各種移動設備的飛速發展，也加快了充電電池的發展，為了滿足現今移動設備的需要，充電電池的容量也越來越大，其中鎳氫充電電池是大容量電池的主要品種，在電力電子、交通以及通信領域有了較多的應用，在很多智能儀器儀表中，鎳氫電池常用來作為備用電池，充電器是充電電池的必備品，這篇文章就來講述一種基于分立元件構成的電池自動恒流充電電路(lu)(lu)，著(zhu)重講述了充電電路(lu)(lu)的組成(cheng)、結(jie)構特點(dian)、工作原理及(ji)電路(lu)(lu)的調節(jie)。

1 電(dian)路總體設計思路

簡易電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池自動(dong)恒流充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的總體框圖如圖1所示。它是由(you)變壓器整流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、恒流產生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、自動(dong)斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、顯示電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)5部分構成。

變壓器整流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的功能(neng)(neng)是(shi)將公共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網中的220V交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉換為合適的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓信號，從而為后續(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)提供信號。恒流(liu)(liu)產生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的功能(neng)(neng)是(shi)利(li)用(yong)晶體(ti)管(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)源(yuan)(yuan)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)產生恒定(ding)的充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)。自動斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的功能(neng)(neng)是(shi)利(li)用(yong)三(san)極管(guan)飽和導通(tong)時的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓特性，從而實現電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)自動切斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)。顯(xian)示電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的功能(neng)(neng)是(shi)利(li)用(yong)發光二極管(guan)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)開始充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和結束(shu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的狀態顯(xian)示出(chu)來。穩(wen)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的功能(neng)(neng)是(shi)為上(shang)述所有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)提供直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。

1.1 變(bian)壓器(qi)整(zheng)流電路及電源(yuan)電路的設計

變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)整流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路和(he)穩(wen)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(如圖2虛線左邊所示(shi))，其主要(yao)由變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)、二極(ji)管橋式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)構成。其中變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)采(cai)用常規(gui)的鐵(tie)心變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)，并將(jiang)公共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)中的220 V交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)變(bian)為12 V交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，再通過(guo)二極(ji)管橋式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路進行整流(liu)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)C1濾波。整流(liu)信號由VC1引出。在此基(ji)礎(chu)上再接三端穩(wen)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)CW7812及電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)C3、C4(如圖2虛線右邊所示(shi))，這(zhe)樣整個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路就構成穩(wen)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路。由B點(dian)提供+12 V的直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)。

1.2 恒流電路的設(she)計

如(ru)圖3所示，由穩壓管(guan)VZ1、晶(jing)體管(guan)VT1、電(dian)阻R1、電(dian)容(rong)C2構成(cheng)的晶(jing)體管(guan)電(dian)流源提供恒定電(dian)流，

取(qu)穩(wen)壓(ya)管電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為5 V，R1為51 Ω，此時IC≈1OO mA，作為電(dian)(dian)路的(de)充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流。

1.3 自動充電檢測電路(lu)和指示電路(lu)的設計

如圖4電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路所示(shi)，自動斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路是由三極管VT2、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)跟(gen)隨器(qi)A1、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)比(bi)較器(qi)A2電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻R4、R5、R6、R7、R8、R11和可變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻RP1構成。當充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)始時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)比(bi)較器(qi)輸(shu)出高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)，VT2導通，VT1也導通，指示(shi)燈發光(guang)二(er)極管亮，給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。可以(yi)先(xian)設定轉(zhuan)換開(kai)關(guan)為1時給一節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，轉(zhuan)換開(kai)關(guan)為2時給二(er)節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，依(yi)次類推，實現對1-4節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)滿(man)時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)比(bi)較器(qi)輸(shu)出低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)，VT2截止，VT1不導通，發光(guang)二(er)極管熄(xi)滅，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)完畢。

 2 簡易充(chong)電器總電路原理圖及元(yuan)器件清單(dan)

2.1 簡易充電器總電路原理(li)圖

簡(jian)易電(dian)(dian)池自(zi)動恒流充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)的總電(dian)(dian)路(lu)圖如圖5所示。它是(shi)由變(bian)壓器整流電(dian)(dian)路(lu)、恒流產生電(dian)(dian)路(lu)、充電(dian)(dian)檢測(ce)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)、顯(xian)示電(dian)(dian)路(lu)和電(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)路(lu)5部分(fen)構(gou)成。總電(dian)(dian)路(lu)圖中需要注意(yi)的是(shi)各個單元電(dian)(dian)路(lu)之間的連接一(yi)定(ding)要準確，同時(shi)各部分(fen)的布局要合理。

2.2 元器件清單

本設計用的元件清單(dan)如表(biao)1。

3 結束語

通過以上的(de)講(jiang)解我們(men)發現(xian)簡易電池(chi)自(zi)動恒(heng)流充電電路具有很多優點，電路結構簡單(dan)、功能完善、調節方便等(deng)，適合無(wu)線電愛好者自(zi)行制作及高(gao)職(zhi)學生電子實訓。

                                                                                                         本文摘(zhai)自于中國充電(dian)器網(wang)