(jian)是無窮大。

　　這種充(chong)電方式在早期(qi)的小容量UPS中曾一度使用過，因(yin)出現(xian)了好(hao)多故障，目(mu)前(qian)一般(ban)不用了。{{分頁}}

2.恒流充電

　　恒流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)好處(chu)在于(yu)(yu)(yu)：一(yi)方(fang)面可以限制充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，避免了由于(yu)(yu)(yu)上述的(de)(de)(de)(de)劇烈反(fan)(fan)應(ying)而導(dao)致(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)副作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)；另一(yi)方(fang)面，可使充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直線進行，加快(kuai)了充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)速(su)度，也(ye)(ye)可避免接(jie)近(jin)浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)值(zhi)(zhi)時的(de)(de)(de)(de)過于(yu)(yu)(yu)緩(huan)慢的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)。這(zhe)種方(fang)法也(ye)(ye)有不足之處(chu)，因為(wei)隨(sui)著充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)進行，未經(jing)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)物質會越來(lai)越少，如(ru)果(guo)仍(reng)用(yong)(yong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)初期的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)注入，由于(yu)(yu)(yu)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)物質的(de)(de)(de)(de)缺乏就會用(yong)(yong)水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解來(lai)填(tian)補，這(zhe)又會導(dao)致(zhi)水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)離物氫和氧的(de)(de)(de)(de)快(kuai)速(su)蒸發，從(cong)而也(ye)(ye)縮短了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)服務壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)。因此(ci)也(ye)(ye)有的(de)(de)(de)(de)提出在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)到“一(yi)定(ding)值(zhi)(zhi)”時將充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)減半。就是(shi)這(zhe)個“一(yi)定(ding)值(zhi)(zhi)”也(ye)(ye)很難掌握(wo)(wo)，尤其是(shi)接(jie)近(jin)額定(ding)浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)值(zhi)(zhi)時，如(ru)果(guo)仍(reng)用(yong)(yong)這(zhe)個即使是(shi)減了半的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)強行灌(guan)入，也(ye)(ye)會加快(kuai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)進程(cheng)，縮短電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)。因此(ci)這(zhe)個界限也(ye)(ye)難于(yu)(yu)(yu)劃分和掌握(wo)(wo)。此(ci)種方(fang)法有的(de)(de)(de)(de)在均衡充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)中使用(yong)(yong)。

3.恒流恒壓充電

　　鑒于(yu)上(shang)述兩種充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)(fang)式的優點和不足，于(yu)是就推出(chu)了(le)將(jiang)二者優點集合與一(yi)體的所(suo)謂恒流(liu)恒壓充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)(fang)式，實(shi)際上(shang)是限(xian)(xian)流(liu)恒壓充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)(fang)式。在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)初期由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)有可能(neng)(neng)非常(chang)大(da)，所(suo)以這時的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路將(jiang)該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)限(xian)(xian)制(zhi)在一(yi)個規定值，使之能(neng)(neng)最(zui)大(da)限(xian)(xian)度地保證既能(neng)(neng)快(kuai)速充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，又能(neng)(neng)保證充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程的安全。這一(yi)段的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)幾乎是線性(xing)的，隨著(zhu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程的進行，大(da)約充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)至80%～90%電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池容(rong)量時，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)開(kai)始(shi)小于(yu)限(xian)(xian)流(liu)值，其電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的變化開(kai)始(shi)遵從(cong)式(1)。目前UPS中的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)大(da)都采用這種方(fang)(fang)式。

4.充電電路

　　(1)概述(shu)  UPS中(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)不(bu)外乎兩種(zhong)：降壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)和升壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)。在(zai)一些(xie)小(xiao)容(rong)量UPS中(zhong)(zhong)，由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)比較(jiao)低，故多用(yong)降壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)，比如Smart、Matrix和Symmetra等系列UPS中(zhong)(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組額定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)最高(gao)也就是(shi)120V，浮充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)也小(xiao)于140V，由單相220V交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)足(zu)可以(yi)得到此值；為(wei)了提高(gao)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的效率和降低功(gong)耗，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)多采(cai)(cai)用(yong)稱為(wei)Buck電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)的高(gao)頻PWM方(fang)案，這(zhe)(zhe)在(zai)前(qian)面已(yi)(yi)有介紹(shao)。在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)大容(rong)量的UPS系統(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)，輸入(ru)(ru)多是(shi)三(san)相電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，又由于輸入(ru)(ru)整(zheng)流(liu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)了相控的晶閘管方(fang)案，本(ben)身的輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)穩定(ding)度已(yi)(yi)達(da)到了蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的要求，故電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)能統(tong)一由整(zheng)流(liu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)負擔，這(zhe)(zhe)也是(shi)一個降壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)。

　　只有一(yi)部分小(xiao)容量UPS采(cai)用了(le)(le)高壓(ya)電(dian)池(chi)組(zu)，比如單(dan)相(xiang)220V輸入的(de)(de)Imel 7.5kVA UPS就(jiu)采(cai)用了(le)(le)384V的(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)壓(ya)，遠(yuan)遠(yuan)超過了(le)(le)220V交流(liu)電(dian)壓(ya)幅值310V，因此(ci)不提高電(dian)壓(ya)就(jiu)無法滿足電(dian)池(chi)組(zu)的(de)(de)充電(dian)要求。所以機器中就(jiu)采(cai)用了(le)(le)稱為(wei)Boost的(de)(de)升壓(ya)PWM電(dian)路。

　　一般UPS電(dian)源的(de)(de)(de)后(hou)備時間大都在10min左右，充(chong)電(dian)器的(de)(de)(de)設計也與此對應。如(ru)遇有長延時的(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)(qiu)，雖(sui)然增加了(le)(le)電(dian)池可以滿(man)足其放電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)力，但充(chong)電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)速(su)度就(jiu)遠達不到目的(de)(de)(de)了(le)(le)。比如(ru)一般UPS內含10min電(dian)池時，放電(dian)后(hou)重新充(chong)電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)時間為10～12h。當有的(de)(de)(de)用(yong)戶(hu)提出了(le)(le)8h要求(qiu)(qiu)時，電(dian)池容量(liang)增加到原來的(de)(de)(de)48倍！若充(chong)足如(ru)此大的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池顯(xian)然不能(neng)靠UPS的(de)(de)(de)內部充(chong)電(dian)器了(le)(le)。于(yu)是(shi)就(jiu)提出了(le)(le)外(wai)加充(chong)電(dian)器的(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)(qiu)。

　　(2)UPS外(wai)(wai)(wai)加(jia)(jia)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)配(pei)置(zhi)原(yuan)則  UPS外(wai)(wai)(wai)加(jia)(jia)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)配(pei)置(zhi)原(yuan)則首先是(shi)要(yao)和UPS隔(ge)離(li)(li)(li)，其(qi)(qi)次才是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁兼容(rong)指標要(yao)和UPS相(xiang)適應。以往(wang)市(shi)場上的(de)(de)商品充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)雖(sui)然(ran)也(ye)考慮了(le)隔(ge)離(li)(li)(li)問題，并且也(ye)采取了(le)措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)(shi)，但由(you)于措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)利，也(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)乏導(dao)致UPS故障的(de)(de)例子(zi)(zi)。圖(tu)2就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)一般外(wai)(wai)(wai)加(jia)(jia)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)隔(ge)離(li)(li)(li)措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)(shi)圖(tu)，實際上所謂的(de)(de)隔(ge)離(li)(li)(li)措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)(shi)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)一只二(er)極(ji)管(guan)。GB1是(shi)UPS內部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組，GB2是(shi)外(wai)(wai)(wai)加(jia)(jia)長延(yan)時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組，而(er)往(wang)往(wang)由(you)于外(wai)(wai)(wai)加(jia)(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組的(de)(de)容(rong)量遠大(da)于內部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組，一般將(jiang)GB1省掉了(le)，無論(lun)是(shi)省掉還是(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)省掉，都有(you)一個不(bu)(bu)(bu)變的(de)(de)事(shi)實，即UPS內部充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)和外(wai)(wai)(wai)加(jia)(jia)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)直接并聯(lian)。為了(le)隔(ge)離(li)(li)(li)相(xiang)互(hu)間的(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)，多(duo)數外(wai)(wai)(wai)加(jia)(jia)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)多(duo)在其(qi)(qi)輸出正端串聯(lian)了(le)一只正向二(er)極(ji)管(guan)D。這樣做的(de)(de)結果是(shi)隔(ge)離(li)(li)(li)了(le)UPS對(dui)(dui)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)，保(bao)證(zheng)了(le)它(ta)不(bu)(bu)(bu)受其(qi)(qi)干擾(rao)，但沒有(you)消除充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)對(dui)(dui)UPS的(de)(de)干擾(rao)。而(er)且最關(guan)鍵(jian)的(de)(de)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)怕外(wai)(wai)(wai)加(jia)(jia)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)對(dui)(dui)UPS的(de)(de)干擾(rao)。當外(wai)(wai)(wai)加(jia)(jia)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)因(yin)失(shi)控而(er)突然(ran)增(zeng)高時，它(ta)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)通過二(er)極(ji)管(guan)去干擾(rao)UPS，如(ru)果該外(wai)(wai)(wai)加(jia)(jia)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)是(shi)由(you)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直接整(zheng)流后通過開關(guan)管(guan)斬波(PWM)而(er)來，這就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)將(jiang)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直接接入UPS直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)導(dao)致故障。當然(ran)，此類故障不(bu)(bu)(bu)會(hui)多(duo)見(jian)，但導(dao)致UPS冒(mao)煙(yan)的(de)(de)例子(zi)(zi)已經(jing)有(you)過。這種明顯存在隱患的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)一定要(yao)謹用。

　　圖(tu)2 一般外加充電器隔離措施(shi)圖(tu)

　　為了完(wan)全(quan)隔(ge)(ge)離相互間的干擾(rao)，圖3的外加(jia)充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)完(wan)全(quan)隔(ge)(ge)離方案是可(ke)取的，并在(zai)長期的實踐運(yun)行中得到了證(zheng)明，既安全(quan)又可(ke)靠。{{分頁(ye)}}

　　圖3 外(wai)加(jia)充電器完全隔離方案原理圖

　　①外加充電器完(wan)全隔離方案設計思想：

　　a.充(chong)分保(bao)證UPS電路的(de)(de)完整性，即(ji)該方案不動UPS的(de)(de)一點(dian)一線(xian)(xian)，不從UPS機內引(yin)出任(ren)何附(fu)加(jia)的(de)(de)信號線(xian)(xian)。按照UPS正常(chang)的(de)(de)要求，只從UPS的(de)(de)輸出接線(xian)(xian)端子做正常(chang)連接。

　　b.在外加(jia)(jia)充電器(qi)與UPS電池(chi)之間加(jia)(jia)接一個簡單的三端雙(shuang)向互(hu)投(tou)機構(gou)，如圖3所示，用一個中間繼(ji)電器(qi)J（或(huo)接觸(chu)器(qi)甚至雙(shuang)投(tou)手動開關），將該(gai)機構(gou)的中間臂3接外加(jia)(jia)電池(chi)組GB2的正極(ji)，繼(ji)電器(qi)線(xian)包J跨(kua)接在UPS市電輸入線(xian)上。

　　c.當市電(dian)(dian)(dian)正常(chang)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)時，由(you)于繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)器線包J被(bei)激勵(li)而將觸(chu)點臂3由(you)常(chang)閉觸(chu)點1打向(xiang)2，此時正好是外加充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器正常(chang)輸出充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時期(qi)，GB2被(bei)正常(chang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。可(ke)以看出，此時UPS和外加充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器是完全隔離(li)的(de)，并且UPS的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器僅(jin)僅(jin)給自己的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池GB1充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，保證了其原(yuan)有的(de)一切(qie)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)能(neng)。

　　d.當市電(dian)(dian)斷電(dian)(dian)時，繼電(dian)(dian)器(qi)線包(bao)J被釋(shi)放，中間臂(bei)3由(you)2回到1，將外加電(dian)(dian)池組GB2并聯在GB1上，形成了(le)(le)純電(dian)(dian)池組的(de)(de)并聯，也就達到了(le)(le)大容量電(dian)(dian)池長延(yan)時放電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。

　　e.市電恢(hui)復時(shi)(shi)(shi)，繼電器(qi)(qi)又回到“3-2”狀態。這里可能有這樣一(yi)個問題(ti)：市電恢(hui)復時(shi)(shi)(shi)，由于(yu)繼電器(qi)(qi)動作(zuo)存在惰(duo)性(xing)，有可能外加電池(chi)(chi)組GB2不(bu)能及時(shi)(shi)(shi)斷開，將會(hui)造成(cheng)UPS內部充(chong)電器(qi)(qi)同時(shi)(shi)(shi)為兩組電池(chi)(chi)充(chong)電的局面，會(hui)不(bu)會(hui)因(yin)充(chong)電電流太大而(er)導致(zhi)故(gu)障(zhang)呢？回答是否定的。因(yin)為所(suo)(suo)有在線式UPS的充(chong)電器(qi)(qi)都(dou)是限流溫(wen)壓式的，所(suo)(suo)以不(bu)會(hui)過流。

　　上面只是給(gei)出了(le)一個(ge)原(yuan)理(li)方案，實際(ji)結構還要復雜一些。不(bu)過，用這個(ge)原(yuan)理(li)進行隔離已經足夠(gou)了(le)。

　　關于外加(jia)充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)磁兼容問題也不可忽(hu)視，由于現代UPS的(de)(de)(de)用(yong)戶大都(dou)集通(tong)信和大量的(de)(de)(de)數據(ju)傳輸為一體，尤其牽涉到無(wu)線通(tong)信，就更要(yao)求(qiu)供電(dian)系統不能(neng)對用(yong)電(dian)系統有任何干擾。因(yin)此，一般(ban)UPS系統都(dou)要(yao)通(tong)過(guo)一定的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)磁兼容標(biao)準，如(ru)EN50091-2等。然而一般(ban)市面上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)外加(jia)充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)(qi)很少(shao)注(zhu)意到這(zhe)些(xie)問題，恰恰PWM開關電(dian)源就是(shi)無(wu)線通(tong)信的(de)(de)(de)敏(min)感干擾源，因(yin)此不得不向其提出相應的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)。有時(shi)為了安(an)全起見，采(cai)用(yong)原理上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)無(wu)干擾電(dian)路是(shi)必要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)。圖4表示的(de)(de)(de)就是(shi)這(zhe)樣一種無(wu)干擾充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)(qi)電(dian)路原理圖，這(zhe)是(shi)一個典型的(de)(de)(de)具有限流穩壓功(gong)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)(qi)。

　　圖4 無干擾(rao)充電器電路原理(li)圖{{分頁}}

　　②無干擾充電(dian)器電(dian)路(lu)特(te)點：

　　a.電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)結構簡(jian)單、成(cheng)熟、可(ke)靠(kao)。主回路(lu)只有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)和(he)普通整(zheng)流(liu)器(qi)，這種傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)器(qi)件的(de)制造歷(li)史(shi)很(hen)(hen)長(chang)，已達到(dao)很(hen)(hen)高的(de)可(ke)靠(kao)性指標；輔助充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)也是歷(li)史(shi)很(hen)(hen)長(chang)的(de)、性能指標非(fei)常好的(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)，輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓精度(du)很(hen)(hen)容(rong)易做(zuo)到(dao)1%，輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓紋(wen)波(bo)做(zuo)到(dao)<5mV則輕而易舉；測量(liang)與控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)都是由傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)的(de)比較(jiao)器(qi)、運算(suan)放(fang)大器(qi)之類的(de)組件構成(cheng)，可(ke)靠(kao)性當然更無問題(ti)；執行(xing)器(qi)件是一只繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，一般觸點的(de)動作次(ci)數都在106次(ci)以上。

　　b.電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路工作(zuo)原理(li)簡單、實(shi)用。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的兩個主要功能(neng)就是(shi)限流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和穩壓浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)。該(gai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中的限流(liu)(liu)是(shi)靠一只電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)來完成的，既無(wu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)傳感器(qi)(qi)又無(wu)反饋(kui)控制(zhi)機(ji)構，僅僅靠電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)本(ben)身(shen)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓自(zi)調整就實(shi)現了限流(liu)(liu)功能(neng)；大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和高精度浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)溫壓分別進行，就大(da)大(da)簡化了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路，指標也容(rong)易做(zuo)(zuo)得好；用繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)做(zuo)(zuo)主充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路和輔(fu)助(zhu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)（線性(xing)穩壓器(qi)(qi)）的切(qie)換機(ji)構而(er)不考慮0切(qie)換，這正(zheng)是(shi)利用了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路對該(gai)指標不加考慮的特點。

　　c.整個電(dian)路的(de)(de)工作(zuo)狀(zhuang)態(tai)都(dou)是線性(xing)的(de)(de)，無產生高頻(pin)干擾的(de)(de)機(ji)構和(he)過程。主回(hui)路的(de)(de)電(dian)容器(qi)(qi)和(he)普(pu)通整流(liu)器(qi)(qi)都(dou)自然地工作(zuo)于(yu)50Hz，線性(xing)穩壓器(qi)(qi)從小信(xin)號到大信(xin)號都(dou)是典型(xing)的(de)(de)線性(xing)工作(zuo)狀(zhuang)態(tai)，測(ce)量與(yu)控制電(dian)路也僅僅是對直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)平的(de)(de)線性(xing)轉換(huan)。

　　因此，整個(ge)電路從原理上就杜絕了高頻(pin)干擾的發生。不過(guo)這(zhe)種(zhong)電路比同容(rong)量的PWM充(chong)電器體積要(yao)大一些。因此，在那些對干擾指標要(yao)求不太(tai)嚴(yan)格(ge)的地(di)方(fang)，PWM充(chong)電器還是得到了廣泛的應(ying)用。

　　(3)雙電池組充電器：

　　①升壓（Boost）充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)。單電(dian)(dian)子器件(jian)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展促(cu)進了(le)UPS技(ji)術的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展，近年來高頻機UPS的(de)(de)出現，使該(gai)類產(chan)品的(de)(de)逆變(bian)器輸出省(sheng)去了(le)笨(ben)重(zhong)的(de)(de)隔離(li)變(bian)壓器，同時將電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)由一組(zu)增加(jia)到兩組(zu)，但容量(liang)不變(bian)，比如(ru)原來用一組(zu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)時是100Ah，而現在變(bian)成了(le)兩組(zu)50Ah。如(ru)圖5所示的(de)(de)GB1和GB2。兩組(zu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)串聯連接，每組(zu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)標(biao)稱(cheng)電(dian)(dian)壓一般為(wei)384V，兩組(zu)串聯總電(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)768V，若按照2.25V/單元的(de)(de)標(biao)準充電(dian)(dian)，兩組(zu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)浮充電(dian)(dian)壓就需：