在研究電動車用蓄電池特性及其充電策略和充電算法的基礎上，研制了一款基于P IC16C712單片機的4段式（涓流短時充電、恒流快速充電、恒壓均衡充電、浮充電） 48V （20A?h）蓄電池充電器。該(gai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器能夠(gou)對充(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程進行實(shi)時監測與(yu)控(kong)制，使充(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程按設定的理想充(chong)電(dian)(dian)曲(qu)線進行。測試表明(ming)，該(gai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器既能完成快速充(chong)電(dian)(dian)又能對蓄電(dian)(dian)池進行有效(xiao)的保護(hu)。

　　近(jin)年來，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)作為一種新型的(de)綠(lv)色交通(tong)工具得到了(le)迅猛的(de)發展，并呈現出(chu)向大功率、高(gao)速化(hua)和功能(neng)多樣(yang)化(hua)的(de)發展趨勢(shi)。因(yin)此，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)對蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)使用(yong)壽命、續行(xing)里程等性能(neng)提出(chu)的(de)要求比以往更加苛刻。實驗研(yan)究表(biao)明：影響蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池性能(neng)的(de)因(yin)素多種多樣(yang)，如電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)的(de)裝配性能(neng)、行(xing)駛電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)、充電(dian)(dian)(dian)策略等。

　　其中蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)過程(cheng)對其壽命影響最(zui)大，過充(chong)(chong)電(dian)、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)不(bu)足是引起蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)故障的主要原(yuan)因。所以，必須通過設(she)計合理(li)的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)策(ce)略和充(chong)(chong)電(dian)算法以有效地減少(shao)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)的損傷、減少(shao)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)損耗、提高充(chong)(chong)電(dian)速度。

　　為此，開發一種具有自主知識產權，具備適用功率大（ 100 ~500W ） 、性能可靠等特點的電動車用48V （20A?h）蓄電池充電器以滿足電動摩托車、卡丁車、沙地車等電動車發展的迫切需要。該充電器以P IC16C712作為實時監控和中心控制單元，采用PWM DC-DC全橋變換器作為主電路，使得該充電器能夠根據蓄電池的充電特性自動調節輸出電壓、電流，進行智能充電，并且能夠對充電器的運行(xing)狀(zhuang)態進行(xing)實時監(jian)測，若有異(yi)常，能(neng)及時地進行(xing)保護。此外，該充電器還具(ju)有體積(ji)小、重量輕、精度高、充電速(su)度快(kuai)、性能(neng)穩定等顯著優點。

　　1 充電器原理與硬件設(she)計(ji)

　　1. 1 總(zong)體設計

　　目(mu)前，電(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)作為一種(zhong)儲能裝置(zhi)，主要以鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)為主，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器是專門針對鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)所設計的(de)。傳統的(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器采用(yong)電(dian)(dian)流/電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)負反(fan)饋的(de)方法來達到(dao)恒流/恒壓(ya)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)目(mu)的(de)，為了實現充(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)各(ge)種(zhong)工(gong)作參量的(de)實時監(jian)測(ce)及(ji)智(zhi)能多(duo)段式充(chong)電(dian)(dian)策略(lve)的(de)精(jing)確控制(zhi)，引(yin)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)流/電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)反(fan)饋環(huan)，應(ying)用(yong)P IC16C712 單片機及(ji)相應(ying)的(de)控制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)路，其硬件(jian)結構框圖(tu)(tu)如圖(tu)(tu)1所示(shi)，電(dian)(dian)路圖(tu)(tu)如圖(tu)(tu)2所示(shi)。

圖(tu)1 硬件結構(gou)框(kuang)圖(tu)

圖(tu)2 電路(lu)原理圖(tu)

　

　由圖1和圖2可以看出，蓄電池(chi)充電器(qi)(qi)主要(yao)由開(kai)關電源(yuan)單元（電源(yuan)變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)、整流電路及(ji)濾波電路）和監測與控(kong)制單元（傳感器(qi)(qi)、電源(yuan)專用集成芯片UC3875及(ji)微(wei)控(kong)制器(qi)(qi)P IC16C712）兩部分組成。

在開關電源單元，單相220V /50Hz的交(jiao)流(liu)電需經(jing)過全橋整流(liu)及大(da)電容低頻(pin)濾(lv)波(bo)(bo)(bo)穩壓(ya)(ya)，然后經(jing)過4只(zhi)IGBT器件IGBTl ~ IGBT4 組成的全橋逆變器可得到(dao)(dao)(dao)脈寬可調(diao)的高頻(pin)交(jiao)流(liu)電。經(jing)高頻(pin)變壓(ya)(ya)器耦合(he)到(dao)(dao)(dao)副邊，再經(jing)整流(liu)管D9 和D10整流(liu)和電感(gan)L2、電容C5 濾(lv)波(bo)(bo)(bo)，由此可以得到(dao)(dao)(dao)大(da)小可變的低紋波(bo)(bo)(bo)直流(liu)電壓(ya)(ya)。

　　根據實際需要，監測與控(kong)制單元選擇的(de)(de)(de)單片(pian)機(ji)型號是(shi)由M ICROCH IP公(gong)司推出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)P IC16C712,其內部有(you)容量為1KB ×14 的(de)(de)(de)EPROM、128 ×8 的(de)(de)(de)RAM,此外，還包括(kuo)4個8位(wei)A /D, 3個定時器和(he)1個CCP模塊。充(chong)電(dian)器的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)壓和(he)電(dian)流(liu)控(kong)制信號是(shi)由P IC16C712的(de)(de)(de)CCP模塊輸(shu)出(chu)，經(jing)過F /V轉換之后輸(shu)入到由美(mei)國Unitrode公(gong)司生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)移(yi)相式開關電(dian)源(yuan)專用(yong)集成芯(xin)片(pian)UC3875的(de)(de)(de)誤差放大器輸(shu)入端E /A + ,反(fan)相輸(shu)入端E /A - 接主電(dian)路輸(shu)出(chu)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)流(liu)或直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)壓反(fan)饋(kui)信號，二(er)者(zhe)之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)切換由P IC16C712單片(pian)機(ji)控(kong)制中間(jian)繼電(dian)器實現。

　　1. 2 溫度信號采(cai)集電路

　　在(zai)(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中(zhong)，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)是一個非(fei)常(chang)重要的(de)(de)參(can)數(shu)。因為(wei)鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓具(ju)有負(fu)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)系數(shu)，其值為(wei)- 4mV /℃，對于(yu)一個在(zai)(zai)環境溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)為(wei)25℃時(shi)工作很理想的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器在(zai)(zai)環境溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)降到0℃時(shi)，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)將(jiang)出現(xian)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不足的(de)(de)現(xian)象(xiang)；而當(dang)環境溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)升高(gao)到50℃時(shi)，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)將(jiang)出現(xian)過充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)現(xian)象(xiang)，這(zhe)將(jiang)導致蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽命縮短(duan)。

　　因此，設計良好的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器應(ying)具有(you)溫(wen)度(du)(du)檢測功能(neng)并能(neng)夠根據不同的(de)環境溫(wen)度(du)(du)調整(zheng)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中的(de)各轉換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓值；同時(shi)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器還應(ying)具備溫(wen)度(du)(du)保(bao)護功能(neng)，在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中，當蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池溫(wen)度(du)(du)超出(chu)(chu)限定的(de)溫(wen)度(du)(du)范圍(wei)時(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器應(ying)立即(ji)停止充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或進入涓(juan)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，并且PIC16C712應(ying)點亮故障指(zhi)示燈以提(ti)示用戶出(chu)(chu)現(xian)何(he)種異常。

　　由上(shang)分析可知，溫度(du)(du)(du)檢測(ce)(ce)的準(zhun)確性(xing)將在很大程度(du)(du)(du)上(shang)影響充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)的性(xing)能。為(wei)此，利用LM61B IM3溫度(du)(du)(du)傳感(gan)器(qi)設(she)計了(le)溫度(du)(du)(du)檢測(ce)(ce)電(dian)路，如圖3所示，該傳感(gan)器(qi)可以測(ce)(ce)量的溫度(du)(du)(du)范(fan)圍為(wei)- 25℃~ + 85℃，線性(xing)度(du)(du)(du)為(wei)10mV /℃，即：

圖(tu)3 溫度采(cai)集電(dian)路圖(tu)

　

　2 充電策略與算法(fa)設(she)計

　　2. 1 充電(dian)流程

　　根據鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)點，將其充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程分為4個階段(duan)：涓流(liu)短(duan)時(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、恒(heng)流(liu)快速充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、恒(heng)壓(ya)均衡充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。其中(zhong)第一階段(duan)和(he)第二(er)階段(duan)均為恒(heng)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，采取這(zhe)種策略是(shi)因為實驗研究證明多段(duan)恒(heng)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)有利(li)于充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)入更多的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量且可(ke)以減少對蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)損傷、延長使(shi)用壽(shou)命。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中(zhong)各個階段(duan)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)隨時(shi)間變化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)曲線如(ru)圖4所示。

圖4 充電流程曲線。

（1）涓流短時充電（ T0 - T1 ）
 

　　

       蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在充電(dian)(dian)(dian)初期可(ke)能已(yi)處于深(shen)度放電(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態（或可(ke)能已(yi)經處于受損的(de)(de)狀態） ,為避免對(dui)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)過大造成"熱失控", P IC16C712單片機通(tong)過實時(shi)監測蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，對(dui)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)進(jin)行穩定的(de)(de)小電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)涓流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，這樣有利(li)于激活蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內的(de)(de)反應物質，部分恢(hui)復受損的(de)(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)單元。在涓流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)階(jie)(jie)段，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓開(kai)始緩慢上升，當蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓上升到能接受大電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)閾值時(shi)則轉入恒(heng)流(liu)快速充電(dian)(dian)(dian)階(jie)(jie)段。

　　（2）恒流(liu)快速充電（ T1 - T2 ）

　　該階段充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流保持(chi)恒定，蓄電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)上升較快，當電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)上升至均衡充(chong)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)閾值時(shi)，則轉入恒壓(ya)(ya)均衡充(chong)電(dian)階段。

　　（3）恒(heng)壓均衡充(chong)電（ T2 - T3 ）

　　該階(jie)段充電(dian)電(dian)壓(ya)保持恒(heng)定，蓄電(dian)池容(rong)量快速恢(hui)復。充電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)逐漸減小，當電(dian)流(liu)下降至某一閾(yu)值時，自動轉入浮充電(dian)階(jie)段。

　　（4）浮充(chong)電(dian)（ T3 - ）

　　該階段主要用來補充蓄電(dian)池自放電(dian)所(suo)消耗的能量，此時標志著充電(dian)過程結束。

　　2. 2 關(guan)鍵技術

　　2. 2. 1 恒流充電電流的選(xuan)擇

　　充電過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中包含兩個恒流(liu)充電過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)：涓流(liu)短時充電和恒流(liu)快速充電。

　　涓流短時充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)選(xuan)(xuan)擇應該根據蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)剩余(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)進行選(xuan)(xuan)擇。經過(guo)大(da)量(liang)的(de)實(shi)驗研(yan)究(jiu)表明，對(dui)于放電(dian)(dian)(dian)深度為(wei)80% ~100%的(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流定在0. 2~0. 4A比較合適。

　　恒流(liu)(liu)快速充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的選擇要(yao)綜合考慮蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量、內阻(zu)、對(dui)充電(dian)(dian)時間(jian)的要(yao)求、制造成本等多(duo)方面因素(su)。按照應(ying)用經驗，普遍認為(wei)，該充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)設置為(wei)0. 15~0. 3 C對(dui)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)比較合適。電(dian)(dian)動(dong)自(zi)行車用48V （20A?h）鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)時采用的是20℃標稱，但(dan)是實際容量往往只能達到15~17A?h.因此(ci)，依據該經驗看(kan)法，充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)應(ying)大致定在2. 25~5. 1 A之間(jian)，平均為(wei)3. 675A.

　　有設計者認為減(jian)小充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流具有3個方面(mian)的(de)優點： （1）可以(yi)(yi)(yi)使(shi)單位(wei)時間內(nei)產生的(de)熱量(liang)降低，有利(li)于在蓄電(dian)池的(de)使(shi)用壽命末(mo)期和夏季(ji)(ji)保(bao)證充(chong)電(dian)質量(liang)；（2）可以(yi)(yi)(yi)減(jian)少極化（歐姆極化、濃差極化、電(dian)化學極化）現象的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)，有利(li)于冬季(ji)(ji)充(chong)電(dian)； （ 3）可以(yi)(yi)(yi)降低充(chong)電(dian)器的(de)輸(shu)出功率，制(zhi)造成(cheng)本下降。但是(shi)也有設計者認為，電(dian)動(dong)車用蓄電(dian)池以(yi)(yi)(yi)較大(da)電(dian)流短時間放電(dian)，充(chong)電(dian)接(jie)受率高， 所以(yi)(yi)(yi)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)增(zeng)大(da)充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流（甚至推薦為5A）以(yi)(yi)(yi)提(ti)高充(chong)電(dian)速度。

　　通過(guo)對浙(zhe)江(jiang)天(tian)能、浙(zhe)江(jiang)超(chao)威、英(ying)國IBT和日本松下等電(dian)動(dong)(dong)車用(yong)48V （ 20A?h）蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)進行了長期(qi)的(de)可(ke)靠性實驗。在充(chong)電(dian)時，采用(yong)平均值為3. 5A并根據環境溫(wen)度動(dong)(dong)態小幅度調(diao)整(zheng)的(de)恒流(liu)快速(su)充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)，蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)沒有明顯發熱，充(chong)電(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)穩定可(ke)靠。

　　2. 2. 2 恒壓充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)壓的選擇

　　恒壓(ya)充電電壓(ya)的選擇(ze)非常關鍵，因為(wei)它不能在很寬(kuan)的范圍內調整。確定這個(ge)參數不但需要對蓄(xu)電池有(you)較為(wei)深人的了解(jie)，還(huan)需要對充電策(ce)略等(deng)因素進行考慮。

　　蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時，正極上的(de)析氧速(su)率與施加的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)成正比，而氧傳(chuan)輸到負極并溶解在負極表面液膜中進(jin)行還(huan)原的(de)速(su)度受到限制，即氧的(de)析出快(kuai)于(yu)還(huan)原時，復合效(xiao)率就下(xia)降，造(zao)成失水(shui)。通常情況下(xia)， 48V 閥(fa)控鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)浮(fu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)設置在55 -55. 6 V,可以(yi)保證蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池長期處于(yu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態且極少失水(shui)。循環使用(yong)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池最高充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)58. 8V,如果超過就會使復合效(xiao)率急劇下(xia)降，從(cong)而影響電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)使用(yong)壽命。

　　2. 2. 3 蓄(xu)電池是否充滿的(de)判定

　　對(dui)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中是否已充(chong)(chong)滿的判斷是充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的重要(yao)指標。如果蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)未充(chong)(chong)滿而錯判為充(chong)(chong)滿將導致蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)欠(qian)充(chong)(chong)；反(fan)之，則將導致蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)過充(chong)(chong)。這兩(liang)種情況都會嚴重影響蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的壽命(ming)。目前判斷蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)是否充(chong)(chong)滿的控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)準則有(you)：定時控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)（包含最高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)負增量、電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)零增量等(deng)）、溫度(du)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)（包括最高(gao)溫度(du)、最高(gao)溫升、溫度(du)變(bian)化率等(deng)）、電(dian)(dian)(dian)流控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)（包含最小電(dian)(dian)(dian)流、電(dian)(dian)(dian)流變(bian)化量等(deng)）、動態內阻控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)等(deng)。

　　在(zai)(zai)(zai)實(shi)際應用中，如(ru)(ru)果以單一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制的(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)都將(jiang)不(bu)(bu)可避免地(di)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)缺陷。比如(ru)(ru)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)恒壓均衡充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓保持(chi)恒定，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)會隨著充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)進(jin)程逐漸(jian)減小，當(dang)小到一(yi)定程度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)將(jiang)會恒定，不(bu)(bu)再下降(jiang)，這時的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能向化(hua)學能的(de)(de)(de)轉化(hua)效率已(yi)經很低，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能主要用于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解水，一(yi)般認(ren)為(wei)這個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)為(wei)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池恒壓均衡充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)殘余(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)。然而，殘余(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)大小將(jiang)隨著環境溫度的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)而變(bian)化(hua)，也就是(shi)(shi)說(shuo)殘余(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)個受內、外界多(duo)重(zhong)因素影響的(de)(de)(de)動態值(zhi)(zhi)。若沒有溫度控(kong)制，最(zui)高充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和切換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)都只能設(she)置(zhi)成(cheng)定值(zhi)(zhi)，而這個定值(zhi)(zhi)無論如(ru)(ru)何(he)設(she)置(zhi)，都只能在(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)個相對(dui)較小的(de)(de)(de)范(fan)圍內成(cheng)為(wei)最(zui)佳設(she)置(zhi)。為(wei)此，設(she)計的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)通過對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)、溫度等(deng)工作參數進(jin)行實(shi)時檢測(ce)，并按模糊理(li)論的(de)(de)(de)評(ping)判(pan)規則對(dui)這些參數進(jin)行綜合分(fen)析，從而確(que)定蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池是(shi)(shi)否(fou)充(chong)(chong)滿。

2. 3 軟件架構 
 

　　P IC16C712單片機的(de)軟(ruan)件模塊主要完成對傳感器的(de)輸入信號進(jin)行(xing)采集、對電源專用(yong)芯片UC3875進(jin)行(xing)控制、對異(yi)常進(jin)行(xing)處理等(deng)工(gong)作。在設計過程中(zhong)，軟(ruan)件系(xi)統(tong)每隔10 s檢測一(yi)次(ci)電壓和電流(liu)； 每隔20 s檢測一(yi)次(ci)溫(wen)度。如有異(yi)常，系(xi)統(tong)將通過LED提示用(yong)戶(hu)出(chu)現何種異(yi)常并采取相應的(de)保(bao)護措施。整個系(xi)統(tong)的(de)軟(ruan)件架構，如圖(tu)5所示。

圖5 軟件架構

　　　對(dui)充(chong)電器(qi)樣(yang)機進(jin)行的(de)測試表(biao)明蓄電池充(chong)電器(qi)具有(you)如(ru)下(xia)特性：

　　（1）輸入電壓： 220 Vac;

　　（2）輸出電壓： 40~60V;

　　（3）輸出電流： < 10A;

　　（4）功率因數： > 0. 99;

　　（5）充電噪聲： < 20dB;

　　（6）充電(dian)時間： 6~8h;

　　（7）充(chong)電效率： > 85%;

　　（8）充電溫升： < 15℃；

　　（9）質  量(liang)： < 0. 6kg.

　　此外，充電器還具有故障診斷功能。當充電回路電流或電壓過大、開路、短路時，充電器自動切斷主電路，同時(shi)點亮(liang)相應的LED故障指(zhi)示(shi)燈指(zhi)示(shi)故障原(yuan)因，具有良(liang)好(hao)的保護特性。