太陽能手機充電器的制作方法 本文介紹一種太陽能手機充電器，它使(shi)用太陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板，經電(dian)(dian)(dian)路進行直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)變換后(hou)給手機(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，并能(neng)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)完成后(hou)自動停止(zhi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

    太陽能手(shou)機(ji)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)及工作(zuo)原理 太陽能電(dian)(dian)(dian)池在使用時由于太陽光的變(bian)(bian)化較大(da)，其內阻(zu)又比較高，因(yin)此輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)不穩(wen)定，輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)也小(xiao)，這(zhe)就需(xu)要用一個(ge)直流(liu)變(bian)(bian)換電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)變(bian)(bian)換電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)后供手(shou)機(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，直流(liu)變(bian)(bian)換電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)見圖1，它是單管(guan)直流(liu)變(bian)(bian)換電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)，采用單端(duan)反激式變(bian)(bian)換器(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的形式。當開(kai)關(guan)管(guan)VT1導通時，高頻變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)T1初(chu)(chu)級線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)NP的感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為1正2負(fu)，次(ci)級線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)Ns為5正6負(fu)，整(zheng)流(liu)二極管(guan)VD1處于截止狀態，這(zhe)時高頻變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)T1通過初(chu)(chu)級線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)Np儲存能量；當開(kai)關(guan)管(guan)VT1截止時，次(ci)級線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)Ns為5負(fu)6正，高頻變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)T1中存儲的能量通過VD1整(zheng)流(liu)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)C3濾波后向負(fu)載(zai)輸(shu)出(chu)。

   電(dian)(dian)(dian)路工作原理簡(jian)述如下： 三極(ji)(ji)(ji)管VT1為(wei)開關電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)管，它和T1、R1、R3、C2等組成自激式振蕩電(dian)(dian)(dian)路。加(jia)上輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)后(hou)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)經啟動電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻R1流(liu)(liu)向VT1的基(ji)(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)，使(shi)(shi)(shi)VT1導通(tong)(tong)。 VT1導通(tong)(tong)后(hou)，變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)初(chu)級(ji)線(xian)圈(quan)Np就加(jia)上輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，其(qi)集(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)Ic在(zai)Np中線(xian)性增長，反饋(kui)線(xian)圈(quan)Nb產(chan)(chan)生3正4負(fu)的感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，使(shi)(shi)(shi)VT1得到基(ji)(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)為(wei)正，發(fa)射極(ji)(ji)(ji)為(wei)負(fu)的正反饋(kui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，此電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)經C2、R3向VT1注入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)基(ji)(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)使(shi)(shi)(shi)VT1的集(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)進一步增大，正反饋(kui)產(chan)(chan)生雪崩過(guo)程，使(shi)(shi)(shi)VT1飽(bao)(bao)和導通(tong)(tong)。在(zai)VT1飽(bao)(bao)和導通(tong)(tong)期間，T1通(tong)(tong)過(guo)初(chu)級(ji)線(xian)圈(quan)Np儲存磁能(neng)。 與(yu)此同時，感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)給C2充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，隨著C2充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的增高，VT1基(ji)(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)位逐漸變(bian)低(di)，當VT1的基(ji)(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)變(bian)化不(bu)能(neng)滿(man)足其(qi)繼續飽(bao)(bao)和時，VT1 退出飽(bao)(bao)和區進入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)放(fang)大區。 VT1進入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)放(fang)大狀態(tai)后(hou)，其(qi)集(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)由(you)放(fang)大狀態(tai)前的最大值下降(jiang)，在(zai)反饋(kui)線(xian)圈(quan)Nb產(chan)(chan)生3負(fu)4正的感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，使(shi)(shi)(shi)VT1基(ji)(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)減小，其(qi)集(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)隨之減小，正反饋(kui)再一次出現雪崩過(guo)程，VT1迅速截止(zhi)。

    VT1截(jie)止后，變壓(ya)(ya)器T1儲存的能量(liang)提(ti)供(gong)給(gei)負(fu)載(zai)，次級線(xian)圈Ns產生的5負(fu)6正(zheng)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)經二極(ji)管VD1整流(liu)濾波后，在C3上(shang)(shang)得到(dao)(dao)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)給(gei)手機電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。 在VT1截(jie)止時(shi)，直(zhi)流(liu)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)輸(shu)人電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)和Nb感應的3負(fu)4正(zheng)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)又經R1、R3給(gei)C2反向(xiang)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，逐(zhu)漸提(ti)高VT1基極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)，使其(qi)重新導(dao)通，再次翻轉達(da)到(dao)(dao)飽和狀態，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)就(jiu)這樣重復振蕩下去。 R5、R6、VD2、VT2等組(zu)成限(xian)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)，以保護電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)不(bu)被過(guo)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，這里以3.6V手機電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)為例，其(qi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)限(xian)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為4.2V。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)逐(zhu)漸上(shang)(shang)升，當(dang)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)大于4.2V時(shi)，經R5、R6分壓(ya)(ya)后穩壓(ya)(ya)二極(ji)管VD2開始導(dao)通，使VT2導(dao)通，VT2的分流(liu)作用(yong)減(jian)小(xiao)了(le)VT1的基極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，從而減(jian)小(xiao)了(le)VT1的集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)Ic，達(da)到(dao)(dao)了(le)限(xian)制(zhi)輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的作用(yong)。這時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)停止了(le)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，用(yong)小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)維(wei)持在4.2V。

    元(yuan)器件選(xuan)擇和安(an)裝調試 VT1要求Icm＞0.5A，hEF為50-100，可(ke)用(yong)2SC2500、2SC1008等，VD1為穩壓(ya)值(zhi)為3V的(de)穩壓(ya)二極管。 高頻變壓(ya)器T1要自制(zhi)(zhi)，用(yong)E16的(de)鐵氧體磁(ci)芯，Np用(yong)φ0.21漆包(bao)線(xian)繞26匝(za)，Nb用(yong)φ0.21漆包(bao)線(xian)繞8匝(za)，Ns用(yong)φ0.41漆包(bao)線(xian)繞15匝(za)。繞制(zhi)(zhi)時要注(zhu)意各(ge)線(xian)圈(quan)的(de)起始(shi)端不(bu)要搞錯，以(yi)免電路不(bu)起振或輸(shu)出電壓(ya)不(bu)正常。

    組裝(zhuang)時(shi)在(zai)兩塊(kuai)磁(ci)芯(xin)間墊(dian)一(yi)層厚度(du)約(yue)為(wei)(wei)0.03mm的塑料薄膜作(zuo)磁(ci)芯(xin)氣隙。 太陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)使(shi)用(yong)4塊(kuai)面(mian)積為(wei)(wei)6cm×6cm的硅(gui)太陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)，其空載(zai)輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)(wei)4V，當(dang)(dang)工作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流為(wei)(wei)40mA時(shi)輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)(wei)3V。由于(yu)直流變換器(qi)的工作(zuo)效率隨著輸入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的的增(zeng)高(gao)而(er)增(zeng)高(gao)，因此4塊(kuai)太陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)串(chuan)聯(lian)后使(shi)用(yong)，這時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的輸入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)(wei)12V。讀者可根據你能(neng)購到的太陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)規格決定使(shi)用(yong)的數量和聯(lian)接(jie)方法(fa)。 其它(ta)元件的參數見(jian)圖(tu)1。 印(yin)刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)板(ban)(ban)見(jian)圖(tu)2，尺寸(cun)為(wei)(wei)45×26mm2。 安裝(zhuang)完成后，接(jie)上太陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)，并將其放在(zai)陽光(guang)下，空載(zai)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓約(yue)為(wei)(wei)4.2V，當(dang)(dang)空載(zai)輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓高(gao)于(yu)4.2V時(shi)可適當(dang)(dang)減(jian)小(xiao)R5的阻值,反之增(zeng)加(jia)R5的阻值。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)工作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流跟(gen)太陽光(guang)的強弱(ruo)有(you)關，正(zheng)常時(shi)約(yue)為(wei)(wei)40mA，這時(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流約(yue)為(wei)(wei)85mA。