電動自行車充電器基礎知識及使用檢測維護方法
電動車充電器 是專(zhuan)門為(wei)電(dian)(dian)動自行車(che)的(de)電(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)配置的(de)一個(ge)充電(dian)(dian)設備!電(dian)(dian)動車(che)普遍使(shi)用了(le)所謂(wei)三段(duan)(duan)(duan)式充電(dian)(dian)器(qi),第一個(ge)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)恒流(liu)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan),第二個(ge)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)恒壓階(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan),第三個(ge)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)涓流(liu)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)。
常用的(de)開關(guan)電源式(shi)(shi)(shi)充(chong)電器(qi)(qi)又(you)分(fen)半橋式(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)單激式(shi)(shi)(shi)兩大類(lei),單激類(lei)又(you)分(fen)為正激式(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)反激式(shi)(shi)(shi)兩類(lei)。半橋式(shi)(shi)(shi)成(cheng)本高(gao),性(xing)能好,常用于帶負脈沖的(de)充(chong)電器(qi)(qi);單激式(shi)(shi)(shi)成(cheng)本低,市場占有率(lv)高(gao)。
負脈沖充電器
鉛酸電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)已(yi)經有(you)100多(duo)年(nian)的(de)歷史了,開始全球普遍沿(yan)引老的(de)觀點和操(cao)作規程:充、放電(dian)(dian)率(lv)為(wei)0.1C(C是電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)容量)壽命較長。美(mei)國人麥斯先生為(wei)解決(jue)快速充電(dian)(dian)問題,1967年(nian)向全世界公布了他的(de)研究成果,用大于(yu)(yu)1C率(lv)脈沖(chong)電(dian)(dian)流充電(dian)(dian),充電(dian)(dian)間(jian)歇時(shi)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)放電(dian)(dian)。放電(dian)(dian)有(you)利于(yu)(yu)消除極化、降低電(dian)(dian)解液溫度、提高極板接受電(dian)(dian)荷(he)的(de)能力。
我國一些科技(ji)工作(zuo)者在1969年前后,根據麥斯(si)先生(sheng)的三定律制作(zuo)成功了(le)多種(zhong)品牌的快速(su)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)循環過程(cheng)是:大電(dian)(dian)流脈沖充(chong)電(dian)(dian)→切斷充(chong)電(dian)(dian)通(tong)路(lu)→對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)短暫放電(dian)(dian)→停(ting)止放電(dian)(dian)→接通(tong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)通(tong)路(lu)→大電(dian)(dian)流脈沖充(chong)電(dian)(dian)……
2000年前后,有人將這一原理用到了電動車充電器中,充電過程中,不切斷充電通路,用小電阻將電池短路瞬間,進行放電。短路時由于不切斷充電通路,在充電通路中串連了電感。一般在1秒內短路3-5毫秒(1秒=1000毫秒),由于電感里的電流不能跳變,短路時間短促,可以保護充電器的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源轉換(huan)部分。如(ru)果把充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流方向叫正,放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)自然為(wei)負了(le),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車業(ye)就(jiu)出現了(le)名詞(ci)“負脈沖充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器”,而且稱可以延(yan)長(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命等等。
三段式充電器
從電(dian)子(zi)技術角度針對(dui)電(dian)池而言:第一(yi)個階(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫充(chong)(chong)電(dian)限流(liu)(liu)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan),第二個階(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫高恒壓(ya)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan),第三(san)(san)個階(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫低恒壓(ya)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)比(bi)較貼(tie)切。第二階(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)和(he)第三(san)(san)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)轉(zhuan)換時(shi),面板指示(shi)燈(deng)(deng)相應變(bian)換,大多數充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器第一(yi)、二階(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)是(shi)紅燈(deng)(deng),第三(san)(san)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)變(bian)綠燈(deng)(deng)。第二階(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)和(he)第三(san)(san)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)的相互轉(zhuan)換是(shi)由充(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)決定的,大于某(mou)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)進入(ru)第一(yi)第二階(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan),小(xiao)于某(mou)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)進入(ru)第三(san)(san)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)。這(zhe)個電(dian)流(liu)(liu)叫轉(zhuan)換電(dian)流(liu)(liu),也叫轉(zhuan)折(zhe)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)。
早(zao)期充電(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi),包括(kuo)名牌車配套的(de)充電(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi),雖(sui)然也(ye)變燈,但實際是恒(heng)壓限流(liu)充電(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi),并不是三階(jie)段(duan)充電(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。一(yi)般這類就一(yi)個穩定電(dian)壓值,44.2V左右,對當時的(de)高(gao)比重(zhong)硫酸的(de)電(dian)池還湊合(he)。
關(guan)(guan)于(yu)三(san)段(duan)式充電器的(de)三(san)個(ge)關(guan)(guan)鍵(jian)參數
第(di)一個(ge)重(zhong)要參(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)是(shi)涓流(liu)階段的(de)低恒(heng)壓值(zhi),第(di)二(er)個(ge)重(zhong)要參(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)是(shi)第(di)二(er)階段的(de)高恒(heng)壓值(zhi),第(di)三(san)個(ge)重(zhong)要參(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)是(shi)轉(zhuan)換電流(liu)。這三(san)個(ge)重(zhong)要參(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)與(yu)(yu)電池(chi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)目(mu)有(you)關,與(yu)(yu)電池(chi)的(de)容(rong)量Ah有(you)關,與(yu)(yu)溫(wen)度有(you)關,與(yu)(yu)電池(chi)種類有(you)關。為(wei)了方便大(da)家記憶,下面以最常見的(de)電動(dong)自行車(三(san)塊12V串聯(lian)的(de)10Ah電池(chi))所用的(de)三(san)段式(shi)充(chong)電器為(wei)例(li)簡單介紹(shao)一下:
首先討論涓流(liu)階段(duan)的(de)低(di)恒(heng)壓值(zhi),參(can)考電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為42.5V左(zuo)右。此值(zhi)高將使電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)失水,容易使電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)發熱變(bian)形(xing);此值(zhi)低(di)不(bu)利(li)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充足電(dian)(dian)(dian)。此值(zhi)在南方要低(di)于41.5V;膠體電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)要低(di)于41.5V,如在南方還要低(di)一點(dian)兒。這個參(can)數是相對(dui)嚴格(ge)的(de),不(bu)可以大(da)于參(can)考值(zhi)。
其(qi)次討論第二階段的高恒壓值,參考電(dian)壓為(wei)44.5V左(zuo)右。此值高有(you)利(li)于(yu)(yu)快速充(chong)足電(dian),但是(shi)容易使電(dian)池失水,充(chong)電(dian)后(hou)期電(dian)流下不(bu)來,結果使電(dian)池發熱變形;此值低不(bu)利(li)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)池快速充(chong)足電(dian),有(you)利(li)于(yu)(yu)向涓流階段轉換。這個(ge)值雖然(ran)沒有(you)第一個(ge)值那樣嚴格,但是(shi)也(ye)不(bu)要過高。
最后討論轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換電(dian)流(liu),參考(kao)電(dian)流(liu)為300毫(hao)安左右。此值(zhi)高有利(li)(li)于(yu)(yu)(yu)電(dian)池(chi)壽(shou)命,不(bu)容易(yi)發熱變形,但不(bu)利(li)(li)于(yu)(yu)(yu)電(dian)池(chi)快速充(chong)(chong)足(zu)(zu)電(dian);此值(zhi)低(對外行)有利(li)(li)于(yu)(yu)(yu)充(chong)(chong)足(zu)(zu)電(dian),但是(shi)由(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)較長時間高電(dian)壓充(chong)(chong)電(dian),容易(yi)使電(dian)池(chi)失(shi)水(shui),使電(dian)池(chi)發熱變形。特別個別電(dian)池(chi)出(chu)現問題(ti)時,充(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)降不(bu)到轉(zhuan)(zhuan)折電(dian)流(liu)以下時,會連(lian)累好(hao)電(dian)池(chi)也被充(chong)(chong)壞。給出(chu)的參考(kao)值(zhi)有一定范(fan)圍,正負50毫(hao)安甚(shen)至100毫(hao)安都是(shi)允許(xu)的,但是(shi)不(bu)允許(xu)小于(yu)(yu)(yu)200毫(hao)安。
目前,市場(chang)上出(chu)現了很多(duo)高恒壓值為46.5V、低恒壓值為41.5V、轉折電(dian)流大(da)于500毫安的反激(ji)式廉價充電(dian)器。
如果是四塊(kuai)12V電(dian)池的充電(dian)器即48V充電(dian)器,前兩個參(can)數為(wei)前述電(dian)壓參(can)考值(zhi)除以(yi)三乘以(yi)四。高恒壓值(zhi)為(wei)59.5V左(zuo)右(you)、低(di)恒壓值(zhi)為(wei)56.5V左(zuo)右(you)。
電池(chi)如果比10Ah大(da),將第三(san)個(ge)參數電流值適當增大(da),例(li)如17Ah電池(chi)可大(da)到500毫(hao)安。
買新充(chong)電器(qi)要檢查(cha)三(san)段式充(chong)電器(qi)的(de)三(san)個重(zhong)要參數,用戶(hu)一(yi)般可以自己測(ce)得第三(san)階段的(de)低恒壓值(zhi)。方法是(shi),不接電池,給充(chong)電器(qi)加(jia)市電,用數字萬用表的(de)200V直流(liu)電壓檔測(ce)充(chong)電器(qi)的(de)輸出電壓。另兩個參數高恒壓值(zhi)和轉(zhuan)折電流(liu)一(yi)般需要專用工具才能測(ce)得。
再(zai)(zai)補充(chong)一(yi)(yi)些正確的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)法:1,變(bian)綠(lv)燈后(hou)再(zai)(zai)接著充(chong)2-3小時。2,原則是淺(qian)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian))勤充(chong)(電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)),每(mei)次用(yong)到50%以后(hou)再(zai)(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),不要(yao)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)太頻繁(fan)這樣會縮(suo)短(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命 3,長期(qi)不騎(qi),要(yao)定期(qi)(1個月)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一(yi)(yi)次。4,長期(qi)淺(qian)放(fang)(fang)(fang)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池,3個月左右,作一(yi)(yi)次深(shen)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),就是所謂放(fang)(fang)(fang)光再(zai)(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),有(you)利(li)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池深(shen)部(bu)的長期(qi)不動的物質(zhi)的活(huo)化。放(fang)(fang)(fang)光的意思(si)是,騎(qi)到控制器電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池欠壓保(bao)護(hu)動作為止。
需要提醒(xing)客戶幾點:1,一(yi)般(ban)新電(dian)池(chi)投入(ru)使用8-10個月后,要對(dui)電(dian)池(chi)進行(xing)(xing)檢查和(he)維護。2,一(yi)般(ban)名(ming)牌車配(pei)套的充電(dian)器(qi)是(shi)經過篩選(xuan)的,通常不(bu)用測(ce)試(shi),但是(shi)單(dan)獨到市場上采購的非配(pei)套充電(dian)器(qi),一(yi)定要進行(xing)(xing)前(qian)述三(san)個參(can)數(shu)的測(ce)試(shi)。3,有一(yi)種(zhong)不(bu)帶工頻變壓器(qi)的可控硅充電(dian)機,直接整流(liu)市電(dian)為電(dian)池(chi)充電(dian),電(dian)流(liu)可到30A,電(dian)壓12V-80V可調(diao),未徹(che)底(di)切斷市電(dian)前(qian),千萬不(bu)要摸(mo)電(dian)池(chi),貨運三(san)輪使用這類充電(dian)機的客戶特別要注(zhu)意(yi)安全。
鉛酸(suan)電池損壞的四大(da)原(yuan)因 ①失(shi)(shi)水(shui) ②硫(liu)化 ③失(shi)(shi)衡 ④熱失(shi)(shi)控(充鼓)
前(qian)兩者①、②占了目(mu)前(qian)市場上電池損壞的97%。
(1)分析①:鉛酸電池失水(shui)的主(zhu)要原因(yin)
鉛酸電(dian)(dian)池(chi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)解液(ye)(ye)像人體(ti)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)血液(ye)(ye)一樣(yang)寶貴(gui),電(dian)(dian)解液(ye)(ye)一旦(dan)喪(sang)失(shi)(shi),就意味著電(dian)(dian)池(chi)報(bao)廢(fei)了(le)。電(dian)(dian)解液(ye)(ye)是由稀硫酸和(he)水(shui)(shui)組成的(de)(de)(de)。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中(zhong),難以避免失(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui),充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)模式(shi)不一樣(yang),失(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)也不一樣(yang)。普通三(san)段式(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)模式(shi),充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)失(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)量是科(ke)林(lin)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)模式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)二倍以上!電(dian)(dian)池(chi)除了(le)自然壽命外還有一個(ge)失(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)壽命:單(dan)只電(dian)(dian)池(chi)失(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)超(chao)過(guo)90克(ke),電(dian)(dian)池(chi)就報(bao)廢(fei)了(le)。在(zai)(zai)常溫下(25℃),普通充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)(de)失(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)量約為(wei)0.25克(ke),而(er)科(ke)林(lin)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)為(wei)0.12克(ke)。在(zai)(zai)高(gao)溫下(35℃),普通充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)(de)失(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)量為(wei)0.5克(ke),而(er)科(ke)林(lin)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)為(wei)0.23克(ke)。按此(ci)計算(suan),普通充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器在(zai)(zai)250次(ci)循環(huan)(huan)后水(shui)(shui)分充(chong)(chong)干,而(er)科(ke)林(lin)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)在(zai)(zai)600次(ci)循環(huan)(huan)后水(shui)(shui)分才會充(chong)(chong)干。因此(ci),科(ke)林(lin)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)能(neng)延長電(dian)(dian)池(chi)一倍以上的(de)(de)(de)壽命。(出示超(chao)威(wei)公司報(bao)告,并畫曲線(xian)圖(tu)。)
鉛酸蓄(xu)電池在充(chong)電過(guo)程中的最大問(wen)題是析(xi)氣(qi)。
根據美國(guo)科學家馬斯(J.A.Mas) 對鉛酸(suan)電池(chi)充電過程中析氣原因和規律的研究,為達到最低析氣率,鉛酸(suan)電池(chi)能夠接受充電電流曲線如下:
臨界析氣曲(qu)線的公(gong)式為:I=I0e-at %h^2
在充電過程中,充電電流超(chao)過臨界析氣(qi)曲線的(de)部分,只能(neng)導致蓄電池電解(jie)水(shui)反(fan)應而產生(sheng)氣(qi)體(ti)和(he)溫升(sheng),不能(neng)提高電池的(de)容量(liang)
① 恒流(liu)充(chong)電階(jie)段,充(chong)電電流(liu)保(bao)持恒定,充(chong)入電量快(kuai)速(su)增加,電壓(ya)上升;
② 恒壓充(chong)電(dian)(dian)階段,充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓保持恒定(ding),充(chong)入電(dian)(dian)量繼續增加(jia),充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流下降;
③ 蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充滿,電(dian)(dian)(dian)流下降(jiang)到低于浮(fu)充轉(zhuan)換電(dian)(dian)(dian)流,充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)降(jiang)低到浮(fu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya);
④ 浮充(chong)充(chong)電(dian)階段,充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)壓(ya)保持為浮充(chong)電(dian)壓(ya);
普(pu)通三階段充(chong)電(dian)第一階段為(wei)恒流充(chong)電(dian),這主(zhu)要是考慮到電(dian)路的設(she)計(ji)比較方(fang)便,并非為(wei)使蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)性能最佳(jia)而設(she)計(ji)。
按照鉛(qian)酸蓄(xu)電池(chi)充電析氣曲線,普通(tong)三階段(duan)充電過(guo)程的析氣情況(kuang)如圖 :
恒(heng)流充電(dian)(dian)段后(hou)期和恒(heng)壓充電(dian)(dian)前(qian)期(陰影區),電(dian)(dian)流超過臨界(jie)析(xi)(xi)氣曲線(xian),造成蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池析(xi)(xi)氣,引起壽命下降。
超過(guo)臨界析氣(qi)(qi)曲線的電(dian)流(liu)僅使蓄電(dian)池產生氣(qi)(qi)體和溫升,未轉化(hua)為電(dian)池電(dian)量,充電(dian)效率也(ye)因此降低。
解(jie)決①:脈沖(chong)解(jie)決失水的方案
科(ke)林脈沖(chong)恒動率階(jie)段的(de)時(shi)間(jian),比普(pu)通(tong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器恒流+恒壓(ya)階(jie)段要縮短(duan)了近一(yi)個(ge)小(xiao)時(shi),而(er)這一(yi)個(ge)小(xiao)時(shi)的(de)高(gao)壓(ya)段充(chong)電(dian)(dian)是水(shui)(shui)分(fen)散(san)發(fa)的(de)關鍵時(shi)刻。科(ke)林脈沖(chong)以(yi)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)參數為(wei)轉燈依(yi)據,轉燈進入智(zhi)能脈沖(chong)很準確,而(er)普(pu)通(tong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器以(yi)電(dian)(dian)流參數為(wei)轉燈依(yi)據,一(yi)旦電(dian)(dian)池硫(liu)化,內阻加(jia)大(da),充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流也加(jia)大(da),很難達到轉燈電(dian)(dian)流,很容易造成高(gao)壓(ya)段長(chang)時(shi)間(jian)充(chong)電(dian)(dian),加(jia)速水(shui)(shui)解。
(2)分析②:鉛(qian)酸(suan)電池硫(liu)化的(de)原因
電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)長期滯(zhi)留(liu),充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)中的(de)(de)長期過充(chong)和欠充(chong),使(shi)用(yong)過程(cheng)中的(de)(de)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),極(ji)易造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)硫化(hua)。它的(de)(de)表(biao)象為:一放就光,一充(chong)就飽,我們把(ba)它叫做(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)“假損壞”。硫化(hua)物質硫酸(suan)鹽粘附(fu)在(zai)極(ji)板(ban)上,縮減了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)與極(ji)板(ban)的(de)(de)反應面積,使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)容(rong)量(liang)迅速衰減。失(shi)水會(hui)加重(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)硫化(hua);硫化(hua)又會(hui)加重(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)失(shi)水,易形成惡性循環。
解決②:科林脈沖(chong)解決硫化的方案(an)
科林脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)運(yun)用智能脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)中的尖(jian)峰脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong),可(ke)以擊碎硫酸鉛結晶的晶核,使之難以形成硫酸鹽。
智(zhi)能(neng)脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)充電器:①恒功率、②智(zhi)能(neng)脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)、③滴充
普通三段式:①恒(heng)(heng)流、②恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)、③浮充
(3)分析③:鉛酸電(dian)池的失(shi)衡(heng)問(wen)題
一(yi)組(zu)電(dian)(dian)池由三(san)到四只(zhi)組(zu)成。由于制造工藝問題,無(wu)法(fa)做到每只(zhi)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)絕(jue)對平(ping)衡,普通充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)使(shi)用(yong)平(ping)均電(dian)(dian)流(liu),使(shi)容量小(xiao)的(de)(de)單只(zhi)電(dian)(dian)池最先(xian)充(chong)滿,并形成過充(chong),放(fang)電(dian)(dian)時,這只(zhi)容量小(xiao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池最先(xian)放(fang)完,并形成過放(fang)。長期如此,惡性(xing)循環,使(shi)整(zheng)組(zu)電(dian)(dian)池出現單只(zhi)落后,從(cong)而使(shi)整(zheng)組(zu)電(dian)(dian)池報廢。三(san)段式充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)浮(fu)充(chong)階段,有500mA的(de)(de)小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)流(liu),它(ta)的(de)(de)作用(yong)是(shi)補償充(chong)電(dian)(dian),讓電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)飽。但它(ta)也帶來兩個副作用(yong):1、充(chong)飽后,多(duo)余的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)沒有關斷,電(dian)(dian)能轉化為(wei)熱能,進行水(shui)分解,加(jia)速水(shui)份的(de)(de)散發(fa);2、小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian),產生的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)分叉很大,更容易造成電(dian)(dian)池組(zu)的(de)(de)不平(ping)衡。
解決(jue)③:脈(mo)沖解決(jue)電池(chi)組(zu)失衡(heng)方(fang)案
科林脈沖(chong)的(de)(de)(de)失(shi)水(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)是普通充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)三分(fen)(fen)之一,失(shi)水(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)少(shao),則(ze)(ze)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)差(cha)會(hui)小;反之,失(shi)水(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)大(da),則(ze)(ze)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)差(cha)大(da)。隨著失(shi)水(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)加大(da),硫化(hua)(hua)也會(hui)加重,而普通充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)沒有去除硫化(hua)(hua)功能(neng),所(suo)以電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)失(shi)衡嚴重。科林脈沖(chong)在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時,失(shi)水(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)少(shao),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)差(cha)也小,當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)產生硫化(hua)(hua)后,能(neng)用脈沖(chong)去除,使(shi)(shi)整(zheng)組(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)趨(qu)向平(ping)衡。科林脈沖(chong)恒(heng)功率階(jie)段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流較大(da),作用是:1、快速充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),節省充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間;2、激活電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)極板,消(xiao)除電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)鈍化(hua)(hua)現(xian)象,恢復電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)容量(liang)(liang)(liang),使(shi)(shi)整(zheng)組(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)容量(liang)(liang)(liang)趨(qu)于平(ping)衡。滴充(chong)階(jie)段(duan),能(neng)消(xiao)除電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流分(fen)(fen)叉的(de)(de)(de)影響,對(dui)欠充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)滴充(chong),充(chong)滿后自(zi)動關斷,減少(shao)水(shui)分(fen)(fen)解(jie),保持電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)衡。
(4)分(fen)析④:鉛酸(suan)電池的(de)熱失控問題
蓄電(dian)池變形不是突發(fa)的(de)(de),往(wang)往(wang)是有(you)一個過程的(de)(de)。蓄電(dian)池在充電(dian)到(dao)容量(liang)的(de)(de)80%,左右進入高電(dian)壓充電(dian)區,這時(shi),在正極(ji)板上先析出(chu)氧(yang)氣(qi)(qi),氧(yang)氣(qi)(qi)通過隔板中的(de)(de)孔,到(dao)達負(fu)極(ji),在負(fu)極(ji)板上進行(xing)氧(yang)復活反(fan)應:2Pb+O2(氧(yang)氣(qi)(qi))=2PbO+Q(熱量(liang));PbO+H2SO4=PbSO4+H2O+Q(熱量(liang))。反(fan)應時(shi)產(chan)生(sheng)熱量(liang),當充電(dian)容量(liang)達到(dao)90%時(shi),氧(yang)氣(qi)(qi)發(fa)生(sheng)速度增(zeng)大(da),負(fu)極(ji)開(kai)始產(chan)生(sheng)氫氣(qi)(qi),大(da)量(liang)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)的(de)(de)增(zeng)加(jia)使蓄電(dian)池內壓超(chao)過閥(fa)壓,安全(quan)閥(fa)打開(kai),氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)逸出(chu),最終表現(xian)為失水。2H2O=2H2↑+O2↑。隨著蓄電(dian)池循環次數的(de)(de)增(zeng)加(jia),水分(fen)逐(zhu)漸減少(shao),結果蓄電(dian)池出(chu)現(xian)如下情況:
⑴ 氧氣“通道”變得(de)暢(chang)通,正極(ji)產生的(de)氧化很容(rong)易通過“通道”到(dao)達負極(ji);
⑵ 熱(re)(re)容減小,在(zai)蓄電(dian)池中熱(re)(re)容量(liang)最(zui)大(da)(da)的(de)是水(shui),水(shui)損(sun)失后,蓄電(dian)池熱(re)(re)容大(da)(da)大(da)(da)減小,產(chan)生的(de)熱(re)(re)量(liang)使蓄電(dian)池溫度升高很(hen)快;
⑶ 由于失水后蓄(xu)電池(chi)(chi)中超細(xi)玻璃纖維隔板發(fa)生(sheng)收(shou)縮現(xian)象,使之(zhi)與正負極板的(de)(de)(de)(de)附著(zhu)力變(bian)差,內阻(zu)增大,充放電過(guo)程中發(fa)熱(re)量(liang)(liang)(liang)加大。經過(guo)上(shang)(shang)述過(guo)程,蓄(xu)電池(chi)(chi)內部(bu)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)量(liang)(liang)(liang)只能經過(guo)電池(chi)(chi)槽散熱(re),如散熱(re)量(liang)(liang)(liang)小于發(fa)熱(re)量(liang)(liang)(liang),即出現(xian)溫度(du)上(shang)(shang)升(sheng)現(xian)象。溫度(du)上(shang)(shang)升(sheng),使蓄(xu)電池(chi)(chi)析氣過(guo)電位(wei)降低,析氣量(liang)(liang)(liang)增大,正極大量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)化通過(guo)“通道”,在(zai)負極表面反應,發(fa)出大量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)量(liang)(liang)(liang),使溫度(du)快速(su)上(shang)(shang)升(sheng),形成惡(e)性循環,即所謂(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“熱(re)失控”。
解決④:科林脈沖解決熱失控的方(fang)案
科(ke)林脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)有溫度補償功(gong)能,通過(guo)(guo)熱敏電(dian)子采集外界(jie)和機內溫度,智能調節(jie)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)壓(ya),使冬季節(jie)不(bu)欠(qian)充(chong)(chong)(chong),夏(xia)(xia)季不(bu)過(guo)(guo)充(chong)(chong)(chong),有效解決(jue)熱失(shi)控。科(ke)林脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)參(can)數是(shi)動態的(de)(de)(de),變(bian)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de);普通充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)器(qi)是(shi)靜態的(de)(de)(de),固(gu)定的(de)(de)(de)。所以,普通充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)器(qi)不(bu)可避免的(de)(de)(de)會出現夏(xia)(xia)季過(guo)(guo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)和冬季欠(qian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)問題。
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編輯本段電動車充電器維修方法
1.目測法
看,電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong):比較(jiao)明顯的(de)特征(zheng)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)里面(mian)包含著一定溶(rong)液,在超標工作(zuo)環(huan)境下,電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)會(hui)(hui)發熱(re)自(zi)(zi)爆以(yi)瀉身心不(bu)能承受的(de)壓(ya)力,有些質量比較(jiao)差的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)會(hui)(hui)自(zi)(zi)爆到尸(shi)首也(ye)找不(bu)到,號稱 無影無蹤小鞭炮,只(zhi)留下一些細小的(de)碎紙屑。電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻:發熱(re)和過載后,會(hui)(hui)變色或冒煙,當然電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻也(ye)會(hui)(hui)自(zi)(zi)爆,炸斷或自(zi)(zi)身一部分飛離(li)。
2.電阻法
使用(yong)數(shu)字萬用(yong)表,對懷疑部分的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)路進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)測(ce)(ce)量,一般我們(men)使用(yong)二極管檔進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)測(ce)(ce)量,就是(shi)短路2支表筆,萬用(yong)表會叫(jiao)的(de)(de)那個(ge)檔,測(ce)(ce)量電(dian)(dian)阻前我們(men)會做一些必要的(de)(de)放電(dian)(dian)行(xing)(xing)為,在確(que)認(ren)沒有插市電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)情(qing)況下(xia), 我們(men)一一用(yong)鑷子去短路一些電(dian)(dian)容,電(dian)(dian)容放電(dian)(dian)時會發出火花和聲響(xiang)不要害怕(pa),然(ran)后(hou)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)我們(men)的(de)(de)在路阻值測(ce)(ce)量。
3.電壓法
學會測(ce)量(liang)電(dian)壓是(shi)維(wei)修的(de)(de)基本技能(neng)之(zhi)一,帶電(dian)在路(lu)測(ce)量(liang)是(shi)比較危險的(de)(de)行為,必要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)時候我(wo)們還(huan)是(shi)需要(yao)(yao)這么去做,這個行為不(bu)單(dan)單(dan)是(shi)我(wo)們自身的(de)(de)安全問題,還(huan)有(you)由(you)于操作(zuo)出現(xian)(xian)意(yi)外損(sun)壞充(chong)電(dian)器的(de)(de)可能(neng)性十分的(de)(de)大,如果出現(xian)(xian)把充(chong)電(dian)器測(ce)量(liang)壞了(le),我(wo)們不(bu)要(yao)(yao)沮喪和難過,最好的(de)(de)技工,都(dou)會出現(xian)(xian)錯誤,就算是(shi)大師也不(bu)能(neng)避免。我(wo)們只要(yao)(yao)記(ji)得測(ce)量(liang)電(dian)壓有(you)著明確的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)性,千萬不(bu)要(yao)(yao)盲目的(de)(de)帶電(dian)四處亂量(liang),這個是(shi)大忌。
4.代換法
代(dai)換(huan)(huan)就是(shi)把一(yi)些(xie)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian),進行替換(huan)(huan),替換(huan)(huan)的(de)(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)可能是(shi)用新的(de)(de)(de),或是(shi)從一(yi)個能正常工作的(de)(de)(de)充電器(qi)(qi)(qi)上(shang)面拆下來的(de)(de)(de),為什么(me)要(yao)進行代(dai)換(huan)(huan)呢?這(zhe)個方法一(yi)般我(wo)(wo)們維修進入(ru)了(le)相對來說的(de)(de)(de)瓶(ping)頸,我(wo)(wo)們就會產生這(zhe)么(me)的(de)(de)(de)思路(lu),代(dai)換(huan)(huan)比較適合于(yu)特(te)定的(de)(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)如:電容,集成塊等一(yi)些(xie)可能軟性(xing)(xing)損壞的(de)(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian),對于(yu)其他的(de)(de)(de)硬性(xing)(xing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian),我(wo)(wo)們不用也沒(mei)有必要(yao)去考(kao)慮去代(dai)換(huan)(huan)它
5.對比法
所謂的(de)對比(bi)(bi)法(fa),就是(shi)找一(yi)(yi)個一(yi)(yi)模(mo)一(yi)(yi)樣的(de)或者相似的(de)充電器我們以它作(zuo)為(wei)一(yi)(yi)個模(mo)板,進行比(bi)(bi)較(jiao),多方面的(de)去排(pai)除(chu)和縮小故障的(de)范圍(wei),這其中包括:電阻法(fa),電壓法(fa),替換法(fa)!