充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流應(ying)(ying)(ying)小(xiao)于(yu)或等于(yu)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)可接(jie)收充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流。否則，過(guo)剩的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流會使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液過(guo)快地消耗(hao)掉，產生(sheng)以下(xia)危(wei)害：加 大蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)失水率(lv)，增加維(wei)護工(gong)作量(liang)，對于(yu)免維(wei)護電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，會造成(cheng)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)早(zao)期(qi)失效；產生(sheng)酸霧，造成(cheng)環境(jing)污染(ran)，危(wei)害工(gong)人身(shen)體健康；使(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效率(lv)降低，造成(cheng)能源的(de)(de)(de)嚴重浪費。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，是放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)逆(ni)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，如果充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)在(zai)理想的(de)(de)(de)狀態下(xia)進行，這個過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)應(ying)(ying)(ying)該(gai)是互為逆(ni)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)，即充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)入的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)與放出的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)應(ying)(ying)(ying)基(ji)本(ben)相(xiang)等。但(dan)在(zai)嚴重析氣的(de)(de)(de)狀態下(xia)，有效充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)消耗(hao)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能達不到總電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)40%，即浪費電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能60%以上。氣體的(de)(de)(de)產生(sheng)聚集在(zai)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)多孔電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極內部，減少(shao)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)質與多孔電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極的(de)(de)(de)接(jie)觸面積，即充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)界(jie)面大幅度減小(xiao)，使(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)速度降低，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)十分困難，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間延長(chang)。

     嚴重(zhong)的(de)(de)析(xi)氣(qi)會(hui)損害蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)：①大(da)量(liang)氣(qi)體的(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)對極(ji)板(ban)活性物(wu)有沖刷作用，使活性物(wu)質容(rong)易松(song)軟(ruan)和脫落。②在較高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)極(ji)化(hua)電(dian)壓下(xia)，正極(ji)板(ban)的(de)(de)板(ban)柵會(hui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)嚴重(zhong)腐蝕(shi)，生(sheng)成Pb02，這種(zhong)腐蝕(shi)物(wu)與(yu)電(dian)化(hua)學生(sheng)存的(de)(de)Pb02是完全不同的(de)(de)，是一種(zhong)不可(ke)(ke)逆(ni)的(de)(de)氧化(hua)物(wu)，導電(dian)較差，并(bing)使板(ban)柵變(bian)形(xing)，脆裂，失去骨架和導電(dian)作用。因此在充電(dian)時應盡可(ke)(ke)能防止過充電(dian)。長期(qi)充電(dian)不足，未(wei)反應的(de)(de)活性物(wu)質會(hui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)不可(ke)(ke)逆(ni)的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)陽(yang)性的(de)(de)大(da)顆粒(li)PbS04晶粒(li)(即不可(ke)(ke)逆(ni)硫酸鹽化(hua))使蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)容(rong)量(liang)下(xia)降(jiang)，內阻加大(da)，充電(dian)難度加大(da)，造成蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)早期(qi)損壞。

    蓄電池要盡量保證充足電，防止不可逆硫酸鹽化。蓄電池充電深度對循環壽命影響很大，基本呈指數變化。這是由于正極活性物為Pb02，其結合牢度不高，放電時轉化成PbS04充電時又轉化成PbO2，而PbSO4的體積遠比PbO2體積大(其體積之比約為2：1)。因此，對正極板而言，活性物將會膨脹收縮反復進行，使其粒子之間的連接逐漸脫落，使蓄電池活性物失去放電特性成為“陽極泥”，使蓄電池性能下降，直至壽命終止。放電深度越深，膨脹收縮量越大，對活性物結合力破壞越大，壽命越短；反之則循環壽命越長。從理論上講蓄電池使用時應盡量避免深放電，應做到淺放勤充，前提是有特別匹配的充電器與之匹配。但是實際使用中，由于蓄電池充電受蓄電池充電器性能和蓄電池本身的離散及充電習慣及充電速度影響，充電器的電壓均比較高，或(huo)多或(huo)少都存在過充電。

    特別是充電多數在夜間進行，時間一般在6-10小時，平均8小時左右，若是淺放電，其充電很快就會到達末期，這時充電效率變低，會產生過充電。過充電時間比較長，加上頻繁充電，就會使蓄電池壽命因充電受到較大影響。最理想的充電要求根據實際情況而定，要參考平時運行頻率、里程情況、蓄電池廠提供的說明，以及配套的電池充電器性(xing)能等(deng)參數制定充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)頻次。按(an)絕大(da)多數用(yong)戶的情況(kuang)，蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)以放電(dian)(dian)深(shen)度為50%-70%時(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)一次電(dian)(dian)最佳，這樣可使蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽命(ming)達(da)到(dao)最佳效果。實際使用(yong)時(shi)(shi)可折(zhe)算(suan)成騎行(xing)里程，在需要時(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)一次電(dian)(dian)。溫度對充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)的影響蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)在高溫季節運行(xing)，主要存在過(guo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)的問(wen)題。蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)溫度增高時(shi)(shi)，各(ge)活性(xing)物(wu)質的活度增加，正極(ji)析氧電(dian)(dian)位一下降，負極(ji)析氧電(dian)(dian)位也(ye)下降(負值下降)，因此(ci)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)反應速度快，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流大(da)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)需要的充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓較低。

    蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)到終止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)時內(nei)阻(zu)較大，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液濃度非常稀薄，特別是極板孔內(nei)及表(biao)面幾(ji)乎處于中性(xing)，過(guo)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時內(nei)阻(zu)有發(fa)熱(re)傾向，體積膨脹，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流較大時，明顯(xian)發(fa)熱(re)(甚(shen)至出現發(fa)熱(re)變形)，這時硫酸(suan)鉛濃度特別大，存在枝晶體短路的(de)可(ke)能(neng)性(xing)增(zeng)大，況且此(ci)時硫酸(suan)鉛會(hui)(hui)結(jie)晶成(cheng)較大顆粒，即(ji)形成(cheng)不可(ke)逆(ni)硫酸(suan)鹽化，將進一(yi)(yi)步增(zeng)大內(nei)阻(zu)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)恢復能(neng)力很差(cha)，甚(shen)至無(wu)法修復。蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)使用(yong)時應(ying)防止(zhi)過(guo)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，采(cai)取“欠(qian)壓(ya)(ya)保護(hu)”是很有效的(de)措施。另外，由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車“欠(qian)壓(ya)(ya)保護(hu)”是由控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)，但(dan)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器以外的(de)其(qi)(qi)他一(yi)(yi)些設備(bei)如(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)表(biao)、指(zhi)示(shi)燈等耗電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器是由蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)直接供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)，其(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)供給(gei)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)不受(shou)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車鎖(開(kai)關)一(yi)(yi)旦合上就開(kai)始(shi)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。雖(sui)然(ran)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流小(xiao)，但(dan)若長時間放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(1-2周)就會(hui)(hui)出現過(guo)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。因此(ci)，不得長時間開(kai)鎖，不用(yong)時應(ying)立即(ji)關掉(diao)。前面已經對過(guo)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)進行(xing)了闡述(shu)，過(guo)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)會(hui)(hui)加(jia)大蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)水(shui)損失，會(hui)(hui)加(jia)速板柵腐蝕，活(huo)性(xing)物質軟化，會(hui)(hui)增(zeng)加(jia)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)變形的(de)幾(ji)率。