1.蓄電池的特點

目前常(chang)用的(de)四種化學電池(chi)是鉛(qian)酸電池(chi)（PbSO4）、鋰離子電池(chi)（Li＋）、鎳鉻(ge)電池(chi)（NiCd）和(he)鎳氫電池(chi)（NiMH）。由于環(huan)保問題和(he)對電池(chi)的(de)要求越(yue)(yue)來(lai)越(yue)(yue)高等綜合因素(su)，推動(dong)了新電池(chi)技(ji)術的(de)發展。

1．1 鎳鉻(ge)電池和鎳氫(qing)電池

鎳(nie)(nie)鉻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)比鎳(nie)(nie)氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)或鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)低(di)(di)，具有低(di)(di)阻抗特(te)性，對于(yu)(yu)需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)短時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)場(chang)合很具吸引(yin)力(li)。但(dan)鎳(nie)(nie)鉻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)如果(guo)未經充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)分(fen)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)又進行(xing)(xing)(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，或者長時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)處于(yu)(yu)小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態，就(jiu)會(hui)產生(sheng)枝狀晶(jing)體，引(yin)起“記憶效應(ying)”，從而(er)導(dao)致電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)內阻變大(da)，容(rong)量(liang)變小(xiao)，縮(suo)短了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)壽命。如果(guo)在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)前進行(xing)(xing)(xing)完(wan)全放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，使(shi)每(mei)節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)降到1．0V左右，就(jiu)能(neng)消除引(yin)起“記憶效應(ying)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)枝狀晶(jing)體，恢(hui)復電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性能(neng)。鎳(nie)(nie)氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)具有較(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)，但(dan)其自(zi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)(lv)(lv)也較(jiao)高，約為(wei)鎳(nie)(nie)鉻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)二倍。在(zai)初始(shi)(shi)階段其放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)(lv)(lv)尤高（每(mei)天放掉1％）。所以(yi)鎳(nie)(nie)氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)不(bu)宜用(yong)于(yu)(yu)需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)長時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)保持電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)容(rong)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)場(chang)合。就(jiu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)而(er)言，兩(liang)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)非常相似，都是以(yi)恒流的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可(ke)采用(yong)快速(su)(su)、標準或者涓(juan)流的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。它們都能(neng)以(yi)超過2C（C為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)容(rong)量(liang)，單位為(wei)安(an)培）的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)速(su)(su)率(lv)(lv)(lv)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)（但(dan)一(yi)般(ban)采用(yong)C／2速(su)(su)率(lv)(lv)(lv)）。由于(yu)(yu)存在(zai)內部損(sun)耗(hao)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效率(lv)(lv)(lv)一(yi)般(ban)小(xiao)于(yu)(yu)100％，所以(yi)，在(zai)采用(yong)C／2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)速(su)(su)率(lv)(lv)(lv)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)，通常需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)兩(liang)個多小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)才能(neng)把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損(sun)耗(hao)隨(sui)著充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)(su)率(lv)(lv)(lv)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同而(er)不(bu)同。在(zai)恒流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)會(hui)緩慢(man)達到峰(feng)(feng)值(zhi)（ΔV／Δt變為(wei)0），鎳(nie)(nie)氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)需(xu)(xu)(xu)在(zai)這(zhe)個峰(feng)(feng)值(zhi)點終止(zhi)(zhi)快速(su)(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，鎳(nie)(nie)鉻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)須在(zai)峰(feng)(feng)值(zhi)點后當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)開始(shi)(shi)下(xia)降時(shi)(shi)（ΔV／Δt變為(wei)負）即終止(zhi)(zhi)快速(su)(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，否則(ze)會(hui)導(dao)致電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)內壓(ya)(ya)力(li)和溫度上(shang)升(sheng)而(er)損(sun)壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。當充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)(su)率(lv)(lv)(lv)大(da)于(yu)(yu)C／2時(shi)(shi)，則(ze)要(yao)(yao)監(jian)測(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)和溫度，因(yin)為(wei)當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)快充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿時(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫度會(hui)急劇上(shang)升(sheng)。對于(yu)(yu)鎳(nie)(nie)鉻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)和鎳(nie)(nie)氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，還可(ke)以(yi)采用(yong)比較(jiao)簡(jian)便(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)涓(juan)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，這(zhe)時(shi)(shi)只(zhi)會(hui)造(zao)成極小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫升(sheng)，不(bu)會(hui)損(sun)壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，也就(jiu)無需(xu)(xu)(xu)終止(zhi)(zhi)涓(juan)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或者監(jian)測(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。允許的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最大(da)涓(juan)流隨(sui)著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)類型和環境溫度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同而(er)不(bu)同，典型條件下(xia)C／15較(jiao)為(wei)安(an)全。

1．2 鋰離子電池

過(guo)去幾年中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)技(ji)術領(ling)域最突出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)創新(xin)就是鋰(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。相(xiang)對(dui)于(yu)鎳基電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)而(er)言(yan)，鋰(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)具有更高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量。從(cong)(cong)容(rong)量／體積比(bi)(bi)來(lai)衡量，鋰(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)比(bi)(bi)鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)高(gao)(gao)出(chu)(chu)10％～30％，從(cong)(cong)容(rong)量／質量比(bi)(bi)來(lai)看，鋰(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)比(bi)(bi)鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)高(gao)(gao)出(chu)(chu)近兩倍。但鋰(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)對(dui)于(yu)過(guo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)欠充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)很敏感。要達(da)到(dao)最大(da)容(rong)量就必須充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)到(dao)最高(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，而(er)過(guo)高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)和(he)過(guo)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)又會造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)永(yong)久性損壞。如果多次放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)至過(guo)低的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)則會造成容(rong)量損失，所(suo)以，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時都須限制(zhi)其電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，以保護電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)不受損壞。鋰(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式不同于(yu)鎳基材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)學電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時需用一個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)―電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)源來(lai)進行充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。為了獲得最大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量而(er)又不損壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，須使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)保持在1％的(de)(de)(de)(de)精度內(nei)。快速充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開始時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)比(bi)(bi)較低，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)即(ji)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)極限。隨著充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)進行，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)緩慢上升，最終當每節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)達(da)到(dao)浮空電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya) 4．2V時，此時即(ji)可(ke)終止充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

2　總體設計

2．1 充電器芯片MAX846A

MAX846A是一種16腳QSOP封裝的通用型充電控制芯片，可以單獨構成鋰離子電池充電器，也可以在單片機的控制下對鋰離子電池和鎳基電池進行(xing)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。圖1為(wei)(wei)其(qi)QSOP封裝的管腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)圖。圖中，1腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)DCIN和4腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)GND及15腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)PGND分(fen)別(bie)為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)和地端(duan)(duan)。2腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)VL端(duan)(duan)可提供3．3V，1％的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓基準。3腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)CCI和5腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)CCV分(fen)別(bie)為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓調節(jie)(jie)(jie)回路(lu)補償端(duan)(duan)。7腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)ISET和6腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)VSET分(fen)別(bie)為(wei)(wei)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓回路(lu)設(she)定(ding)端(duan)(duan)。8腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)OFFV為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓調節(jie)(jie)(jie)回路(lu)控制(zhi)端(duan)(duan)，對于鎳基電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池置為(wei)(wei)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)(ping)。當VL端(duan)(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓低(di)于3V時(shi)，9腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)PWROK輸出低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)(ping)，可給(gei)MCU提供復位信號(hao)。10腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)CELL2為(wei)(wei)鋰離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池選擇端(duan)(duan)，低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)(ping)時(shi)為(wei)(wei)一節(jie)(jie)(jie)，高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)(ping)時(shi)為(wei)(wei)兩節(jie)(jie)(jie)。11腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)ON為(wei)(wei)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)控制(zhi)端(duan)(duan)，低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)(ping)時(shi)停止(zhi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。12腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)BATT端(duan)(duan)接電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池正(zheng)極。13腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)CS＋和14腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)CS－為(wei)(wei)內部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)檢測放大器輸入端(duan)(duan)。16腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)DRV為(wei)(wei)外部調節(jie)(jie)(jie)晶體管驅動端(duan)(duan)。

2．2 硬件設計

充電器硬件結構圖如圖2所示。整個系統以MCU為核心構成，包括電源電路、調節電路、充電與放電電路、鍵盤與顯示電路及報警電路等環節。
 

MCU選用(yong)(yong)AT89C51，片內帶4K的(de)(de)EEPROM，這樣就無需擴展程序存儲器，簡化了電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)設(she)計。電(dian)(dian)(dian)源回路(lu)(lu)中，220V的(de)(de)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)經(jing)(jing)變壓(ya)器降為 12V，經(jing)(jing)過整流(liu)(liu)(liu)濾(lv)波變為14V左(zuo)右，作為MAX846A的(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源，另外經(jing)(jing)7805穩壓(ya)后作為其他電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)單元的(de)(de)工(gong)作電(dian)(dian)(dian)源。調節(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)主要由(you)A／D和(he)D／A構(gou)成，用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)檢(jian)測電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和(he)溫度及設(she)置電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)浮空(kong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和(he)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)。充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)以(yi)MAX846A為中心(xin)，完成充電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程。充電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程的(de)(de)啟停及充電(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式(shi)的(de)(de)選擇由(you)單片機(ji)對MAX846A進(jin)行控(kong)制來實(shi)現。放電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)用(yong)(yong)以(yi)消除鎳鉻(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)“記憶效應”。報警電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)在系(xi)統工(gong)作時給出必要的(de)(de)聲音(yin)提示(shi)。鍵盤和(he)顯(xian)示(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)設(she)置和(he)顯(xian)示(shi)相關(guan)的(de)(de)參(can)數。

2．3 充電器的功能設計
　　系統工作時通過鍵盤選擇電池類型和充電方式，并由一位數碼管顯示。具體方式如下所示：
    （1）鎳鉻電池全電流快速充電方式
    （2）鎳鉻電池標準充電方式
    （3）鎳氫電池全電流快速充電方式
    （4）鎳氫電池標準充電方式
    （5）鋰離子電池快速充電方式
    （6）鋰(li)離子電(dian)池標準充電(dian)方式

系統啟動時先進行初始化，隨后檢查電池是否開路。如開路則LED顯示0并蜂鳴提示，如正常則按照設置的充電方式進行充電。在對鎳鉻電池充電時，首先檢測電池是否已充分放電，如單節電池電壓在1．0V以上，則先進行完全放電以消除其“記憶效應”。對于鎳基電池，無論采用哪一種充電方式，在充電結束后自動進入涓流充電方式，以補償電池的自放電。鋰離子電池的自放電率最低，所以無需涓流充電。在快速充電時，鎳鉻電池采用負斜率終止充電（ΔV／Δt小于0），鎳氫電池采(cai)(cai)用零斜率終止充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)（ΔV／Δt等于(yu)0），鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池采(cai)(cai)用頂端截止。另外，在(zai)快速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，如(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓或者溫(wen)度超(chao)限以及充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)超(chao)過三小時(shi)，系統都將停止充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)并(bing)蜂鳴提(ti)示。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)結束時(shi)數碼(ma)管顯示P并(bing)蜂鳴提(ti)示。出(chu)于(yu)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命的考慮，在(zai)多次快充(chong)(chong)后，建議采(cai)(cai)用標準方式充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)一次。

2．4 軟件設計

系統的(de)軟件設(she)計采用(yong)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)式(shi)結構，主要由(you)初(chu)始化程序、充(chong)電(dian)方(fang)式(shi)設(she)置模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)、預處理模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)、A／D轉換(huan)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)、D／A轉換(huan)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)、定(ding)時(shi)(shi)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)和(he)顯示(shi)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)等部分組成。其(qi)中，充(chong)電(dian)方(fang)式(shi)設(she)置模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)用(yong)于設(she)置電(dian)池類(lei)型和(he)充(chong)電(dian)方(fang)式(shi)；A／D轉換(huan)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)用(yong)于檢(jian)測(ce)電(dian)池的(de)電(dian)壓和(he)溫度，以確定(ding)是(shi)否(fou)終止(zhi)充(chong)電(dian)過程；D／A轉換(huan)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)用(yong)于設(she)置充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流和(he)電(dian)壓；定(ding)時(shi)(shi)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)用(yong)于確定(ding)零(ling)斜率(lv)或負斜率(lv)檢(jian)測(ce)的(de)頻度以及快充(chong)的(de)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)監測(ce)，斜率(lv)檢(jian)測(ce)為每(mei)分鐘一(yi)次(ci)，快充(chong)的(de)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)限為三(san)小時(shi)(shi)。系統程序的(de)流程圖(tu)如圖(tu)3所示(shi)。

3　結束語

采用單片機和充電集成電路進行充電器設計，不但能(neng)(neng)夠實(shi)現(xian)對一般的(de)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)進行充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，而且還能(neng)(neng)夠實(shi)現(xian)相應(ying)的(de)過壓和溫度(du)保(bao)護，從而可(ke)以充(chong)分發揮蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)性能(neng)(neng)，延長(chang)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)使用壽命，并避免簡易充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器在(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)造(zao)成損害的(de)情況(kuang)發生(sheng)，具有一定的(de)智能(neng)(neng)功能(neng)(neng)，符合目前的(de)環境(jing)保(bao)護潮流。