各種移動設備的飛速發展，也加快了充電電池的發展，為了滿足現今移動設備的需要，充電電池的容量也越來越大，其中鎳氫充電電池是大容量電池的主要品種，在電力電子、交通以及通信領域有了較多的應用，在很多智能儀器儀表中，鎳氫電池常用來作為備用電池，充電器是充電電池的必備品，這篇文章就來講述一種基于分立元件構成的電池自動恒流充電電路(lu)，著(zhu)重(zhong)講述了充電電路(lu)的組成、結構特點(dian)、工作原理及(ji)電路(lu)的調節。

1 電路(lu)總體(ti)設(she)計思(si)路(lu)

簡易電(dian)池自動恒流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)路的總體框圖如圖1所示。它是由變壓器整流(liu)電(dian)路、恒流(liu)產生電(dian)路、自動斷(duan)電(dian)電(dian)路、顯示電(dian)路和電(dian)源電(dian)路5部分(fen)構成(cheng)。

變壓器整流(liu)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)是將公共電(dian)(dian)網中的(de)(de)(de)220V交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)轉換為(wei)合適的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)和電(dian)(dian)壓信號(hao)，從而為(wei)后續電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)提供信號(hao)。恒流(liu)產(chan)生電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)是利(li)(li)用(yong)晶體(ti)管電(dian)(dian)流(liu)源(yuan)(yuan)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)產(chan)生恒定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)。自(zi)動(dong)斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)是利(li)(li)用(yong)三極(ji)管飽和導通(tong)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓特性，從而實(shi)現電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)當電(dian)(dian)池充滿電(dian)(dian)時(shi)能(neng)(neng)夠自(zi)動(dong)切(qie)斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)。顯示電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)是利(li)(li)用(yong)發光二(er)極(ji)管將電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)開(kai)始充電(dian)(dian)和結束(shu)充電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)狀態顯示出來。穩壓電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)是為(wei)上(shang)述所(suo)有電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)提供直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓。

1.1 變壓器整流電路及電源電路的設計(ji)

變壓(ya)(ya)器整(zheng)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路和穩壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(如圖2虛線左邊所示(shi))，其主要由變壓(ya)(ya)器、二極管橋(qiao)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路、電(dian)(dian)(dian)容構(gou)成(cheng)。其中變壓(ya)(ya)器采用常規的(de)鐵心變壓(ya)(ya)器，并將公(gong)共電(dian)(dian)(dian)網中的(de)220 V交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)變為12 V交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，再通過(guo)二極管橋(qiao)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路進行整(zheng)流(liu)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)容C1濾波。整(zheng)流(liu)信號由VC1引出。在此基礎(chu)上再接三端穩壓(ya)(ya)器CW7812及(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容C3、C4(如圖2虛線右邊所示(shi))，這樣整(zheng)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路就構(gou)成(cheng)穩壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路。由B點提供+12 V的(de)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。

1.2 恒(heng)流電(dian)路(lu)的(de)設(she)計

如圖(tu)3所示，由(you)穩壓管VZ1、晶(jing)體管VT1、電(dian)(dian)阻R1、電(dian)(dian)容C2構(gou)成的晶(jing)體管電(dian)(dian)流(liu)源(yuan)提(ti)供恒定電(dian)(dian)流(liu)，

取穩壓(ya)管電(dian)壓(ya)為5 V，R1為51 Ω，此時(shi)IC≈1OO mA，作為電(dian)路(lu)的(de)充電(dian)電(dian)流。

1.3 自動充(chong)電(dian)檢測(ce)電(dian)路和指示電(dian)路的設計

如圖4電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)所示，自動斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)是(shi)由(you)三極管(guan)VT2、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)跟隨器A1、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)比較(jiao)器A2電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)R4、R5、R6、R7、R8、R11和可變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)RP1構(gou)成。當充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開始時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)比較(jiao)器輸出(chu)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平，VT2導(dao)通，VT1也導(dao)通，指示燈發光二極管(guan)亮(liang)，給(gei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。可以先設定(ding)轉(zhuan)換開關為1時(shi)給(gei)一(yi)節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，轉(zhuan)換開關為2時(shi)給(gei)二節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，依次類推，實現對1-4節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)滿時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)比較(jiao)器輸出(chu)低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平，VT2截止(zhi)，VT1不導(dao)通，發光二極管(guan)熄滅(mie)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)完畢。

 2 簡(jian)易充電(dian)器(qi)總電(dian)路原理圖及元器(qi)件清(qing)單

2.1 簡(jian)易(yi)充(chong)電器總電路原理圖

簡易電池自動(dong)恒流(liu)充電電路(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)總電路(lu)(lu)(lu)圖(tu)(tu)如圖(tu)(tu)5所示(shi)。它是由變壓器整流(liu)電路(lu)(lu)(lu)、恒流(liu)產生(sheng)電路(lu)(lu)(lu)、充電檢測電路(lu)(lu)(lu)、顯示(shi)電路(lu)(lu)(lu)和電源電路(lu)(lu)(lu)5部分(fen)構成。總電路(lu)(lu)(lu)圖(tu)(tu)中(zhong)需(xu)要注意的(de)是各(ge)個(ge)單元(yuan)電路(lu)(lu)(lu)之間的(de)連接一定要準確(que)，同時各(ge)部分(fen)的(de)布局(ju)要合理。

2.2 元器件(jian)清單

本設計用的元件清單如表1。

3 結束語

通過以上(shang)的講解我們發(fa)現(xian)簡易電池自動(dong)恒(heng)流充電電路具有(you)很多優點，電路結構簡單、功能(neng)完(wan)善、調節方便(bian)等，適合無(wu)線電愛好者自行制作及(ji)高職(zhi)學生電子實訓。

                                                                                                         本文(wen)摘自于(yu)中國充電器(qi)網