充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流應(ying)小于(yu)或等(deng)于(yu)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)可(ke)接(jie)收充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流。否則，過(guo)(guo)剩(sheng)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流會使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液過(guo)(guo)快地消耗(hao)掉，產生以下(xia)危害：加 大蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)失(shi)水率，增加維(wei)護工(gong)作量，對于(yu)免維(wei)護電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，會造(zao)成蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)早期失(shi)效(xiao)；產生酸霧(wu)，造(zao)成環境污染(ran)，危害工(gong)人身體健(jian)康；使(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)率降(jiang)低，造(zao)成能(neng)源的(de)嚴(yan)重浪(lang)費。充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)，是放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)反(fan)應(ying)的(de)逆反(fan)應(ying)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)，如果充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)反(fan)應(ying)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)在理想的(de)狀(zhuang)態下(xia)進行，這(zhe)個過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)應(ying)該是互為逆反(fan)應(ying)，即(ji)充(chong)(chong)(chong)入的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量與放(fang)出的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量應(ying)基本相等(deng)。但在嚴(yan)重析氣的(de)狀(zhuang)態下(xia)，有效(xiao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)反(fan)應(ying)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)消耗(hao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)達不到(dao)總電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量的(de)40%，即(ji)浪(lang)費電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)60%以上。氣體的(de)產生聚集在蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)多孔電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極內部(bu)，減少了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質與多孔電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極的(de)接(jie)觸面(mian)積，即(ji)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)反(fan)應(ying)界面(mian)大幅度(du)減小，使(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)反(fan)應(ying)速度(du)降(jiang)低，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)十分困難，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間延長。

     嚴(yan)重(zhong)的析氣會損害(hai)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池：①大量氣體(ti)的產生對極板(ban)活(huo)性物(wu)有(you)沖刷作(zuo)用，使活(huo)性物(wu)質(zhi)容易松軟和(he)脫落(luo)。②在(zai)較高的極化(hua)電(dian)壓下，正極板(ban)的板(ban)柵(zha)會產生嚴(yan)重(zhong)腐蝕，生成Pb02，這種腐蝕物(wu)與電(dian)化(hua)學生存(cun)的Pb02是(shi)完全不(bu)同的，是(shi)一種不(bu)可逆(ni)的氧化(hua)物(wu)，導(dao)電(dian)較差，并使板(ban)柵(zha)變形，脆裂，失去骨(gu)架和(he)導(dao)電(dian)作(zuo)用。因此在(zai)充電(dian)時(shi)應盡(jin)可能防(fang)止過充電(dian)。長期充電(dian)不(bu)足，未反應的活(huo)性物(wu)質(zhi)會產生不(bu)可逆(ni)的高陽性的大顆粒PbS04晶(jing)粒(即不(bu)可逆(ni)硫酸鹽化(hua))使蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池容量下降，內阻加大，充電(dian)難度加大，造(zao)成蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池早(zao)期損壞。

    蓄電池要盡量保證充足電，防止不可逆硫酸鹽化。蓄電池充電深度對循環壽命影響很大，基本呈指數變化。這是由于正極活性物為Pb02，其結合牢度不高，放電時轉化成PbS04充電時又轉化成PbO2，而PbSO4的體積遠比PbO2體積大(其體積之比約為2：1)。因此，對正極板而言，活性物將會膨脹收縮反復進行，使其粒子之間的連接逐漸脫落，使蓄電池活性物失去放電特性成為“陽極泥”，使蓄電池性能下降，直至壽命終止。放電深度越深，膨脹收縮量越大，對活性物結合力破壞越大，壽命越短；反之則循環壽命越長。從理論上講蓄電池使用時應盡量避免深放電，應做到淺放勤充，前提是有特別匹配的充電器與之匹配。但是實際使用中，由于蓄電池充電受蓄電池充電器性能和蓄電池本身的離散及充電習慣及充電速度影響，充電器的電壓均比(bi)較高，或多或少都存在過充電。

    特別是充電多數在夜間進行，時間一般在6-10小時，平均8小時左右，若是淺放電，其充電很快就會到達末期，這時充電效率變低，會產生過充電。過充電時間比較長，加上頻繁充電，就會使蓄電池壽命因充電受到較大影響。最理想的充電要求根據實際情況而定，要參考平時運行頻率、里程情況、蓄電池廠提供的說明，以及配套的電池充電器性(xing)能等參數(shu)制定充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)頻次(ci)。按絕大多數(shu)用(yong)戶的(de)情況，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)以放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深度(du)(du)為50%-70%時(shi)(shi)(shi)充一(yi)次(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)最佳，這樣可使蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽命達到最佳效果。實際使用(yong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)可折算(suan)成騎行里程，在需要(yao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)充一(yi)次(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。溫度(du)(du)對充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)影響蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在高(gao)溫季節(jie)運行，主要(yao)存在過(guo)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)問題(ti)。蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)溫度(du)(du)增高(gao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，各活(huo)性(xing)物質的(de)活(huo)度(du)(du)增加(jia)，正(zheng)極析氧電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位一(yi)下降(jiang)(jiang)，負極析氧電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位也下降(jiang)(jiang)(負值下降(jiang)(jiang))，因此，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)反(fan)應速(su)度(du)(du)快，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)需要(yao)的(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓較低。

    蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)到終(zhong)止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓時(shi)內(nei)(nei)阻(zu)較大(da)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液濃度非常稀薄，特別(bie)是(shi)極板(ban)孔(kong)內(nei)(nei)及表(biao)面(mian)幾乎(hu)處于中性，過放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)內(nei)(nei)阻(zu)有發(fa)熱傾(qing)向，體積膨脹，放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流較大(da)時(shi)，明顯發(fa)熱(甚至出現發(fa)熱變形(xing))，這時(shi)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛濃度特別(bie)大(da)，存在(zai)枝晶體短路的(de)可能性增(zeng)大(da)，況且此時(shi)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛會(hui)結晶成較大(da)顆(ke)粒，即(ji)(ji)形(xing)成不可逆硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鹽化，將進一步(bu)增(zeng)大(da)內(nei)(nei)阻(zu)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)恢復能力很(hen)差，甚至無法修復。蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)使(shi)用(yong)時(shi)應防止過放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，采取(qu)“欠(qian)壓保護”是(shi)很(hen)有效的(de)措施。另外，由(you)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車“欠(qian)壓保護”是(shi)由(you)控(kong)制(zhi)器控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)，但控(kong)制(zhi)器以(yi)外的(de)其他一些設備如電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓表(biao)、指示燈等(deng)耗電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器是(shi)由(you)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)直接(jie)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)，其電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)供(gong)給一般不受控(kong)制(zhi)器控(kong)制(zhi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車鎖(suo)(開(kai)關(guan))一旦合上就(jiu)開(kai)始(shi)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。雖(sui)然(ran)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流小，但若長時(shi)間放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(1-2周(zhou))就(jiu)會(hui)出現過放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。因(yin)此，不得長時(shi)間開(kai)鎖(suo)，不用(yong)時(shi)應立(li)即(ji)(ji)關(guan)掉(diao)。前面(mian)已經對(dui)過充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)進行了闡述，過充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)會(hui)加(jia)大(da)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)水(shui)損失，會(hui)加(jia)速板(ban)柵腐蝕，活(huo)性物質(zhi)軟化，會(hui)增(zeng)加(jia)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)變形(xing)的(de)幾率(lv)。