充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)應(ying)(ying)小于(yu)或等于(yu)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)可接收充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。否則，過(guo)剩的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)會(hui)使(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液過(guo)快(kuai)地消(xiao)耗掉，產生(sheng)以下(xia)(xia)(xia)危(wei)害：加 大蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)失(shi)水率，增加維(wei)護工作量，對于(yu)免(mian)維(wei)護電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，會(hui)造(zao)(zao)成蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)早期(qi)失(shi)效；產生(sheng)酸霧，造(zao)(zao)成環境污(wu)染，危(wei)害工人身體健康；使(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效率降低，造(zao)(zao)成能(neng)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)嚴(yan)重(zhong)浪費。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程，是放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)逆(ni)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)過(guo)程，如(ru)果充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)過(guo)程在(zai)理想的(de)(de)(de)狀態(tai)(tai)下(xia)(xia)(xia)進行，這個過(guo)程應(ying)(ying)該是互為逆(ni)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)，即充(chong)(chong)入的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量與(yu)放出的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量應(ying)(ying)基(ji)本相等。但在(zai)嚴(yan)重(zhong)析氣(qi)的(de)(de)(de)狀態(tai)(tai)下(xia)(xia)(xia)，有效充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)過(guo)程消(xiao)耗的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)達不到(dao)總電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量的(de)(de)(de)40%，即浪費電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)60%以上。氣(qi)體的(de)(de)(de)產生(sheng)聚集在(zai)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)多孔(kong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極內部(bu)，減(jian)(jian)少了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質與(yu)多孔(kong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極的(de)(de)(de)接觸面積，即充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)界(jie)面大幅度(du)(du)減(jian)(jian)小，使(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)速度(du)(du)降低，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)十(shi)分困難(nan)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間延長。

     嚴重的(de)析氣(qi)(qi)會損(sun)害蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池：①大(da)(da)量氣(qi)(qi)體的(de)產生(sheng)(sheng)對極(ji)(ji)板活性物有沖刷作用，使(shi)活性物質(zhi)容(rong)(rong)易松軟和脫(tuo)落。②在較(jiao)高的(de)極(ji)(ji)化(hua)電(dian)(dian)壓下(xia)，正極(ji)(ji)板的(de)板柵會產生(sheng)(sheng)嚴重腐蝕(shi)，生(sheng)(sheng)成Pb02，這種腐蝕(shi)物與(yu)電(dian)(dian)化(hua)學生(sheng)(sheng)存的(de)Pb02是完全不(bu)同的(de)，是一種不(bu)可(ke)逆的(de)氧化(hua)物，導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)較(jiao)差，并使(shi)板柵變形，脆裂，失去(qu)骨架和導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)作用。因(yin)此在充電(dian)(dian)時應盡可(ke)能防(fang)止過(guo)充電(dian)(dian)。長期(qi)充電(dian)(dian)不(bu)足，未反(fan)應的(de)活性物質(zhi)會產生(sheng)(sheng)不(bu)可(ke)逆的(de)高陽性的(de)大(da)(da)顆粒PbS04晶粒(即(ji)不(bu)可(ke)逆硫酸(suan)鹽化(hua))使(shi)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池容(rong)(rong)量下(xia)降(jiang)，內阻加大(da)(da)，充電(dian)(dian)難度加大(da)(da)，造成蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池早期(qi)損(sun)壞。

    蓄電池要盡量保證充足電，防止不可逆硫酸鹽化。蓄電池充電深度對循環壽命影響很大，基本呈指數變化。這是由于正極活性物為Pb02，其結合牢度不高，放電時轉化成PbS04充電時又轉化成PbO2，而PbSO4的體積遠比PbO2體積大(其體積之比約為2：1)。因此，對正極板而言，活性物將會膨脹收縮反復進行，使其粒子之間的連接逐漸脫落，使蓄電池活性物失去放電特性成為“陽極泥”，使蓄電池性能下降，直至壽命終止。放電深度越深，膨脹收縮量越大，對活性物結合力破壞越大，壽命越短；反之則循環壽命越長。從理論上講蓄電池使用時應盡量避免深放電，應做到淺放勤充，前提是有特別匹配的充電器與之匹配。但是實際使用中，由于蓄電池充電受蓄電池充電器性能和蓄電池本身的離散及充電習慣及充電速度影響，充電器的電壓均比較高，或(huo)多或(huo)少都存(cun)在(zai)過(guo)充電。

    特別是充電多數在夜間進行，時間一般在6-10小時，平均8小時左右，若是淺放電，其充電很快就會到達末期，這時充電效率變低，會產生過充電。過充電時間比較長，加上頻繁充電，就會使蓄電池壽命因充電受到較大影響。最理想的充電要求根據實際情況而定，要參考平時運行頻率、里程情況、蓄電池廠提供的說明，以及配套的電池充電器性能等(deng)參數制定充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)頻次(ci)(ci)。按(an)絕大多數用戶的(de)情(qing)況(kuang)，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)以放電(dian)(dian)(dian)深度(du)(du)為50%-70%時(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)一次(ci)(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)最佳，這(zhe)樣可(ke)使(shi)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)壽命(ming)達到最佳效果。實際使(shi)用時(shi)(shi)可(ke)折算(suan)成騎行(xing)里程，在(zai)需要時(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)一次(ci)(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。溫度(du)(du)對充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)影響蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在(zai)高溫季(ji)節運(yun)行(xing)，主要存在(zai)過充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)問題。蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)溫度(du)(du)增高時(shi)(shi)，各活性物質的(de)活度(du)(du)增加(jia)，正極析氧(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)位一下(xia)(xia)降，負(fu)極析氧(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)位也(ye)下(xia)(xia)降(負(fu)值下(xia)(xia)降)，因(yin)此，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)反應速(su)度(du)(du)快，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流大，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)需要的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓較(jiao)低(di)。

    蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)到終(zhong)止電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)時(shi)內(nei)阻較(jiao)大(da)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液濃度非常稀薄，特(te)別(bie)是(shi)極板(ban)孔(kong)內(nei)及表(biao)面(mian)幾乎處于(yu)中(zhong)性，過(guo)(guo)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)內(nei)阻有(you)發(fa)熱(re)傾向，體積(ji)膨脹，放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)較(jiao)大(da)時(shi)，明顯發(fa)熱(re)(甚至出(chu)現發(fa)熱(re)變(bian)形(xing))，這時(shi)硫(liu)酸鉛濃度特(te)別(bie)大(da)，存在枝晶(jing)體短路的(de)(de)(de)可能性增大(da)，況且此時(shi)硫(liu)酸鉛會(hui)結(jie)晶(jing)成較(jiao)大(da)顆(ke)粒(li)，即形(xing)成不(bu)可逆硫(liu)酸鹽(yan)化(hua)，將(jiang)進(jin)一步增大(da)內(nei)阻，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)恢復能力(li)很(hen)差，甚至無法修復。蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)使用(yong)時(shi)應(ying)(ying)防止過(guo)(guo)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，采(cai)取“欠(qian)壓(ya)(ya)保(bao)護”是(shi)很(hen)有(you)效的(de)(de)(de)措施。另外(wai)，由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車“欠(qian)壓(ya)(ya)保(bao)護”是(shi)由控(kong)制器控(kong)制的(de)(de)(de)，但控(kong)制器以外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)其(qi)他一些(xie)設(she)備如(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)表(biao)、指示燈(deng)等耗(hao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器是(shi)由蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)直(zhi)接供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)，其(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)(de)供(gong)給一般不(bu)受(shou)控(kong)制器控(kong)制，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車鎖(開(kai)關)一旦(dan)合上(shang)就(jiu)開(kai)始用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。雖然電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)小，但若長時(shi)間(jian)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(1-2周)就(jiu)會(hui)出(chu)現過(guo)(guo)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。因此，不(bu)得長時(shi)間(jian)開(kai)鎖，不(bu)用(yong)時(shi)應(ying)(ying)立即關掉。前面(mian)已經對過(guo)(guo)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)進(jin)行(xing)了闡(chan)述，過(guo)(guo)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)會(hui)加大(da)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)損失，會(hui)加速板(ban)柵腐蝕，活性物質軟化(hua)，會(hui)增加蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)變(bian)形(xing)的(de)(de)(de)幾率。