1.蓄電池的特點

目(mu)前常用的(de)四種化學電(dian)池(chi)是(shi)鉛(qian)酸電(dian)池(chi)（PbSO4）、鋰離(li)子電(dian)池(chi)（Li＋）、鎳鉻電(dian)池(chi)（NiCd）和鎳氫電(dian)池(chi)（NiMH）。由(you)于(yu)環(huan)保(bao)問題和對電(dian)池(chi)的(de)要求越來越高等綜合因素，推動了(le)新電(dian)池(chi)技術(shu)的(de)發展。

1．1 鎳鉻電(dian)池(chi)和鎳氫電(dian)池(chi)

鎳鉻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)比(bi)鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)或(huo)鋰(li)離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)低(di)，具有低(di)阻抗特性，對于(yu)(yu)需要短時(shi)間(jian)(jian)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)場合(he)(he)很具吸引(yin)力。但鎳鉻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)如果未經充(chong)(chong)(chong)分放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)又進(jin)(jin)行充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，或(huo)者長時(shi)間(jian)(jian)處(chu)于(yu)(yu)小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態，就(jiu)會(hui)產(chan)生枝狀晶體，引(yin)起“記憶效(xiao)應”，從而(er)導(dao)致電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)內阻變(bian)大(da)，容(rong)量(liang)(liang)變(bian)小(xiao)，縮短了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)壽命。如果在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)前進(jin)(jin)行完全放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，使每(mei)節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)降(jiang)到(dao)1．0V左右，就(jiu)能(neng)消除(chu)引(yin)起“記憶效(xiao)應”的(de)(de)(de)枝狀晶體，恢復電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)性能(neng)。鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)具有較(jiao)高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)，但其自(zi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)也較(jiao)高(gao)(gao)，約為鎳鉻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)二倍。在(zai)初始階段其放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)尤高(gao)(gao)（每(mei)天放掉1％）。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)不(bu)宜用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)需要長時(shi)間(jian)(jian)保(bao)持電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)場合(he)(he)。就(jiu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式而(er)言(yan)，兩種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)非常相似，都是以(yi)(yi)恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式進(jin)(jin)行充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可采(cai)用(yong)(yong)快(kuai)速(su)、標(biao)準或(huo)者涓流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式進(jin)(jin)行充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。它們都能(neng)以(yi)(yi)超過(guo)2C（C為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)，單位為安(an)培(pei)）的(de)(de)(de)速(su)率(lv)進(jin)(jin)行充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)（但一般(ban)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)C／2速(su)率(lv)）。由于(yu)(yu)存在(zai)內部損(sun)耗(hao)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)率(lv)一般(ban)小(xiao)于(yu)(yu)100％，所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)，在(zai)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)C／2的(de)(de)(de)速(su)率(lv)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，通(tong)常需要兩個(ge)多小(xiao)時(shi)才能(neng)把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿。充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中的(de)(de)(de)損(sun)耗(hao)隨著充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)率(lv)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)而(er)不(bu)同(tong)。在(zai)恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)會(hui)緩慢達到(dao)峰值(zhi)（ΔV／Δt變(bian)為0），鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)需在(zai)這個(ge)峰值(zhi)點終止快(kuai)速(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，鎳鉻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)須在(zai)峰值(zhi)點后當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)開始下(xia)降(jiang)時(shi)（ΔV／Δt變(bian)為負(fu)）即終止快(kuai)速(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，否則會(hui)導(dao)致電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)內壓(ya)(ya)力和(he)溫(wen)度上(shang)升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)而(er)損(sun)壞(huai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。當充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)率(lv)大(da)于(yu)(yu)C／2時(shi)，則要監(jian)測電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)和(he)溫(wen)度，因為當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)快(kuai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)度會(hui)急劇上(shang)升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。對于(yu)(yu)鎳鉻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)和(he)鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，還可以(yi)(yi)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)比(bi)較(jiao)簡便的(de)(de)(de)涓流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，這時(shi)只會(hui)造成極小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，不(bu)會(hui)損(sun)壞(huai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，也就(jiu)無需終止涓流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或(huo)者監(jian)測電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。允(yun)許(xu)的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)大(da)涓流(liu)(liu)隨著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)類型和(he)環境溫(wen)度的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)而(er)不(bu)同(tong)，典型條件下(xia)C／15較(jiao)為安(an)全。

1．2 鋰離子電池

過去(qu)幾年中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)技術領(ling)域最(zui)(zui)突出(chu)的(de)創(chuang)新(xin)就是鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。相對(dui)于(yu)鎳(nie)基電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)而(er)言，鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)具(ju)有更(geng)高的(de)容量。從容量／體積比(bi)(bi)來衡量，鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)比(bi)(bi)鎳(nie)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)高出(chu)10％～30％，從容量／質量比(bi)(bi)來看，鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)比(bi)(bi)鎳(nie)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)高出(chu)近兩倍。但(dan)鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)對(dui)于(yu)過充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和欠充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)很敏感。要達(da)到(dao)(dao)最(zui)(zui)大(da)容量就必須充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)到(dao)(dao)最(zui)(zui)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，而(er)過高的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)和過大(da)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流又(you)會造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)永久性損壞(huai)(huai)。如果多次放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)至過低(di)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)則會造成(cheng)容量損失，所(suo)以，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時都須限制(zhi)其電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，以保護(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)不受損壞(huai)(huai)。鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式不同于(yu)鎳(nie)基材料(liao)的(de)化學電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時需用一個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)―電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流源來進行充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。為了獲(huo)得最(zui)(zui)大(da)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量而(er)又(you)不損壞(huai)(huai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，須使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)保持在1％的(de)精度內。快速充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)始時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)比(bi)(bi)較低(di)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流即為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流極(ji)限。隨著充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)進行，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)緩慢上升，最(zui)(zui)終(zhong)(zhong)當每節(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)達(da)到(dao)(dao)浮空(kong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya) 4．2V時，此時即可終(zhong)(zhong)止充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

2　總體設計

2．1 充(chong)電器芯片MAX846A

MAX846A是一種16腳QSOP封裝的通用型充電控制芯片，可以單獨構成鋰離子電池充電器，也可以在單片機的控制下對鋰離子電池和鎳基電池進行充電。圖(tu)1為(wei)(wei)(wei)其QSOP封裝的管(guan)腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)圖(tu)。圖(tu)中，1腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)DCIN和4腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)GND及15腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)PGND分(fen)別(bie)為(wei)(wei)(wei)電源和地端(duan)(duan)(duan)。2腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)VL端(duan)(duan)(duan)可提(ti)供3．3V，1％的電壓(ya)基(ji)準。3腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)CCI和5腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)CCV分(fen)別(bie)為(wei)(wei)(wei)電流(liu)和電壓(ya)調(diao)節(jie)回(hui)路補償端(duan)(duan)(duan)。7腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)ISET和6腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)VSET分(fen)別(bie)為(wei)(wei)(wei)充電電流(liu)和電壓(ya)回(hui)路設定端(duan)(duan)(duan)。8腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)OFFV為(wei)(wei)(wei)電壓(ya)調(diao)節(jie)回(hui)路控(kong)制端(duan)(duan)(duan)，對于鎳(nie)基(ji)電池置為(wei)(wei)(wei)高電平(ping)。當VL端(duan)(duan)(duan)電壓(ya)低(di)于3V時，9腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)PWROK輸出低(di)電平(ping)，可給MCU提(ti)供復位信號(hao)。10腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)CELL2為(wei)(wei)(wei)鋰離子電池選擇端(duan)(duan)(duan)，低(di)電平(ping)時為(wei)(wei)(wei)一節(jie)，高電平(ping)時為(wei)(wei)(wei)兩節(jie)。11腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)ON為(wei)(wei)(wei)充電控(kong)制端(duan)(duan)(duan)，低(di)電平(ping)時停止(zhi)充電。12腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)BATT端(duan)(duan)(duan)接(jie)電池正極。13腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)CS＋和14腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)CS－為(wei)(wei)(wei)內部電流(liu)檢測放(fang)大器輸入端(duan)(duan)(duan)。16腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)DRV為(wei)(wei)(wei)外部調(diao)節(jie)晶(jing)體管(guan)驅動端(duan)(duan)(duan)。

2．2 硬件設計

充電器硬件結構圖如圖2所示。整個系統以MCU為核心構成，包括電源電路、調節電路、充電與放電電路、鍵盤與顯示電路及報警電路等環節。
 

MCU選用(yong)(yong)AT89C51，片內(nei)帶(dai)4K的(de)(de)(de)(de)EEPROM，這樣就無需(xu)擴(kuo)展程(cheng)(cheng)序存(cun)儲器，簡化(hua)了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路設(she)(she)計。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源回(hui)路中(zhong)，220V的(de)(de)(de)(de)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)經(jing)變(bian)壓器降為 12V，經(jing)過整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)濾(lv)波變(bian)為14V左(zuo)右，作為MAX846A的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源，另外經(jing)7805穩壓后(hou)作為其他(ta)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路單元的(de)(de)(de)(de)工作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源。調(diao)節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路主要(yao)(yao)由(you)(you)A／D和(he)D／A構成(cheng)，用(yong)(yong)于檢測電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和(he)溫度及設(she)(she)置(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)浮空電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和(he)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)。充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路以(yi)(yi)MAX846A為中(zhong)心，完成(cheng)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)(cheng)。充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)啟停及充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式的(de)(de)(de)(de)選擇由(you)(you)單片機對MAX846A進行控制來實(shi)現。放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路用(yong)(yong)以(yi)(yi)消除鎳鉻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)“記(ji)憶(yi)效應”。報警電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路在系(xi)統工作時給出必要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)聲(sheng)音提示(shi)。鍵盤和(he)顯示(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路用(yong)(yong)于設(she)(she)置(zhi)和(he)顯示(shi)相關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)參數。

2．3 充電器的功能設計
　　系統工作時通過鍵盤選擇電池類型和充電方式，并由一位數碼管顯示。具體方式如下所示：
    （1）鎳鉻電池全電流快速充電方式
    （2）鎳鉻電池標準充電方式
    （3）鎳氫電池全電流快速充電方式
    （4）鎳氫電池標準充電方式
    （5）鋰離子電池快速充電方式
    （6）鋰(li)離子電(dian)池標準充電(dian)方式

系統啟動時先進行初始化，隨后檢查電池是否開路。如開路則LED顯示0并蜂鳴提示，如正常則按照設置的充電方式進行充電。在對鎳鉻電池充電時，首先檢測電池是否已充分放電，如單節電池電壓在1．0V以上，則先進行完全放電以消除其“記憶效應”。對于鎳基電池，無論采用哪一種充電方式，在充電結束后自動進入涓流充電方式，以補償電池的自放電。鋰離子電池的自放電率最低，所以無需涓流充電。在快速充電時，鎳鉻電池采用負斜率終止充電（ΔV／Δt小于0），鎳氫電池采(cai)用(yong)零(ling)斜(xie)率終(zhong)止充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)（ΔV／Δt等(deng)于0），鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)采(cai)用(yong)頂(ding)端截止。另外，在(zai)快(kuai)速充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)，如電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓或者溫度超限以及充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)超過三小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)，系(xi)統都(dou)將停止充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)并(bing)蜂鳴提(ti)示。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)結(jie)束時(shi)(shi)數碼管顯示P并(bing)蜂鳴提(ti)示。出(chu)于對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽命的考慮，在(zai)多次快(kuai)充(chong)后，建議采(cai)用(yong)標(biao)準(zhun)方式充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)一次。

2．4 軟件設計

系統的軟件(jian)設計采用(yong)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)式(shi)結構，主要由初始(shi)化程(cheng)(cheng)序、充(chong)電(dian)方式(shi)設置(zhi)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)、預(yu)處理模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)、A／D轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)、D／A轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)、定時(shi)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)和顯示(shi)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)等部分組成。其中，充(chong)電(dian)方式(shi)設置(zhi)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)用(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)設置(zhi)電(dian)池類型和充(chong)電(dian)方式(shi)；A／D轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)用(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)檢測(ce)電(dian)池的電(dian)壓(ya)和溫度，以確(que)定是否(fou)終止充(chong)電(dian)過程(cheng)(cheng)；D／A轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)用(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)設置(zhi)充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流和電(dian)壓(ya)；定時(shi)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)用(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)確(que)定零(ling)斜率或負斜率檢測(ce)的頻度以及快充(chong)的時(shi)間監測(ce)，斜率檢測(ce)為每分鐘一(yi)次，快充(chong)的時(shi)間限為三小時(shi)。系統程(cheng)(cheng)序的流程(cheng)(cheng)圖(tu)如圖(tu)3所示(shi)。

3　結束語

采用單片機和充電集成電路進行充電器設計，不但能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)實現對(dui)一(yi)般的(de)蓄電(dian)池進行(xing)充電(dian)，而(er)且(qie)還(huan)能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)實現相應(ying)的(de)過(guo)壓和溫度(du)保護，從而(er)可以充分發(fa)揮蓄電(dian)池的(de)性能(neng)(neng)，延長電(dian)池的(de)使用壽命，并避免簡易充電(dian)器在充電(dian)時可能(neng)(neng)對(dui)電(dian)池造成損害的(de)情況發(fa)生，具(ju)有一(yi)定的(de)智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)功能(neng)(neng)，符合目前的(de)環境保護潮流。