充電器充電的電池簡稱二次電池
和普通的不可充(chong)電的電池相比,可(ke)充電的(de)電池(chi)叫(jiao)二(er)次(ci)電池(chi)。二(er)次(ci)電池(chi)能夠反復(fu)運用，符合經濟實用原(yuan)則，這是其最(zui)大(da)的(de)優(you)點，自(zi)然(ran)人們(men)最(zui)青(qing)睞二(er)次(ci)電池(chi)。二(er)次(ci)電池(chi)的(de)種類也不少，就目前(qian)市場上主(zhu)流產品(pin)而(er)言，有 4類電(dian)池：鉛酸(LA）電池(chi)、鎳鎘（NiCd）電池、鎳氫（NiMH）電池和鋰(li)離子(Liion ）電池。
1．便(bian)攜式(shi)電子設備可選擇的電源系(xi)統
對(dui)便攜式電子設備(bei)的(de)(de)生(sheng)產商來說，給便攜式電子設備(bei)選擇(ze)合適(shi)的(de)(de)電池是很困(kun)難的(de)(de)。因為電池的(de)(de)選擇(ze)會對(dui)設備(bei)的(de)(de)功能、型號、成(cheng)本造成(cheng)很大的(de)(de)影響。設計者(zhe)面對(dui)著很多選擇(ze)，從簡單的(de)(de)鉛酸(suan)電池到復(fu)雜的(de)(de)集成(cheng)了電子安全、監(jian)視和充(chong)電控制(zhi)電路的(de)(de)鋰離子電池。
1）鎳鎘(ge)電池。
鎳鋼電(dian)池工(gong)作(zuo)電(dian)壓為1．2V左(zuo)右，具有優良的(de)大電流放電性能，可在一(yi)20～
鎳(nie)鎘電池(chi)種類(lei)繁多(duo)，有(you)放(fang)置用(yong)的大型電池(chi)（多(duo)數20Ah以上）和小型(xing)密封型(xing)電池，6Ah以(yi)下的圓(yuan)柱形和扁平形電池，0．5Ah以(yi)下的(de)紐扣式電池。日本三洋公司(si)生產40～2000mAh的 95種型號的(de)鎳鎘電(dian)池(chi)，按用途有 8類電池：一般用（標準型）、 高容量（E型(xing)）、 快速充電用（R型）、 高溫用（H型）、耐熱用（K型(xing)）、 長壽命（C型）、保護(hu)記憶(yi)用（S型(xing)）、 扁平形（KF型）、標(biao)準型典(dian)型電(dian)池為 AA型，容量(liang)為600mAh，尺寸為14．2mmX 50．
質量為 23克，內阻為12mΩ。AAA型的容量為 250mAh，尺(chi)寸(cun)為(wei)10．5mm X 44．5mm，質量為11克，內阻24Ω。
鎳鎘電池正極板上的活性物質由氧化鎳粉和石墨粉組成，石墨不參加化學反應，其主要作用是增強導電性。負極板上的活性物質由氧化鋁粉和氧化鐵粉組成，氧化鐵粉的作用是使氧化鋁粉有較高的擴散性，防止結塊，并增加極板的容量。活性物質分別包在穿孔鋼帶中，加壓成型后即成為電池的正負極板。極板間用耐堿的硬橡膠絕緣棍或有孔的聚氯乙烯瓦楞板隔開。電解液通常用氫氧化鉀溶液。與其他電池相比，鎳錫電池的自放電率（電池不使用時失去電荷的速率）適中。鎳鎘電池在使用過程中，如果放電不完全就又充電，下次再放電時，就不能放出全部的電量。比如，放出80％電量后再充足電，該電池只能放出80％的電量，這就是所謂的記憶效應。當然，幾次完整的放電／充電循環將使鎳鎘電池恢復正常工作。
由于鎳鎘電池的記憶效應，若未完全放電，應在充電前將每節電池放電至 1V以下。
2）鎳氫電池。鎳氫電池是生產了幾年的新電池，又稱為貯氫電池。20世紀70年代，荷蘭飛利浦實驗室在研究第一代稀土永磁合金時，試驗了LaNi5的磁性能，競意外地發現了 LaNi5有很好的貯氫性能，但深入研究發現對貯氫合金不適用，因為平衡壓太高，循環壽命太短，進一步研究和改進發現，這些缺點都可克服，從而為發展貯氫電池奠定了技術基礎。
兩者有相同的工作電壓1．2V，因此這兩種電池有良好的互換性。
鎳氫電池的能量高，為鎳鎘電池的1．8～2倍，鉛酸電池的3倍，有良好的充放電性能，可隨充隨放，快充深放，無記憶效應，特別不含鎘、鉛、汞等有害物質，對環境無污染，被稱為綠色電池。
鎳氫電池與鎳鎘電池類似，多種多樣。有圓柱形和扁平形的小電池，有紐扣式電池，也有方形蓄電池組作為動力電池用，容量為10～20Ah。日本三洋公司生產的 AA型的容量為1100mAh，尺寸為 14．2mm X 50．0mm，質量為27克，AAA型的容量為 650mAh，尺寸為10．
鎳氫電池具有較好的低溫放電特性，即使在一
鎳鎘電池與鎳氫電池的充電過程非常相似，都要求恒流充電。兩者的差別主要在快速充電的終止檢測方法上，以防止電池過充電。充電器對電池進行恒流充電，同時檢測電池的電壓和其他參數。當電池電壓緩慢上升達到一個峰值時，對鎳氫電池快速充電終止，而鎳鎘電池則當電池電壓第一次下降了一個ΔV時終止快速充電。為避免損壞電池，電池溫度過低時不能開始快速充電，電池溫度 Tmin低于
3）鋰離子電池。鋰離子電池是繼鎳氫電池后發展的新一代的二次電池。鋰位于元素周期表第一族主族第一位上，是金屬中最輕的元素，有最負的標準電位，組成電池能量密度大和電壓高。鋰離子電池負極電位相對鋰電極為正，正極電位為4．OV，該電池的工作電壓高，約3．6V。高電壓是個優點，一個鋰離子電池相當于三個鎳氫電池或鎳鎘電池，但這也是個缺點，因為移動電話芯片電壓趨向下降，這將挑戰3．6V 鋰離子電池的應用。鋰離子電池有高的比能量，為鎳氫電池的1．5倍和鉛酸電池的3倍，放電曲線平穩，自放電率低，循環壽命長，與鎳氫電池一樣，無記憶效應和不污染環境，也為綠色電池。
鋰離子電池采用卷繞式結構，蓋體設計強化了安全保護功能。對于這種高比能量電池，必須經過規范的安全檢測評估。鎳氫和鎳鎘電池的電解液是水溶液，而鋰離子電池必需用非水性電解液，其電導率低得多，因此電極要大大減薄，有著不同的電極制備工藝，制備又薄又長的正負電極。鋰離子電池同樣有圓柱式、扁平式、紐扣式和動力用電池組。Sony公司的 14500電池容量為 500mAh，尺寸為 14．3mmX 50．
鋰離子電池能夠很好地配合電子產品小型化、袖珍化的發展方向，移動電話和筆記本電腦要求又薄又輕的二次電池，三洋超薄鋰離子電池僅
鋰(li)離子電池(chi)易受(shou)到過(guo)充(chong)電、深放電以(yi)及短路的損(sun)害。單體(ti)鋰(li)離子電池(chi)的充(chong)電電壓必須嚴(yan)格限制。充(chong)電速率通常不超過(guo)
2．二(er)次電池性能(neng)比較
表1。l為鉛酸、鎳銅、鎳氫、鋰(li)離子(zi)電池(chi)特性的比(bi)較。
20世紀80年代的便攜(xie)式電(dian)(dian)子設備，如數(shu)字(zi)無繩電(dian)(dian)話、隨身聽和電(dian)(dian)動剃(ti)須刀(dao)等(deng)，主(zhu)要(yao)由鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)池供電(dian)(dian)。到(dao)了20世紀90年代后(hou)期，鎳氫電(dian)池(chi)(chi)和(he)鋰(li)離子電(dian)池(chi)(chi)逐漸(jian)進入市場并得以廣(guang)泛應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。因為鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的價格比鎳氫和(he)鋰(li)離子電(dian)池(chi)(chi)便宜(yi)，所以鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)在低(di)端應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)中十(shi)分普(pu)遍。鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)可提供(gong)最(zui)高的放電(dian)電(dian)流，適合(he)短時(shi)間內需(xu)要大功率(lv)輸出(chu)的應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。
鎳鎘電池的(de)(de)缺點(dian)是(shi)被(bei)所謂(wei)的(de)(de)記憶效應困擾(rao)（現(xian)在(zai)的(de)(de)鎳鎘電池很少考(kao)慮這個因素(su)）， 使電池容(rong)量降(jiang)低。鎳鎘電池在(zai)未完全放電的情況下再充電，一些活性物質會累(lei)積并且(qie)開始結晶（在(zai)陽極有100μm的銅累積層）， 但(dan)通過化學反應(ying)這層物質會自行消(xiao)失（一(yi)塊全新電池的陽極(ji)大約有(you)l00μm厚度的鎘結晶）， 出現記憶效應會(hui)導致電(dian)池容量越(yue)來越(yue)小，端電(dian)壓越(yue)來越(yue)低，使得電(dian)池到達最低可用(yong)端電(dian)壓（關斷點）的(de)時間比預期(qi)的(de)早很多，如圖1-1所示(shi)。鎳鎘(ge)電池的(de)(de)另一個缺(que)點是它的(de)(de)活性物質中含有有毒的(de)(de)鎘(ge)。
鎳氫電池比鎳鎘電池環保，但是價格高。鎳氫電池的放電電流相比鎳鎘電池略小，但也受惰性效應的影響。惰性效應是比鎳鎘電池記憶效應稍輕的一種現象。惰性效應是由于鎳的結晶導致的。惰性效應和記憶效應一樣，導致無法完全使用可充電電池的全部容量，但都可以通過使用帶有放電功能的充電器來避免。
鋰離子可(ke)充電(dian)電(dian)池價格(ge)最高，但具(ju)有(you)高的能(neng)量(liang)密度，因而(er)可(ke)以在給定尺(chi)寸下提(ti)供更(geng)優性能(neng)，更(geng)適合小尺(chi)寸、高集成度的便攜式電(dian)子設(she)備。
隨著新(xin)材料、新(xin)工藝的(de)出(chu)現(xian)，更(geng)為(wei)先進耐(nai)用的(de)可(ke)再充電電池也在(zai)不(bu)斷出(chu)現(xian)。國外最新(xin)開發(fa)的(de)固(gu)態聚合物（電解(jie)質）鋰離(li)子電池、鋰金屬電池不(bu)僅解(jie)決了(le)漏液問題，而且電池的(de)容量更(geng)大(da)，體(ti)(ti)積更(geng)小(xiao)，更(geng)為(wei)安全可(ke)靠(kao)，它(ta)們必將成為(wei)極有潛(qian)力的(de)新(xin)一代電池產品。
3．鎳(nie)氫／鎳(nie)鎘電池與鋰(li)離子電池的差異(yi)
1）質(zhi)量方(fang)面。以每一個單元電(dian)池的電(dian)壓來看，鎳(nie)(nie)氫與鎳(nie)(nie)鎘(ge)都是(shi)1．2V，而(er)鋰離(li)子電池卻為(wei)3．6V，鋰離子電(dian)池的電(dian)壓是前兩者的3倍(bei)。并(bing)且同型電(dian)池(chi)的質量鋰(li)離子(zi)電(dian)池(chi)與鎳(nie)(nie)鎘電(dian)池(chi)幾乎相等，而鎳(nie)(nie)氫電(dian)池(chi)卻比較重。每一種(zhong)電(dian)池(chi)本(ben)身(shen)質量不同，但鋰(li)離子(zi)電(dian)池(chi)因3．6V高電壓，在輸(shu)出(chu)同(tong)等電壓的情況下使單個電池組(zu)合(he)時(shi)數目可減少 1/3而使成型后的電池質量和體積減小。
2）記(ji)憶效(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)。鎳氫電(dian)(dian)池有(you)惰性效(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)；鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)池有(you)記(ji)憶效(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)，因此，定期(qi)的放電(dian)(dian)管(guan)理也是(shi)必需的。這種定期(qi)放電(dian)(dian)管(guan)理屬(shu)于模糊(hu)狀態下被(bei)動處理，甚(shen)至也有(you)些在不正(zheng)確的情況下進行(xing)放電(dian)(dian)（每次放電(dian)(dian)或者使用(yong)幾次后進行(xing)放電(dian)(dian)都因電(dian)(dian)池生(sheng)產廠的不同而有(you)所差異(yi)）， 這種繁瑣的放電管(guan)理在使用鎳鎘/鎳氫電池時是無法避免的。相對的鋰離子電池因為完全沒有記憶效應，在使用上非常方便簡單，它完全不必考慮二次電池殘余電壓的多少，直接可進行充電，充電時間自然可以縮短。
記(ji)憶(yi)效(xiao)應是(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的一(yi)(yi)大天敵，一(yi)(yi)般認為是(shi)(shi)長期(qi)不(bu)正確的充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導致的，它(ta)可以(yi)使(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)早衰。記(ji)憶(yi)效(xiao)應可使(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)無法有效(xiao)地充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，出(chu)現一(yi)(yi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)就(jiu)滿、一(yi)(yi)用就(jiu)完的現象。防止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)出(chu)現記(ji)憶(yi)效(xiao)應的方(fang)法是(shi)(shi)確保電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)“充(chong)(chong)(chong)足(zu)放(fang)光(guang)”的原則，也就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)說(shuo)在充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)前最(zui)好將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)內(nei)殘(can)余(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)放(fang)光(guang)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時要一(yi)(yi)次(ci)充(chong)(chong)(chong)足(zu)。通常鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)容易(yi)出(chu)現記(ji)憶(yi)效(xiao)應，所(suo)以(yi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時要特別注(zhu)意，鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)理論上(shang)沒有記(ji)憶(yi)效(xiao)應，但最(zui)好也遵(zun)循“充(chong)(chong)(chong)足(zu)放(fang)光(guang)”的原則，這(zhe)也就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)很多(duo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器提供放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)附(fu)加功能的原因。對于(yu)由(you)于(yu)記(ji)憶(yi)效(xiao)應引起容量(liang)下降的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，可以(yi)通過一(yi)(yi)次(ci)性充(chong)(chong)(chong)足(zu)再一(yi)(yi)次(ci)性放(fang)光(guang)的方(fang)法反(fan)復數次(ci)，大部分電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)都(dou)可以(yi)得(de)到修復。
3）自放電率。鎳鎘電池的自放電率為15％～30％（月）， 鎳氫電池的自放電率為25％～35％（月(yue)），鋰(li)離子電池的(de)自放電率為2％～5％（月），鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的自(zi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)最(zui)(zui)大(da)，而(er)鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的自(zi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)最(zui)(zui)低(di)。
4）充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)一(yi)直是(shi)人(ren)們關(guan)心的(de)焦點(dian)，正確、良(liang)好的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)(fang)法可(ke)以確保電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)壽命。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池推薦的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)(fang)法多(duo)種多(duo)樣，不同(tong)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)(fang)法對充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路結構有(you)不同(tong)的(de)要求(qiu)，自然影(ying)響(xiang)到成本。
電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)和充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的關系為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池容(rong)量除以充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流得到充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)，考慮充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中的損(sun)耗，所以將計算(suan)得到的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)應(ying)再(zai)乘以1．2這個常數(shu)。
對于鎳(nie)鎘(ge)和鎳(nie)氫電池最常用的簡(jian)單充電方(fang)法是利用10％C恒流充電，又被稱為“慢充”，即按照電流容量數(shu)值(zhi)的10％確定(ding)充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流，如一節標稱容量為(wei)500mAh的電(dian)池(chi)，它的建議充電(dian)電(dian)流為50mA；又如(ru)一節標稱容量為1300mAh的(de)電池，它(ta)的(de)建議充(chong)電電流為(wei)13 0 mA。在此電流下(xia)連續充(chong)電12～15 h就可(ke)以視(shi)為電池(chi)充滿。雖然建(jian)議使(shi)用恒流充電但要(yao)求(qiu)并(bing)不嚴(yan)格，電流允許有較大(da)的波動(dong)，所以按(an)照此方法(fa)制作(zuo)的充電器(qi)結構非常(chang)簡(jian)單，一般只需(xu)要(yao)一個將220V市電轉(zhuan)換成適當低壓(ya)的變壓(ya)器、整流的二極管(guan)、限流電阻以及(ji)一(yi)些發(fa)光(guang)二極管(guan)等指示裝置構成低成本(ben)的充(chong)電器，市面上絕大部(bu)分獨立(li)常規(gui)充(chong)電器都采(cai)用這種(zhong)方式，只不(bu)(bu)過外(wai)形不(bu)(bu)同罷了。“慢充(chong)”雖然比較簡單，但是給(gei)電池充(chong)一(yi)次電需要(yao)十多個小(xiao)時，為此，電池廠商(shang)也允許在急需使用時用 3 0％C的電(dian)流給電(dian)池充電(dian) 4～5 h，稱之(zhi)為“快(kuai)充”，不(bu)過(guo)不(bu)建議常用(yong)，理論上(shang)對(dui)電(dian)池(chi)有輕微(wei)的(de)損害。所(suo)以大部分(fen)常規(gui)充(chong)電(dian)器都有“快充(chong)”和“慢(man)(man)充(chong)”兩(liang)擋，并建議用(yong)戶使(shi)用(yong)“慢(man)(man)充(chong)”。
在很多情(qing)況下用(yong)(yong)戶需(xu)要(yao)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池快(kuai)速(su)(su)、有效、安全地充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，快(kuai)速(su)(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)就需(xu)要(yao)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)較大的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池在大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)中會出現極(ji)化(hua)效應，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池發(fa)熱，而且(qie)當大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿(man)(man)后，如(ru)果(guo)(guo)不及時停止，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池會迅速(su)(su)發(fa)熱，嚴重時可導致電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池燒毀和(he)爆炸。所以要(yao)求快(kuai)速(su)(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)具備充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿(man)(man)自停功能，同時也要(yao)解(jie)決(jue)極(ji)化(hua)效應，使(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)高(gao)效安全。早期的(de)快(kuai)速(su)(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)采用(yong)(yong)簡單的(de)定(ding)時充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，不過此(ci)類充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)針對(dui)性強(qiang)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效果(guo)(guo)也不令(ling)人滿(man)(man)意。現代的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)采用(yong)(yong)專用(yong)(yong)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)控(kong)制IC，以高頻(pin)脈動電(dian)流給電(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)以解(jie)決極化效(xiao)應，通過檢(jian)測電(dian)池一出準確(que)判斷電(dian)池是否(fou)充(chong)滿(man)，并(bing)提(ti)供溫度保(bao)護等保(bao)護措(cuo)施和放電(dian)等附加功能。不過這種充(chong)電(dian)器結構(gou)比較(jiao)復雜，成本(ben)也比較(jiao)高，一般多用于(yu)移動電(dian)話、對講機等高檔通信設(she)備及電(dian)器。
6．各種電(dian)池的優缺點
鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)(dian)池最為堅固耐(nai)用，每塊鎳(nie)鋼電(dian)(dian)池的電(dian)(dian)壓為1．2V，多數應(ying)用需(xu)要(yao)多個電池串聯(lian)或(huo)并聯(lian)才能(neng)滿足(zu)要(yao)求。鎳鎘電池應(ying)用中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)最大問題是它(ta)具(ju)有記憶效應(ying)，這一點嚴重限制了它(ta)在高端設(she)備(bei)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)應(ying)用。
考慮(lv)到回(hui)收和環保(bao)問題，鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在其(qi)他(ta)產品中的應用(yong)也較少。與其(qi)他(ta)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)相比(bi)，鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的耗電(dian)(dian)(dian)率、使用(yong)壽命(ming)都令(ling)人非常滿意，而且在極(ji)差(cha)的溫度條件下(xia)也能保(bao)持良好(hao)的性能。但(dan)(dan)是(shi)，盡管鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)比(bi)較經濟，但(dan)(dan)它(ta)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)也較低，相同的鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)工(gong)作時間大約只有鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的一半，因此(ci)多數鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)都沉重且體(ti)積龐大。
鎳(nie)氫(qing)電池(chi)(chi)沒有鎳(nie)鎘(ge)電池(chi)(chi)那么堅固耐用(yong)，在能(neng)量密度上(shang)也(ye)無法(fa)與鋰(li)離子電池(chi)(chi)競爭，但與鎳(nie)鎘(ge)電池(chi)(chi)相比(bi)它(ta)具(ju)有更佳的(de)(de)性價比(bi)。鎳(nie)氫(qing)電池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)電壓(ya)與鎳(nie)鎘(ge)電池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)相同，每塊(kuai)電池(chi)(chi)為1．2V。由于主要的電(dian)池應用市場如筆記本電(dian)腦及移動(dong)電(dian)話(hua)開始轉為使用鋰離(li)子電(dian)池，鎳氫電(dian)池的研發(fa)有所放緩，從(cong)理論上說，現有鎳氫電(dian)池的電(dian)量也快接近(jin)其(qi)極(ji)限。因此(ci)，目前的研發(fa)主要是增強其(qi)耐用性，以便適用于電(dian)動(dong)工具和(he)混(hun)合電(dian)動(dong)汽車等其(qi)他市場。
從鋰(li)離子(zi)電(dian)池開始進入市(shi)場至今已十幾年(nian)，由于日益成熟(shu)，鋰(li)離子(zi)電(dian)池也變(bian)得更為堅(jian)固(gu)耐用，價格也有所下降。單個鋰(li)離子(zi)電(dian)池的(de)電(dian)壓力3．7V，與(yu)三節鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)池或鎳氫電(dian)(dian)池一(yi)樣。能量密度高和自放電(dian)(dian)低是(shi)鋰離子電(dian)(dian)池在(zai)市場上成功的(de)法寶，目(mu)前這(zhe)種電(dian)(dian)池還開發增加了許多(duo)新的(de)性能。例如，鋰離子電(dian)(dian)池廠商正在(zai)開發無需保護電(dian)(dian)路的(de)產(chan)品，以(yi)便進(jin)一(yi)步降低其成本。
1．2．1 鎳鎘電(dian)池(chi)的結構與特(te)性
1899年，Waldmar Jungner在開口(kou)型鎳鎘電池中首先使用了鎳極板，幾乎與(yu)此(ci)同時(shi)，Thomas Edison發(fa)明了用于電(dian)(dian)動車的鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)池。但因(yin)當時這些堿性蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池的極(ji)(ji)板材料比(bi)其他蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池的村料貴得多，因(yin)此實(shi)際應(ying)用受到了極(ji)(ji)大(da)的限(xian)制(zhi)。Jungner的(de)鎳鎘電池經(jing)過幾(ji)次重要(yao)改(gai)進(jin)，性能明顯改(gai)善。其中最重要(yao)的(de)改(gai)進(jin)是在(zai)1932年(nian)，在(zai)鎳電池中(zhong)(zhong)開始使(shi)用(yong)了活性(xing)物質(zhi)。將活性(xing)物質(zhi)放人多孔的鎳極板中(zhong)(zhong)，然(ran)后再(zai)將鎳極板裝人金屬殼內。鎳鎘電池發(fa)展史上另一個重要的里程碑是1947年(nian)密封型鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)池研(yan)制成功(gong)。在這種電(dian)池中(zhong)，化學反應產生(sheng)的(de)各種氣體不(bu)用排出，可以在電(dian)池內部化合。密封鎳(nie)鋼電(dian)池的(de)研(yan)制成功(gong)，使鎳(nie)鋼電(dian)池的(de)應用范圍大(da)大(da)增加(jia).
1．鎳鎘電池的特(te)性
鎳鎘(NiCd)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池要求恒流充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池進行恒流充電(dian)(dian)(dian)的同時(shi)檢測電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和其他參數。當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓第(di)一(yi)次(ci)下降(jiang)了一(yi)個-ΔU時終止(zhi)快速充(chong)電。為(wei)避免損(sun)壞電池，電池溫度過低時不能開(kai)始快速充(chong)電，電池溫度 Tmin低于 100C時，應轉(zhuan)入涓流充電(dian)方式。而電(dian)池溫度一旦(dan)達到規(gui)定數值后，必須立即停(ting)止充電(dian)。密封鎳鎘電(dian)池效率(lv)高(gao)、循環(huan)壽(shou)命長、能量密度大、體積小(xiao)、質量輕、結構緊湊，并且不需要維護，因此(ci)在(zai)工業和消(xiao)費產品中得到了廣泛(fan)的應用。
(1）鎳鋼(gang)電池的基本特(te)性。
l）鎳鎘電池可重(zhong)復500次以上(shang)的(de)充放電，非常經濟。
2）鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)池內(nei)阻小，可供大(da)電(dian)(dian)流的(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)，放(fang)電(dian)(dian)時電(dian)(dian)壓的(de)變化很小，作為直流電(dian)(dian)源是一種質(zhi)量極佳(jia)的(de)電(dian)(dian)池。
3）因為鎳鎘電池采用(yong)完(wan)全密封式，因此(ci)不會有電解液(ye)漏出的現象(xiang)，也完(wan)全不需(xu)要補充電解液(ye)。
4）與其他種類電池相(xiang)比，鎳鎘電池可(ke)耐過充電或(huo)過放(fang)電，操作簡單方便。
5）鎳鎘電(dian)池在長時間的放(fang)置(zhi)下(xia)也不會使(shi)性能劣(lie)化，當充分充完(wan)電(dian)后即可(ke)恢(hui)復原(yuan)來的特性。
6）鎳鎘(ge)電池(chi)可(ke)使(shi)用(yong)在(zai)很廣(guang)的溫度范圍(wei)內。
7）因為(wei)鎳鎘電池采用金屬(shu)容器，因此(ci)具有機(ji)械的堅固性。
(2）鎳(nie)鎘電池放電特性(xing)。
l）鎳鎘電(dian)池放(fang)電(dian)電(dian)壓依據(ju)其放(fang)電(dian)電(dian)流多少有些差異，大體上是1．2V左右(you)。
2）當放電(dian)(dian)(dian)達到放電(dian)(dian)(dian)終了的(de)極限電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)稱之(zhi)為“放電(dian)(dian)(dian)終止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)”，鎳(nie)鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)終止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為1．0 V／單格。
3）鎳鎘電池使用溫度范圍為一20～
4）鎳鎘電池可為(wei)一30～
5）鎳(nie)鎘(ge)電池在(zai)充(chong)電狀(zhuang)態(tai)或(huo)者是放(fang)電狀(zhuang)態(tai)保存都(dou)可以，但是比較之下(xia)放(fang)電狀(zhuang)態(tai)可使容(rong)量較早恢復并且(qie)較易(yi)被激活。
6）當鎳鎘(ge)電池在長時間放置后(hou)，使用前(qian)必須充分地充電后(hou)再使用。
2．鎳鎘電(dian)池(chi)參(can)數
鎳鎘電(dian)池的5個主要參數為：電池的容量、標稱電壓、內阻、放電終止電壓和充電終止電壓。電池的容量通常用Ah（安時）表示，1Ah就是能在(zai)1A的電(dian)流下放電(dian)1h。單元電(dian)池內(nei)活(huo)性物質的(de)(de)數量(liang)決定單元電(dian)池含(han)有的(de)(de)電(dian)荷量(liang)，而活(huo)性物質的(de)(de)含(han)量(liang)則由電(dian)池使(shi)用的(de)(de)材料和(he)體(ti)積決定，因此，通(tong)常電(dian)池體(ti)積越(yue)大(da)，容(rong)量(liang)越(yue)高。與電(dian)池容(rong)量(liang)相關的(de)(de)一個參(can)數是電(dian)池的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流。電(dian)池的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流通(tong)常用充(chong)電(dian)速率C表(biao)示，C為電池的額定容量。例如，用(yong)2A電流(liu)對1Ah電(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)，充電(dian)速(su)率就是2C；同(tong)樣(yang)地，用2A電流對500mAh電池(chi)充電，充電速(su)率就是 4C。
電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)剛出廠時(shi)，正(zheng)負極之間的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢(shi)差稱(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)標(biao)稱(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。標(biao)稱(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓由(you)極板材料的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位和內部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液的(de)濃度決定(ding)。當環(huan)境溫度、使用時(shi)間和工作狀態變(bian)(bian)化時(shi)，單元電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓略(lve)有變(bian)(bian)化，此外，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)剩余電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量也有一定(ding)的(de)關系。單元鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)標(biao)稱(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓約為1．2V（但一般認為是1．25V）.
電池的(de)內阻(zu)(zu)決(jue)定于極板(ban)的(de)電阻(zu)(zu)和離(li)子(zi)(zi)流(liu)的(de)阻(zu)(zu)抗(kang)，在充放電過程中，極板(ban)的(de)電阻(zu)(zu)是(shi)不變(bian)(bian)(bian)的(de)，但是(shi)離(li)子(zi)(zi)流(liu)的(de)阻(zu)(zu)抗(kang)將隨(sui)電解(jie)液濃度的(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)化和帶電離(li)子(zi)(zi)的(de)增(zeng)減而(er)變(bian)(bian)(bian)化。
電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)時，極板上的活性物質(zhi)已達到飽和狀態，再繼續充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian), ，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)也不(bu)會上升，此(ci)時的電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)稱為充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)終止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。鎳(nie)鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)終止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為1．7 5～1．8V。
放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終(zhong)止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)是指電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)允(yun)許(xu)的最低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。如果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)低于放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終(zhong)止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)后電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)繼續放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)兩端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)會迅速下降，形成深度(du)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，這(zhe)樣極板上形成的生成物在(zai)正常充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)就不易(yi)再(zai)恢復，從而(er)影響電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的壽命。放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終(zhong)止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率有(you)關。鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終(zhong)止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速率的