電動車充電器 是專門為(wei)電(dian)動自(zi)行車的電(dian)瓶(ping)配置的一(yi)個充電(dian)設備！電(dian)動車普遍使(shi)用了所謂三段(duan)式充電(dian)器，第(di)一(yi)個階段(duan)叫恒流(liu)階段(duan)，第(di)二個階段(duan)叫恒壓階段(duan)，第(di)三個階段(duan)叫涓(juan)流(liu)階段(duan)。 

　　

　　常(chang)用的開關電(dian)源式(shi)充電(dian)器(qi)又分半橋式(shi)和單(dan)激(ji)式(shi)兩大類(lei)，單(dan)激(ji)類(lei)又分為正激(ji)式(shi)和反激(ji)式(shi)兩類(lei)。半橋式(shi)成本(ben)高，性能好(hao)，常(chang)用于帶負脈(mo)沖的充電(dian)器(qi)；單(dan)激(ji)式(shi)成本(ben)低，市場占有率高。

負脈沖充電器
　　鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池已經有(you)100多年的(de)歷史了，開始全(quan)球普遍(bian)沿(yan)引老的(de)觀點和操(cao)作規程(cheng)：充(chong)(chong)、放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率為(wei)0.1C(C是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池容量)壽命較長。美國人麥斯先(xian)生(sheng)為(wei)解決快速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)問題，1967年向全(quan)世界(jie)公布了他(ta)的(de)研究成果，用大(da)于1C率脈沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)間歇時對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)有(you)利于消除(chu)極化、降低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液溫(wen)度、提(ti)高極板(ban)接受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)的(de)能(neng)力(li)。

　　我國一些科技工作者在(zai)1969年前后(hou)，根(gen)據麥斯先生(sheng)的三定律制(zhi)作成功了多種品牌的快速(su)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)機。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)循環過程是：大電(dian)流(liu)(liu)脈沖(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)→切斷充(chong)(chong)電(dian)通(tong)路→對(dui)電(dian)池短暫放電(dian)→停止(zhi)放電(dian)→接通(tong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)通(tong)路→大電(dian)流(liu)(liu)脈沖(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)……

　　2000年前后，有人將這一原理用到了電動車充電器中，充電過程中，不切斷充電通路，用小電阻將電池短路瞬間，進行放電。短路時由于不切斷充電通路，在充電通路中串連了電感。一般在1秒內短路3－5毫秒（1秒=1000毫秒），由于電感里的電流不能跳變，短路時間短促，可以保護充電器的電源轉換部分(fen)。如果(guo)把(ba)充電電流方向叫(jiao)正，放電自(zi)然為負(fu)(fu)了，電動車業就出(chu)現了名詞“負(fu)(fu)脈沖充電器”，而且(qie)稱可以延(yan)長電池(chi)壽(shou)命等等。

三段式充電器
　　從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子技術角度針對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池而言：第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)個階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)限流(liu)(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)二個階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)高恒壓階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)三(san)個階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)低恒壓階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)比較貼(tie)切。第(di)(di)(di)二階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)和第(di)(di)(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)轉換(huan)時，面板指示燈相(xiang)應變(bian)換(huan)，大多數充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)、二階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)是紅燈，第(di)(di)(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)變(bian)綠燈。第(di)(di)(di)二階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)和第(di)(di)(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)的相(xiang)互(hu)轉換(huan)是由充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)決定(ding)的，大于(yu)某電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)進入(ru)第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)第(di)(di)(di)二階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)，小于(yu)某電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)進入(ru)第(di)(di)(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)。這(zhe)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)叫(jiao)(jiao)轉換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，也叫(jiao)(jiao)轉折電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)。

　　早期充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)，包括名(ming)牌(pai)車配套(tao)的(de)充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)，雖然也(ye)變燈(deng)，但實際是恒壓限流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)，并不是三階段充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)。一般(ban)這類(lei)就一個穩定電(dian)(dian)壓值，44.2V左右，對當時(shi)的(de)高比重(zhong)硫(liu)酸的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)還湊合。

　　關于三(san)(san)段式(shi)充電器的三(san)(san)個(ge)關鍵參數

　　第一個(ge)重要參數(shu)是(shi)(shi)涓流階段的(de)(de)低恒壓值，第二(er)個(ge)重要參數(shu)是(shi)(shi)第二(er)階段的(de)(de)高恒壓值，第三(san)(san)個(ge)重要參數(shu)是(shi)(shi)轉換電(dian)(dian)(dian)流。這三(san)(san)個(ge)重要參數(shu)與(yu)(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)數(shu)目有(you)關(guan)，與(yu)(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)容(rong)量Ah有(you)關(guan)，與(yu)(yu)(yu)溫度有(you)關(guan)，與(yu)(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)種類(lei)有(you)關(guan)。為了方便大家記憶，下(xia)面(mian)以最常見的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行車(che)（三(san)(san)塊12V串聯的(de)(de)10Ah電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)）所用的(de)(de)三(san)(san)段式充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器為例簡單介紹一下(xia)：

　　首先討(tao)論涓流階段的(de)低恒壓(ya)值(zhi)，參考(kao)電(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)42.5V左右。此(ci)(ci)值(zhi)高將(jiang)使(shi)電(dian)池(chi)失水(shui)，容易使(shi)電(dian)池(chi)發(fa)熱變(bian)形；此(ci)(ci)值(zhi)低不利于(yu)電(dian)池(chi)充足電(dian)。此(ci)(ci)值(zhi)在(zai)南(nan)方(fang)要低于(yu)41.5V；膠體電(dian)池(chi)要低于(yu)41.5V，如(ru)在(zai)南(nan)方(fang)還要低一(yi)點兒。這個參數是相對嚴格的(de)，不可(ke)以大(da)于(yu)參考(kao)值(zhi)。

　　其(qi)次(ci)討論第二階(jie)段的高恒壓值，參(can)考電(dian)壓為44.5V左右。此值高有(you)利(li)于快速充(chong)足(zu)電(dian)，但(dan)是容易(yi)使電(dian)池失水(shui)，充(chong)電(dian)后(hou)期電(dian)流(liu)下不來，結果使電(dian)池發熱變形；此值低不利(li)于電(dian)池快速充(chong)足(zu)電(dian)，有(you)利(li)于向(xiang)涓流(liu)階(jie)段轉(zhuan)換(huan)。這個(ge)值雖然(ran)沒有(you)第一個(ge)值那樣嚴格，但(dan)是也不要(yao)過(guo)高。

　　最后討(tao)論轉換電(dian)(dian)流(liu)，參考電(dian)(dian)流(liu)為(wei)300毫(hao)安左(zuo)右。此值(zhi)(zhi)高(gao)有利(li)(li)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)壽命，不(bu)容(rong)易發熱變(bian)形，但不(bu)利(li)(li)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)快速充(chong)(chong)足電(dian)(dian)；此值(zhi)(zhi)低（對(dui)外行(xing)）有利(li)(li)于(yu)充(chong)(chong)足電(dian)(dian)，但是由于(yu)較長時間高(gao)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，容(rong)易使電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)失水，使電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)發熱變(bian)形。特別個別電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)出現問題時，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)降不(bu)到(dao)轉折電(dian)(dian)流(liu)以下(xia)時，會連累好電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)也被充(chong)(chong)壞。給(gei)出的參考值(zhi)(zhi)有一定(ding)范(fan)圍，正負50毫(hao)安甚(shen)至100毫(hao)安都(dou)是允許的，但是不(bu)允許小于(yu)200毫(hao)安。

　　目前，市場上出現了(le)很多高(gao)恒(heng)壓值為46.5V、低恒(heng)壓值為41.5V、轉折電流大于(yu)500毫安的反激式廉價充電器。

　　如果是四(si)塊(kuai)12V電(dian)池(chi)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)器即48V充(chong)電(dian)器，前兩個(ge)參數為前述電(dian)壓參考值除(chu)以三(san)乘以四(si)。高恒(heng)壓值為59.5V左(zuo)右(you)、低恒(heng)壓值為56.5V左(zuo)右(you)。

　　電(dian)(dian)池如(ru)果比10Ah大(da)，將第(di)三個(ge)參數電(dian)(dian)流值適當增大(da)，例如(ru)17Ah電(dian)(dian)池可大(da)到500毫安。

　　買新充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器要檢查三(san)段式充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)三(san)個重(zhong)要參(can)數，用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶一般可以自己測得(de)(de)第三(san)階(jie)段的(de)低(di)恒壓值(zhi)。方法是，不接(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，給充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器加市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)數字萬(wan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)表(biao)的(de)200V直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓檔測充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。另兩個參(can)數高(gao)恒壓值(zhi)和轉折(zhe)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)一般需要專用(yong)(yong)(yong)工(gong)具才能測得(de)(de)。

　　再補充(chong)(chong)一些正(zheng)確的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方法：1，變綠(lv)燈(deng)后再接著(zhu)充(chong)(chong)2－3小時。2，原則是(shi)淺放(fang)(fang)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)）勤充(chong)(chong)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)），每(mei)次用到(dao)50%以后再充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，不要充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)太頻繁這樣會縮短(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽(shou)命 3，長期不騎(qi)，要定期（1個月）充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)一次。4，長期淺放(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，3個月左右，作(zuo)一次深放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，就(jiu)是(shi)所謂放(fang)(fang)光再充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，有利于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池深部(bu)的(de)(de)長期不動的(de)(de)物質的(de)(de)活化。放(fang)(fang)光的(de)(de)意(yi)思是(shi)，騎(qi)到(dao)控制(zhi)器電(dian)(dian)(dian)池欠壓保護動作(zuo)為止。

　　需要(yao)(yao)提醒客(ke)戶幾點：1，一(yi)般(ban)新電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池投入使(shi)用(yong)(yong)8－10個月后(hou)，要(yao)(yao)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池進行檢查(cha)和(he)維護。2，一(yi)般(ban)名牌車(che)配(pei)套的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器是經(jing)過篩選的，通常不用(yong)(yong)測試，但(dan)是單獨到市場上采購的非配(pei)套充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器，一(yi)定要(yao)(yao)進行前(qian)(qian)述三個參數的測試。3，有一(yi)種不帶工(gong)頻變壓器的可控(kong)硅充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機，直接整流市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流可到30A，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓12V－80V可調，未徹底(di)切(qie)斷市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)前(qian)(qian)，千萬不要(yao)(yao)摸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，貨運三輪(lun)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)這類充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的客(ke)戶特別要(yao)(yao)注(zhu)意安(an)全。

鉛酸(suan)電池損壞的(de)四大原因　　①失水 ②硫化 ③失衡 ④熱失控（充鼓）

　　前兩者(zhe)①、②占了(le)目(mu)前市場(chang)上(shang)電池損壞(huai)的97%。

　　（1）分析①：鉛酸電池失水(shui)的主要原(yuan)因

　　鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)像人體(ti)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)血液(ye)一樣(yang)寶貴，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)一旦(dan)喪失，就意味(wei)著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池報廢了(le)(le)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)是由(you)稀硫酸(suan)和水(shui)(shui)(shui)組(zu)成的(de)(de)(de)。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，難以避免失水(shui)(shui)(shui)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式(shi)不一樣(yang)，失水(shui)(shui)(shui)也不一樣(yang)。普(pu)(pu)通(tong)三段式(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式(shi)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)失水(shui)(shui)(shui)量是科(ke)林(lin)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)模式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)二倍以上！電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池除了(le)(le)自然壽(shou)(shou)命外還有一個失水(shui)(shui)(shui)壽(shou)(shou)命：單只電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池失水(shui)(shui)(shui)超過(guo)90克，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池就報廢了(le)(le)。在(zai)常溫下(xia)（25℃），普(pu)(pu)通(tong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)失水(shui)(shui)(shui)量約為(wei)(wei)0.25克，而(er)(er)科(ke)林(lin)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)為(wei)(wei)0.12克。在(zai)高溫下(xia)（35℃），普(pu)(pu)通(tong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)失水(shui)(shui)(shui)量為(wei)(wei)0.5克，而(er)(er)科(ke)林(lin)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)為(wei)(wei)0.23克。按此計算(suan)，普(pu)(pu)通(tong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)在(zai)250次(ci)(ci)循(xun)環(huan)(huan)后水(shui)(shui)(shui)分(fen)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)干(gan)，而(er)(er)科(ke)林(lin)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)在(zai)600次(ci)(ci)循(xun)環(huan)(huan)后水(shui)(shui)(shui)分(fen)才(cai)會充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)干(gan)。因此，科(ke)林(lin)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)能延(yan)長電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池一倍以上的(de)(de)(de)壽(shou)(shou)命。（出示超威公司報告，并(bing)畫(hua)曲線圖。）

　　鉛酸(suan)蓄(xu)電池在充電過程中的最大(da)問題是析氣。

　　根據美國(guo)科學家馬(ma)斯(J.A.Mas) 對鉛酸(suan)電池(chi)(chi)充電過程中析氣原因和規(gui)律的研究，為達(da)到最低析氣率，鉛酸(suan)電池(chi)(chi)能夠(gou)接受(shou)充電電流(liu)曲線如下：

　　臨界析氣曲線(xian)的(de)公式為：I=I0e-at %h^2

　　在(zai)充電過程(cheng)中，充電電流超過臨界析氣(qi)曲線的部分，只(zhi)能導致蓄電池(chi)電解水反應(ying)而產(chan)生氣(qi)體和溫(wen)升，不能提(ti)高電池(chi)的容量

　　① 恒(heng)流充電(dian)(dian)階(jie)段，充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流保持恒(heng)定，充入電(dian)(dian)量(liang)快速(su)增加，電(dian)(dian)壓上升(sheng)；

　　② 恒壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)階(jie)段(duan)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)保(bao)持(chi)恒定(ding)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)入電(dian)(dian)量(liang)繼續增加(jia)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)下(xia)降；

　　③ 蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)滿，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流下降到低于浮(fu)充(chong)轉換電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓降低到浮(fu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓；

　　④ 浮充(chong)充(chong)電階段，充(chong)電電壓保持為(wei)浮充(chong)電壓；

　　普通(tong)三階段充電(dian)第一階段為恒流充電(dian)，這主要是考慮到電(dian)路的設(she)計比較方便，并非為使蓄電(dian)池性能(neng)最佳而設(she)計。

　　按照鉛(qian)酸蓄電池(chi)充電析(xi)氣曲線(xian)，普通三階段充電過程的析(xi)氣情況如圖 ：

　　恒流充(chong)電段后(hou)期和恒壓(ya)充(chong)電前期（陰影(ying)區(qu)），電流超過臨界析氣(qi)(qi)曲(qu)線，造成(cheng)蓄電池析氣(qi)(qi)，引起(qi)壽命下降。

　　超過(guo)臨(lin)界析氣曲(qu)線的電(dian)流僅使蓄電(dian)池產生(sheng)氣體和溫(wen)升，未轉化為電(dian)池電(dian)量，充電(dian)效(xiao)率(lv)也(ye)因此降(jiang)低。

　　解(jie)決①：脈(mo)沖(chong)解(jie)決失(shi)水的方案

　　科(ke)(ke)林脈沖(chong)(chong)(chong)恒動率(lv)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)的時間，比普通充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器恒流+恒壓(ya)(ya)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)要縮(suo)短了(le)近一個小(xiao)時，而這一個小(xiao)時的高壓(ya)(ya)段(duan)(duan)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)是水分散發的關(guan)鍵時刻(ke)。科(ke)(ke)林脈沖(chong)(chong)(chong)以電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)參數為轉燈(deng)依(yi)據，轉燈(deng)進入智能脈沖(chong)(chong)(chong)很(hen)準確，而普通充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器以電(dian)(dian)(dian)流參數為轉燈(deng)依(yi)據，一旦電(dian)(dian)(dian)池硫(liu)化，內(nei)阻加(jia)大，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流也(ye)加(jia)大，很(hen)難達到(dao)轉燈(deng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，很(hen)容易造成高壓(ya)(ya)段(duan)(duan)長時間充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，加(jia)速水解(jie)。

　　（2）分析②：鉛酸(suan)電池硫化的原(yuan)因

　　電(dian)池(chi)(chi)長期滯留，充(chong)電(dian)過程(cheng)中的(de)長期過充(chong)和欠充(chong)，使用(yong)過程(cheng)中的(de)大電(dian)流放電(dian)，極(ji)(ji)易造成(cheng)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)硫(liu)化。它(ta)的(de)表象為(wei)：一放就光，一充(chong)就飽，我們把它(ta)叫做電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)“假損壞(huai)”。硫(liu)化物質硫(liu)酸鹽粘附(fu)在極(ji)(ji)板上，縮減了電(dian)解液與極(ji)(ji)板的(de)反應面積，使電(dian)池(chi)(chi)容量迅速衰減。失(shi)水(shui)會加重電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)硫(liu)化；硫(liu)化又(you)會加重電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)失(shi)水(shui)，易形(xing)成(cheng)惡性(xing)循環(huan)。

　　解(jie)決(jue)②：科(ke)林脈沖解(jie)決(jue)硫化的方案

　　科林脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)運(yun)用智(zhi)能脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)中的尖峰(feng)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)，可(ke)以(yi)擊碎硫酸鉛結晶(jing)的晶(jing)核，使之(zhi)難以(yi)形(xing)成硫酸鹽。

　　智能脈沖充電(dian)器(qi)：①恒(heng)功(gong)率、②智能脈沖、③滴充

　　普通三段式(shi)：①恒流、②恒壓(ya)、③浮充(chong)

　　（3）分析③：鉛酸電池的失衡問題

　　一(yi)組電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)由(you)三到(dao)(dao)四只(zhi)組成。由(you)于制造工藝問(wen)題，無(wu)法做到(dao)(dao)每只(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)絕對平(ping)衡(heng)，普通充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器使用平(ping)均電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，使容(rong)量(liang)小(xiao)的(de)單(dan)只(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)最先充(chong)滿，并形成過充(chong)，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，這只(zhi)容(rong)量(liang)小(xiao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)最先放完(wan)，并形成過放。長期如(ru)此，惡性(xing)循環(huan)，使整組電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)出現單(dan)只(zhi)落(luo)后(hou)，從而使整組電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)報廢。三段式充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)浮充(chong)階段，有(you)500mA的(de)小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，它(ta)的(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用是補償充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，讓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)飽。但它(ta)也帶來兩個副作(zuo)(zuo)用:1、充(chong)飽后(hou)，多(duo)余的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流沒有(you)關斷，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉化為熱能(neng)，進行水分解，加速水份(fen)的(de)散發；2、小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，產生的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流分叉很大(da)，更(geng)容(rong)易造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組的(de)不平(ping)衡(heng)。

　　解決③：脈沖解決電池(chi)組失衡(heng)方案

　　科林(lin)脈(mo)沖(chong)的(de)失(shi)(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)是普(pu)通充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器的(de)三(san)分(fen)之一，失(shi)(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)少，則(ze)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)壓差會小；反之，失(shi)(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)大，則(ze)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)壓差大。隨著失(shi)(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)的(de)加(jia)大，硫化(hua)(hua)(hua)也會加(jia)重，而普(pu)通充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器沒(mei)有(you)去(qu)除(chu)硫化(hua)(hua)(hua)功能，所以電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)失(shi)(shi)(shi)衡(heng)嚴重。科林(lin)脈(mo)沖(chong)在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時，失(shi)(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)少，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)壓差也小，當電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)產生(sheng)硫化(hua)(hua)(hua)后(hou)，能用(yong)脈(mo)沖(chong)去(qu)除(chu)，使整組(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)趨向平(ping)衡(heng)。科林(lin)脈(mo)沖(chong)恒功率階段的(de)電(dian)(dian)流較大，作用(yong)是:1、快速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，節省充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時間；2、激活電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)極板，消除(chu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)鈍化(hua)(hua)(hua)現象，恢復電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)容量(liang)(liang)，使整組(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)容量(liang)(liang)趨于平(ping)衡(heng)。滴(di)充(chong)(chong)階段，能消除(chu)電(dian)(dian)流分(fen)叉的(de)影響，對欠充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)滴(di)充(chong)(chong)，充(chong)(chong)滿(man)后(hou)自動關斷，減少水(shui)(shui)分(fen)解(jie)，保持電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)的(de)平(ping)衡(heng)。

　　（4）分(fen)析④：鉛酸電池的(de)熱失控問題

　　蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)變(bian)形不是突(tu)發(fa)的(de)，往往是有一個過(guo)(guo)程的(de)。蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在(zai)充電(dian)(dian)到容(rong)量的(de)80%，左右進入高電(dian)(dian)壓充電(dian)(dian)區(qu)，這時，在(zai)正極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上(shang)先析出氧(yang)氣(qi)，氧(yang)氣(qi)通過(guo)(guo)隔(ge)板(ban)中的(de)孔，到達負(fu)極(ji)(ji)，在(zai)負(fu)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上(shang)進行氧(yang)復活反(fan)應(ying)：2Pb+O2（氧(yang)氣(qi)）=2PbO+Q（熱量）；PbO+H2SO4=PbSO4+H2O+Q（熱量）。反(fan)應(ying)時產(chan)生熱量，當充電(dian)(dian)容(rong)量達到90%時，氧(yang)氣(qi)發(fa)生速度增(zeng)大，負(fu)極(ji)(ji)開始產(chan)生氫氣(qi)，大量氣(qi)體的(de)增(zeng)加使(shi)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)內壓超過(guo)(guo)閥(fa)壓，安全閥(fa)打開，氣(qi)體逸出，最終(zhong)表(biao)現為失(shi)水。2H2O=2H2↑+O2↑。隨(sui)著蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)循環(huan)次數的(de)增(zeng)加，水分逐漸減少，結(jie)果蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)出現如下情況：

　　⑴ 氧氣“通(tong)道(dao)”變得(de)暢通(tong)，正極(ji)產生(sheng)的(de)氧化很容易通(tong)過“通(tong)道(dao)”到達負極(ji)；

　　⑵ 熱(re)容減小(xiao)，在(zai)蓄電池(chi)(chi)中熱(re)容量最大(da)(da)的是(shi)水，水損(sun)失(shi)后，蓄電池(chi)(chi)熱(re)容大(da)(da)大(da)(da)減小(xiao)，產生的熱(re)量使蓄電池(chi)(chi)溫度升(sheng)高很快；

　　⑶ 由于(yu)失(shi)(shi)水后(hou)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)中超(chao)細玻璃纖維隔板(ban)發(fa)生收(shou)縮現(xian)象(xiang)，使之(zhi)與正負極板(ban)的(de)附著力變差，內(nei)(nei)阻增(zeng)大(da)(da)，充(chong)放電(dian)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程中發(fa)熱(re)(re)量(liang)(liang)加大(da)(da)。經過(guo)(guo)(guo)上(shang)述過(guo)(guo)(guo)程，蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)內(nei)(nei)部產生的(de)熱(re)(re)量(liang)(liang)只能經過(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)槽散熱(re)(re)，如散熱(re)(re)量(liang)(liang)小于(yu)發(fa)熱(re)(re)量(liang)(liang)，即出(chu)現(xian)溫度(du)(du)上(shang)升(sheng)現(xian)象(xiang)。溫度(du)(du)上(shang)升(sheng)，使蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)析氣過(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)位降低，析氣量(liang)(liang)增(zeng)大(da)(da)，正極大(da)(da)量(liang)(liang)的(de)氧化通過(guo)(guo)(guo)“通道”，在(zai)負極表(biao)面反應(ying)，發(fa)出(chu)大(da)(da)量(liang)(liang)的(de)熱(re)(re)量(liang)(liang)，使溫度(du)(du)快速(su)上(shang)升(sheng)，形成惡性(xing)循環(huan)，即所謂的(de)“熱(re)(re)失(shi)(shi)控”。

　　解決(jue)④：科林脈沖解決(jue)熱(re)失控的方(fang)案

　　科(ke)林脈(mo)沖(chong)有溫(wen)度(du)補償功能(neng)，通過(guo)熱敏(min)電(dian)(dian)子采集外界(jie)和(he)機內溫(wen)度(du)，智能(neng)調節充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓，使冬季節不欠充(chong)，夏季不過(guo)充(chong)，有效(xiao)解決(jue)熱失控。科(ke)林脈(mo)沖(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)參(can)數(shu)是動態的，變化的；普通充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器是靜態的，固定的。所以，普通充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器不可(ke)避免(mian)的會出(chu)現夏季過(guo)充(chong)和(he)冬季欠充(chong)問題。

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編輯本段電動車充電器維修方法
1.目測法
　　看(kan)，電容(rong)(rong)(rong)：比較(jiao)明顯的(de)(de)特征是電容(rong)(rong)(rong)里面(mian)包(bao)含著一(yi)定溶液，在(zai)超標(biao)工作環(huan)境下，電容(rong)(rong)(rong)會發(fa)熱自(zi)爆以(yi)瀉身(shen)心不(bu)(bu)能承受的(de)(de)壓力，有些(xie)質量比較(jiao)差的(de)(de)電容(rong)(rong)(rong)會自(zi)爆到(dao)尸首也找不(bu)(bu)到(dao)，號稱 無影無蹤小鞭炮，只留下一(yi)些(xie)細小的(de)(de)碎紙屑。電阻：發(fa)熱和(he)過載后(hou)，會變色或(huo)冒(mao)煙，當然電阻也會自(zi)爆，炸斷(duan)或(huo)自(zi)身(shen)一(yi)部分飛離。

2.電阻法
　　使用數字萬用表(biao)(biao)，對懷疑部分(fen)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)路進(jin)行(xing)測量(liang)，一(yi)(yi)般我(wo)們使用二極管(guan)檔(dang)進(jin)行(xing)測量(liang)，就是短路2支(zhi)表(biao)(biao)筆(bi)，萬用表(biao)(biao)會叫(jiao)的那個(ge)檔(dang)，測量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻前我(wo)們會做(zuo)一(yi)(yi)些必要(yao)的放電(dian)(dian)(dian)行(xing)為，在(zai)確認沒有插市電(dian)(dian)(dian)的情況下(xia)， 我(wo)們一(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)用鑷子(zi)去短路一(yi)(yi)些電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)時會發出火花和聲響不要(yao)害怕，然后(hou)進(jin)行(xing)我(wo)們的在(zai)路阻值(zhi)測量(liang)。

3.電壓法
　　學會測量(liang)電(dian)壓是(shi)(shi)維修(xiu)的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)技能(neng)之一(yi)，帶電(dian)在(zai)路測量(liang)是(shi)(shi)比較(jiao)危險的(de)(de)(de)行為，必要的(de)(de)(de)時候我(wo)們(men)還(huan)是(shi)(shi)需要這么去做，這個(ge)行為不(bu)單(dan)單(dan)是(shi)(shi)我(wo)們(men)自身的(de)(de)(de)安(an)全問題，還(huan)有(you)由于操(cao)作出(chu)現意外損(sun)壞(huai)(huai)充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)可能(neng)性(xing)十分的(de)(de)(de)大(da)，如果出(chu)現把(ba)充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)測量(liang)壞(huai)(huai)了，我(wo)們(men)不(bu)要沮(ju)喪和難過，最好的(de)(de)(de)技工，都(dou)會出(chu)現錯誤，就(jiu)算是(shi)(shi)大(da)師(shi)也不(bu)能(neng)避免。我(wo)們(men)只(zhi)要記得測量(liang)電(dian)壓有(you)著明確的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)，千萬不(bu)要盲目的(de)(de)(de)帶電(dian)四處亂(luan)量(liang)，這個(ge)是(shi)(shi)大(da)忌。

4.代換法
　　代(dai)(dai)換(huan)(huan)(huan)就(jiu)是把一(yi)些器(qi)(qi)件(jian)，進(jin)行(xing)(xing)替(ti)換(huan)(huan)(huan)，替(ti)換(huan)(huan)(huan)的(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)件(jian)可能是用新(xin)的(de)(de)，或是從一(yi)個能正常工作的(de)(de)充電器(qi)(qi)上面拆下(xia)來(lai)的(de)(de)，為什么要進(jin)行(xing)(xing)代(dai)(dai)換(huan)(huan)(huan)呢？這(zhe)個方法一(yi)般我們(men)維(wei)修進(jin)入了相對(dui)來(lai)說的(de)(de)瓶頸，我們(men)就(jiu)會產(chan)生這(zhe)么的(de)(de)思路，代(dai)(dai)換(huan)(huan)(huan)比較適合于特(te)定(ding)的(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)件(jian)如：電容，集成(cheng)塊等一(yi)些可能軟性損(sun)壞的(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)件(jian)，對(dui)于其他的(de)(de)硬性器(qi)(qi)件(jian)，我們(men)不用也(ye)沒有必要去(qu)考慮去(qu)代(dai)(dai)換(huan)(huan)(huan)它

5.對比法
　　所謂的(de)(de)對比法，就是找一(yi)個一(yi)模一(yi)樣的(de)(de)或者相似的(de)(de)充(chong)電器我們以它作為一(yi)個模板，進行(xing)比較，多方面的(de)(de)去排除和(he)縮(suo)小故障的(de)(de)范圍，這其中包(bao)括：電阻法，電壓法，替換法！