太陽能手機充電器的制作方法 本文介紹一種太陽能手機充電器，它使用(yong)太陽(yang)能電(dian)(dian)池板，經電(dian)(dian)路進行直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)壓變換(huan)后(hou)(hou)給(gei)手(shou)機電(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)，并能在電(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)完成后(hou)(hou)自(zi)動停(ting)止充電(dian)(dian)。

    太(tai)陽(yang)能手機充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)及(ji)工作原理 太(tai)陽(yang)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)池在(zai)使用(yong)時由于(yu)太(tai)陽(yang)光的變(bian)(bian)(bian)化較大，其內阻又比較高，因此輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)不穩定(ding)，輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)也小，這(zhe)就(jiu)需(xu)要(yao)用(yong)一個(ge)直流(liu)變(bian)(bian)(bian)換(huan)(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)變(bian)(bian)(bian)換(huan)(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)后供手機電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，直流(liu)變(bian)(bian)(bian)換(huan)(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)見圖1，它是單(dan)管(guan)直流(liu)變(bian)(bian)(bian)換(huan)(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)，采(cai)用(yong)單(dan)端(duan)反激式(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)換(huan)(huan)器(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的形式(shi)。當開(kai)關管(guan)VT1導通時，高頻(pin)(pin)變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)T1初(chu)級(ji)線圈(quan)NP的感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為1正2負(fu)，次級(ji)線圈(quan)Ns為5正6負(fu)，整流(liu)二極管(guan)VD1處(chu)于(yu)截止狀態，這(zhe)時高頻(pin)(pin)變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)T1通過初(chu)級(ji)線圈(quan)Np儲(chu)存能量；當開(kai)關管(guan)VT1截止時，次級(ji)線圈(quan)Ns為5負(fu)6正，高頻(pin)(pin)變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)T1中存儲(chu)的能量通過VD1整流(liu)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)容C3濾波后向(xiang)負(fu)載輸出。

   電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路工作(zuo)原理簡述如下： 三極(ji)管VT1為開關(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)管，它和T1、R1、R3、C2等組(zu)成自激式(shi)振蕩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路。加上(shang)輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)經啟動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻R1流(liu)向VT1的(de)(de)基(ji)極(ji)，使(shi)VT1導通(tong)。 VT1導通(tong)后，變壓器初級(ji)(ji)線(xian)圈Np就(jiu)加上(shang)輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)(ru)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，其集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)Ic在Np中線(xian)性(xing)增(zeng)長，反(fan)饋線(xian)圈Nb產生3正4負的(de)(de)感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，使(shi)VT1得到(dao)基(ji)極(ji)為正，發射極(ji)為負的(de)(de)正反(fan)饋電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，此(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓經C2、R3向VT1注入(ru)(ru)基(ji)極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)使(shi)VT1的(de)(de)集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)進一步增(zeng)大，正反(fan)饋產生雪崩過(guo)程，使(shi)VT1飽(bao)和導通(tong)。在VT1飽(bao)和導通(tong)期(qi)間，T1通(tong)過(guo)初級(ji)(ji)線(xian)圈Np儲(chu)存磁能。 與(yu)此(ci)同時，感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓給C2充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，隨著C2充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)增(zeng)高，VT1基(ji)極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位逐漸變低，當(dang)VT1的(de)(de)基(ji)極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)變化不能滿足其繼續飽(bao)和時，VT1 退出飽(bao)和區(qu)進入(ru)(ru)放大區(qu)。 VT1進入(ru)(ru)放大狀態后，其集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)由放大狀態前的(de)(de)最大值下降(jiang)，在反(fan)饋線(xian)圈Nb產生3負4正的(de)(de)感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，使(shi)VT1基(ji)極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)減(jian)小，其集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)隨之減(jian)小，正反(fan)饋再一次出現雪崩過(guo)程，VT1迅(xun)速截止。

    VT1截(jie)止后(hou)，變壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器T1儲存的能量提供(gong)給(gei)負(fu)載，次級線圈Ns產(chan)生的5負(fu)6正(zheng)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)經(jing)二(er)極管(guan)VD1整流濾波后(hou)，在(zai)C3上得到(dao)直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)給(gei)手機(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。 在(zai)VT1截(jie)止時(shi)，直流供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)輸(shu)人電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)和(he)Nb感應的3負(fu)4正(zheng)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)又經(jing)R1、R3給(gei)C2反向充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，逐(zhu)漸提高VT1基極電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位，使(shi)其重新導(dao)通(tong)，再次翻(fan)轉達到(dao)飽(bao)和(he)狀態，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)就這樣重復振(zhen)蕩下(xia)去(qu)。 R5、R6、VD2、VT2等組成限(xian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)，以(yi)保護電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池不被過充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，這里以(yi)3.6V手機(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池為(wei)例(li)，其充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)限(xian)制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)4.2V。在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)逐(zhu)漸上升(sheng)，當充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)大(da)于4.2V時(shi)，經(jing)R5、R6分(fen)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)后(hou)穩壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)二(er)極管(guan)VD2開始導(dao)通(tong)，使(shi)VT2導(dao)通(tong)，VT2的分(fen)流作用減(jian)小了(le)VT1的基極電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，從而減(jian)小了(le)VT1的集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流Ic，達到(dao)了(le)限(xian)制輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的作用。這時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)停止了(le)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，用小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)維持在(zai)4.2V。

    元器件選擇(ze)和安(an)裝調試 VT1要(yao)求(qiu)Icm＞0.5A，hEF為50-100，可用(yong)(yong)2SC2500、2SC1008等(deng)，VD1為穩壓(ya)值為3V的穩壓(ya)二極管。 高頻變壓(ya)器T1要(yao)自制(zhi)，用(yong)(yong)E16的鐵氧體磁芯，Np用(yong)(yong)φ0.21漆(qi)包(bao)線(xian)繞26匝(za)，Nb用(yong)(yong)φ0.21漆(qi)包(bao)線(xian)繞8匝(za)，Ns用(yong)(yong)φ0.41漆(qi)包(bao)線(xian)繞15匝(za)。繞制(zhi)時要(yao)注意各(ge)線(xian)圈的起始端不(bu)要(yao)搞錯，以免(mian)電路(lu)不(bu)起振或輸(shu)出電壓(ya)不(bu)正常。

    組(zu)裝時(shi)(shi)在(zai)兩塊磁(ci)芯間(jian)墊一層厚度約(yue)為0.03mm的(de)(de)塑料(liao)薄膜(mo)作(zuo)磁(ci)芯氣隙。 太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池板使(shi)用4塊面積(ji)為6cm×6cm的(de)(de)硅太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池板，其空(kong)載(zai)(zai)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為4V，當(dang)工作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)為40mA時(shi)(shi)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為3V。由(you)于(yu)直流(liu)(liu)變換器的(de)(de)工作(zuo)效率隨(sui)著(zhu)輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)的(de)(de)增高(gao)而(er)增高(gao)，因此4塊太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池板串聯后使(shi)用，這時(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為12V。讀者可根據你(ni)能(neng)(neng)購到的(de)(de)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池板規格決定使(shi)用的(de)(de)數量和聯接方法(fa)。 其它元件的(de)(de)參數見(jian)圖1。 印刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)板見(jian)圖2，尺寸(cun)為45×26mm2。 安裝完成后，接上(shang)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池板，并將(jiang)其放(fang)在(zai)陽(yang)光(guang)下，空(kong)載(zai)(zai)時(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)約(yue)為4.2V，當(dang)空(kong)載(zai)(zai)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)高(gao)于(yu)4.2V時(shi)(shi)可適當(dang)減小R5的(de)(de)阻值(zhi),反(fan)之(zhi)增加(jia)R5的(de)(de)阻值(zhi)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)工作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)跟太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)光(guang)的(de)(de)強弱有(you)關，正常時(shi)(shi)約(yue)為40mA，這時(shi)(shi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)約(yue)為85mA。