在研究電動車用蓄電池特性及其充電策略和充電算法的基礎上，研制了一款基于P IC16C712單片機的4段式（涓流短時充電、恒流快速充電、恒壓均衡充電、浮充電） 48V （20A?h）蓄電池充電器。該充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器能(neng)夠對充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程進(jin)(jin)行(xing)實時監測與控制，使充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程按設定的理想充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)曲線進(jin)(jin)行(xing)。測試(shi)表明(ming)，該充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器既能(neng)完成快速(su)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)又能(neng)對蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池進(jin)(jin)行(xing)有(you)效的保護。

　　近(jin)年來，電(dian)(dian)動車作為(wei)一(yi)種(zhong)新型的(de)綠色(se)交通工具得到了(le)迅猛(meng)的(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)，并呈現出向大(da)功率、高(gao)速化和(he)功能多(duo)(duo)樣化的(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)趨勢(shi)。因此，電(dian)(dian)動車對(dui)蓄電(dian)(dian)池的(de)使用壽(shou)命、續(xu)行里(li)程等(deng)性(xing)能提(ti)出的(de)要求(qiu)比以往更(geng)加苛刻。實驗研(yan)究表明(ming)：影響蓄電(dian)(dian)池性(xing)能的(de)因素多(duo)(duo)種(zhong)多(duo)(duo)樣，如電(dian)(dian)動車的(de)裝配性(xing)能、行駛電(dian)(dian)流、充電(dian)(dian)策(ce)略(lve)等(deng)。

　　其中蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程對(dui)其壽命影響最大，過(guo)(guo)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)足(zu)是引起蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)故(gu)障的(de)主要原因。所以(yi)，必須(xu)通過(guo)(guo)設計合理的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)策略(lve)和充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)算法以(yi)有效(xiao)地(di)減少(shao)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)損傷、減少(shao)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)損耗、提高(gao)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)度(du)。

　　為此，開發一種具有自主知識產權，具備適用功率大（ 100 ~500W ） 、性能可靠等特點的電動車用48V （20A?h）蓄電池充電器以滿足電動摩托車、卡丁車、沙地車等電動車發展的迫切需要。該充電器以P IC16C712作為實時監控和中心控制單元，采用PWM DC-DC全橋變換器作為主電路，使得該充電器能夠根據蓄電池的充電特性自動調節輸出電壓、電流，進行智能充電，并且能夠對充電器的運行(xing)狀態(tai)進行(xing)實時監測，若(ruo)有異常，能及(ji)時地進行(xing)保護。此外，該充(chong)電器還(huan)具有體積(ji)小、重量輕(qing)、精(jing)度高、充(chong)電速度快、性(xing)能穩定(ding)等顯(xian)著優點。

　　1 充電(dian)器原理與硬件設計

　　1. 1 總體設計

　　目前(qian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池作為一種儲能(neng)裝置，主要以鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池為主，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器是(shi)專(zhuan)門(men)針(zhen)對鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池所(suo)設計的(de)。傳統(tong)的(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器采用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流/電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓負反饋的(de)方法來達到恒(heng)流/恒(heng)壓充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)目的(de)，為了(le)實現充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程各(ge)種工作參量的(de)實時(shi)監測及(ji)智(zhi)能(neng)多段式充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)策略的(de)精確控(kong)制(zhi)，引(yin)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流/電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓反饋環，應用(yong)P IC16C712 單片機及(ji)相應的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路，其硬件(jian)結構框(kuang)圖(tu)如圖(tu)1所(suo)示(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路圖(tu)如圖(tu)2所(suo)示(shi)。

圖(tu)1 硬(ying)件結構框圖(tu)

圖2 電路原理(li)圖

　

　由(you)圖(tu)1和圖(tu)2可以看(kan)出，蓄電(dian)池充電(dian)器(qi)主要由(you)開(kai)關電(dian)源(yuan)單元(yuan)(yuan)（電(dian)源(yuan)變(bian)壓器(qi)、整(zheng)流(liu)電(dian)路及濾波電(dian)路）和監(jian)測與控制單元(yuan)(yuan)（傳感器(qi)、電(dian)源(yuan)專用集成芯片UC3875及微控制器(qi)P IC16C712）兩部(bu)分組(zu)成。

在開關(guan)電(dian)(dian)源單(dan)元(yuan)，單(dan)相220V /50Hz的(de)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)需經(jing)過(guo)全橋(qiao)整流(liu)及大電(dian)(dian)容低頻(pin)濾波(bo)穩(wen)壓，然后經(jing)過(guo)4只IGBT器(qi)件IGBTl ~ IGBT4 組(zu)成(cheng)的(de)全橋(qiao)逆變器(qi)可(ke)得(de)到(dao)脈寬可(ke)調(diao)的(de)高(gao)頻(pin)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)。經(jing)高(gao)頻(pin)變壓器(qi)耦合到(dao)副邊，再(zai)經(jing)整流(liu)管D9 和(he)D10整流(liu)和(he)電(dian)(dian)感L2、電(dian)(dian)容C5 濾波(bo)，由此可(ke)以得(de)到(dao)大小可(ke)變的(de)低紋波(bo)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓。

　　根據實(shi)際需要(yao)，監測與控制單元選(xuan)擇的(de)單片機(ji)型號(hao)是(shi)由(you)M ICROCH IP公司(si)推出的(de)P IC16C712,其內(nei)部有容量為1KB ×14 的(de)EPROM、128 ×8 的(de)RAM,此外，還包(bao)括4個(ge)8位A /D, 3個(ge)定時器(qi)(qi)(qi)和1個(ge)CCP模塊。充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和電(dian)(dian)流控制信號(hao)是(shi)由(you)P IC16C712的(de)CCP模塊輸出，經過F /V轉換之后輸入(ru)到由(you)美國Unitrode公司(si)生產的(de)移相(xiang)式(shi)開關(guan)電(dian)(dian)源專(zhuan)用集成芯(xin)片UC3875的(de)誤差放(fang)大(da)器(qi)(qi)(qi)輸入(ru)端(duan)E /A + ,反相(xiang)輸入(ru)端(duan)E /A - 接主電(dian)(dian)路輸出直流電(dian)(dian)流或(huo)直流電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)反饋信號(hao)，二者之間的(de)切換由(you)P IC16C712單片機(ji)控制中間繼電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)實(shi)現。

　　1. 2 溫度信號采集(ji)電路

　　在(zai)充電(dian)(dian)過程中(zhong)，蓄電(dian)(dian)池的(de)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)是一(yi)個(ge)(ge)非常重要的(de)參數。因為(wei)(wei)(wei)鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)池的(de)電(dian)(dian)壓具(ju)有(you)負溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)系數，其(qi)值(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)- 4mV /℃，對于一(yi)個(ge)(ge)在(zai)環(huan)境溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)25℃時工作很理想的(de)充電(dian)(dian)器在(zai)環(huan)境溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)降到(dao)0℃時，蓄電(dian)(dian)池將(jiang)出現(xian)充電(dian)(dian)不(bu)足的(de)現(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)；而當(dang)環(huan)境溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)升高到(dao)50℃時，蓄電(dian)(dian)池將(jiang)出現(xian)過充電(dian)(dian)的(de)現(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)，這將(jiang)導致蓄電(dian)(dian)池壽命縮短。

　　因此(ci)，設計良好的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器應(ying)具有溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)檢(jian)測功能并(bing)(bing)能夠根據不同(tong)的(de)(de)環境溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)調整充(chong)(chong)電(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)各轉換電(dian)壓值；同(tong)時，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器還應(ying)具備溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)保護功能，在(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，當蓄電(dian)池溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)超出(chu)限定的(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)范圍時充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器應(ying)立即停止充(chong)(chong)電(dian)或進入涓流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)，并(bing)(bing)且PIC16C712應(ying)點亮(liang)故障(zhang)指示燈以提(ti)示用戶出(chu)現何種(zhong)異常(chang)。

　　由上分析可知，溫(wen)度(du)(du)檢測的(de)(de)準確性將在很(hen)大程度(du)(du)上影響充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)性能。為(wei)(wei)此，利用LM61B IM3溫(wen)度(du)(du)傳(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)設計了溫(wen)度(du)(du)檢測電(dian)(dian)路，如圖3所(suo)示，該傳(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)可以測量(liang)的(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du)(du)范圍(wei)為(wei)(wei)- 25℃~ + 85℃，線性度(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)10mV /℃，即：

圖(tu)3 溫度采集(ji)電路圖(tu)

　

　2 充(chong)電(dian)策略與算法設計

　　2. 1 充(chong)電(dian)流程

　　根據鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)池的特點，將其充(chong)電(dian)過程分為4個階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)：涓流(liu)(liu)短(duan)時充(chong)電(dian)、恒流(liu)(liu)快(kuai)速充(chong)電(dian)、恒壓均衡充(chong)電(dian)、浮充(chong)電(dian)。其中第一階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)和(he)第二階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)均為恒流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)，采取這(zhe)種策略是因為實驗研究證明(ming)多段(duan)(duan)恒流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)有(you)利于充(chong)入更多的電(dian)量且可以減少對蓄(xu)電(dian)池的損傷、延長使(shi)用(yong)壽命。充(chong)電(dian)過程中各(ge)個階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)壓、充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)隨時間變化的曲線如圖4所示。

圖4 充電流(liu)程(cheng)曲線。

（1）涓流短時充電（ T0 - T1 ）
 

　　

       蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)初期(qi)可能(neng)(neng)已處于深度放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態（或可能(neng)(neng)已經處于受(shou)損(sun)的(de)狀(zhuang)態） ,為避(bi)免對(dui)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)過大(da)造(zao)成(cheng)"熱失控", P IC16C712單(dan)片(pian)機通過實時(shi)監測蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，對(dui)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)進(jin)行穩定的(de)小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)涓(juan)(juan)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，這(zhe)樣(yang)有利于激活蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內的(de)反應物質(zhi)，部(bu)分恢復受(shou)損(sun)的(de)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)單(dan)元。在涓(juan)(juan)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階段，蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓開始緩慢上(shang)升，當蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓上(shang)升到能(neng)(neng)接受(shou)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)閾值時(shi)則(ze)轉入恒流(liu)快(kuai)速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階段。

　　（2）恒流(liu)快(kuai)速(su)充電(dian)（ T1 - T2 ）

　　該階段(duan)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流保持(chi)恒定，蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)壓上升(sheng)(sheng)較快(kuai)，當電(dian)(dian)壓上升(sheng)(sheng)至均衡(heng)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)壓閾值時，則轉入恒壓均衡(heng)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)階段(duan)。

　　（3）恒壓均衡充電(dian)（ T2 - T3 ）

　　該階段充(chong)電電壓保持(chi)恒定，蓄(xu)電池(chi)容量快速恢復。充(chong)電電流逐漸減小，當(dang)電流下降至某一閾值時，自動轉入浮充(chong)電階段。

　　（4）浮充(chong)電（ T3 - ）

　　該階段主要用來補充蓄電池自放電所消(xiao)耗的能量，此時(shi)標志著充電過程結束。

　　2. 2 關(guan)鍵技術

　　2. 2. 1 恒流(liu)充電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)的選擇

　　充電(dian)過程(cheng)中包含(han)兩(liang)個恒(heng)流(liu)充電(dian)過程(cheng)：涓流(liu)短時充電(dian)和恒(heng)流(liu)快(kuai)速(su)充電(dian)。

　　涓流(liu)短時充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的選(xuan)擇應該根據蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的剩余電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)進行選(xuan)擇。經過(guo)大量(liang)的實(shi)驗(yan)研究(jiu)表明，對于放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)深度(du)為(wei)80% ~100%的蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)定在0. 2~0. 4A比較合適(shi)。

　　恒流(liu)(liu)快速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的選擇要綜合(he)考慮蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)容量(liang)、內阻、對充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)間的要求、制造成本等(deng)多方面因(yin)(yin)素。按(an)照應用經驗，普遍(bian)認為(wei)，該充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)設(she)置為(wei)0. 15~0. 3 C對蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)比較合(he)適。電(dian)(dian)動自行車用48V （20A?h）鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)時(shi)采用的是20℃標稱，但是實際(ji)容量(liang)往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)只能達到15~17A?h.因(yin)(yin)此，依據(ju)該經驗看法，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)應大致定(ding)在2. 25~5. 1 A之間，平(ping)均為(wei)3. 675A.

　　有(you)設計(ji)者認為減小充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流具有(you)3個方面的(de)(de)(de)優點： （1）可以使(shi)(shi)單(dan)位時間內產生的(de)(de)(de)熱量降低，有(you)利于(yu)(yu)在蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用壽命末(mo)期和(he)夏季保證充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)質量；（2）可以減少極化(hua)（歐姆極化(hua)、濃差極化(hua)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學極化(hua)）現象的(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)，有(you)利于(yu)(yu)冬季充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)； （ 3）可以降低充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)(de)輸出功率(lv)，制造(zao)成(cheng)本下降。但是也有(you)設計(ji)者認為，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車用蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池以較大電(dian)(dian)(dian)流短時間放電(dian)(dian)(dian)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)接受(shou)率(lv)高， 所以可以增大充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流（甚至推薦為5A）以提高充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)速度(du)。

　　通(tong)過對浙(zhe)江天能、浙(zhe)江超威、英(ying)國IBT和日本松下等電(dian)(dian)動車用48V （ 20A?h）蓄電(dian)(dian)池進行了長期的可(ke)靠性實驗。在充電(dian)(dian)時，采用平均值為3. 5A并根(gen)據(ju)環境溫度(du)(du)動態小幅度(du)(du)調整的恒流(liu)快速充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)，蓄電(dian)(dian)池沒有明顯(xian)發(fa)熱，充電(dian)(dian)過程穩定(ding)可(ke)靠。

　　2. 2. 2 恒(heng)壓充電電壓的選擇

　　恒壓充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)壓的(de)選(xuan)擇(ze)非常關(guan)鍵，因(yin)為(wei)它不(bu)能在很寬(kuan)的(de)范圍(wei)內調整(zheng)。確(que)定這個(ge)參(can)數不(bu)但需要對蓄電(dian)池有較為(wei)深人(ren)的(de)了解，還需要對充(chong)電(dian)策略等因(yin)素進行考慮(lv)。

　　蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)在充(chong)電(dian)時(shi)，正極(ji)上的析(xi)氧(yang)速率與(yu)施加的充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)壓(ya)成(cheng)正比，而氧(yang)傳輸到負極(ji)并溶解(jie)在負極(ji)表面液膜中進行還原的速度受到限制(zhi)，即氧(yang)的析(xi)出快于還原時(shi)，復合效率就下降，造成(cheng)失水。通常情(qing)況下， 48V 閥控鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)的浮充(chong)電(dian)壓(ya)設置(zhi)在55 -55. 6 V,可(ke)以(yi)保證蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)長期處于充(chong)電(dian)狀態(tai)且極(ji)少失水。循環使用蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)最高充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)壓(ya)為58. 8V,如果超過(guo)就會使復合效率急劇(ju)下降，從而影響電(dian)池(chi)的使用壽命。

　　2. 2. 3 蓄電池是否充滿的(de)判定

　　對蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中是否已(yi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿(man)的(de)判斷(duan)是充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)重要指標。如(ru)果蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)未充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿(man)而(er)錯判為充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿(man)將(jiang)導致蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)欠充(chong)(chong)(chong)；反之，則將(jiang)導致蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)過充(chong)(chong)(chong)。這兩種情(qing)況(kuang)都會(hui)嚴重影響蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)壽命。目(mu)前判斷(duan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)是否充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿(man)的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)準則有：定時控(kong)制(zhi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓控(kong)制(zhi)（包含最(zui)(zui)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓負增量、電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓零增量等(deng)）、溫度控(kong)制(zhi)（包括(kuo)最(zui)(zui)高溫度、最(zui)(zui)高溫升、溫度變化率等(deng)）、電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)控(kong)制(zhi)（包含最(zui)(zui)小電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)變化量等(deng)）、動態(tai)內阻控(kong)制(zhi)等(deng)。

　　在實際應用(yong)中(zhong)，如果以單一的(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制的(de)(de)方式都(dou)(dou)將不(bu)可避免地(di)存在缺陷(xian)。比如，在恒(heng)(heng)壓均衡充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓保持恒(heng)(heng)定，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)會(hui)隨著(zhu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)進(jin)程(cheng)逐漸減小，當小到一定程(cheng)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)將會(hui)恒(heng)(heng)定，不(bu)再下降，這時(shi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)向化(hua)學能(neng)的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)化(hua)效率已經(jing)很(hen)低，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)主要(yao)用(yong)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解水，一般認為(wei)這個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)為(wei)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)恒(heng)(heng)壓均衡充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)殘余(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。然而(er)，殘余(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)大小將隨著(zhu)環境溫(wen)度的(de)(de)變化(hua)而(er)變化(hua)，也就是(shi)(shi)(shi)說殘余(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一個(ge)(ge)受內、外界多重因素影(ying)響的(de)(de)動態值(zhi)(zhi)。若(ruo)沒有溫(wen)度控(kong)(kong)制，最高充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和切(qie)換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)都(dou)(dou)只能(neng)設(she)置(zhi)成(cheng)定值(zhi)(zhi)，而(er)這個(ge)(ge)定值(zhi)(zhi)無(wu)論(lun)如何設(she)置(zhi)，都(dou)(dou)只能(neng)在一個(ge)(ge)相對(dui)較小的(de)(de)范圍內成(cheng)為(wei)最佳設(she)置(zhi)。為(wei)此(ci)，設(she)計的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器通過(guo)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)、溫(wen)度等工作(zuo)參數進(jin)行實時(shi)檢測(ce)，并按模糊理論(lun)的(de)(de)評判規則(ze)對(dui)這些(xie)參數進(jin)行綜(zong)合(he)分(fen)析(xi)，從而(er)確定蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)充(chong)(chong)滿。

2. 3 軟件架構 
 

　　P IC16C712單片機的軟件(jian)模(mo)塊主要(yao)完成(cheng)對傳感器的輸入信(xin)號進(jin)(jin)行(xing)采(cai)集、對電源專用(yong)芯片UC3875進(jin)(jin)行(xing)控制、對異(yi)(yi)常(chang)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)處理等(deng)工作。在設計過(guo)程中，軟件(jian)系統(tong)每(mei)隔(ge)10 s檢(jian)(jian)測一次(ci)電壓和電流； 每(mei)隔(ge)20 s檢(jian)(jian)測一次(ci)溫(wen)度。如(ru)有異(yi)(yi)常(chang)，系統(tong)將(jiang)通過(guo)LED提示用(yong)戶出現何種(zhong)異(yi)(yi)常(chang)并采(cai)取相應的保護(hu)措施。整個系統(tong)的軟件(jian)架構，如(ru)圖5所示。

圖5 軟件架構

　　　對充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)樣機(ji)進(jin)行(xing)的(de)測試表明蓄電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)具有如下特性(xing)：

　　（1）輸入電(dian)壓(ya)： 220 Vac;

　　（2）輸出電壓(ya)： 40~60V;

　　（3）輸出電流(liu)： < 10A;

　　（4）功率(lv)因(yin)數： > 0. 99;

　　（5）充(chong)電噪聲(sheng)： < 20dB;

　　（6）充電時(shi)間： 6~8h;

　　（7）充電效(xiao)率(lv)： > 85%;

　　（8）充電(dian)溫升： < 15℃；

　　（9）質  量(liang)： < 0. 6kg.

　　此外，充電器還具有故障診斷功能。當充電回路電流或電壓過大、開路、短路時，充電器自動切斷(duan)主電(dian)路，同時(shi)點(dian)亮相應的LED故障(zhang)(zhang)指示燈(deng)指示故障(zhang)(zhang)原因(yin)，具有良好的保護特性(xing)。