太陽能手機充電器的制作方法 本文介紹一種太陽能手機充電器，它使(shi)用(yong)太(tai)陽能(neng)電(dian)池(chi)板，經電(dian)路進行直流(liu)電(dian)壓變換后(hou)給手機電(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)，并能(neng)在電(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)完成后(hou)自動停止充電(dian)。

    太陽(yang)能手(shou)機(ji)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路及(ji)工作原理 太陽(yang)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在使用(yong)時(shi)由于太陽(yang)光的變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化較(jiao)大，其(qi)內(nei)阻又(you)比較(jiao)高(gao)(gao)，因此輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)不穩定，輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)也小，這就需要用(yong)一個直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)后供(gong)手(shou)機(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路見圖(tu)1，它是單(dan)管(guan)(guan)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路，采(cai)用(yong)單(dan)端(duan)反激式變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)換(huan)器(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路的形式。當(dang)開(kai)關管(guan)(guan)VT1導通(tong)時(shi)，高(gao)(gao)頻變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)T1初級線(xian)圈(quan)NP的感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為1正2負，次(ci)級線(xian)圈(quan)Ns為5正6負，整流(liu)(liu)(liu)二極管(guan)(guan)VD1處于截止狀態，這時(shi)高(gao)(gao)頻變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)T1通(tong)過(guo)初級線(xian)圈(quan)Np儲(chu)存(cun)能量(liang)；當(dang)開(kai)關管(guan)(guan)VT1截止時(shi)，次(ci)級線(xian)圈(quan)Ns為5負6正，高(gao)(gao)頻變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)T1中存(cun)儲(chu)的能量(liang)通(tong)過(guo)VD1整流(liu)(liu)(liu)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)C3濾波后向負載輸(shu)出。

   電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路工作原理簡述如下： 三極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)VT1為開(kai)關電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源管(guan)，它和T1、R1、R3、C2等組成自激式振蕩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路。加(jia)上(shang)輸入(ru)(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源后(hou)(hou)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)經啟動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻R1流(liu)(liu)向VT1的基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)，使VT1導通(tong)(tong)。 VT1導通(tong)(tong)后(hou)(hou)，變壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)初級線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈Np就加(jia)上(shang)輸入(ru)(ru)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，其(qi)(qi)集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)Ic在(zai)(zai)Np中線(xian)(xian)(xian)性增長，反(fan)饋(kui)(kui)線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈Nb產(chan)生3正(zheng)(zheng)4負的感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，使VT1得到基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)為正(zheng)(zheng)，發射極(ji)(ji)(ji)為負的正(zheng)(zheng)反(fan)饋(kui)(kui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)經C2、R3向VT1注入(ru)(ru)基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)使VT1的集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)進一步(bu)增大(da)(da)(da)，正(zheng)(zheng)反(fan)饋(kui)(kui)產(chan)生雪崩過(guo)程，使VT1飽(bao)和導通(tong)(tong)。在(zai)(zai)VT1飽(bao)和導通(tong)(tong)期間，T1通(tong)(tong)過(guo)初級線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈Np儲存磁能。 與此同時，感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)給C2充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，隨著(zhu)C2充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的增高(gao)，VT1基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位逐(zhu)漸變低，當(dang)VT1的基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)變化(hua)不能滿(man)足其(qi)(qi)繼續飽(bao)和時，VT1 退出(chu)飽(bao)和區進入(ru)(ru)放大(da)(da)(da)區。 VT1進入(ru)(ru)放大(da)(da)(da)狀態后(hou)(hou)，其(qi)(qi)集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)由放大(da)(da)(da)狀態前的最大(da)(da)(da)值(zhi)下降，在(zai)(zai)反(fan)饋(kui)(kui)線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈Nb產(chan)生3負4正(zheng)(zheng)的感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，使VT1基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)減小，其(qi)(qi)集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)隨之減小，正(zheng)(zheng)反(fan)饋(kui)(kui)再(zai)一次出(chu)現雪崩過(guo)程，VT1迅(xun)速截止。

    VT1截止后，變壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器T1儲(chu)存(cun)的(de)(de)(de)能量提供(gong)給負(fu)載，次級線圈Ns產生的(de)(de)(de)5負(fu)6正的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)經二極(ji)管VD1整流濾波后，在C3上得到(dao)直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)給手機(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。 在VT1截止時(shi)，直流供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)輸(shu)人電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)和Nb感應的(de)(de)(de)3負(fu)4正的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)又經R1、R3給C2反向充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，逐漸提高VT1基極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位，使(shi)其(qi)重(zhong)新(xin)導通，再次翻轉達到(dao)飽和狀(zhuang)態，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)就這樣重(zhong)復振蕩下去。 R5、R6、VD2、VT2等(deng)組(zu)成限(xian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)，以保護電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)不被過(guo)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，這里以3.6V手機(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)為例，其(qi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)限(xian)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為4.2V。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)逐漸上升，當充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)大于4.2V時(shi)，經R5、R6分(fen)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)后穩壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)二極(ji)管VD2開始導通，使(shi)VT2導通，VT2的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)流作用減(jian)小(xiao)(xiao)了(le)VT1的(de)(de)(de)基極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，從而(er)減(jian)小(xiao)(xiao)了(le)VT1的(de)(de)(de)集(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流Ic，達到(dao)了(le)限(xian)制(zhi)輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)作用。這時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)停止了(le)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，用小(xiao)(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)維持在4.2V。

    元(yuan)器(qi)件(jian)選擇和安裝(zhuang)調(diao)試(shi) VT1要(yao)求Icm＞0.5A，hEF為(wei)50-100，可用2SC2500、2SC1008等(deng)，VD1為(wei)穩壓值為(wei)3V的穩壓二極管。 高(gao)頻變(bian)壓器(qi)T1要(yao)自(zi)制(zhi)，用E16的鐵氧體磁(ci)芯(xin)，Np用φ0.21漆(qi)包線繞26匝(za)，Nb用φ0.21漆(qi)包線繞8匝(za)，Ns用φ0.41漆(qi)包線繞15匝(za)。繞制(zhi)時要(yao)注意各(ge)線圈的起始端(duan)不(bu)要(yao)搞錯，以免電路不(bu)起振(zhen)或輸出電壓不(bu)正常(chang)。

    組(zu)裝(zhuang)時(shi)在兩塊磁芯間墊(dian)一層厚度約為(wei)0.03mm的(de)(de)(de)塑料薄膜作磁芯氣隙。 太陽能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)板(ban)(ban)使(shi)用4塊面積為(wei)6cm×6cm的(de)(de)(de)硅太陽能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)板(ban)(ban)，其(qi)空載輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)4V，當(dang)工作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)為(wei)40mA時(shi)輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)3V。由于直流(liu)(liu)變換器的(de)(de)(de)工作效率隨著輸(shu)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)高而(er)增(zeng)高，因此4塊太陽能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)板(ban)(ban)串聯(lian)后使(shi)用，這(zhe)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)12V。讀者(zhe)可(ke)(ke)根據你(ni)能購到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)太陽能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)板(ban)(ban)規格決定(ding)使(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)數量和聯(lian)接方法(fa)。 其(qi)它元件的(de)(de)(de)參數見圖1。 印刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)板(ban)(ban)見圖2，尺寸為(wei)45×26mm2。 安裝(zhuang)完成后，接上太陽能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)板(ban)(ban)，并將(jiang)其(qi)放在陽光下，空載時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓約為(wei)4.2V，當(dang)空載輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓高于4.2V時(shi)可(ke)(ke)適當(dang)減小R5的(de)(de)(de)阻(zu)值,反之(zhi)增(zeng)加R5的(de)(de)(de)阻(zu)值。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)工作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)跟太陽光的(de)(de)(de)強弱(ruo)有關(guan)，正常時(shi)約為(wei)40mA，這(zhe)時(shi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)約為(wei)85mA。