太陽能手機充電器的制作方法 本文介紹一種太陽能手機充電器，它使用(yong)太陽能電(dian)(dian)池板，經電(dian)(dian)路進(jin)行直流電(dian)(dian)壓變換后(hou)給手機電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，并能在電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)完成后(hou)自(zi)動停止充(chong)電(dian)(dian)。

    太(tai)陽能手(shou)機(ji)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路及工(gong)作原(yuan)理 太(tai)陽能電(dian)(dian)(dian)池在使用時(shi)由于(yu)太(tai)陽光的(de)變(bian)(bian)化較(jiao)大，其內阻又(you)比較(jiao)高(gao)，因此輸出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)不穩定，輸出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)也(ye)小，這(zhe)就需(xu)要用一(yi)個(ge)直(zhi)流(liu)變(bian)(bian)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路變(bian)(bian)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)后供手(shou)機(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，直(zhi)流(liu)變(bian)(bian)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路見圖1，它是(shi)單(dan)管(guan)直(zhi)流(liu)變(bian)(bian)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路，采用單(dan)端反激式(shi)變(bian)(bian)換(huan)器(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路的(de)形(xing)式(shi)。當開關管(guan)VT1導(dao)通時(shi)，高(gao)頻變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)T1初級線圈(quan)(quan)(quan)NP的(de)感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)1正(zheng)2負(fu)(fu)，次(ci)(ci)級線圈(quan)(quan)(quan)Ns為(wei)5正(zheng)6負(fu)(fu)，整(zheng)流(liu)二極管(guan)VD1處于(yu)截(jie)止狀態(tai)，這(zhe)時(shi)高(gao)頻變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)T1通過(guo)初級線圈(quan)(quan)(quan)Np儲存能量(liang)；當開關管(guan)VT1截(jie)止時(shi)，次(ci)(ci)級線圈(quan)(quan)(quan)Ns為(wei)5負(fu)(fu)6正(zheng)，高(gao)頻變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)T1中存儲的(de)能量(liang)通過(guo)VD1整(zheng)流(liu)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)容C3濾波后向(xiang)負(fu)(fu)載輸出(chu)(chu)。

   電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路工作原理(li)簡述如下(xia)： 三極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)VT1為開關電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)管(guan)，它和T1、R1、R3、C2等組(zu)成(cheng)自激式振蕩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路。加上(shang)輸入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)后(hou)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)經(jing)啟動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻R1流(liu)(liu)向VT1的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，使(shi)(shi)VT1導通。 VT1導通后(hou)，變壓(ya)器初(chu)級線圈(quan)Np就加上(shang)輸入直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，其(qi)集(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)Ic在(zai)Np中(zhong)線性增(zeng)長，反饋(kui)線圈(quan)Nb產生(sheng)3正(zheng)(zheng)4負(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)(de)感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，使(shi)(shi)VT1得到(dao)基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)為正(zheng)(zheng)，發射極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)為負(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)(zheng)反饋(kui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，此(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)經(jing)C2、R3向VT1注(zhu)入基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)使(shi)(shi)VT1的(de)(de)(de)集(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)進(jin)(jin)一(yi)步增(zeng)大(da)(da)，正(zheng)(zheng)反饋(kui)產生(sheng)雪崩(beng)過程，使(shi)(shi)VT1飽(bao)和導通。在(zai)VT1飽(bao)和導通期間，T1通過初(chu)級線圈(quan)Np儲存磁能。 與此(ci)同時(shi)，感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)給C2充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，隨著C2充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)高，VT1基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位逐漸變低，當VT1的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)變化不能滿足其(qi)繼(ji)續飽(bao)和時(shi)，VT1 退出飽(bao)和區(qu)進(jin)(jin)入放大(da)(da)區(qu)。 VT1進(jin)(jin)入放大(da)(da)狀態(tai)后(hou)，其(qi)集(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)由(you)放大(da)(da)狀態(tai)前的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)大(da)(da)值(zhi)下(xia)降(jiang)，在(zai)反饋(kui)線圈(quan)Nb產生(sheng)3負(fu)(fu)4正(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，使(shi)(shi)VT1基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)減(jian)(jian)小，其(qi)集(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)隨之減(jian)(jian)小，正(zheng)(zheng)反饋(kui)再一(yi)次出現雪崩(beng)過程，VT1迅速截止。

    VT1截(jie)止(zhi)后，變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器T1儲(chu)存的(de)(de)能量提供(gong)(gong)給負(fu)載，次(ci)級(ji)線(xian)圈Ns產(chan)生的(de)(de)5負(fu)6正的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)經(jing)二(er)極(ji)(ji)管VD1整流濾(lv)波后，在(zai)(zai)C3上得(de)到直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)給手(shou)機(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。 在(zai)(zai)VT1截(jie)止(zhi)時(shi)，直流供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)輸人電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)和Nb感應的(de)(de)3負(fu)4正的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)又經(jing)R1、R3給C2反(fan)向充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，逐(zhu)(zhu)漸(jian)提高VT1基極(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位，使其(qi)重新導通，再次(ci)翻轉達(da)到飽(bao)和狀態(tai)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路就這樣重復振蕩下去。 R5、R6、VD2、VT2等(deng)組成限壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路，以(yi)保(bao)護電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)不被過充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，這里(li)以(yi)3.6V手(shou)機(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)為例，其(qi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)限制(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為4.2V。在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)逐(zhu)(zhu)漸(jian)上升(sheng)，當充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)大于4.2V時(shi)，經(jing)R5、R6分壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)后穩(wen)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)二(er)極(ji)(ji)管VD2開始(shi)導通，使VT2導通，VT2的(de)(de)分流作用減(jian)小(xiao)了(le)(le)VT1的(de)(de)基極(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，從(cong)而(er)減(jian)小(xiao)了(le)(le)VT1的(de)(de)集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流Ic，達(da)到了(le)(le)限制(zhi)(zhi)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)作用。這時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路停止(zhi)了(le)(le)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，用小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)維(wei)持(chi)在(zai)(zai)4.2V。

    元器件選擇和安裝調(diao)試 VT1要求Icm＞0.5A，hEF為(wei)(wei)50-100，可用(yong)2SC2500、2SC1008等，VD1為(wei)(wei)穩(wen)壓值為(wei)(wei)3V的穩(wen)壓二(er)極管(guan)。 高頻變壓器T1要自(zi)制，用(yong)E16的鐵(tie)氧體磁芯，Np用(yong)φ0.21漆包線(xian)繞(rao)26匝，Nb用(yong)φ0.21漆包線(xian)繞(rao)8匝，Ns用(yong)φ0.41漆包線(xian)繞(rao)15匝。繞(rao)制時(shi)要注意各(ge)線(xian)圈的起(qi)始端不(bu)要搞(gao)錯，以免電路不(bu)起(qi)振或輸(shu)出電壓不(bu)正常(chang)。

    組裝時(shi)(shi)在兩塊磁(ci)芯(xin)(xin)間墊(dian)一層厚度約(yue)為(wei)0.03mm的(de)(de)(de)塑(su)料薄膜作磁(ci)芯(xin)(xin)氣隙。 太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)使用4塊面積(ji)為(wei)6cm×6cm的(de)(de)(de)硅太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)，其空(kong)載輸出電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)4V，當工(gong)作電(dian)(dian)流為(wei)40mA時(shi)(shi)輸出電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)3V。由于直流變(bian)換器的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作效率隨(sui)著輸入電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)增高(gao)而增高(gao)，因此4塊太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)串聯后使用，這(zhe)時(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)輸入電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)12V。讀(du)者可根據你能(neng)(neng)購(gou)到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)規格決定使用的(de)(de)(de)數量和聯接方法(fa)。 其它元件的(de)(de)(de)參(can)數見(jian)圖1。 印刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)板(ban)(ban)見(jian)圖2，尺寸(cun)為(wei)45×26mm2。 安裝完(wan)成后，接上太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)，并將其放(fang)在陽(yang)(yang)光下，空(kong)載時(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)輸出電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)約(yue)為(wei)4.2V，當空(kong)載輸出電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)高(gao)于4.2V時(shi)(shi)可適當減小R5的(de)(de)(de)阻值,反(fan)之增加R5的(de)(de)(de)阻值。電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)工(gong)作電(dian)(dian)流跟太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光的(de)(de)(de)強弱有關，正(zheng)常時(shi)(shi)約(yue)為(wei)40mA，這(zhe)時(shi)(shi)充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流約(yue)為(wei)85mA。