在研究電動車用蓄電池特性及其充電策略和充電算法的基礎上，研制了一款基于P IC16C712單片機的4段式（涓流短時充電、恒流快速充電、恒壓均衡充電、浮充電） 48V （20A?h）蓄電池充電器。該充電(dian)器能(neng)夠對充電(dian)過程(cheng)進(jin)行(xing)實時監(jian)測(ce)與控(kong)制，使(shi)充電(dian)過程(cheng)按設定的理想充電(dian)曲線進(jin)行(xing)。測(ce)試(shi)表明，該充電(dian)器既能(neng)完成快速充電(dian)又能(neng)對蓄電(dian)池進(jin)行(xing)有效的保(bao)護(hu)。

　　近年來，電動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)(che)作為一種(zhong)新型的(de)(de)綠色交通工具(ju)得(de)到(dao)了迅猛的(de)(de)發展，并呈現出(chu)向大功(gong)率、高速化(hua)和功(gong)能(neng)多樣化(hua)的(de)(de)發展趨勢。因此，電動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)(che)對蓄電池的(de)(de)使用壽命、續行里程(cheng)等(deng)性能(neng)提出(chu)的(de)(de)要求比以往更加苛(ke)刻。實驗研究(jiu)表(biao)明：影響蓄電池性能(neng)的(de)(de)因素多種(zhong)多樣，如(ru)電動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)裝配性能(neng)、行駛電流、充電策略等(deng)。

　　其中蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)過程對其壽(shou)命影(ying)響最大，過充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)、充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)不足(zu)是(shi)引起(qi)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)故(gu)障的主(zhu)要(yao)原因。所以，必須通過設(she)計合理的充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)策略和(he)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)算法(fa)以有效地(di)減(jian)少(shao)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的損(sun)傷、減(jian)少(shao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)損(sun)耗、提高充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)速度。

　　為此，開發一種具有自主知識產權，具備適用功率大（ 100 ~500W ） 、性能可靠等特點的電動車用48V （20A?h）蓄電池充電器以滿足電動摩托車、卡丁車、沙地車等電動車發展的迫切需要。該充電器以P IC16C712作為實時監控和中心控制單元，采用PWM DC-DC全橋變換器作為主電路，使得該充電器能夠根據蓄電池的充電特性自動調節輸出電壓、電流，進行智能充電，并且能夠對充電器的運行狀(zhuang)態進行實時(shi)監測，若(ruo)有異常，能(neng)及時(shi)地進行保護(hu)。此外，該充電(dian)(dian)器還具(ju)有體積小、重量輕、精度高、充電(dian)(dian)速度快、性能(neng)穩(wen)定(ding)等顯著優點(dian)。

　　1 充電器(qi)原理與硬件設計

　　1. 1 總體設計

　　目前，電(dian)(dian)動車電(dian)(dian)池(chi)作為(wei)一(yi)種儲能(neng)裝置(zhi)，主要以(yi)鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)為(wei)主，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器是專門針(zhen)對鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)所設(she)計的(de)(de)。傳統(tong)的(de)(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器采(cai)用電(dian)(dian)流/電(dian)(dian)壓負(fu)反饋的(de)(de)方法來達到恒(heng)流/恒(heng)壓充(chong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)，為(wei)了實(shi)現充(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程各(ge)種工作參量的(de)(de)實(shi)時監測及(ji)(ji)智能(neng)多段式充(chong)電(dian)(dian)策略的(de)(de)精確控制(zhi)，引入電(dian)(dian)流/電(dian)(dian)壓反饋環(huan)，應用P IC16C712 單片機及(ji)(ji)相(xiang)應的(de)(de)控制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)路，其(qi)硬件結構(gou)框圖如(ru)圖1所示(shi)，電(dian)(dian)路圖如(ru)圖2所示(shi)。

圖1 硬件(jian)結構框圖

圖(tu)2 電路原理圖(tu)

　

　由圖1和圖2可(ke)以看出，蓄電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)主(zhu)要由開關(guan)電(dian)(dian)源單元(yuan)（電(dian)(dian)源變壓器(qi)、整流電(dian)(dian)路及濾波電(dian)(dian)路）和監測與控制(zhi)單元(yuan)（傳(chuan)感器(qi)、電(dian)(dian)源專(zhuan)用集成(cheng)(cheng)芯片UC3875及微控制(zhi)器(qi)P IC16C712）兩部分組成(cheng)(cheng)。

在開關電(dian)(dian)源單(dan)元(yuan)，單(dan)相220V /50Hz的(de)(de)交流電(dian)(dian)需經(jing)過(guo)(guo)全橋整流及大電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)低(di)頻(pin)濾(lv)波(bo)穩壓，然后經(jing)過(guo)(guo)4只IGBT器件(jian)IGBTl ~ IGBT4 組成(cheng)的(de)(de)全橋逆變(bian)器可(ke)得到脈寬可(ke)調的(de)(de)高頻(pin)交流電(dian)(dian)。經(jing)高頻(pin)變(bian)壓器耦(ou)合到副邊，再經(jing)整流管D9 和(he)D10整流和(he)電(dian)(dian)感L2、電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)C5 濾(lv)波(bo)，由此可(ke)以得到大小可(ke)變(bian)的(de)(de)低(di)紋波(bo)直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)壓。

　　根據實際需要，監測與控(kong)制(zhi)單元(yuan)選擇的(de)單片機型號(hao)是由(you)M ICROCH IP公司(si)推出(chu)(chu)的(de)P IC16C712,其(qi)內部(bu)有容量為1KB ×14 的(de)EPROM、128 ×8 的(de)RAM,此外，還包括4個(ge)8位A /D, 3個(ge)定時器(qi)和1個(ge)CCP模塊(kuai)。充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)控(kong)制(zhi)信(xin)號(hao)是由(you)P IC16C712的(de)CCP模塊(kuai)輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)，經(jing)過F /V轉(zhuan)換之后輸(shu)入(ru)(ru)到由(you)美國(guo)Unitrode公司(si)生產的(de)移相(xiang)式開(kai)關電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)專(zhuan)用集成芯片UC3875的(de)誤(wu)差放大(da)器(qi)輸(shu)入(ru)(ru)端E /A + ,反相(xiang)輸(shu)入(ru)(ru)端E /A - 接主電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)或(huo)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓反饋信(xin)號(hao)，二者之間(jian)的(de)切換由(you)P IC16C712單片機控(kong)制(zhi)中間(jian)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)實現(xian)。

　　1. 2 溫度(du)信號采集電路

　　在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程中，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的溫(wen)度(du)(du)是一(yi)個非常重要(yao)的參數。因為鉛(qian)酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的電(dian)(dian)壓具有(you)負溫(wen)度(du)(du)系數，其(qi)值(zhi)為- 4mV /℃，對于一(yi)個在環(huan)境溫(wen)度(du)(du)為25℃時工作很(hen)理想的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器在環(huan)境溫(wen)度(du)(du)降到0℃時，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)將(jiang)出現充(chong)電(dian)(dian)不足的現象；而當環(huan)境溫(wen)度(du)(du)升(sheng)高到50℃時，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)將(jiang)出現過充(chong)電(dian)(dian)的現象，這將(jiang)導致(zhi)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽命縮短。

　　因此，設計良好(hao)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)應(ying)具有(you)溫(wen)(wen)度檢測功能并能夠根據(ju)不同的(de)環境溫(wen)(wen)度調整充(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程中的(de)各轉換電(dian)(dian)壓值；同時，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)還應(ying)具備溫(wen)(wen)度保護功能，在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程中，當蓄電(dian)(dian)池溫(wen)(wen)度超出限定的(de)溫(wen)(wen)度范圍時充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)應(ying)立即(ji)停止充(chong)電(dian)(dian)或進入涓流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，并且(qie)PIC16C712應(ying)點亮故障指(zhi)示燈(deng)以(yi)提示用戶出現何種異常。

　　由上(shang)分析可(ke)知，溫(wen)度(du)檢測的(de)準確性將(jiang)在很大程(cheng)度(du)上(shang)影響充電(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)性能。為此(ci)，利用LM61B IM3溫(wen)度(du)傳感器(qi)(qi)設計(ji)了溫(wen)度(du)檢測電(dian)路，如圖3所示，該傳感器(qi)(qi)可(ke)以測量的(de)溫(wen)度(du)范(fan)圍為- 25℃~ + 85℃，線性度(du)為10mV /℃，即：

圖3 溫度采(cai)集電路圖

　

　2 充(chong)電策略(lve)與算法設(she)計

　　2. 1 充(chong)電流程

　　根據鉛酸蓄電(dian)池的特點，將其充電(dian)過程分(fen)為(wei)4個階段(duan)：涓(juan)流(liu)短時(shi)(shi)充電(dian)、恒流(liu)快速(su)充電(dian)、恒壓均衡充電(dian)、浮(fu)充電(dian)。其中(zhong)第(di)一(yi)階段(duan)和第(di)二階段(duan)均為(wei)恒流(liu)充電(dian)，采取這種(zhong)策略是因為(wei)實驗研究證明多段(duan)恒流(liu)充電(dian)有(you)利(li)于充入更多的電(dian)量且可以減少對(dui)蓄電(dian)池的損傷、延長使用壽命。充電(dian)過程中(zhong)各個階段(duan)充電(dian)電(dian)壓、充電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)隨(sui)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)變(bian)化的曲線如圖(tu)4所示。

圖4 充(chong)電(dian)流程曲線。

（1）涓流短時充電（ T0 - T1 ）
 

　　

       蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)在(zai)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)初期可(ke)能(neng)已處于深度放電(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)（或可(ke)能(neng)已經處于受損的狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)） ,為避免對蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流過大造成"熱失控", P IC16C712單片機通(tong)過實(shi)時(shi)監測蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，對蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)進(jin)行穩定的小電(dian)(dian)(dian)流涓流充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，這樣有利于激(ji)活蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)內的反應(ying)物(wu)質，部(bu)分恢(hui)復受損的蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)單元。在(zai)涓流充電(dian)(dian)(dian)階(jie)段，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓開始緩慢(man)上升(sheng)，當蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓上升(sheng)到能(neng)接受大電(dian)(dian)(dian)流充電(dian)(dian)(dian)的閾值時(shi)則轉入恒流快速充電(dian)(dian)(dian)階(jie)段。

　　（2）恒流快(kuai)速(su)充電（ T1 - T2 ）

　　該階段(duan)充電電流保持恒(heng)定(ding)，蓄電池電壓(ya)上升(sheng)較(jiao)快，當電壓(ya)上升(sheng)至(zhi)均衡(heng)充電壓(ya)閾(yu)值時，則轉入恒(heng)壓(ya)均衡(heng)充電階段(duan)。

　　（3）恒壓均(jun)衡(heng)充電(dian)（ T2 - T3 ）

　　該階(jie)段(duan)充(chong)電電壓保(bao)持恒定，蓄電池容量快速(su)恢復。充(chong)電電流逐(zhu)漸(jian)減小，當電流下降至某一(yi)閾值時，自動轉入浮充(chong)電階(jie)段(duan)。

　　（4）浮(fu)充(chong)電(dian)（ T3 - ）

　　該階(jie)段主要用來補充(chong)蓄電(dian)池自放電(dian)所消耗的能量，此時標(biao)志著充(chong)電(dian)過程(cheng)結束。

　　2. 2 關鍵技術

　　2. 2. 1 恒流充(chong)電電流的(de)選擇

　　充(chong)電過(guo)程(cheng)中包含兩個恒流充(chong)電過(guo)程(cheng)：涓流短時充(chong)電和恒流快速充(chong)電。

　　涓(juan)流(liu)(liu)短時充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的選擇(ze)應該根據蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的剩余電(dian)(dian)(dian)量進行選擇(ze)。經(jing)過(guo)大量的實驗研究表(biao)明，對于放電(dian)(dian)(dian)深度為80% ~100%的蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)定(ding)在0. 2~0. 4A比較合(he)適。

　　恒流(liu)(liu)快(kuai)速(su)充(chong)電電流(liu)(liu)的選擇(ze)要(yao)綜合考慮蓄電池(chi)容量、內阻(zu)、對充(chong)電時間(jian)的要(yao)求、制造(zao)成本(ben)等多方面因(yin)素。按照應(ying)用經(jing)驗(yan)(yan)，普(pu)遍認為(wei)，該(gai)充(chong)電電流(liu)(liu)設置為(wei)0. 15~0. 3 C對蓄電池(chi)比較合適(shi)。電動自行車(che)用48V （20A?h）鉛酸(suan)蓄電池(chi)時采用的是(shi)20℃標(biao)稱，但是(shi)實際容量往往只(zhi)能達到15~17A?h.因(yin)此，依據該(gai)經(jing)驗(yan)(yan)看法，充(chong)電電流(liu)(liu)應(ying)大致定在(zai)2. 25~5. 1 A之間(jian)，平均(jun)為(wei)3. 675A.

　　有設計者認為(wei)減小充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)具有3個方(fang)面的優點： （1）可以(yi)使單位時(shi)間內產生(sheng)的熱量降低，有利于在蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的使用壽(shou)命末期和(he)夏季保(bao)證充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)質量；（2）可以(yi)減少極化(hua)（歐姆極化(hua)、濃(nong)差極化(hua)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學極化(hua)）現象(xiang)的影響(xiang)，有利于冬(dong)季充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)； （ 3）可以(yi)降低充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器的輸(shu)出功率，制造成(cheng)本下(xia)降。但是也有設計者認為(wei)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車用蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池以(yi)較大電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)短時(shi)間放電(dian)(dian)(dian)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)接受率高(gao)， 所以(yi)可以(yi)增大充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)（甚至推薦為(wei)5A）以(yi)提高(gao)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)速度。

　　通過對浙江天能、浙江超威、英國(guo)IBT和(he)日本松(song)下等(deng)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)車用48V （ 20A?h）蓄電(dian)(dian)池進行了長期的可(ke)靠性實驗(yan)。在(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)，采用平均(jun)值為3. 5A并根據環境溫度(du)動(dong)態(tai)小幅度(du)調整的恒流(liu)快速充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)，蓄電(dian)(dian)池沒(mei)有明顯發熱(re)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)穩定可(ke)靠。

　　2. 2. 2 恒(heng)壓充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓的選擇

　　恒壓(ya)充電電壓(ya)的選(xuan)擇非常關鍵，因(yin)為它不(bu)能在很寬的范圍內調(diao)整。確(que)定(ding)這個參數不(bu)但需要對蓄電池有(you)較為深人的了解(jie)，還需要對充電策(ce)略等因(yin)素進行考(kao)慮(lv)。

　　蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池在(zai)(zai)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，正極(ji)上的(de)析(xi)氧(yang)(yang)速率與(yu)施(shi)加(jia)的(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓成(cheng)正比，而氧(yang)(yang)傳輸到負(fu)極(ji)并溶解在(zai)(zai)負(fu)極(ji)表面液(ye)膜中進行還(huan)原的(de)速度受到限制，即氧(yang)(yang)的(de)析(xi)出快于(yu)還(huan)原時(shi)，復(fu)合(he)效率就(jiu)下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)，造(zao)成(cheng)失水(shui)。通常情況下(xia)(xia)， 48V 閥控鉛酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)浮充電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓設置在(zai)(zai)55 -55. 6 V,可(ke)以保證蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池長期處于(yu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態且極(ji)少(shao)失水(shui)。循環使(shi)用蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池最高(gao)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為58. 8V,如(ru)果超過就(jiu)會使(shi)復(fu)合(he)效率急(ji)劇下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)，從而影響電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)使(shi)用壽命(ming)。

　　2. 2. 3 蓄電池是否充滿的(de)判定(ding)

　　對蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中是否已充(chong)滿(man)(man)的判(pan)(pan)斷是充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的重(zhong)要指標。如果蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)未充(chong)滿(man)(man)而錯(cuo)判(pan)(pan)為充(chong)滿(man)(man)將(jiang)導(dao)致(zhi)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)欠充(chong)；反之，則(ze)將(jiang)導(dao)致(zhi)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)過(guo)充(chong)。這兩(liang)種情(qing)況(kuang)都會嚴重(zhong)影響蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的壽命。目前判(pan)(pan)斷蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)是否充(chong)滿(man)(man)的控制(zhi)準(zhun)則(ze)有：定時控制(zhi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓控制(zhi)（包含(han)最高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓負增量、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓零增量等(deng)(deng)）、溫(wen)度(du)控制(zhi)（包括最高(gao)溫(wen)度(du)、最高(gao)溫(wen)升、溫(wen)度(du)變化(hua)率等(deng)(deng)）、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)控制(zhi)（包含(han)最小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)變化(hua)量等(deng)(deng)）、動態內阻控制(zhi)等(deng)(deng)。

　　在(zai)(zai)實際應用(yong)中，如果以單一的控(kong)制的方(fang)式都(dou)(dou)將不(bu)可避免地存在(zai)(zai)缺陷(xian)。比如，在(zai)(zai)恒(heng)壓均衡充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)中，電(dian)(dian)壓保持恒(heng)定，電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)會(hui)隨著(zhu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)的進程(cheng)逐(zhu)漸減小，當小到一定程(cheng)度(du)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)將會(hui)恒(heng)定，不(bu)再下(xia)降，這時(shi)(shi)的電(dian)(dian)能向(xiang)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)能的轉化(hua)(hua)效(xiao)率(lv)已經(jing)很低，電(dian)(dian)能主要用(yong)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)解水，一般認(ren)為這個電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)為蓄電(dian)(dian)池恒(heng)壓均衡充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)的殘余(yu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)。然(ran)而，殘余(yu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的大小將隨著(zhu)環境溫(wen)度(du)的變化(hua)(hua)而變化(hua)(hua)，也就(jiu)是(shi)說殘余(yu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)是(shi)一個受內、外界多重(zhong)因素影響的動態值(zhi)。若沒有溫(wen)度(du)控(kong)制，最高充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓和(he)切換電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)都(dou)(dou)只(zhi)(zhi)能設(she)置(zhi)成定值(zhi)，而這個定值(zhi)無論如何設(she)置(zhi)，都(dou)(dou)只(zhi)(zhi)能在(zai)(zai)一個相對較小的范圍內成為最佳設(she)置(zhi)。為此(ci)，設(she)計的充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器通過(guo)對電(dian)(dian)壓、電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)、溫(wen)度(du)等工作參(can)數(shu)進行(xing)實時(shi)(shi)檢(jian)測，并按(an)模糊理論的評判規則(ze)對這些(xie)參(can)數(shu)進行(xing)綜合(he)分析，從而確定蓄電(dian)(dian)池是(shi)否(fou)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿。

2. 3 軟件架構 
 

　　P IC16C712單片(pian)機的軟(ruan)件模(mo)塊主要完成對傳感器的輸入(ru)信號(hao)進(jin)(jin)行采(cai)集、對電(dian)源專用(yong)(yong)芯片(pian)UC3875進(jin)(jin)行控制、對異(yi)常進(jin)(jin)行處理等工作。在設計過程中，軟(ruan)件系(xi)統(tong)每隔10 s檢測一(yi)次(ci)電(dian)壓和電(dian)流； 每隔20 s檢測一(yi)次(ci)溫(wen)度(du)。如有異(yi)常，系(xi)統(tong)將(jiang)通過LED提(ti)示用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)出現何種異(yi)常并(bing)采(cai)取(qu)相應(ying)的保護措施。整個系(xi)統(tong)的軟(ruan)件架構(gou)，如圖5所示。

圖5 軟件架構

　　　對充電器樣機進行的(de)測試表明蓄(xu)電池(chi)充電器具有如下特性：

　　（1）輸入電壓： 220 Vac;

　　（2）輸出電(dian)壓(ya)： 40~60V;

　　（3）輸出電流： < 10A;

　　（4）功率(lv)因數(shu)： > 0. 99;

　　（5）充電噪聲： < 20dB;

　　（6）充電時間： 6~8h;

　　（7）充電(dian)效率(lv)： > 85%;

　　（8）充電(dian)溫升： < 15℃；

　　（9）質  量： < 0. 6kg.

　　此外，充電器還具有故障診斷功能。當充電回路電流或電壓過大、開路、短路時，充電器自動切斷主電(dian)路，同時點亮相應的LED故障指(zhi)示燈(deng)指(zhi)示故障原因，具有良(liang)好的保護特性。