充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)應(ying)(ying)小于或等(deng)于蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)可(ke)接收充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。否則，過(guo)(guo)(guo)剩的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)會(hui)使(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液過(guo)(guo)(guo)快(kuai)地(di)消(xiao)耗(hao)掉，產生(sheng)以下(xia)危害：加 大蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)失水率，增(zeng)加維護(hu)工作量，對于免維護(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，會(hui)造(zao)成蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)早期失效(xiao)；產生(sheng)酸霧，造(zao)成環境污染(ran)，危害工人身體健康；使(shi)(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)率降低，造(zao)成能(neng)(neng)源的(de)(de)(de)嚴重浪(lang)費(fei)。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程，是放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)逆反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程，如果充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程在(zai)理想的(de)(de)(de)狀態下(xia)進行，這個過(guo)(guo)(guo)程應(ying)(ying)該是互為逆反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)，即(ji)充(chong)入的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量與放出的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量應(ying)(ying)基(ji)本相等(deng)。但在(zai)嚴重析氣(qi)的(de)(de)(de)狀態下(xia)，有效(xiao)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程消(xiao)耗(hao)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)達不到總電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量的(de)(de)(de)40%，即(ji)浪(lang)費(fei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)60%以上。氣(qi)體的(de)(de)(de)產生(sheng)聚集在(zai)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)多(duo)孔電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極內(nei)部，減(jian)少了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質與多(duo)孔電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極的(de)(de)(de)接觸面(mian)積(ji)，即(ji)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)界面(mian)大幅度(du)減(jian)小，使(shi)(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)速度(du)降低，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)十分困難，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間延長。

     嚴重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)析氣(qi)會(hui)(hui)損害蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)：①大(da)(da)量氣(qi)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)產生(sheng)對極(ji)板(ban)活(huo)性物有沖刷(shua)作(zuo)用，使活(huo)性物質容易松軟和脫落。②在(zai)較高的(de)(de)(de)(de)極(ji)化(hua)電(dian)壓下(xia)(xia)，正極(ji)板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)板(ban)柵會(hui)(hui)產生(sheng)嚴重(zhong)腐(fu)蝕，生(sheng)成Pb02，這種(zhong)(zhong)腐(fu)蝕物與電(dian)化(hua)學(xue)生(sheng)存的(de)(de)(de)(de)Pb02是完全不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，是一種(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)逆的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧化(hua)物，導電(dian)較差，并(bing)使板(ban)柵變形，脆裂，失(shi)去(qu)骨架和導電(dian)作(zuo)用。因(yin)此在(zai)充電(dian)時應盡可(ke)(ke)能防(fang)止過充電(dian)。長(chang)期充電(dian)不(bu)(bu)足(zu)，未反應的(de)(de)(de)(de)活(huo)性物質會(hui)(hui)產生(sheng)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)逆的(de)(de)(de)(de)高陽性的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)顆粒PbS04晶粒(即不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)逆硫酸鹽(yan)化(hua))使蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)容量下(xia)(xia)降，內阻加大(da)(da)，充電(dian)難度加大(da)(da)，造成蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)早(zao)期損壞。

    蓄電池要盡量保證充足電，防止不可逆硫酸鹽化。蓄電池充電深度對循環壽命影響很大，基本呈指數變化。這是由于正極活性物為Pb02，其結合牢度不高，放電時轉化成PbS04充電時又轉化成PbO2，而PbSO4的體積遠比PbO2體積大(其體積之比約為2：1)。因此，對正極板而言，活性物將會膨脹收縮反復進行，使其粒子之間的連接逐漸脫落，使蓄電池活性物失去放電特性成為“陽極泥”，使蓄電池性能下降，直至壽命終止。放電深度越深，膨脹收縮量越大，對活性物結合力破壞越大，壽命越短；反之則循環壽命越長。從理論上講蓄電池使用時應盡量避免深放電，應做到淺放勤充，前提是有特別匹配的充電器與之匹配。但是實際使用中，由于蓄電池充電受蓄電池充電器性能和蓄電池本身的離散及充電習慣及充電速度影響，充電器的電(dian)壓均比較高，或(huo)(huo)多或(huo)(huo)少都存在過充電(dian)。

    特別是充電多數在夜間進行，時間一般在6-10小時，平均8小時左右，若是淺放電，其充電很快就會到達末期，這時充電效率變低，會產生過充電。過充電時間比較長，加上頻繁充電，就會使蓄電池壽命因充電受到較大影響。最理想的充電要求根據實際情況而定，要參考平時運行頻率、里程情況、蓄電池廠提供的說明，以及配套的電池充電器性能等參數制定充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)頻(pin)次。按絕大多數用(yong)戶的(de)情況，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池以放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)度(du)(du)為(wei)50%-70%時(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)一次電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)最(zui)佳(jia)，這樣可使蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命達到最(zui)佳(jia)效(xiao)果。實(shi)際(ji)使用(yong)時(shi)可折(zhe)算(suan)成騎行里程，在需(xu)要(yao)時(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)一次電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)對充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)影響蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池在高溫(wen)(wen)季節運行，主要(yao)存(cun)在過充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)問題。蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)增高時(shi)，各活性物質的(de)活度(du)(du)增加(jia)，正(zheng)極析(xi)氧電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)一下降，負極析(xi)氧電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)也(ye)下降(負值下降)，因此，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)反應速度(du)(du)快，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流大，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)需(xu)要(yao)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)較低。

    蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)到(dao)終(zhong)止(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)時(shi)(shi)內阻(zu)較大，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液濃度非(fei)常稀薄，特別(bie)是(shi)(shi)極板(ban)孔內及表面幾乎處于中性，過(guo)(guo)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)內阻(zu)有發熱(re)傾向，體積膨(peng)脹，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流較大時(shi)(shi)，明顯發熱(re)(甚(shen)至出(chu)現(xian)發熱(re)變形)，這時(shi)(shi)硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛濃度特別(bie)大，存在枝(zhi)晶體短路的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)能性增(zeng)大，況且此時(shi)(shi)硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛會結(jie)晶成(cheng)較大顆(ke)粒，即形成(cheng)不(bu)可(ke)逆硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鹽化，將(jiang)進一步增(zeng)大內阻(zu)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)恢復能力很差，甚(shen)至無(wu)法修復。蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)使用時(shi)(shi)應防止(zhi)(zhi)過(guo)(guo)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，采取“欠壓(ya)保護(hu)”是(shi)(shi)很有效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)措(cuo)施。另外，由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)“欠壓(ya)保護(hu)”是(shi)(shi)由控(kong)制器(qi)控(kong)制的(de)(de)(de)，但控(kong)制器(qi)以外的(de)(de)(de)其他一些設備如電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)表、指示燈(deng)等(deng)耗電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)是(shi)(shi)由蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)直接供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)，其電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)(de)供給一般不(bu)受(shou)控(kong)制器(qi)控(kong)制，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)鎖(suo)(開關(guan))一旦(dan)合上就開始用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。雖然電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流小，但若(ruo)長時(shi)(shi)間放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(1-2周(zhou))就會出(chu)現(xian)過(guo)(guo)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。因此，不(bu)得(de)長時(shi)(shi)間開鎖(suo)，不(bu)用時(shi)(shi)應立(li)即關(guan)掉(diao)。前面已經對(dui)過(guo)(guo)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)進行了闡述，過(guo)(guo)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)會加大蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)水損失，會加速(su)板(ban)柵腐(fu)蝕，活性物質軟(ruan)化，會增(zeng)加蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)變形的(de)(de)(de)幾率。