充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)應(ying)(ying)小(xiao)于或(huo)等(deng)于蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)可(ke)接(jie)收(shou)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。否則(ze)，過(guo)(guo)剩(sheng)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)會使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)過(guo)(guo)快(kuai)地消耗掉，產生以下危害：加(jia) 大蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)失水率，增加(jia)維護工作量(liang)(liang)，對于免維護電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，會造成蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)早期失效；產生酸霧，造成環境污染，危害工人身體健(jian)康；使(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效率降低，造成能源的(de)(de)嚴重浪費。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程，是放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學反應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)逆反應(ying)(ying)過(guo)(guo)程，如果充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學反應(ying)(ying)過(guo)(guo)程在(zai)理(li)想的(de)(de)狀態下進(jin)行，這個過(guo)(guo)程應(ying)(ying)該是互(hu)為逆反應(ying)(ying)，即(ji)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)入的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)與放出(chu)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)應(ying)(ying)基本相等(deng)。但在(zai)嚴重析氣的(de)(de)狀態下，有效充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學反應(ying)(ying)過(guo)(guo)程消耗的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能達不到總(zong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)40%，即(ji)浪費電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能60%以上。氣體的(de)(de)產生聚(ju)集在(zai)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)多孔(kong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極內部(bu)，減少了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)質與多孔(kong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極的(de)(de)接(jie)觸面積，即(ji)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學反應(ying)(ying)界(jie)面大幅度減小(xiao)，使(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學反應(ying)(ying)速度降低，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)十分困難(nan)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間延長。

     嚴(yan)重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)析氣會損(sun)害(hai)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池：①大(da)量氣體的(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)生(sheng)對極(ji)(ji)板(ban)活性(xing)(xing)物(wu)有沖刷作用，使(shi)活性(xing)(xing)物(wu)質容易松軟和脫落。②在(zai)較高的(de)(de)(de)(de)極(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓下，正極(ji)(ji)板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)板(ban)柵會產(chan)生(sheng)嚴(yan)重(zhong)腐(fu)(fu)蝕，生(sheng)成Pb02，這種腐(fu)(fu)蝕物(wu)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)學生(sheng)存(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)Pb02是完全不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)，是一種不可(ke)逆(ni)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧化(hua)(hua)物(wu)，導電(dian)(dian)(dian)較差，并使(shi)板(ban)柵變形(xing)，脆裂(lie)，失去骨(gu)架和導電(dian)(dian)(dian)作用。因此在(zai)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)應(ying)盡(jin)可(ke)能防止過充電(dian)(dian)(dian)。長期充電(dian)(dian)(dian)不足，未反應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)活性(xing)(xing)物(wu)質會產(chan)生(sheng)不可(ke)逆(ni)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高陽性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)顆粒PbS04晶粒(即(ji)不可(ke)逆(ni)硫(liu)酸鹽化(hua)(hua))使(shi)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池容量下降，內阻加大(da)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)難(nan)度加大(da)，造成蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池早期損(sun)壞(huai)。

    蓄電池要盡量保證充足電，防止不可逆硫酸鹽化。蓄電池充電深度對循環壽命影響很大，基本呈指數變化。這是由于正極活性物為Pb02，其結合牢度不高，放電時轉化成PbS04充電時又轉化成PbO2，而PbSO4的體積遠比PbO2體積大(其體積之比約為2：1)。因此，對正極板而言，活性物將會膨脹收縮反復進行，使其粒子之間的連接逐漸脫落，使蓄電池活性物失去放電特性成為“陽極泥”，使蓄電池性能下降，直至壽命終止。放電深度越深，膨脹收縮量越大，對活性物結合力破壞越大，壽命越短；反之則循環壽命越長。從理論上講蓄電池使用時應盡量避免深放電，應做到淺放勤充，前提是有特別匹配的充電器與之匹配。但是實際使用中，由于蓄電池充電受蓄電池充電器性能和蓄電池本身的離散及充電習慣及充電速度影響，充電器的電壓均(jun)比較(jiao)高，或(huo)多(duo)或(huo)少都存在(zai)過充電。

    特別是充電多數在夜間進行，時間一般在6-10小時，平均8小時左右，若是淺放電，其充電很快就會到達末期，這時充電效率變低，會產生過充電。過充電時間比較長，加上頻繁充電，就會使蓄電池壽命因充電受到較大影響。最理想的充電要求根據實際情況而定，要參考平時運行頻率、里程情況、蓄電池廠提供的說明，以及配套的電池充電器性(xing)能等(deng)參數制(zhi)定充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)頻次(ci)。按絕大多(duo)數用(yong)戶(hu)的情況，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池以放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深度為50%-70%時(shi)充(chong)一次(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)最(zui)佳，這樣可使蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命達到最(zui)佳效果(guo)。實際使用(yong)時(shi)可折算成騎行里程，在(zai)需要(yao)時(shi)充(chong)一次(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。溫度對充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的影響蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池在(zai)高溫季節(jie)運行，主(zhu)要(yao)存(cun)在(zai)過充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的問題。蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池溫度增高時(shi)，各(ge)活性(xing)物(wu)質的活度增加，正極析氧電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)一下(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)，負(fu)極析氧電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)也下(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)(負(fu)值下(xia)降(jiang)(jiang))，因此，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)反應速度快，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流大，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)需要(yao)的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)較低。

    蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)到終(zhong)止電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓時(shi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)阻(zu)較(jiao)大(da)(da)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)濃(nong)度(du)非常稀(xi)薄，特別是(shi)極(ji)板孔內(nei)(nei)(nei)及表面幾乎(hu)處于中性，過放電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)阻(zu)有發(fa)熱(re)(re)傾向，體積(ji)膨脹(zhang)，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)較(jiao)大(da)(da)時(shi)，明顯發(fa)熱(re)(re)(甚至出現(xian)發(fa)熱(re)(re)變形)，這時(shi)硫酸(suan)鉛濃(nong)度(du)特別大(da)(da)，存(cun)在枝晶體短路的(de)(de)可能性增大(da)(da)，況(kuang)且(qie)此時(shi)硫酸(suan)鉛會(hui)(hui)結晶成較(jiao)大(da)(da)顆(ke)粒，即形成不可逆硫酸(suan)鹽化，將進一步增大(da)(da)內(nei)(nei)(nei)阻(zu)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)恢復能力(li)很(hen)差，甚至無法(fa)修復。蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)使(shi)用(yong)時(shi)應防止過放電(dian)(dian)(dian)，采取“欠(qian)壓保(bao)護”是(shi)很(hen)有效的(de)(de)措施。另外，由(you)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)“欠(qian)壓保(bao)護”是(shi)由(you)控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)，但(dan)控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)以外的(de)(de)其他一些設備如電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓表、指示燈(deng)等(deng)耗電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)是(shi)由(you)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)直接供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)，其電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)供(gong)給一般(ban)不受控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)控(kong)制(zhi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)鎖(開關)一旦(dan)合(he)上就開始用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。雖然電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)小，但(dan)若長時(shi)間放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(1-2周(zhou))就會(hui)(hui)出現(xian)過放電(dian)(dian)(dian)。因此，不得長時(shi)間開鎖，不用(yong)時(shi)應立即關掉(diao)。前面已經(jing)對過充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)進行了闡述，過充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)會(hui)(hui)加(jia)大(da)(da)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)水(shui)損(sun)失(shi)，會(hui)(hui)加(jia)速板柵腐蝕，活(huo)性物質(zhi)軟化，會(hui)(hui)增加(jia)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)變形的(de)(de)幾率。