各種移動設備的飛速發展，也加快了充電電池的發展，為了滿足現今移動設備的需要，充電電池的容量也越來越大，其中鎳氫充電電池是大容量電池的主要品種，在電力電子、交通以及通信領域有了較多的應用，在很多智能儀器儀表中，鎳氫電池常用來作為備用電池，充電器是充電電池的必備品，這篇文章就來講述一種基于分立元件構成的電池自動恒流充電電(dian)路，著重講述(shu)了充電(dian)電(dian)路的組(zu)成、結構特點、工作原理及電(dian)路的調節。

1 電(dian)路(lu)總體設計思路(lu)

簡易電池自動(dong)恒(heng)流(liu)充電電路(lu)(lu)的總體(ti)框圖如圖1所示。它是由變壓器(qi)整流(liu)電路(lu)(lu)、恒(heng)流(liu)產生電路(lu)(lu)、自動(dong)斷電電路(lu)(lu)、顯示電路(lu)(lu)和電源電路(lu)(lu)5部分構(gou)成。

變(bian)壓器整流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)是(shi)將公共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)220V交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉換(huan)為(wei)合適的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓信(xin)(xin)號，從(cong)而為(wei)后續電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)提供信(xin)(xin)號。恒流產生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)是(shi)利用(yong)(yong)晶(jing)體管(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流源(yuan)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)產生恒定的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流。自動斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)是(shi)利用(yong)(yong)三極管(guan)飽和導通時的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓特性，從(cong)而實現電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時能(neng)夠自動切(qie)斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。顯(xian)示電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)是(shi)利用(yong)(yong)發光二(er)極管(guan)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)開始充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和結束(shu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)狀(zhuang)態顯(xian)示出(chu)來。穩壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)是(shi)為(wei)上述所有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)提供直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。

1.1 變(bian)壓器整流電路(lu)及電源電路(lu)的設計

變壓器(qi)(qi)整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流電(dian)路和穩壓電(dian)源電(dian)路(如圖2虛(xu)線(xian)左邊所(suo)示)，其(qi)主要由(you)變壓器(qi)(qi)、二極管(guan)橋式電(dian)路、電(dian)容構成。其(qi)中(zhong)變壓器(qi)(qi)采用常規的鐵心變壓器(qi)(qi)，并將公共(gong)電(dian)網中(zhong)的220 V交流電(dian)變為(wei)12 V交流電(dian)，再通過(guo)二極管(guan)橋式電(dian)路進行整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流和電(dian)容C1濾波(bo)。整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流信號由(you)VC1引出。在此基礎(chu)上再接三端穩壓器(qi)(qi)CW7812及電(dian)容C3、C4(如圖2虛(xu)線(xian)右邊所(suo)示)，這樣整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)個電(dian)路就(jiu)構成穩壓電(dian)源電(dian)路。由(you)B點(dian)提供+12 V的直(zhi)流電(dian)壓。

1.2 恒流電路的設計(ji)

如(ru)圖3所示，由穩壓管VZ1、晶體(ti)管VT1、電阻R1、電容C2構成的(de)晶體(ti)管電流(liu)源提(ti)供恒定電流(liu)，

取穩壓管電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)5 V，R1為(wei)51 Ω，此時IC≈1OO mA，作(zuo)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流。

1.3 自動充電(dian)檢測電(dian)路(lu)和指示電(dian)路(lu)的(de)設(she)計

如圖4電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路所(suo)示，自(zi)動(dong)斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路是由三(san)極(ji)管VT2、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓跟隨器(qi)A1、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓比(bi)較器(qi)A2電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻R4、R5、R6、R7、R8、R11和可(ke)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻RP1構成。當充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)始時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓比(bi)較器(qi)輸出高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)，VT2導(dao)(dao)通(tong)，VT1也導(dao)(dao)通(tong)，指示燈(deng)發(fa)(fa)光二極(ji)管亮，給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。可(ke)以先設定轉換開(kai)關為1時給一節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，轉換開(kai)關為2時給二節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，依(yi)次(ci)類推，實現(xian)對(dui)1-4節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)(chong)滿(man)時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓比(bi)較器(qi)輸出低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)，VT2截止(zhi)，VT1不導(dao)(dao)通(tong)，發(fa)(fa)光二極(ji)管熄滅，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)完畢。

 2 簡易(yi)充電器總電路原理圖及元(yuan)器件(jian)清單

2.1 簡(jian)易充電器(qi)總電路(lu)原理圖

簡易(yi)電(dian)(dian)池自動恒流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)總電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)圖(tu)如圖(tu)5所示。它是由變壓(ya)器整流(liu)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、恒流(liu)產生電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、充電(dian)(dian)檢測電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、顯示電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)和電(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)5部(bu)分(fen)構成。總電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)圖(tu)中需要注意(yi)的(de)是各(ge)個單元(yuan)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)之間的(de)連接一(yi)定要準確，同時(shi)各(ge)部(bu)分(fen)的(de)布局要合(he)理。

2.2 元器件清單

本(ben)設計用的元(yuan)件清(qing)單如表(biao)1。

3 結束語

通(tong)過以上(shang)的(de)講解我們發現簡(jian)易電(dian)池自(zi)動恒流充電(dian)電(dian)路(lu)具有很多(duo)優點，電(dian)路(lu)結構簡(jian)單、功能完(wan)善、調節方便(bian)等，適(shi)合無線電(dian)愛(ai)好(hao)者自(zi)行(xing)制作及高職學生電(dian)子實訓。

                                                                                                         本文摘(zhai)自(zi)于中(zhong)國充(chong)電(dian)器網