太陽能手機充電器的制作方法 本文介紹一種太陽能手機充電器，它使用太陽能電池(chi)(chi)板(ban)，經(jing)電路(lu)進行直(zhi)流電壓(ya)變(bian)換后給手機電池(chi)(chi)充(chong)電，并(bing)能在電池(chi)(chi)充(chong)電完成后自(zi)動停止充(chong)電。

    太陽(yang)能(neng)手(shou)機(ji)(ji)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)及工作原理 太陽(yang)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在使用(yong)時(shi)由(you)于(yu)太陽(yang)光的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)化較(jiao)大，其內阻又比較(jiao)高(gao)，因此輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓不穩定，輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)也小(xiao)，這就需(xu)要用(yong)一個直(zhi)流(liu)變(bian)(bian)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)變(bian)(bian)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓后(hou)(hou)供手(shou)機(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，直(zhi)流(liu)變(bian)(bian)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)見圖1，它(ta)是單管直(zhi)流(liu)變(bian)(bian)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)，采用(yong)單端反激(ji)式(shi)變(bian)(bian)換(huan)器電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)形式(shi)。當開關(guan)管VT1導通(tong)(tong)時(shi)，高(gao)頻(pin)變(bian)(bian)壓器T1初級(ji)線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)NP的(de)(de)(de)感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為1正2負，次級(ji)線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)Ns為5正6負，整流(liu)二極管VD1處于(yu)截止(zhi)狀態，這時(shi)高(gao)頻(pin)變(bian)(bian)壓器T1通(tong)(tong)過初級(ji)線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)Np儲(chu)存能(neng)量；當開關(guan)管VT1截止(zhi)時(shi)，次級(ji)線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)Ns為5負6正，高(gao)頻(pin)變(bian)(bian)壓器T1中存儲(chu)的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)量通(tong)(tong)過VD1整流(liu)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容C3濾波后(hou)(hou)向負載輸出(chu)。

   電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路工作(zuo)原理(li)簡述如(ru)下： 三極(ji)(ji)管(guan)VT1為開(kai)關電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源管(guan)，它和T1、R1、R3、C2等組成自(zi)激式振(zhen)蕩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路。加(jia)上(shang)輸(shu)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)經(jing)啟(qi)動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻R1流(liu)向VT1的(de)基極(ji)(ji)，使VT1導通(tong)。 VT1導通(tong)后，變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)初級(ji)線(xian)圈(quan)Np就加(jia)上(shang)輸(shu)入直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，其(qi)集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)Ic在(zai)Np中線(xian)性增長(chang)，反饋(kui)(kui)線(xian)圈(quan)Nb產(chan)(chan)生3正(zheng)4負的(de)感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，使VT1得到基極(ji)(ji)為正(zheng)，發射極(ji)(ji)為負的(de)正(zheng)反饋(kui)(kui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，此(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)經(jing)C2、R3向VT1注入基極(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)使VT1的(de)集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)進一(yi)步增大(da)(da)，正(zheng)反饋(kui)(kui)產(chan)(chan)生雪崩(beng)過程(cheng)，使VT1飽(bao)和導通(tong)。在(zai)VT1飽(bao)和導通(tong)期間，T1通(tong)過初級(ji)線(xian)圈(quan)Np儲存(cun)磁能(neng)。 與此(ci)同時，感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)給(gei)C2充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，隨著(zhu)C2充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)增高(gao)，VT1基極(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位逐(zhu)漸變(bian)低(di)，當(dang)VT1的(de)基極(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)變(bian)化不能(neng)滿足其(qi)繼續飽(bao)和時，VT1 退出飽(bao)和區進入放大(da)(da)區。 VT1進入放大(da)(da)狀態后，其(qi)集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)由(you)放大(da)(da)狀態前的(de)最(zui)大(da)(da)值下降(jiang)，在(zai)反饋(kui)(kui)線(xian)圈(quan)Nb產(chan)(chan)生3負4正(zheng)的(de)感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，使VT1基極(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)減(jian)小，其(qi)集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)隨之減(jian)小，正(zheng)反饋(kui)(kui)再一(yi)次出現雪崩(beng)過程(cheng)，VT1迅速截(jie)止(zhi)。

    VT1截止(zhi)后，變壓(ya)(ya)器T1儲存的(de)(de)能量提供給負載，次級線圈Ns產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)5負6正的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)經(jing)(jing)二(er)極管(guan)(guan)VD1整流(liu)濾(lv)波后，在(zai)(zai)(zai)C3上(shang)得到直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)給手(shou)機電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。 在(zai)(zai)(zai)VT1截止(zhi)時，直流(liu)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)輸人電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)和Nb感應的(de)(de)3負4正的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)又經(jing)(jing)R1、R3給C2反向充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，逐漸提高VT1基(ji)極電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位，使其重新(xin)導通，再次翻轉達到飽(bao)和狀態(tai)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路就這樣重復振蕩下去(qu)。 R5、R6、VD2、VT2等組成限壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路，以保(bao)護(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)不被過充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，這里以3.6V手(shou)機電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)為例，其充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)限制(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為4.2V。在(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)逐漸上(shang)升，當充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)大于4.2V時，經(jing)(jing)R5、R6分壓(ya)(ya)后穩(wen)壓(ya)(ya)二(er)極管(guan)(guan)VD2開始導通，使VT2導通，VT2的(de)(de)分流(liu)作用減小了(le)(le)VT1的(de)(de)基(ji)極電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，從而減小了(le)(le)VT1的(de)(de)集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)Ic，達到了(le)(le)限制(zhi)(zhi)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)作用。這時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路停止(zhi)了(le)(le)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，用小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)維持在(zai)(zai)(zai)4.2V。

    元器件選擇和安裝(zhuang)調試 VT1要求Icm＞0.5A，hEF為(wei)50-100，可(ke)用(yong)(yong)(yong)2SC2500、2SC1008等，VD1為(wei)穩壓值為(wei)3V的(de)穩壓二極管。 高頻變壓器T1要自制(zhi)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)E16的(de)鐵氧(yang)體磁芯，Np用(yong)(yong)(yong)φ0.21漆包(bao)線繞(rao)26匝(za)，Nb用(yong)(yong)(yong)φ0.21漆包(bao)線繞(rao)8匝(za)，Ns用(yong)(yong)(yong)φ0.41漆包(bao)線繞(rao)15匝(za)。繞(rao)制(zhi)時要注意(yi)各(ge)線圈的(de)起(qi)始端(duan)不要搞錯，以免電路不起(qi)振或輸出電壓不正常。

    組裝(zhuang)時(shi)在兩塊(kuai)磁芯間墊一層厚度約(yue)為(wei)(wei)0.03mm的(de)(de)塑料薄膜作磁芯氣隙。 太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)板使用4塊(kuai)面積為(wei)(wei)6cm×6cm的(de)(de)硅太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)板，其(qi)(qi)空載輸(shu)出電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)4V，當工(gong)作電(dian)流為(wei)(wei)40mA時(shi)輸(shu)出電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)3V。由于直流變換(huan)器的(de)(de)工(gong)作效(xiao)率隨(sui)著輸(shu)入(ru)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)的(de)(de)增(zeng)高(gao)(gao)而(er)增(zeng)高(gao)(gao)，因此4塊(kuai)太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)板串聯后使用，這時(shi)電(dian)路(lu)的(de)(de)輸(shu)入(ru)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)12V。讀(du)者可根(gen)據你能(neng)(neng)(neng)購(gou)到(dao)的(de)(de)太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)板規(gui)格決定使用的(de)(de)數量和聯接(jie)方法(fa)。 其(qi)(qi)它元件的(de)(de)參數見圖1。 印刷電(dian)路(lu)板見圖2，尺寸為(wei)(wei)45×26mm2。 安裝(zhuang)完成后，接(jie)上太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)板，并將(jiang)其(qi)(qi)放在陽(yang)光下，空載時(shi)電(dian)路(lu)輸(shu)出電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)約(yue)為(wei)(wei)4.2V，當空載輸(shu)出電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)高(gao)(gao)于4.2V時(shi)可適當減小R5的(de)(de)阻值(zhi),反之增(zeng)加R5的(de)(de)阻值(zhi)。電(dian)路(lu)工(gong)作電(dian)流跟(gen)太(tai)陽(yang)光的(de)(de)強弱有關(guan)，正常時(shi)約(yue)為(wei)(wei)40mA，這時(shi)充電(dian)電(dian)流約(yue)為(wei)(wei)85mA。