電動車充電器 是專門為電(dian)(dian)動自行車的(de)電(dian)(dian)瓶配置的(de)一個(ge)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)設備！電(dian)(dian)動車普遍(bian)使(shi)用了所謂三段式充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器，第一個(ge)階(jie)(jie)段叫(jiao)恒(heng)流階(jie)(jie)段，第二個(ge)階(jie)(jie)段叫(jiao)恒(heng)壓階(jie)(jie)段，第三個(ge)階(jie)(jie)段叫(jiao)涓(juan)流階(jie)(jie)段。 

　　

　　常(chang)用(yong)的(de)開關電源式(shi)充電器又分半橋式(shi)和單激(ji)式(shi)兩(liang)大類(lei)，單激(ji)類(lei)又分為正(zheng)激(ji)式(shi)和反激(ji)式(shi)兩(liang)類(lei)。半橋式(shi)成本高，性能好(hao)，常(chang)用(yong)于帶(dai)負脈(mo)沖(chong)的(de)充電器；單激(ji)式(shi)成本低，市場占有率高。

負脈沖充電器
　　鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池已經(jing)有(you)100多年的(de)歷史了，開始全球普遍沿(yan)引(yin)老的(de)觀點和操作(zuo)規程：充(chong)(chong)、放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)為(wei)0.1C(C是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池容量)壽命較長。美國人麥(mai)斯先生為(wei)解決快速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)問題，1967年向全世界(jie)公布了他的(de)研究成果，用大于(yu)1C率(lv)脈(mo)沖(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)間歇時對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)有(you)利于(yu)消除(chu)極(ji)化、降低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)溫度、提高(gao)極(ji)板接受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷的(de)能(neng)力。

　　我(wo)國一些科技工作(zuo)者在(zai)1969年前(qian)后，根據麥斯先生的三定律制(zhi)作(zuo)成功了多種品牌的快速(su)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)機。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)循(xun)環過程是：大電(dian)(dian)流(liu)脈沖(chong)(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)→切斷充(chong)電(dian)(dian)通(tong)(tong)路(lu)(lu)→對電(dian)(dian)池短暫放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)→停止放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)→接通(tong)(tong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)通(tong)(tong)路(lu)(lu)→大電(dian)(dian)流(liu)脈沖(chong)(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)……

　　2000年前后，有人將這一原理用到了電動車充電器中，充電過程中，不切斷充電通路，用小電阻將電池短路瞬間，進行放電。短路時由于不切斷充電通路，在充電通路中串連了電感。一般在1秒內短路3－5毫秒（1秒=1000毫秒），由于電感里的電流不能跳變，短路時間短促，可以保護充電器的電源轉換部分。如果把充(chong)電電流方向叫正(zheng)，放電自然為負了(le)，電動車業就(jiu)出現了(le)名詞“負脈沖充(chong)電器”，而且稱可以延長電池壽命等等。

三段式充電器
　　從電(dian)子技術角度(du)針對電(dian)池而言(yan)：第(di)(di)一(yi)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)充電(dian)限流(liu)(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)二個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)高(gao)恒壓階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)三個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)低恒壓階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)比較貼切。第(di)(di)二階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)和(he)第(di)(di)三階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換時，面板指示燈相應變換，大(da)多數充電(dian)器第(di)(di)一(yi)、二階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)是(shi)紅燈，第(di)(di)三階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)變綠燈。第(di)(di)二階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)和(he)第(di)(di)三階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)的相互轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換是(shi)由(you)充電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)決(jue)定的，大(da)于(yu)某電(dian)流(liu)(liu)進入第(di)(di)一(yi)第(di)(di)二階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)，小于(yu)某電(dian)流(liu)(liu)進入第(di)(di)三階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)。這個(ge)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)叫(jiao)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換電(dian)流(liu)(liu)，也叫(jiao)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)折電(dian)流(liu)(liu)。

　　早期(qi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，包括名牌(pai)車配套(tao)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，雖然也變燈，但實際(ji)是恒壓限流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，并不是三階段(duan)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)。一般這類就(jiu)一個穩定電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓值，44.2V左右，對(dui)當時的(de)高(gao)比(bi)重硫酸(suan)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池還湊(cou)合。

　　關于三段式充電器的三個關鍵(jian)參數(shu)

　　第(di)一個(ge)重(zhong)要(yao)參(can)數是(shi)涓(juan)流階(jie)段(duan)的低(di)恒(heng)壓值，第(di)二個(ge)重(zhong)要(yao)參(can)數是(shi)第(di)二階(jie)段(duan)的高恒(heng)壓值，第(di)三個(ge)重(zhong)要(yao)參(can)數是(shi)轉換電(dian)流。這三個(ge)重(zhong)要(yao)參(can)數與(yu)電(dian)池數目有(you)關，與(yu)電(dian)池的容量Ah有(you)關，與(yu)溫(wen)度有(you)關，與(yu)電(dian)池種類有(you)關。為(wei)了方便大家記(ji)憶，下面以(yi)最(zui)常見的電(dian)動(dong)自行車（三塊12V串聯的10Ah電(dian)池）所用(yong)的三段(duan)式充電(dian)器為(wei)例簡單介(jie)紹一下：

　　首(shou)先討(tao)論涓流階段的(de)低(di)恒壓值(zhi)，參(can)(can)(can)考(kao)電壓為42.5V左右。此值(zhi)高將使(shi)電池失水，容(rong)易使(shi)電池發熱(re)變形(xing)；此值(zhi)低(di)不利于(yu)(yu)電池充(chong)足(zu)電。此值(zhi)在南方要(yao)低(di)于(yu)(yu)41.5V；膠體電池要(yao)低(di)于(yu)(yu)41.5V，如在南方還要(yao)低(di)一(yi)點(dian)兒。這(zhe)個(ge)參(can)(can)(can)數是相對(dui)嚴格的(de)，不可以大于(yu)(yu)參(can)(can)(can)考(kao)值(zhi)。

　　其次討論(lun)第(di)二階(jie)段的高恒(heng)壓值，參考電(dian)壓為44.5V左(zuo)右。此(ci)值高有(you)利于(yu)快(kuai)速(su)充(chong)足電(dian)，但是(shi)容(rong)易使(shi)電(dian)池(chi)失水，充(chong)電(dian)后期電(dian)流(liu)下不(bu)來，結果使(shi)電(dian)池(chi)發熱變形；此(ci)值低不(bu)利于(yu)電(dian)池(chi)快(kuai)速(su)充(chong)足電(dian)，有(you)利于(yu)向涓(juan)流(liu)階(jie)段轉(zhuan)換。這(zhe)個(ge)值雖然沒有(you)第(di)一個(ge)值那樣嚴格，但是(shi)也不(bu)要過高。

　　最(zui)后討論轉換電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，參(can)考電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)為300毫(hao)(hao)安左右。此值高有(you)利(li)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽(shou)命，不(bu)容易發熱變形，但(dan)不(bu)利(li)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)快速充足電(dian)(dian)(dian)；此值低（對外行(xing)）有(you)利(li)于(yu)(yu)充足電(dian)(dian)(dian)，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)于(yu)(yu)較長時間高電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，容易使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)失(shi)水，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)發熱變形。特別個別電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)出現問題時，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)降不(bu)到轉折(zhe)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)以下時，會連累好電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)也被充壞(huai)。給出的參(can)考值有(you)一定范(fan)圍，正(zheng)負(fu)50毫(hao)(hao)安甚(shen)至100毫(hao)(hao)安都是(shi)(shi)(shi)允(yun)許(xu)的，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)允(yun)許(xu)小(xiao)于(yu)(yu)200毫(hao)(hao)安。

　　目前，市場上出現了(le)很(hen)多高恒(heng)壓(ya)值(zhi)為46.5V、低恒(heng)壓(ya)值(zhi)為41.5V、轉(zhuan)折電流大于500毫安的反激式(shi)廉(lian)價充電器(qi)。

　　如(ru)果是四塊12V電(dian)(dian)池的充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)即48V充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)，前兩個(ge)參(can)數為前述電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)參(can)考值除(chu)以(yi)三(san)乘以(yi)四。高恒(heng)壓(ya)值為59.5V左右(you)、低恒(heng)壓(ya)值為56.5V左右(you)。

　　電(dian)池如(ru)果比10Ah大，將第三個參(can)數電(dian)流值適當(dang)增大，例(li)如(ru)17Ah電(dian)池可(ke)大到(dao)500毫安。

　　買新充(chong)(chong)電器要檢查三段(duan)式充(chong)(chong)電器的三個(ge)(ge)重(zhong)要參數(shu)，用(yong)戶一(yi)般可以(yi)自己測得第(di)三階段(duan)的低恒壓(ya)值(zhi)。方法是，不接電池，給充(chong)(chong)電器加市電，用(yong)數(shu)字(zi)萬用(yong)表的200V直流(liu)電壓(ya)檔測充(chong)(chong)電器的輸出電壓(ya)。另兩個(ge)(ge)參數(shu)高恒壓(ya)值(zhi)和轉(zhuan)折電流(liu)一(yi)般需(xu)要專用(yong)工(gong)具才能測得。

　　再(zai)補充(chong)(chong)一(yi)些(xie)正確的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法：1，變綠燈后再(zai)接著充(chong)(chong)2－3小(xiao)時。2，原則是淺放(fang)(fang)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)）勤(qin)充(chong)(chong)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)），每次(ci)用到(dao)50%以后再(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，不要(yao)(yao)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)太頻(pin)繁(fan)這樣(yang)會縮短電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)壽命(ming) 3，長(chang)期(qi)不騎(qi)，要(yao)(yao)定(ding)期(qi)（1個(ge)月）充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一(yi)次(ci)。4，長(chang)期(qi)淺放(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，3個(ge)月左右，作一(yi)次(ci)深(shen)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，就(jiu)是所(suo)謂放(fang)(fang)光再(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，有利于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)深(shen)部(bu)的(de)(de)長(chang)期(qi)不動的(de)(de)物(wu)質的(de)(de)活化。放(fang)(fang)光的(de)(de)意思是，騎(qi)到(dao)控制器電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)欠壓保護動作為止。

　　需要(yao)提醒客戶幾(ji)點：1，一般(ban)新電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)投入使(shi)用8－10個(ge)月后(hou)，要(yao)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)進(jin)行檢查和維護(hu)。2，一般(ban)名牌車配套的(de)(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)是經過篩選的(de)(de)(de)，通(tong)常不(bu)用測試(shi)，但是單獨到(dao)市場上采(cai)購的(de)(de)(de)非配套充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，一定要(yao)進(jin)行前(qian)述三個(ge)參(can)數的(de)(de)(de)測試(shi)。3，有一種不(bu)帶(dai)工頻變壓器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)控硅(gui)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)機，直接整流(liu)(liu)市電(dian)(dian)(dian)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)可(ke)(ke)到(dao)30A，電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓12V－80V可(ke)(ke)調，未徹底切斷市電(dian)(dian)(dian)前(qian)，千萬不(bu)要(yao)摸電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，貨運三輪使(shi)用這類充電(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)(de)客戶特別要(yao)注意安全。

鉛酸電池損壞的四大(da)原因　　①失(shi)水(shui) ②硫化 ③失(shi)衡 ④熱失(shi)控（充(chong)鼓）

　　前(qian)兩者①、②占了(le)目前(qian)市場上電池(chi)損壞的97%。

　　（1）分析①：鉛(qian)酸電池失水的主要原(yuan)因

　　鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)中的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液像人體(ti)中的(de)(de)血液一樣寶貴，電(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液一旦喪失(shi)，就意(yi)味著電(dian)(dian)池(chi)報廢了。電(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液是由稀硫(liu)酸(suan)和水(shui)(shui)組成的(de)(de)。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)中，難以避免(mian)失(shi)水(shui)(shui)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)式(shi)不一樣，失(shi)水(shui)(shui)也不一樣。普通(tong)三段(duan)式(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)式(shi)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)中的(de)(de)失(shi)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)是科(ke)(ke)(ke)林(lin)脈(mo)沖(chong)模(mo)(mo)(mo)式(shi)的(de)(de)二(er)倍(bei)以上！電(dian)(dian)池(chi)除了自然壽命外還(huan)有一個失(shi)水(shui)(shui)壽命：單只(zhi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)失(shi)水(shui)(shui)超(chao)過90克(ke)，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)就報廢了。在(zai)常溫下（25℃），普通(tong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)失(shi)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)約為0.25克(ke)，而(er)科(ke)(ke)(ke)林(lin)脈(mo)沖(chong)為0.12克(ke)。在(zai)高溫下（35℃），普通(tong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)失(shi)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)為0.5克(ke)，而(er)科(ke)(ke)(ke)林(lin)脈(mo)沖(chong)為0.23克(ke)。按此計算(suan)，普通(tong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器在(zai)250次循環(huan)后水(shui)(shui)分充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)干(gan)，而(er)科(ke)(ke)(ke)林(lin)脈(mo)沖(chong)在(zai)600次循環(huan)后水(shui)(shui)分才會充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)干(gan)。因此，科(ke)(ke)(ke)林(lin)脈(mo)沖(chong)能延長電(dian)(dian)池(chi)一倍(bei)以上的(de)(de)壽命。（出示(shi)超(chao)威公(gong)司報告，并畫曲線圖。）

　　鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)池在充電(dian)過程中的(de)最大問題是析氣。

　　根據美國科學(xue)家馬斯(J.A.Mas) 對(dui)鉛(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)池充電(dian)過(guo)程中(zhong)析氣原(yuan)因和規律的研究，為(wei)達到最低析氣率，鉛(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)池能夠接受充電(dian)電(dian)流曲(qu)線(xian)如下：

　　臨界析氣曲線的公式為：I=I0e-at %h^2

　　在充電(dian)過程中，充電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)超過臨界析氣曲(qu)線的部分，只(zhi)能導致(zhi)蓄電(dian)池電(dian)解水反應而產生(sheng)氣體(ti)和溫升，不能提高電(dian)池的容量

　　① 恒流充電(dian)階段，充電(dian)電(dian)流保持恒定，充入電(dian)量(liang)快速增加(jia)，電(dian)壓上升；

　　② 恒壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)階段，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)保持恒定，充(chong)(chong)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)繼續增加，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流下降；

　　③ 蓄電(dian)池充滿，電(dian)流(liu)下降到低(di)于浮(fu)充轉(zhuan)換(huan)電(dian)流(liu)，充電(dian)電(dian)壓(ya)降低(di)到浮(fu)充電(dian)壓(ya)；

　　④ 浮充充電(dian)(dian)階段，充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓保持為浮充電(dian)(dian)壓；

　　普通三階段(duan)充電(dian)(dian)第一階段(duan)為(wei)恒流充電(dian)(dian)，這主(zhu)要是(shi)考慮(lv)到電(dian)(dian)路(lu)的設計比(bi)較方便，并(bing)非為(wei)使蓄電(dian)(dian)池性能(neng)最(zui)佳而(er)設計。

　　按照鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)析氣曲線，普(pu)通三階段充(chong)(chong)電(dian)過程的(de)析氣情況如(ru)圖 ：

　　恒流(liu)充電段后期和恒壓充電前期（陰影(ying)區），電流(liu)超(chao)過(guo)臨界(jie)析(xi)氣(qi)曲(qu)線，造成蓄電池析(xi)氣(qi)，引起壽命(ming)下降。

　　超過臨界(jie)析氣曲線的電流(liu)僅使蓄電池(chi)產(chan)生氣體和(he)溫升，未轉(zhuan)化為電池(chi)電量(liang)，充電效率也因(yin)此(ci)降低。

　　解決①：脈沖解決失水的方案

　　科(ke)林脈沖(chong)恒(heng)動(dong)率(lv)階(jie)段的(de)時(shi)間，比普通(tong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)恒(heng)流+恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)階(jie)段要縮短了近(jin)一個小時(shi)，而這一個小時(shi)的(de)高壓(ya)(ya)段充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)水分(fen)散發的(de)關鍵(jian)時(shi)刻。科(ke)林脈沖(chong)以電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)參數(shu)為轉燈(deng)依(yi)據(ju)，轉燈(deng)進入智能脈沖(chong)很準確，而普通(tong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)以電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流參數(shu)為轉燈(deng)依(yi)據(ju)，一旦電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)硫化，內(nei)阻加大，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流也(ye)加大，很難(nan)達到轉燈(deng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，很容易造成高壓(ya)(ya)段長時(shi)間充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，加速水解(jie)。

　　（2）分(fen)析②：鉛(qian)酸電池硫化的原因

　　電池長期滯留，充電過程(cheng)中的(de)長期過充和欠充，使用過程(cheng)中的(de)大(da)電流放電，極(ji)易(yi)造成電池的(de)硫化。它(ta)的(de)表象為：一放就(jiu)光(guang)，一充就(jiu)飽，我們(men)把(ba)它(ta)叫做電池的(de)“假損壞”。硫化物質硫酸(suan)鹽粘附在極(ji)板(ban)上，縮減了電解液與極(ji)板(ban)的(de)反應(ying)面積，使電池容量迅速(su)衰減。失(shi)水會加重電池的(de)硫化；硫化又會加重電池的(de)失(shi)水，易(yi)形成惡性循(xun)環。

　　解決②：科林脈沖解決硫化(hua)的(de)方案(an)

　　科林脈沖運用智能(neng)脈沖中的(de)尖峰(feng)脈沖，可以擊碎硫酸(suan)鉛(qian)結晶的(de)晶核(he)，使之難以形成硫酸(suan)鹽。

　　智(zhi)能(neng)脈(mo)沖充電器：①恒功率、②智(zhi)能(neng)脈(mo)沖、③滴充

　　普通三(san)段(duan)式：①恒(heng)流、②恒(heng)壓、③浮充

　　（3）分析③：鉛酸(suan)電池的失衡(heng)問題

　　一組電(dian)(dian)池(chi)由三到(dao)四(si)只(zhi)(zhi)組成。由于制造工藝問(wen)題，無(wu)法做到(dao)每只(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)絕對平衡，普通充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器使用平均電(dian)(dian)流，使容量小的(de)(de)單只(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)最先充(chong)滿，并(bing)形(xing)成過充(chong)，放電(dian)(dian)時(shi)，這只(zhi)(zhi)容量小的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)最先放完，并(bing)形(xing)成過放。長期如此，惡(e)性(xing)循(xun)環，使整組電(dian)(dian)池(chi)出現單只(zhi)(zhi)落后，從(cong)而使整組電(dian)(dian)池(chi)報廢(fei)。三段式(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)浮充(chong)階段，有500mA的(de)(de)小電(dian)(dian)流，它(ta)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用是補償充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，讓電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)飽(bao)。但它(ta)也(ye)帶(dai)來兩個副作(zuo)用:1、充(chong)飽(bao)后，多余(yu)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)流沒有關(guan)斷，電(dian)(dian)能轉化為熱能，進行水分(fen)解，加(jia)速水份的(de)(de)散發(fa)；2、小電(dian)(dian)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，產生的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)流分(fen)叉很大，更(geng)容易造成電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組的(de)(de)不平衡。

　　解(jie)決(jue)③：脈沖解(jie)決(jue)電池(chi)組失衡(heng)方案

　　科(ke)林(lin)(lin)脈沖(chong)的(de)(de)失(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)是普(pu)通充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)三分之一，失(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)少(shao)，則(ze)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)差(cha)會(hui)小(xiao)；反(fan)之，失(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)大(da)(da)，則(ze)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)差(cha)大(da)(da)。隨(sui)著失(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)的(de)(de)加大(da)(da)，硫(liu)化(hua)也會(hui)加重，而普(pu)通充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)沒有去(qu)除(chu)(chu)(chu)硫(liu)化(hua)功能(neng)，所以電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組失(shi)衡(heng)嚴重。科(ke)林(lin)(lin)脈沖(chong)在(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，失(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)少(shao)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)差(cha)也小(xiao)，當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)產生(sheng)硫(liu)化(hua)后，能(neng)用(yong)脈沖(chong)去(qu)除(chu)(chu)(chu)，使整組電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)趨(qu)向平(ping)衡(heng)。科(ke)林(lin)(lin)脈沖(chong)恒功率階段的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)較大(da)(da)，作用(yong)是:1、快(kuai)速充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，節省(sheng)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間；2、激活電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)極板，消除(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)鈍化(hua)現象，恢(hui)復電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)容量(liang)，使整組電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)容量(liang)趨(qu)于(yu)平(ping)衡(heng)。滴充(chong)階段，能(neng)消除(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)分叉的(de)(de)影響，對欠充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)滴充(chong)，充(chong)滿后自動關斷，減(jian)少(shao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)分解，保持電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組的(de)(de)平(ping)衡(heng)。

　　（4）分(fen)析④：鉛(qian)酸(suan)電池(chi)的(de)熱失控問題

　　蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)變形不是突發(fa)的(de)，往往是有一(yi)個過程(cheng)的(de)。蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)到容量(liang)的(de)80%，左右進入(ru)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)區，這時，在(zai)正(zheng)極(ji)板上(shang)先析出(chu)氧氣(qi)(qi)，氧氣(qi)(qi)通(tong)過隔板中(zhong)的(de)孔，到達(da)負極(ji)，在(zai)負極(ji)板上(shang)進行氧復活反(fan)應：2Pb+O2（氧氣(qi)(qi)）=2PbO+Q（熱(re)量(liang)）；PbO+H2SO4=PbSO4+H2O+Q（熱(re)量(liang)）。反(fan)應時產(chan)生熱(re)量(liang)，當充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)達(da)到90%時，氧氣(qi)(qi)發(fa)生速度(du)增大(da)(da)，負極(ji)開始(shi)產(chan)生氫氣(qi)(qi)，大(da)(da)量(liang)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)的(de)增加使蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內壓(ya)超(chao)過閥壓(ya)，安全(quan)閥打開，氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)逸出(chu)，最終(zhong)表現為失水。2H2O=2H2↑+O2↑。隨著蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)循(xun)環次數(shu)的(de)增加，水分(fen)逐漸(jian)減(jian)少，結果蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)出(chu)現如下情況：

　　⑴ 氧氣(qi)“通(tong)(tong)道(dao)”變得暢通(tong)(tong)，正極(ji)產生的(de)氧化很容易通(tong)(tong)過“通(tong)(tong)道(dao)”到(dao)達負極(ji)；

　　⑵ 熱容(rong)(rong)減小，在蓄電池(chi)中熱容(rong)(rong)量最大的是水(shui)，水(shui)損失后，蓄電池(chi)熱容(rong)(rong)大大減小，產生(sheng)的熱量使蓄電池(chi)溫(wen)度升高很快；

　　⑶ 由于失(shi)水后(hou)蓄電(dian)(dian)池中超(chao)細玻璃(li)纖維隔板(ban)發(fa)生(sheng)收縮現象，使之(zhi)與正負(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)的(de)附著力變(bian)差，內阻增大(da)(da)(da)，充放電(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程中發(fa)熱(re)(re)量(liang)(liang)加大(da)(da)(da)。經過(guo)(guo)上(shang)(shang)述過(guo)(guo)程，蓄電(dian)(dian)池內部產生(sheng)的(de)熱(re)(re)量(liang)(liang)只能(neng)經過(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)池槽散熱(re)(re)，如散熱(re)(re)量(liang)(liang)小(xiao)于發(fa)熱(re)(re)量(liang)(liang)，即(ji)出(chu)現溫度上(shang)(shang)升(sheng)(sheng)現象。溫度上(shang)(shang)升(sheng)(sheng)，使蓄電(dian)(dian)池析氣過(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)位降低，析氣量(liang)(liang)增大(da)(da)(da)，正極(ji)(ji)大(da)(da)(da)量(liang)(liang)的(de)氧化通過(guo)(guo)“通道”，在負(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)表面反應，發(fa)出(chu)大(da)(da)(da)量(liang)(liang)的(de)熱(re)(re)量(liang)(liang)，使溫度快(kuai)速上(shang)(shang)升(sheng)(sheng)，形成惡性循環(huan)，即(ji)所謂的(de)“熱(re)(re)失(shi)控”。

　　解決④：科林脈沖解決熱失控(kong)的(de)方(fang)案

　　科林脈沖(chong)有溫(wen)度補償功(gong)能，通(tong)過熱敏電(dian)子采集外界和機內溫(wen)度，智(zhi)能調節(jie)充電(dian)電(dian)壓，使冬(dong)(dong)季節(jie)不欠(qian)充，夏季不過充，有效解(jie)決熱失控。科林脈沖(chong)充電(dian)參數(shu)是動態的(de)，變化的(de)；普通(tong)充電(dian)器(qi)是靜(jing)態的(de)，固定的(de)。所以，普通(tong)充電(dian)器(qi)不可(ke)避(bi)免的(de)會出現夏季過充和冬(dong)(dong)季欠(qian)充問題(ti)。

　　東(dong)科達(da)脈(mo)沖(chong)已經擁有4項國家專利(li)對產品進行保(bao)護。使用(yong)東(dong)科達(da)產品，不僅可以(yi)增(zeng)加賣(mai)點，還可以(yi)提(ti)升品牌形象(xiang)，突出產品的差(cha)異化，擴大(da)利(li)潤空間。

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編輯本段電動車充電器維修方法
1.目測法
　　看，電容(rong)：比(bi)較(jiao)明顯的(de)特(te)征是電容(rong)里面包含著一(yi)定(ding)溶液，在(zai)超(chao)標工作(zuo)環境下，電容(rong)會(hui)(hui)發(fa)(fa)熱(re)自爆以瀉身心不能承(cheng)受的(de)壓力，有些質量比(bi)較(jiao)差的(de)電容(rong)會(hui)(hui)自爆到(dao)尸(shi)首也找不到(dao)，號(hao)稱 無影無蹤小(xiao)鞭炮，只(zhi)留下一(yi)些細小(xiao)的(de)碎紙屑。電阻(zu)：發(fa)(fa)熱(re)和過載后，會(hui)(hui)變色或冒煙，當然電阻(zu)也會(hui)(hui)自爆，炸斷或自身一(yi)部分(fen)飛離。

2.電阻法
　　使用(yong)數字萬(wan)(wan)用(yong)表(biao)，對懷疑部分的電(dian)路(lu)進行測(ce)量(liang)，一(yi)般(ban)我(wo)們(men)使用(yong)二極管檔進行測(ce)量(liang)，就是(shi)短路(lu)2支表(biao)筆(bi)，萬(wan)(wan)用(yong)表(biao)會叫的那個(ge)檔，測(ce)量(liang)電(dian)阻前(qian)我(wo)們(men)會做一(yi)些必要的放電(dian)行為(wei)，在確認沒有(you)插市(shi)電(dian)的情況下， 我(wo)們(men)一(yi)一(yi)用(yong)鑷子(zi)去短路(lu)一(yi)些電(dian)容，電(dian)容放電(dian)時會發(fa)出(chu)火(huo)花和聲響不要害怕，然后進行我(wo)們(men)的在路(lu)阻值測(ce)量(liang)。

3.電壓法
　　學會測量電(dian)(dian)壓是維修的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)技(ji)能之一，帶電(dian)(dian)在路測量是比較危險的(de)(de)(de)行為，必(bi)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)時候我們(men)還是需要(yao)(yao)這(zhe)么(me)去做，這(zhe)個行為不單(dan)單(dan)是我們(men)自身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)安全問題，還有由于操作出現意外損壞充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)能性十分的(de)(de)(de)大，如果出現把(ba)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)測量壞了(le)，我們(men)不要(yao)(yao)沮喪和難過，最好的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)工，都(dou)會出現錯誤，就算(suan)是大師也不能避免。我們(men)只(zhi)要(yao)(yao)記得測量電(dian)(dian)壓有著明確的(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)性，千萬(wan)不要(yao)(yao)盲目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)帶電(dian)(dian)四處(chu)亂量，這(zhe)個是大忌。

4.代換法
　　代(dai)換(huan)就是(shi)把一(yi)(yi)(yi)些器(qi)(qi)件(jian)，進(jin)行替(ti)換(huan)，替(ti)換(huan)的(de)(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)件(jian)可能是(shi)用新的(de)(de)(de)，或是(shi)從一(yi)(yi)(yi)個能正(zheng)常工作的(de)(de)(de)充電器(qi)(qi)上面(mian)拆(chai)下(xia)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)，為(wei)什(shen)么(me)(me)要進(jin)行代(dai)換(huan)呢？這(zhe)個方法一(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)我(wo)們維修進(jin)入了相對來(lai)說的(de)(de)(de)瓶頸，我(wo)們就會產(chan)生(sheng)這(zhe)么(me)(me)的(de)(de)(de)思路，代(dai)換(huan)比較適合于(yu)特定的(de)(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)件(jian)如：電容，集成塊(kuai)等一(yi)(yi)(yi)些可能軟性損壞(huai)的(de)(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)件(jian)，對于(yu)其他的(de)(de)(de)硬性器(qi)(qi)件(jian)，我(wo)們不(bu)用也(ye)沒(mei)有必要去考慮去代(dai)換(huan)它

5.對比法
　　所謂的對(dui)比法(fa)(fa)，就是找一個一模一樣(yang)的或者(zhe)相(xiang)似的充電器我們(men)以它(ta)作為一個模板，進行比較，多方面(mian)的去排除和縮小故障的范圍(wei)，這其(qi)中包(bao)括：電阻法(fa)(fa)，電壓(ya)法(fa)(fa)，替換法(fa)(fa)！