充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流應(ying)(ying)(ying)小(xiao)于(yu)或(huo)等于(yu)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池可接收充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流。否(fou)則，過(guo)(guo)剩(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流會(hui)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液過(guo)(guo)快地消耗掉，產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)以下(xia)危(wei)害(hai)：加 大(da)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)失水(shui)率(lv)，增加維(wei)護(hu)工(gong)作量(liang)(liang)，對于(yu)免維(wei)護(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，會(hui)造成(cheng)(cheng)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)早期失效；產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)酸(suan)霧，造成(cheng)(cheng)環境(jing)污染，危(wei)害(hai)工(gong)人身體(ti)健康(kang)；使充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效率(lv)降低，造成(cheng)(cheng)能源的(de)(de)(de)(de)嚴(yan)重浪(lang)費(fei)。充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程，是(shi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學(xue)(xue)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)逆反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)過(guo)(guo)程，如(ru)果充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學(xue)(xue)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)過(guo)(guo)程在(zai)理想的(de)(de)(de)(de)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)下(xia)進行，這個過(guo)(guo)程應(ying)(ying)(ying)該(gai)是(shi)互為逆反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)，即充入的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)與(yu)放出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)應(ying)(ying)(ying)基(ji)本相等。但在(zai)嚴(yan)重析氣的(de)(de)(de)(de)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)下(xia)，有效充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學(xue)(xue)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)過(guo)(guo)程消耗的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能達不到總電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)40%，即浪(lang)費(fei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能60%以上。氣體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)聚集在(zai)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池多孔(kong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極內部，減少了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質與(yu)多孔(kong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極的(de)(de)(de)(de)接觸面積，即充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學(xue)(xue)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)界面大(da)幅度(du)減小(xiao)，使充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學(xue)(xue)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)速度(du)降低，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)十分困難，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間延長。

     嚴重的(de)(de)(de)(de)析氣(qi)會損害蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池：①大量(liang)氣(qi)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)產生(sheng)(sheng)對極板活(huo)(huo)性(xing)物有沖(chong)刷(shua)作用，使活(huo)(huo)性(xing)物質容易松軟和脫落(luo)。②在較高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)極化(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓下，正(zheng)極板的(de)(de)(de)(de)板柵(zha)會產生(sheng)(sheng)嚴重腐(fu)蝕，生(sheng)(sheng)成Pb02，這種(zhong)腐(fu)蝕物與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學生(sheng)(sheng)存的(de)(de)(de)(de)Pb02是(shi)完全不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)，是(shi)一種(zhong)不可(ke)逆(ni)(ni)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧化(hua)物，導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)較差(cha)，并使板柵(zha)變形，脆裂，失(shi)去骨(gu)架和導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)作用。因此在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時應(ying)(ying)盡可(ke)能防(fang)止過充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。長期充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不足，未(wei)反應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)物質會產生(sheng)(sheng)不可(ke)逆(ni)(ni)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)陽(yang)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大顆粒PbS04晶粒(即不可(ke)逆(ni)(ni)硫酸鹽化(hua))使蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池容量(liang)下降，內阻加大，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)難度加大，造成蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池早期損壞。

    蓄電池要盡量保證充足電，防止不可逆硫酸鹽化。蓄電池充電深度對循環壽命影響很大，基本呈指數變化。這是由于正極活性物為Pb02，其結合牢度不高，放電時轉化成PbS04充電時又轉化成PbO2，而PbSO4的體積遠比PbO2體積大(其體積之比約為2：1)。因此，對正極板而言，活性物將會膨脹收縮反復進行，使其粒子之間的連接逐漸脫落，使蓄電池活性物失去放電特性成為“陽極泥”，使蓄電池性能下降，直至壽命終止。放電深度越深，膨脹收縮量越大，對活性物結合力破壞越大，壽命越短；反之則循環壽命越長。從理論上講蓄電池使用時應盡量避免深放電，應做到淺放勤充，前提是有特別匹配的充電器與之匹配。但是實際使用中，由于蓄電池充電受蓄電池充電器性能和蓄電池本身的離散及充電習慣及充電速度影響，充電器的電(dian)壓均比較(jiao)高，或(huo)多或(huo)少都存在過充電(dian)。

    特別是充電多數在夜間進行，時間一般在6-10小時，平均8小時左右，若是淺放電，其充電很快就會到達末期，這時充電效率變低，會產生過充電。過充電時間比較長，加上頻繁充電，就會使蓄電池壽命因充電受到較大影響。最理想的充電要求根據實際情況而定，要參考平時運行頻率、里程情況、蓄電池廠提供的說明，以及配套的電池充電器性(xing)能(neng)等(deng)參數制定充(chong)電(dian)(dian)頻次。按絕大多(duo)數用(yong)戶的(de)(de)情況，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)以放電(dian)(dian)深度(du)為50%-70%時(shi)充(chong)一次電(dian)(dian)最佳，這樣可使蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽命達到最佳效(xiao)果(guo)。實際(ji)使用(yong)時(shi)可折算(suan)成騎行(xing)里程，在需要時(shi)充(chong)一次電(dian)(dian)。溫度(du)對(dui)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)影響蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)在高(gao)溫季節運行(xing)，主要存在過充(chong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)問題。蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)溫度(du)增高(gao)時(shi)，各活性(xing)物質的(de)(de)活度(du)增加(jia)，正極析(xi)氧電(dian)(dian)位(wei)一下降，負極析(xi)氧電(dian)(dian)位(wei)也下降(負值下降)，因此，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)反應(ying)速(su)度(du)快，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流大，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)需要的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓較低。

    蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)到終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓時(shi)內(nei)阻較(jiao)大(da)(da)(da)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液濃度非常稀薄(bo)，特別是(shi)極板孔內(nei)及(ji)表面(mian)幾(ji)(ji)乎處于中性，過(guo)(guo)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)內(nei)阻有發(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)傾向，體積膨脹，放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)較(jiao)大(da)(da)(da)時(shi)，明顯發(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)(甚(shen)至(zhi)出(chu)(chu)現發(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)變(bian)形)，這時(shi)硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛濃度特別大(da)(da)(da)，存在枝(zhi)晶體短路的(de)(de)可能性增大(da)(da)(da)，況且此時(shi)硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛會結晶成較(jiao)大(da)(da)(da)顆(ke)粒(li)，即形成不可逆硫(liu)酸(suan)鹽(yan)化，將進一步(bu)增大(da)(da)(da)內(nei)阻，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)恢復能力很差(cha)，甚(shen)至(zhi)無法修復。蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)使用時(shi)應防止過(guo)(guo)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，采取“欠(qian)壓保(bao)護(hu)”是(shi)很有效的(de)(de)措(cuo)施。另外，由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)“欠(qian)壓保(bao)護(hu)”是(shi)由控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)，但控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)以外的(de)(de)其(qi)(qi)他一些設備如電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓表、指示(shi)燈(deng)等耗(hao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)是(shi)由蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)直接供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)，其(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)供(gong)給一般不受(shou)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)鎖(suo)(suo)(開(kai)關)一旦合上就開(kai)始用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。雖然電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)小，但若長時(shi)間放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(1-2周)就會出(chu)(chu)現過(guo)(guo)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。因此，不得長時(shi)間開(kai)鎖(suo)(suo)，不用時(shi)應立即關掉(diao)。前(qian)面(mian)已經對(dui)過(guo)(guo)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)進行(xing)了闡(chan)述，過(guo)(guo)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)會加大(da)(da)(da)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)水損失，會加速板柵腐蝕，活(huo)性物質軟化，會增加蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)變(bian)形的(de)(de)幾(ji)(ji)率。