在研究電動車用蓄電池特性及其充電策略和充電算法的基礎上，研制了一款基于P IC16C712單片機的4段式（涓流短時充電、恒流快速充電、恒壓均衡充電、浮充電） 48V （20A?h）蓄電池充電器。該(gai)充(chong)電器能(neng)夠(gou)對(dui)充(chong)電過(guo)程進行實時監(jian)測與控(kong)制，使(shi)充(chong)電過(guo)程按設定的理想充(chong)電曲(qu)線進行。測試表明，該(gai)充(chong)電器既能(neng)完成快(kuai)速充(chong)電又(you)能(neng)對(dui)蓄電池進行有效的保(bao)護。

　　近年來，電(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)作為一種(zhong)新型的(de)(de)綠色交通工(gong)具(ju)得(de)到了迅猛的(de)(de)發展，并(bing)呈現出(chu)向大功率、高(gao)速化和功能多(duo)樣(yang)(yang)化的(de)(de)發展趨勢。因此，電(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)對(dui)蓄電(dian)池的(de)(de)使(shi)用壽命、續行(xing)里程(cheng)等性(xing)能提出(chu)的(de)(de)要(yao)求比以往(wang)更加苛刻。實(shi)驗研究(jiu)表(biao)明：影響(xiang)蓄電(dian)池性(xing)能的(de)(de)因素多(duo)種(zhong)多(duo)樣(yang)(yang)，如電(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)的(de)(de)裝(zhuang)配性(xing)能、行(xing)駛(shi)電(dian)流、充電(dian)策略等。

　　其中蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程對其壽命影響最(zui)大，過充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)足是引起蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池故障的主要(yao)原因。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)，必須通過設計合理的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)策略和(he)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)算法(fa)以(yi)(yi)有效(xiao)地(di)減少蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的損傷、減少充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)損耗、提高充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速度(du)。

　　為此，開發一種具有自主知識產權，具備適用功率大（ 100 ~500W ） 、性能可靠等特點的電動車用48V （20A?h）蓄電池充電器以滿足電動摩托車、卡丁車、沙地車等電動車發展的迫切需要。該充電器以P IC16C712作為實時監控和中心控制單元，采用PWM DC-DC全橋變換器作為主電路，使得該充電器能夠根據蓄電池的充電特性自動調節輸出電壓、電流，進行智能充電，并且能夠對充電器的運行狀態進行實時監測，若有(you)(you)異常，能及時地(di)進行保護。此外，該充(chong)電器還具有(you)(you)體積小、重(zhong)量輕、精度(du)高、充(chong)電速度(du)快、性能穩定等(deng)顯著優點。

　　1 充(chong)電器原理與硬件(jian)設計

　　1. 1 總體設(she)計

　　目(mu)前，電(dian)(dian)動車電(dian)(dian)池作為一種儲(chu)能裝置，主(zhu)要以(yi)鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)池為主(zhu)，充電(dian)(dian)器是專門(men)針對(dui)鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)池所(suo)設計的(de)(de)(de)(de)。傳統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)器采用(yong)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)/電(dian)(dian)壓負反饋的(de)(de)(de)(de)方法來達到恒流(liu)/恒壓充電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，為了(le)實現(xian)充電(dian)(dian)過(guo)程各種工作參量的(de)(de)(de)(de)實時監測及智(zhi)能多段式充電(dian)(dian)策略的(de)(de)(de)(de)精確(que)控制，引入電(dian)(dian)流(liu)/電(dian)(dian)壓反饋環，應(ying)用(yong)P IC16C712 單片機及相應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)控制電(dian)(dian)路(lu)，其硬件結構框圖(tu)如圖(tu)1所(suo)示，電(dian)(dian)路(lu)圖(tu)如圖(tu)2所(suo)示。

圖1 硬件結(jie)構框圖

圖2 電路原理圖

　

　由(you)(you)圖1和圖2可以看出，蓄電(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)器主要(yao)由(you)(you)開關電(dian)源單元（電(dian)源變壓器、整流電(dian)路及濾(lv)波電(dian)路）和監(jian)測與控(kong)制(zhi)單元（傳(chuan)感器、電(dian)源專用集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)芯片(pian)UC3875及微(wei)控(kong)制(zhi)器P IC16C712）兩部分組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)。

在開關電(dian)源單(dan)元，單(dan)相220V /50Hz的交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)需經過全(quan)橋(qiao)(qiao)整(zheng)流(liu)及大電(dian)容低(di)頻濾波穩壓，然(ran)后經過4只IGBT器(qi)件IGBTl ~ IGBT4 組(zu)成(cheng)的全(quan)橋(qiao)(qiao)逆變器(qi)可得到(dao)脈寬可調的高頻交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)。經高頻變壓器(qi)耦合到(dao)副邊，再經整(zheng)流(liu)管D9 和(he)D10整(zheng)流(liu)和(he)電(dian)感L2、電(dian)容C5 濾波，由此可以得到(dao)大小可變的低(di)紋波直流(liu)電(dian)壓。

　　根據(ju)實(shi)(shi)際需要，監(jian)測與控(kong)制單(dan)(dan)元選擇(ze)的(de)單(dan)(dan)片機(ji)型號是由M ICROCH IP公司推出(chu)的(de)P IC16C712,其(qi)內部有容量為1KB ×14 的(de)EPROM、128 ×8 的(de)RAM,此(ci)外，還包括(kuo)4個8位A /D, 3個定時(shi)器和1個CCP模塊。充電(dian)器的(de)電(dian)壓和電(dian)流(liu)控(kong)制信號是由P IC16C712的(de)CCP模塊輸出(chu)，經過(guo)F /V轉換之(zhi)后(hou)輸入(ru)到由美國Unitrode公司生產的(de)移(yi)相式開關電(dian)源(yuan)專用集成芯(xin)片UC3875的(de)誤差(cha)放大器輸入(ru)端E /A + ,反(fan)相輸入(ru)端E /A - 接主電(dian)路輸出(chu)直流(liu)電(dian)流(liu)或直流(liu)電(dian)壓反(fan)饋信號，二者之(zhi)間的(de)切(qie)換由P IC16C712單(dan)(dan)片機(ji)控(kong)制中間繼電(dian)器實(shi)(shi)現(xian)。

　　1. 2 溫(wen)度信號采集(ji)電路(lu)

　　在充(chong)電(dian)過程中，蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du)是一個非常重要的(de)(de)參數。因為(wei)鉛酸蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)電(dian)壓具有(you)負溫(wen)度(du)系數，其(qi)值為(wei)- 4mV /℃，對于一個在環境(jing)溫(wen)度(du)為(wei)25℃時工作很理想的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)在環境(jing)溫(wen)度(du)降到0℃時，蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)將出(chu)(chu)現(xian)充(chong)電(dian)不足的(de)(de)現(xian)象；而當環境(jing)溫(wen)度(du)升高到50℃時，蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)將出(chu)(chu)現(xian)過充(chong)電(dian)的(de)(de)現(xian)象，這將導致(zhi)蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)壽命縮短。

　　因此，設(she)計(ji)良好的充電(dian)(dian)器應(ying)具(ju)有溫度(du)(du)檢測功(gong)能并能夠(gou)根(gen)據不同的環境溫度(du)(du)調整(zheng)充電(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)中的各轉換電(dian)(dian)壓值；同時，充電(dian)(dian)器還應(ying)具(ju)備溫度(du)(du)保護(hu)功(gong)能，在充電(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)中，當蓄電(dian)(dian)池溫度(du)(du)超出限定的溫度(du)(du)范圍時充電(dian)(dian)器應(ying)立即停(ting)止(zhi)充電(dian)(dian)或進入(ru)涓流充電(dian)(dian)，并且PIC16C712應(ying)點(dian)亮故(gu)障指示(shi)燈以(yi)提示(shi)用戶出現何種異常。

　　由上分析(xi)可(ke)知，溫度(du)檢測的準(zhun)確性(xing)將在很大程(cheng)度(du)上影響充電器(qi)的性(xing)能。為(wei)此，利用LM61B IM3溫度(du)傳感器(qi)設計(ji)了溫度(du)檢測電路，如圖3所示(shi)，該傳感器(qi)可(ke)以測量的溫度(du)范圍為(wei)- 25℃~ + 85℃，線性(xing)度(du)為(wei)10mV /℃，即(ji)：

圖(tu)3 溫度采集電路(lu)圖(tu)

　

　2 充電(dian)策(ce)略與(yu)算法設計

　　2. 1 充電(dian)流程(cheng)

　　根據鉛酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)特(te)點，將其充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程分為4個(ge)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)：涓流(liu)(liu)短時充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)快速充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、恒(heng)壓均(jun)衡充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。其中第一(yi)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)和第二(er)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)均(jun)為恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，采取這種(zhong)策(ce)略是因為實驗研(yan)究證(zheng)明多(duo)段(duan)(duan)恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)有利于(yu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)入更多(duo)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量且(qie)可以減少對蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)損傷、延長使(shi)用壽(shou)命。充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中各個(ge)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)隨時間變化的(de)曲(qu)線如圖4所(suo)示(shi)。

圖4 充電流程曲線(xian)。

（1）涓流短時充電（ T0 - T1 ）
 

　　

       蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)初(chu)期(qi)可能已(yi)處于(yu)深度放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態(tai)（或可能已(yi)經處于(yu)受損(sun)的狀(zhuang)態(tai)） ,為避免對蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流過大造成"熱失控(kong)", P IC16C712單片(pian)機通過實時監測蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，對蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)進(jin)行穩定的小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流涓流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，這樣(yang)有(you)利于(yu)激活蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)內的反(fan)應物質，部分恢復受損(sun)的蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)單元。在涓流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階段，蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓開(kai)始(shi)緩(huan)慢上升，當蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓上升到能接受大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的閾值時則轉(zhuan)入恒(heng)流快速充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階段。

　　（2）恒(heng)流快速充電（ T1 - T2 ）

　　該階段充電(dian)電(dian)流保持恒定，蓄電(dian)池電(dian)壓(ya)上升(sheng)較快，當電(dian)壓(ya)上升(sheng)至均(jun)衡(heng)充電(dian)壓(ya)閾(yu)值時，則轉入(ru)恒壓(ya)均(jun)衡(heng)充電(dian)階段。

　　（3）恒壓均衡充電(dian)（ T2 - T3 ）

　　該階段充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓保持(chi)恒(heng)定(ding)，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池容量快速(su)恢復。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流逐漸減小(xiao)，當(dang)電(dian)(dian)流下降(jiang)至某一閾(yu)值時，自動轉入浮充(chong)電(dian)(dian)階段。

　　（4）浮充電（ T3 - ）

　　該階段(duan)主(zhu)要用(yong)來(lai)補充蓄電池自(zi)放電所消(xiao)耗的(de)能(neng)量，此時標志(zhi)著充電過程結束。

　　2. 2 關鍵技術

　　2. 2. 1 恒(heng)流充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流的選擇

　　充電過(guo)程中(zhong)包含兩個恒(heng)流充電過(guo)程：涓流短時充電和(he)恒(heng)流快速充電。

　　涓(juan)流(liu)短時充電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)的(de)選擇應(ying)該根(gen)據蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)剩余電(dian)量進行選擇。經過大量的(de)實驗(yan)研究表明，對于放電(dian)深度為(wei)80% ~100%的(de)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)，充電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)定在(zai)0. 2~0. 4A比(bi)較合適。

　　恒流(liu)快速充電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)的選擇要(yao)綜合(he)考慮蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)容量、內阻、對(dui)充電(dian)時(shi)間的要(yao)求(qiu)、制造成本等多方面因素。按照應用經(jing)驗，普遍認(ren)為，該(gai)充電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)設置為0. 15~0. 3 C對(dui)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)比較合(he)適。電(dian)動自(zi)行車用48V （20A?h）鉛酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)時(shi)采用的是20℃標稱(cheng)，但是實際(ji)容量往往只能達到15~17A?h.因此，依據該(gai)經(jing)驗看法(fa)，充電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)應大致定在(zai)2. 25~5. 1 A之(zhi)間，平均為3. 675A.

　　有(you)設(she)計者認(ren)為減小充(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)具有(you)3個(ge)方面的(de)優點： （1）可(ke)以使單位時間內產生的(de)熱(re)量降低(di)，有(you)利(li)于在蓄(xu)電(dian)池的(de)使用壽命末期和夏季保(bao)證充(chong)(chong)電(dian)質量；（2）可(ke)以減少極化(hua)(hua)（歐姆極化(hua)(hua)、濃差極化(hua)(hua)、電(dian)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)極化(hua)(hua)）現象(xiang)的(de)影響，有(you)利(li)于冬季充(chong)(chong)電(dian)； （ 3）可(ke)以降低(di)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器的(de)輸出功(gong)率，制造成本下降。但是(shi)也有(you)設(she)計者認(ren)為，電(dian)動(dong)車(che)用蓄(xu)電(dian)池以較大(da)(da)電(dian)流(liu)短時間放電(dian)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)接受率高， 所以可(ke)以增大(da)(da)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)（甚至推(tui)薦為5A）以提(ti)高充(chong)(chong)電(dian)速度。

　　通過對浙江天能、浙江超(chao)威(wei)、英國IBT和日本松下等電(dian)動(dong)車用48V （ 20A?h）蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)進行了長期(qi)的可靠性實驗。在充(chong)電(dian)時(shi)，采用平均值為3. 5A并根據環境(jing)溫度(du)動(dong)態(tai)小幅度(du)調整的恒流快(kuai)速充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流，蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)沒有(you)明顯(xian)發熱(re)，充(chong)電(dian)過程穩(wen)定(ding)可靠。

　　2. 2. 2 恒壓充電(dian)電(dian)壓的選擇

　　恒(heng)壓充(chong)電電壓的(de)選(xuan)擇非常關鍵，因為(wei)它不(bu)能在很寬(kuan)的(de)范圍(wei)內調(diao)整。確定這(zhe)個參(can)數不(bu)但需要對蓄電池有較為(wei)深人(ren)的(de)了解，還需要對充(chong)電策略等因素進行考慮。

　　蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)上的(de)(de)析氧(yang)速(su)率與施加的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓成正(zheng)比，而(er)(er)氧(yang)傳輸到(dao)負極(ji)(ji)并溶(rong)解在負極(ji)(ji)表面(mian)液膜中進行(xing)還原的(de)(de)速(su)度受到(dao)限制，即氧(yang)的(de)(de)析出快于還原時(shi)，復合(he)效(xiao)率就下降，造成失水。通常情(qing)況(kuang)下， 48V 閥控鉛酸(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)浮(fu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓設置在55 -55. 6 V,可以保證(zheng)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)長期處(chu)于充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態且極(ji)(ji)少失水。循(xun)環使(shi)用(yong)(yong)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)最高充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為58. 8V,如果超過(guo)就會(hui)使(shi)復合(he)效(xiao)率急劇下降，從而(er)(er)影響電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)壽命。

　　2. 2. 3 蓄電池是否(fou)充滿的判(pan)定

　　對蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中是(shi)否已充(chong)(chong)滿的(de)判(pan)斷(duan)是(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器的(de)重要指標。如果(guo)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池未充(chong)(chong)滿而(er)錯判(pan)為充(chong)(chong)滿將導致蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池欠充(chong)(chong)；反(fan)之(zhi)，則(ze)將導致蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池過(guo)充(chong)(chong)。這兩種情況都(dou)會(hui)嚴重影響蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)壽命。目前判(pan)斷(duan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池是(shi)否充(chong)(chong)滿的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)準則(ze)有：定時控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)、電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)（包(bao)(bao)含最(zui)高電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)負增(zeng)量、電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)零增(zeng)量等(deng)(deng)）、溫(wen)(wen)度(du)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)（包(bao)(bao)括最(zui)高溫(wen)(wen)度(du)、最(zui)高溫(wen)(wen)升(sheng)、溫(wen)(wen)度(du)變(bian)化率(lv)等(deng)(deng)）、電(dian)(dian)流控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)（包(bao)(bao)含最(zui)小電(dian)(dian)流、電(dian)(dian)流變(bian)化量等(deng)(deng)）、動態內阻(zu)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)(deng)。

　　在(zai)實(shi)際(ji)應用中(zhong)，如果以單一(yi)的(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)方式都將不可避(bi)免地存(cun)在(zai)缺陷。比如，在(zai)恒壓(ya)均衡充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)保持(chi)恒定，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流會隨著(zhu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)進(jin)程(cheng)(cheng)逐漸減小(xiao)，當小(xiao)到一(yi)定程(cheng)(cheng)度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流將會恒定，不再下降，這(zhe)時的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)向(xiang)化(hua)學能(neng)的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)化(hua)效率已經很低，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)主要用于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解水，一(yi)般認為這(zhe)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流為蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池恒壓(ya)均衡充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)殘(can)余(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流。然(ran)而(er)(er)，殘(can)余(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)大小(xiao)將隨著(zhu)環(huan)境(jing)溫(wen)度(du)的(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)而(er)(er)變(bian)化(hua)，也就是(shi)說殘(can)余(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流是(shi)一(yi)個受(shou)內、外(wai)界(jie)多(duo)重因素(su)影(ying)響的(de)(de)動態值。若沒有(you)溫(wen)度(du)控(kong)制(zhi)，最(zui)高充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和切換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流都只能(neng)設置成定值，而(er)(er)這(zhe)個定值無論(lun)如何(he)設置，都只能(neng)在(zai)一(yi)個相對(dui)較(jiao)小(xiao)的(de)(de)范圍內成為最(zui)佳設置。為此(ci)，設計的(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)通過(guo)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流、溫(wen)度(du)等工(gong)作參數(shu)(shu)進(jin)行實(shi)時檢測，并按模(mo)糊(hu)理論(lun)的(de)(de)評判規則對(dui)這(zhe)些參數(shu)(shu)進(jin)行綜合分(fen)析，從而(er)(er)確定蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池是(shi)否充滿。

2. 3 軟件架構 
 

　　P IC16C712單片機的軟(ruan)件(jian)模塊(kuai)主(zhu)要完成對傳感(gan)器的輸入信號進行采(cai)集、對電源專用(yong)芯(xin)片UC3875進行控制(zhi)、對異常進行處理(li)等工作。在設計(ji)過程中，軟(ruan)件(jian)系(xi)統每(mei)隔10 s檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)一(yi)次電壓和(he)電流(liu)； 每(mei)隔20 s檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)一(yi)次溫(wen)度。如(ru)有異常，系(xi)統將通過LED提示(shi)用(yong)戶(hu)出(chu)現何種異常并(bing)采(cai)取相應的保護措施(shi)。整個(ge)系(xi)統的軟(ruan)件(jian)架(jia)構，如(ru)圖5所(suo)示(shi)。

圖5 軟件架構

　　　對充電(dian)器樣(yang)機(ji)進行的測試表(biao)明蓄電(dian)池充電(dian)器具有如下特(te)性：

　　（1）輸入(ru)電壓： 220 Vac;

　　（2）輸出(chu)電(dian)壓： 40~60V;

　　（3）輸出電(dian)流： < 10A;

　　（4）功率因數： > 0. 99;

　　（5）充電噪聲： < 20dB;

　　（6）充電時間： 6~8h;

　　（7）充電(dian)效(xiao)率(lv)： > 85%;

　　（8）充電溫升： < 15℃；

　　（9）質  量： < 0. 6kg.

　　此外，充電器還具有故障診斷功能。當充電回路電流或電壓過大、開路、短路時，充電器自動(dong)切斷主電路，同(tong)時點(dian)亮相應的LED故障指示燈指示故障原(yuan)因(yin)，具(ju)有(you)良(liang)好的保護特(te)性(xing)。