1.蓄電池的特點

目前常用的(de)四種化學(xue)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)是鉛酸電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)（PbSO4）、鋰(li)離(li)子電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)（Li＋）、鎳鉻電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)（NiCd）和(he)鎳氫電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)（NiMH）。由于環保問(wen)題(ti)和(he)對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)要求(qiu)越來越高(gao)等綜(zong)合因素，推動了(le)新電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)發展。

1．1 鎳鉻(ge)電(dian)池(chi)和鎳氫(qing)電(dian)池(chi)

鎳(nie)(nie)鉻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)比鎳(nie)(nie)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)或鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)低(di)(di)，具有(you)(you)低(di)(di)阻抗特性(xing)，對于(yu)(yu)需(xu)(xu)要短(duan)時(shi)間大(da)(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應用場合很具吸引力(li)。但鎳(nie)(nie)鉻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)如(ru)果未經充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)分放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)又進(jin)(jin)行(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，或者長時(shi)間處(chu)于(yu)(yu)小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態，就(jiu)會(hui)(hui)產生(sheng)枝(zhi)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)晶(jing)體，引起(qi)(qi)“記憶(yi)效(xiao)應”，從而導(dao)(dao)致電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)內阻變大(da)(da)(da)，容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)變小(xiao)，縮(suo)短(duan)了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)壽命。如(ru)果在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)前(qian)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)完全(quan)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，使每(mei)節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)降到1．0V左右，就(jiu)能消除引起(qi)(qi)“記憶(yi)效(xiao)應”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)枝(zhi)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)晶(jing)體，恢復電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)能。鎳(nie)(nie)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)具有(you)(you)較高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，但其自放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)也較高，約(yue)為(wei)(wei)鎳(nie)(nie)鉻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)二倍。在(zai)(zai)初(chu)始(shi)階段其放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)尤高（每(mei)天放掉1％）。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)鎳(nie)(nie)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)不(bu)(bu)宜用于(yu)(yu)需(xu)(xu)要長時(shi)間保持電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)場合。就(jiu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式而言，兩種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)非常(chang)相(xiang)似，都是以(yi)(yi)恒流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方式進(jin)(jin)行(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可采(cai)用快速(su)(su)、標(biao)準或者涓(juan)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方式進(jin)(jin)行(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。它(ta)們都能以(yi)(yi)超過2C（C為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，單位為(wei)(wei)安(an)培）的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)速(su)(su)率(lv)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)（但一般采(cai)用C／2速(su)(su)率(lv)）。由于(yu)(yu)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)內部損耗(hao)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)率(lv)一般小(xiao)于(yu)(yu)100％，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)，在(zai)(zai)采(cai)用C／2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)速(su)(su)率(lv)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，通常(chang)需(xu)(xu)要兩個多小(xiao)時(shi)才能把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿(man)。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損耗(hao)隨(sui)著充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)(su)率(lv)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)而不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)。在(zai)(zai)恒流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)會(hui)(hui)緩慢達到峰(feng)值（ΔV／Δt變為(wei)(wei)0），鎳(nie)(nie)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)需(xu)(xu)在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)個峰(feng)值點終(zhong)止快速(su)(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，鎳(nie)(nie)鉻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)須(xu)在(zai)(zai)峰(feng)值點后當(dang)(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)開始(shi)下(xia)降時(shi)（ΔV／Δt變為(wei)(wei)負）即終(zhong)止快速(su)(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，否則(ze)會(hui)(hui)導(dao)(dao)致電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)內壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)和(he)溫度(du)上升(sheng)而損壞(huai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。當(dang)(dang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)(su)率(lv)大(da)(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)C／2時(shi)，則(ze)要監(jian)測電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)和(he)溫度(du)，因為(wei)(wei)當(dang)(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)快充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿(man)時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫度(du)會(hui)(hui)急劇上升(sheng)。對于(yu)(yu)鎳(nie)(nie)鉻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)和(he)鎳(nie)(nie)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，還可以(yi)(yi)采(cai)用比較簡便(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)涓(juan)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，這(zhe)時(shi)只會(hui)(hui)造成(cheng)極小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫升(sheng)，不(bu)(bu)會(hui)(hui)損壞(huai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，也就(jiu)無(wu)需(xu)(xu)終(zhong)止涓(juan)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或者監(jian)測電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)。允許的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最大(da)(da)(da)涓(juan)流(liu)(liu)(liu)隨(sui)著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)類型和(he)環境(jing)溫度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)而不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)，典型條件下(xia)C／15較為(wei)(wei)安(an)全(quan)。

1．2 鋰離子電池

過(guo)(guo)(guo)去幾(ji)年(nian)中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)技術領(ling)域最突出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)創新就(jiu)是鋰(li)(li)(li)離子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。相對(dui)于(yu)鎳基(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)而(er)言，鋰(li)(li)(li)離子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)具有更高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。從(cong)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)／體(ti)積比(bi)來(lai)衡量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)，鋰(li)(li)(li)離子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)比(bi)鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)高(gao)(gao)出(chu)(chu)10％～30％，從(cong)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)／質量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)比(bi)來(lai)看，鋰(li)(li)(li)離子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)比(bi)鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)高(gao)(gao)出(chu)(chu)近(jin)兩倍(bei)。但(dan)鋰(li)(li)(li)離子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)對(dui)于(yu)過(guo)(guo)(guo)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)(he)欠(qian)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)很敏(min)感。要達到最大(da)(da)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)就(jiu)必(bi)須充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)到最高(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，而(er)過(guo)(guo)(guo)高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)和(he)(he)過(guo)(guo)(guo)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或(huo)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)又會(hui)造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)永(yong)久性(xing)損壞(huai)。如果多次放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)至過(guo)(guo)(guo)低的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)則會(hui)造成容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)損失，所以，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)(he)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)都須限(xian)制其電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，以保護(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)不受損壞(huai)。鋰(li)(li)(li)離子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式不同于(yu)鎳基(ji)材料的(de)(de)化學電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)需用一個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)―電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)源來(lai)進行充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。為(wei)了獲得最大(da)(da)的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)而(er)又不損壞(huai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，須使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)保持在(zai)1％的(de)(de)精度(du)內。快速充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開始時(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)比(bi)較低，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)即為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)極(ji)限(xian)。隨(sui)著(zhu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)進行，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)緩慢上升，最終當每節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)達到浮空電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya) 4．2V時(shi)(shi)，此時(shi)(shi)即可(ke)終止充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

2　總體設計

2．1 充電器(qi)芯(xin)片(pian)MAX846A

MAX846A是一種16腳QSOP封裝的通用型充電控制芯片，可以單獨構成鋰離子電池充電器，也可以在單片機的控制下對鋰離子電池和鎳基電池進行(xing)充電(dian)(dian)。圖1為(wei)(wei)其QSOP封(feng)裝的(de)管腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)圖。圖中(zhong)，1腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)DCIN和4腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)GND及15腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)PGND分(fen)別為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)源和地(di)端(duan)(duan)(duan)。2腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)VL端(duan)(duan)(duan)可(ke)提供(gong)3．3V，1％的(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)基準。3腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)CCI和5腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)CCV分(fen)別為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)流和電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)調節回(hui)路補償(chang)端(duan)(duan)(duan)。7腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)ISET和6腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)VSET分(fen)別為(wei)(wei)充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流和電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)回(hui)路設定端(duan)(duan)(duan)。8腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)OFFV為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)調節回(hui)路控制(zhi)端(duan)(duan)(duan)，對(dui)于鎳(nie)基電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)置(zhi)為(wei)(wei)高電(dian)(dian)平(ping)。當VL端(duan)(duan)(duan)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)低(di)于3V時(shi)，9腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)PWROK輸(shu)出低(di)電(dian)(dian)平(ping)，可(ke)給(gei)MCU提供(gong)復位信(xin)號。10腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)CELL2為(wei)(wei)鋰離子電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)選擇端(duan)(duan)(duan)，低(di)電(dian)(dian)平(ping)時(shi)為(wei)(wei)一節，高電(dian)(dian)平(ping)時(shi)為(wei)(wei)兩(liang)節。11腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)ON為(wei)(wei)充電(dian)(dian)控制(zhi)端(duan)(duan)(duan)，低(di)電(dian)(dian)平(ping)時(shi)停止充電(dian)(dian)。12腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)BATT端(duan)(duan)(duan)接電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)正極。13腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)CS＋和14腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)CS－為(wei)(wei)內部電(dian)(dian)流檢測放(fang)大器(qi)輸(shu)入端(duan)(duan)(duan)。16腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)DRV為(wei)(wei)外部調節晶體管驅動端(duan)(duan)(duan)。

2．2 硬件設計

充電器硬件結構圖如圖2所示。整個系統以MCU為核心構成，包括電源電路、調節電路、充電與放電電路、鍵盤與顯示電路及報警電路等環節。
 

MCU選用AT89C51，片內(nei)帶4K的(de)EEPROM，這樣就無需擴(kuo)展程(cheng)序存儲器(qi)，簡(jian)化了電(dian)(dian)路(lu)設計。電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)回路(lu)中，220V的(de)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)經變壓(ya)器(qi)降為 12V，經過整流(liu)(liu)濾波變為14V左右，作為MAX846A的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，另外經7805穩壓(ya)后作為其他(ta)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)單元的(de)工(gong)(gong)作電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。調節電(dian)(dian)路(lu)主要由A／D和(he)(he)D／A構成(cheng)(cheng)，用于檢測電(dian)(dian)池的(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和(he)(he)溫(wen)度(du)及設置(zhi)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)浮空(kong)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和(he)(he)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)以(yi)MAX846A為中心，完成(cheng)(cheng)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)的(de)啟(qi)停及充(chong)電(dian)(dian)方式的(de)選擇由單片機對MAX846A進行(xing)控制(zhi)來實現。放(fang)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)用以(yi)消除鎳鉻電(dian)(dian)池的(de)“記憶效應”。報警電(dian)(dian)路(lu)在系統工(gong)(gong)作時給出必要的(de)聲音(yin)提示(shi)。鍵(jian)盤和(he)(he)顯示(shi)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)用于設置(zhi)和(he)(he)顯示(shi)相關(guan)的(de)參數。

2．3 充電器的功能設計
　　系統工作時通過鍵盤選擇電池類型和充電方式，并由一位數碼管顯示。具體方式如下所示：
    （1）鎳鉻電池全電流快速充電方式
    （2）鎳鉻電池標準充電方式
    （3）鎳氫電池全電流快速充電方式
    （4）鎳氫電池標準充電方式
    （5）鋰離子電池快速充電方式
    （6）鋰離子(zi)電池標(biao)準(zhun)充電方(fang)式

系統啟動時先進行初始化，隨后檢查電池是否開路。如開路則LED顯示0并蜂鳴提示，如正常則按照設置的充電方式進行充電。在對鎳鉻電池充電時，首先檢測電池是否已充分放電，如單節電池電壓在1．0V以上，則先進行完全放電以消除其“記憶效應”。對于鎳基電池，無論采用哪一種充電方式，在充電結束后自動進入涓流充電方式，以補償電池的自放電。鋰離子電池的自放電率最低，所以無需涓流充電。在快速充電時，鎳鉻電池采用負斜率終止充電（ΔV／Δt小于0），鎳氫電池采用(yong)零斜率終止充(chong)電（ΔV／Δt等(deng)于0），鋰離子電池(chi)采用(yong)頂端截止。另外，在快速充(chong)電時(shi)，如電池(chi)電壓或者溫度(du)超限以及充(chong)電時(shi)間超過三小時(shi)，系統都將(jiang)停止充(chong)電并蜂鳴(ming)提示。充(chong)電結束時(shi)數碼管(guan)顯示P并蜂鳴(ming)提示。出于對(dui)電池(chi)壽(shou)命的考慮，在多(duo)次快充(chong)后，建議采用(yong)標(biao)準方式(shi)充(chong)電一次。

2．4 軟件設計

系統的(de)軟件設(she)計(ji)采用(yong)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)式結構，主要由初始化程(cheng)序、充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方式設(she)置模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)、預處理模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)、A／D轉(zhuan)換(huan)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)、D／A轉(zhuan)換(huan)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)、定時模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)和(he)(he)顯示(shi)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)等部(bu)分(fen)(fen)組成(cheng)。其中，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方式設(she)置模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)用(yong)于設(she)置電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)類型和(he)(he)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方式；A／D轉(zhuan)換(huan)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)用(yong)于檢測(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和(he)(he)溫度，以確(que)定是否終止充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)；D／A轉(zhuan)換(huan)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)用(yong)于設(she)置充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)；定時模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)用(yong)于確(que)定零斜(xie)率或負斜(xie)率檢測(ce)的(de)頻(pin)度以及(ji)快充(chong)的(de)時間監測(ce)，斜(xie)率檢測(ce)為每(mei)分(fen)(fen)鐘一次(ci)，快充(chong)的(de)時間限(xian)為三小時。系統程(cheng)序的(de)流程(cheng)圖(tu)如圖(tu)3所示(shi)。

3　結束語

采用單片機和充電集成電路進行充電器設計，不但能夠(gou)實(shi)現對一般(ban)的(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)池進行充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)，而且還能夠(gou)實(shi)現相應的(de)過壓和溫度保護，從而可(ke)以充(chong)(chong)(chong)分發(fa)揮蓄(xu)電(dian)池的(de)性(xing)能，延長電(dian)池的(de)使用壽命(ming)，并(bing)避免簡(jian)易充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)器(qi)在充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)時(shi)可(ke)能對電(dian)池造成損害的(de)情況發(fa)生，具有一定的(de)智能功能，符合目前的(de)環境(jing)保護潮流。