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電動自行車重要技術參數釋疑

一.“續行里程”標稱:  
 
  電動自行車續行里程是這樣定義的:"新電池時充滿電,騎行者重量配置至75公斤在平坦的二級公路上(無強風條件下)騎行,騎至電池電壓小于10.5V/節予以斷電,在以上條件下,得到的騎行里程被稱為電動自行車的續行里程"。
  一般配用36伏12安?時優質電池的各名牌電動自行車的續行里程大約都標稱為45-60公里,而有個別廠家的標稱會上升至70-80公里,這有虛假宣傳的嫌疑。因為達到這種標稱值表示其電機的效率要比名牌廠采用電機的效率提高了近40%。若某名牌廠生產的電機在上面描述的工作狀態時的效率為75%,則標稱70-80公里的廠家的電機效率已達到了100%以上,這顯然是不可能的,這一點特別提醒廣大消費者注意。
  在(zai)實際使用(yong)(yong)過(guo)程中,充(chong)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)到(dao)底(di)能行(xing)駛多少公里?這與(yu)許多因素有關(guan)(guan),與(yu)廠家有關(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)因素主要(yao)(yao)是電(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)率特(te)性(xing)、蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)容量(liang)和壽命特(te)性(xing),與(yu)其它(ta)客(ke)觀(guan)情況有關(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)因素為:騎(qi)(qi)行(xing)者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)體重、經(jing)常(chang)騎(qi)(qi)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)路面情況、是否需(xu)要(yao)(yao)經(jing)常(chang)使用(yong)(yong)剎車、騎(qi)(qi)車人的(de)(de)(de)(de)騎(qi)(qi)行(xing)習慣如何(he)等(deng)等(deng)。需(xu)要(yao)(yao)提醒(xing)消費者(zhe)注意的(de)(de)(de)(de)另(ling)一個問題是:電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)容量(liang)是會(hui)隨(sui)著使用(yong)(yong)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)增長(chang)逐步變小的(de)(de)(de)(de),充(chong)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)可以(yi)(yi)行(xing)駛的(de)(de)(de)(de)距離(li)也會(hui)隨(sui)之減少,當舊電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最大行(xing)駛距離(li)不(bu)能滿足(zu)一天的(de)(de)(de)(de)交通(tong)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)時(shi)(shi),就可以(yi)(yi)考(kao)慮將蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)送去維(wei)護(hu)或更換新(xin)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。


  二.電機最大輸出功率和最大輸出扭矩:
  
  電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)輸出(chu)(chu)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)是衡量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)(che)(che)輸出(chu)(chu)扭矩(ju)能(neng)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵指標,一般(ban)各個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)(che)(che)廠都(dou)會(hui)根據自身的(de)(de)(de)(de)技術水平設置一個最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流,當外在(zai)(zai)負載(zai)較大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)時(shi),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流達到(dao)(dao)最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)值(zhi),輸入(ru)(ru)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)也就達到(dao)(dao)最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)值(zhi),例(li)如(ru),某電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)(che)(che)最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流設置為(wei)12A,工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)36V,則其最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)輸入(ru)(ru)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)就達到(dao)(dao)432W。再例(li)如(ru),某電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流限制為(wei)15A,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓也為(wei)36V,則最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)輸入(ru)(ru)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)達到(dao)(dao)540W;顯(xian)然,有些電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機在(zai)(zai)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流狀(zhuang)態下可以保持高(gao)(gao)效率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv),而有些電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機在(zai)(zai)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流狀(zhuang)態下效率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)嚴重(zhong)下降。例(li)如(ru)綠(lv)源(yuan)--綠(lv)色奔馳125電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機在(zai)(zai)540W輸入(ru)(ru)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下效率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)仍可高(gao)(gao)達75%。可以輸出(chu)(chu)540×0.75=405W,最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)輸出(chu)(chu)扭矩(ju)達到(dao)(dao)25N.m,而大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)多數(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)(che)(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機在(zai)(zai)430W輸入(ru)(ru)時(shi)效率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)已降至55%左右,最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)輸出(chu)(chu)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)為(wei)430×0.55=236W,最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)輸出(chu)(chu)扭矩(ju)僅為(wei)14N.m,顯(xian)而易見(jian),一輛(liang)(liang)最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)扭矩(ju)為(wei)25N.m的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)(che)(che)與一輛(liang)(liang)最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)扭矩(ju)為(wei)14N.m的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)(che)(che)在(zai)(zai)爬(pa)(pa)坡能(neng)力,允許載(zai)重(zhong)能(neng)力以及抵抗風阻的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)力等諸多方(fang)面都(dou)會(hui)有很(hen)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)差別,騎行的(de)(de)(de)(de)感覺是完全(quan)不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。消費者在(zai)(zai)購(gou)車(che)(che)(che)(che)時(shi)若需對車(che)(che)(che)(che)輛(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)輸出(chu)(chu)扭矩(ju)進行試驗(yan),最(zui)(zui)簡(jian)單的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法是"負重(zhong)爬(pa)(pa)坡",綠(lv)源(yuan)公司生產的(de)(de)(de)(de)綠(lv)色奔馳125電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)(che)(che)在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)方(fang)面處于國內領(ling)先地位(wei)。


  三.電機額定輸出功率和輸出功率范圍:  
  電機額定功率是一個電機進行型式試驗時的重要參數,它表示當電機工作在這個功率點時,該電機可以連續地可靠地運行,表征了電機設計的熱平衡點。一般電動車電機的額定功率點可以是150W,180W或200W以上,額定點越高表示電機的熱性能越好,成本也越高。
    由于(yu)電(dian)動車(che)(che)(che)是不可(ke)能工(gong)作在空載狀態下的(de)(de),一個正常(chang)的(de)(de)騎車(che)(che)(che)人重量一般會達到30公斤以上,再(zai)考慮正常(chang)風阻(zu)等因素(su),電(dian)動車(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)最(zui)小工(gong)作點(dian)(輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)功(gong)率)大(da)約(yue)為80W,最(zui)大(da)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)功(gong)率則取(qu)決于(yu)電(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)設計方案。目前(qian)市售較(jiao)好的(de)(de)電(dian)動車(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)最(zui)大(da)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)功(gong)率一般可(ke)以達到200W以上,個別較(jiao)差的(de)(de)電(dian)機(ji)不足200W,綠源電(dian)動車(che)(che)(che)"綠色奔(ben)馳(chi)125"系列(lie)的(de)(de)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)功(gong)率范(fan)圍(wei)為80-400W,綠色奔(ben)馳(chi)100系列(lie)的(de)(de)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)功(gong)率范(fan)圍(wei)為80-320W。顯(xian)然(ran),輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)功(gong)率范(fan)圍(wei)越(yue)大(da),騎行性能則越(yue)好。


  四.電動車效率和效率區間:  
  電動車效率是電動輪轂效率、控制系統效率和機械轉動損耗的綜合體現,但主要是取決于電動輪轂(電機)的效率,它可以反映在相同的電池,相同的騎行負載條件下騎行里程的長短,效率高則騎行里程長,效率低則反之,對于使用者而言,選購較高效率的電動車無疑是正確的。
  但是,電動車的效率也需要有一個區間,因為電機效率在不同的扭矩下是不同的,表示為一種馬鞍型曲線形式,有些電動車電機在小功率時效率較高,一旦輸出扭矩增加,效率值則急劇下降,這種車住住表現為平坦路面速度很快,一旦上坡速度就急劇下降,耗電水平也會隨之大幅度增加。
  用效率區間的概念來代替單純的額定效率的概念是電動自行車的一個重要特色,因為車輛負載是一個變化很大的負載,其工作點會隨著車輛負重狀態、路面坡度、行駛風阻的不同而發生很大的變化,追求某一個工作點的高效率而忽略整個工作區域的效率特性是毫無意義的。
  電(dian)動車將效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)率值大于(yu)70%以(yi)上的(de)(de)區域(yu)稱為(wei)電(dian)動車效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)率區間(jian),一(yi)般為(wei)100-400W,也就(jiu)是說這(zhe)種電(dian)機可(ke)以(yi)在100W-400W的(de)(de)范(fan)圍內均(jun)可(ke)保持(chi)70%以(yi)上的(de)(de)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)率狀(zhuang)態,最高效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)率達(da)(da)(da)到80%以(yi)上,常用(yong)工作(zuo)(zuo)點(dian)(如130W)和最大工作(zuo)(zuo)點(dian)(400W)的(de)(de)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)率應達(da)(da)(da)到75%以(yi)上。市場(chang)上有(you)些性(xing)能較差的(de)(de)電(dian)機可(ke)能其最大效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)率點(dian)的(de)(de)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)率也可(ke)以(yi)達(da)(da)(da)到80%以(yi)上,但(dan)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)率區間(jian)卻十分(fen)狹窄(zhai),一(yi)般為(wei)80W-180W,體(ti)重(zhong)(zhong)稍(shao)重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)人騎上這(zhe)種電(dian)動車會(hui)十分(fen)費電(dian),電(dian)池(chi)也很容易(yi)損壞。用(yong)戶可(ke)以(yi)用(yong)變換負(fu)(fu)載(zai)的(de)(de)方法來鑒(jian)別效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)率區間(jian)是否(fou)狹窄(zhai),當(dang)輕載(zai)時(shi)車速(su)較快而(er)重(zhong)(zhong)載(zai)時(shi)(負(fu)(fu)重(zhong)(zhong)或爬陡(dou)坡)車速(su)迅速(su)下(xia)降(jiang)的(de)(de)電(dian)動車就(jiu)屬此例。


  五.蓄電池容量和壽命:  
  容量和壽命是衡量蓄電池的主要指標,容量一般用安?時來表示,表征是蓄電池儲備能量的能力。例如一個標稱為12安?時的新的電動車專用蓄電池組按最近制定的行業標準,則必須達到以6安培放電,放至終止電壓31.5V的時間應不低于2小時的水平。將這種電池用于電動自行車,載重75公斤,在平坦路面騎行,工作電流約為4安培,放電時間應大于3個小時,時速為20公里,那么它的理論續行里程將達到60公里,若考慮途中剎車、起動等費電的因素,采用這種電池的電動車標稱續行里程45-60里程是合適的。
  壽命(ming)(ming)則(ze)是表(biao)示(shi)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)容(rong)量衰(shuai)(shuai)退速度的(de)(de)一項(xiang)指標(biao),隨著使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)深入,蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)容(rong)量衰(shuai)(shuai)退是不(bu)可(ke)避免的(de)(de),是絕對的(de)(de),當容(rong)量衰(shuai)(shuai)退到(dao)一個規定(ding)值時(shi),可(ke)以(yi)判定(ding)壽命(ming)(ming)終(zhong)結,按(an)照新制定(ding)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)車專(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)標(biao)準,以(yi)定(ding)容(rong)量70%充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)循環次(ci)數來表(biao)示(shi)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)壽命(ming)(ming),合格底線為350次(ci)。因此,對于(yu)日常(chang)交通距(ju)離小于(yu)30公里的(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)戶而言,若(ruo)(ruo)電(dian)(dian)機、控制器(qi)、充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)等因素(su)都是良好(hao)的(de)(de),使用(yong)(yong)方法也(ye)無不(bu)當,一組較好(hao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)最少服役(yi)時(shi)間(jian)達到(dao)1年(nian)以(yi)上應該是可(ke)以(yi)保證的(de)(de),一般可(ke)以(yi)用(yong)(yong)到(dao)1年(nian)半,若(ruo)(ruo)再加上可(ke)維(wei)護的(de)(de)技術方案,通過專(zhuan)業的(de)(de)維(wei)護也(ye)可(ke)以(yi)延(yan)長(chang)一些(xie)服役(yi)時(shi)間(jian),消(xiao)費(fei)者可(ke)以(yi)不(bu)必擔心蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)使用(yong)(yong)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)過高的(de)(de)問題,每天(tian)壹(yi)元,瀟灑消(xiao)費(fei)。


    六.影響蓄電池壽命的因素:  
 
  影響蓄電池壽命的因素可分成三個方面。首先是蓄電池本身的性能和質量,其次是電動車中與之配合的因素,第三是使用者的使用情況我們將重點對第二個因素展開討論。
在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車系統(tong)中影響(xiang)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)使用壽命的(de)(de)(de)最主要因(yin)(yin)素(su)有(you)兩個,一(yi)個是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)(xiao)率狀態(tai),其次是(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)(de)設計。如果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)效(xiao)(xiao)率范圍(wei)較窄,一(yi)方(fang)面耗(hao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)水平增加,另(ling)一(yi)方(fang)面,經常工作在低效(xiao)(xiao)率區,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)內部容易(yi)發(fa)熱,當溫度(du)過高(gao)時,磁性材料就會(hui)(hui)出現不可逆的(de)(de)(de)退磁,久而久之,效(xiao)(xiao)率進(jin)一(yi)步下(xia)降,從而進(jin)入惡性循環(huan),這輛電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車就會(hui)(hui)變(bian)成某(mou)種意(yi)義上的(de)(de)(de)"電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)老虎",即使更換(huan)(huan)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)也(ye)會(hui)(hui)無濟(ji)于事(shi),另(ling)外導(dao)致電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)降低效(xiao)(xiao)率的(de)(de)(de)因(yin)(yin)素(su)還有(you):電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷的(de)(de)(de)過度(du)磨損、平面換(huan)(huan)向器的(de)(de)(de)磨損,減速(su)系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)磨損,等等,因(yin)(yin)此,顧(gu)客應選擇一(yi)種性能較好的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)并注意(yi)與維修服務保持聯系、到期(qi)更換(huan)(huan)磨損零件,這樣(yang)有(you)助于用好電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車。

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