各種移動設備的飛速發展，也加快了充電電池的發展，為了滿足現今移動設備的需要，充電電池的容量也越來越大，其中鎳氫充電電池是大容量電池的主要品種，在電力電子、交通以及通信領域有了較多的應用，在很多智能儀器儀表中，鎳氫電池常用來作為備用電池，充電器是充電電池的必備品，這篇文章就來講述一種基于分立元件構成的電池自動恒流充電電路，著重講述了充電電路的(de)組成、結構特點、工作原(yuan)理及電路的(de)調節。

1 電路總體設(she)計(ji)思路

簡易電(dian)(dian)(dian)池自(zi)動恒流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)總體框圖(tu)如圖(tu)1所示。它是由變壓器整流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、恒流(liu)產生電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、自(zi)動斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、顯(xian)示電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)5部分(fen)構成(cheng)。

變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)功能是(shi)將(jiang)公(gong)共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網中的(de)220V交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉換為(wei)合適的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)信號，從(cong)而為(wei)后續(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)提供(gong)信號。恒流(liu)(liu)產(chan)生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)功能是(shi)利(li)用晶體(ti)管電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)源(yuan)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)產(chan)生(sheng)恒定的(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)。自動斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)功能是(shi)利(li)用三極(ji)管飽和導通時的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)特性，從(cong)而實現電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充滿(man)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時能夠自動切斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。顯示電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)功能是(shi)利(li)用發光二極(ji)管將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)開始充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和結束充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)狀態(tai)顯示出來。穩壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)功能是(shi)為(wei)上述所有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)提供(gong)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。

1.1 變壓器整流電(dian)(dian)路(lu)及(ji)電(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)路(lu)的設計

變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)整流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)和穩(wen)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(如(ru)圖(tu)2虛線左邊所示)，其主要由變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)、二極(ji)管(guan)橋(qiao)(qiao)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容構成(cheng)。其中變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)采(cai)用常規(gui)的(de)鐵(tie)心變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)，并將公共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網中的(de)220 V交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)變(bian)為12 V交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，再通(tong)過二極(ji)管(guan)橋(qiao)(qiao)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)進行整流和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容C1濾(lv)波。整流信號由VC1引出。在此基礎(chu)上再接三端穩(wen)壓器(qi)(qi)CW7812及電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容C3、C4(如(ru)圖(tu)2虛線右邊所示)，這(zhe)樣整個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)就(jiu)構成(cheng)穩(wen)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)。由B點(dian)提供(gong)+12 V的(de)直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。

1.2 恒(heng)流電路(lu)的設(she)計

如圖3所(suo)示，由穩(wen)壓管(guan)VZ1、晶(jing)體(ti)管(guan)VT1、電阻R1、電容(rong)C2構成的晶(jing)體(ti)管(guan)電流源提供恒定電流，

取穩壓管電壓為5 V，R1為51 Ω，此時(shi)IC≈1OO mA，作為電路的充電電流。

1.3 自動充電檢(jian)測電路(lu)和指示電路(lu)的設(she)計(ji)

如圖4電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)所示，自動(dong)斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)是(shi)由三(san)極(ji)管VT2、電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓跟隨器A1、電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓比較器A2電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)R4、R5、R6、R7、R8、R11和可變電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)RP1構成。當(dang)(dang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)始時(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓比較器輸(shu)出(chu)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)平，VT2導(dao)(dao)通(tong)，VT1也導(dao)(dao)通(tong)，指示燈(deng)發光二極(ji)管亮，給電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。可以先設(she)定轉換(huan)開(kai)關(guan)為(wei)1時(shi)(shi)給一節(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，轉換(huan)開(kai)關(guan)為(wei)2時(shi)(shi)給二節(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，依次類推，實現對1-4節(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。當(dang)(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿時(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓比較器輸(shu)出(chu)低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)平，VT2截止(zhi)，VT1不導(dao)(dao)通(tong)，發光二極(ji)管熄(xi)滅，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)完畢。

 2 簡易(yi)充電器總電路(lu)原(yuan)理圖及元器件清單

2.1 簡易充電器總電路原(yuan)理圖

簡易電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池自(zi)動(dong)恒流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路的(de)總電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路圖(tu)如圖(tu)5所示。它是由變壓器整流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路、恒流(liu)產生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路、充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)檢測電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路、顯示電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路5部(bu)(bu)分構成(cheng)。總電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路圖(tu)中需(xu)要(yao)注意的(de)是各個單元電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路之間的(de)連(lian)接一定要(yao)準確，同時(shi)各部(bu)(bu)分的(de)布局要(yao)合理(li)。

2.2 元器件清單(dan)

本設計用的元件清單如表1。

3 結束語

通過(guo)以(yi)上的(de)講解(jie)我(wo)們發現簡易電(dian)池自(zi)動恒流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)路具有很多優點(dian)，電(dian)路結構簡單、功能(neng)完善(shan)、調節方便等(deng)，適合無線電(dian)愛好者自(zi)行制(zhi)作及高職學生電(dian)子實訓。

                                                                                                         本文(wen)摘自于中國(guo)充電器網(wang)