充電器充電的電池簡稱二次電池
和普通(tong)的不可充電(dian)的電(dian)池(chi)相比,可充電(dian)的(de)電(dian)池(chi)叫二(er)次(ci)電(dian)池(chi)。二(er)次(ci)電(dian)池(chi)能夠(gou)反(fan)復運用，符(fu)合(he)經濟實用原則(ze)，這是其最大的(de)優點，自然人們最青睞(lai)二(er)次(ci)電(dian)池(chi)。二(er)次(ci)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)種(zhong)類也(ye)不(bu)少，就目前市場(chang)上主流產(chan)品而言，有 4類電池(chi)：鉛酸(LA）電池、鎳鎘（NiCd）電池(chi)、鎳氫（NiMH）電池和(he)鋰離子(zi)(Liion ）電池。
1．便攜式電子設備可(ke)選(xuan)擇的電源系統(tong)
對(dui)便(bian)攜式電(dian)(dian)子(zi)設(she)備(bei)(bei)的(de)生產商來說，給便(bian)攜式電(dian)(dian)子(zi)設(she)備(bei)(bei)選(xuan)擇合適的(de)電(dian)(dian)池是很(hen)困難(nan)的(de)。因為電(dian)(dian)池的(de)選(xuan)擇會對(dui)設(she)備(bei)(bei)的(de)功能、型號(hao)、成(cheng)(cheng)本造成(cheng)(cheng)很(hen)大的(de)影響。設(she)計者面對(dui)著很(hen)多選(xuan)擇，從簡(jian)單的(de)鉛酸電(dian)(dian)池到復雜的(de)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)了電(dian)(dian)子(zi)安全、監(jian)視和充電(dian)(dian)控制電(dian)(dian)路的(de)鋰(li)離(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)池。
1）鎳(nie)鎘(ge)電池(chi)。
鎳(nie)鋼電池工作電壓為1．2V左右(you)，具有優良的大電流放電性能，可(ke)在一(yi)20～
鎳鎘電(dian)池種類繁(fan)多(duo)，有放置用的大型電(dian)池（多(duo)數20Ah以上）和小型(xing)密封型(xing)電池(chi)，6Ah以(yi)下的(de)圓柱形(xing)和扁(bian)平(ping)形(xing)電(dian)池，0．5Ah以下的(de)紐扣式電池。日本三洋公司生產40～2000mAh的 95種型(xing)號的鎳鎘電池(chi)，按(an)用(yong)途有(you) 8類電池(chi)：一般用(yong)（標準型）、 高容量(liang)（E型）、 快速充電(dian)用（R型(xing)）、 高溫用（H型(xing)）、耐熱(re)用（K型(xing)）、 長壽命（C型）、保(bao)護記憶用（S型(xing)）、 扁平形（KF型）、標準型典型電(dian)池為 AA型，容量為600mAh，尺寸為(wei)14．2mmX 50．
質量為 23克，內阻為12mΩ。AAA型的容(rong)量為 250mAh，尺寸為10．5mm X 44．5mm，質量為11克，內阻24Ω。
鎳鎘電池正極板上的活性物質由氧化鎳粉和石墨粉組成，石墨不參加化學反應，其主要作用是增強導電性。負極板上的活性物質由氧化鋁粉和氧化鐵粉組成，氧化鐵粉的作用是使氧化鋁粉有較高的擴散性，防止結塊，并增加極板的容量。活性物質分別包在穿孔鋼帶中，加壓成型后即成為電池的正負極板。極板間用耐堿的硬橡膠絕緣棍或有孔的聚氯乙烯瓦楞板隔開。電解液通常用氫氧化鉀溶液。與其他電池相比，鎳錫電池的自放電率（電池不使用時失去電荷的速率）適中。鎳鎘電池在使用過程中，如果放電不完全就又充電，下次再放電時，就不能放出全部的電量。比如，放出80％電量后再充足電，該電池只能放出80％的電量，這就是所謂的記憶效應。當然，幾次完整的放電／充電循環將使鎳鎘電池恢復正常工作。
由于鎳鎘電池的記憶效應，若未完全放電，應在充電前將每節電池放電至 1V以下。
2）鎳氫電池。鎳氫電池是生產了幾年的新電池，又稱為貯氫電池。20世紀70年代，荷蘭飛利浦實驗室在研究第一代稀土永磁合金時，試驗了LaNi5的磁性能，競意外地發現了 LaNi5有很好的貯氫性能，但深入研究發現對貯氫合金不適用，因為平衡壓太高，循環壽命太短，進一步研究和改進發現，這些缺點都可克服，從而為發展貯氫電池奠定了技術基礎。
兩者有相同的工作電壓1．2V，因此這兩種電池有良好的互換性。
鎳氫電池的能量高，為鎳鎘電池的1．8～2倍，鉛酸電池的3倍，有良好的充放電性能，可隨充隨放，快充深放，無記憶效應，特別不含鎘、鉛、汞等有害物質，對環境無污染，被稱為綠色電池。
鎳氫電池與鎳鎘電池類似，多種多樣。有圓柱形和扁平形的小電池，有紐扣式電池，也有方形蓄電池組作為動力電池用，容量為10～20Ah。日本三洋公司生產的 AA型的容量為1100mAh，尺寸為 14．2mm X 50．0mm，質量為27克，AAA型的容量為 650mAh，尺寸為10．
鎳氫電池具有較好的低溫放電特性，即使在一
鎳鎘電池與鎳氫電池的充電過程非常相似，都要求恒流充電。兩者的差別主要在快速充電的終止檢測方法上，以防止電池過充電。充電器對電池進行恒流充電，同時檢測電池的電壓和其他參數。當電池電壓緩慢上升達到一個峰值時，對鎳氫電池快速充電終止，而鎳鎘電池則當電池電壓第一次下降了一個ΔV時終止快速充電。為避免損壞電池，電池溫度過低時不能開始快速充電，電池溫度 Tmin低于
3）鋰離子電池。鋰離子電池是繼鎳氫電池后發展的新一代的二次電池。鋰位于元素周期表第一族主族第一位上，是金屬中最輕的元素，有最負的標準電位，組成電池能量密度大和電壓高。鋰離子電池負極電位相對鋰電極為正，正極電位為4．OV，該電池的工作電壓高，約3．6V。高電壓是個優點，一個鋰離子電池相當于三個鎳氫電池或鎳鎘電池，但這也是個缺點，因為移動電話芯片電壓趨向下降，這將挑戰3．6V 鋰離子電池的應用。鋰離子電池有高的比能量，為鎳氫電池的1．5倍和鉛酸電池的3倍，放電曲線平穩，自放電率低，循環壽命長，與鎳氫電池一樣，無記憶效應和不污染環境，也為綠色電池。
鋰離子電池采用卷繞式結構，蓋體設計強化了安全保護功能。對于這種高比能量電池，必須經過規范的安全檢測評估。鎳氫和鎳鎘電池的電解液是水溶液，而鋰離子電池必需用非水性電解液，其電導率低得多，因此電極要大大減薄，有著不同的電極制備工藝，制備又薄又長的正負電極。鋰離子電池同樣有圓柱式、扁平式、紐扣式和動力用電池組。Sony公司的 14500電池容量為 500mAh，尺寸為 14．3mmX 50．
鋰離子電池能夠很好地配合電子產品小型化、袖珍化的發展方向，移動電話和筆記本電腦要求又薄又輕的二次電池，三洋超薄鋰離子電池僅
鋰(li)離子電池易(yi)受(shou)到(dao)過(guo)(guo)充電、深放(fang)電以及(ji)短路(lu)的(de)損(sun)害。單體(ti)鋰(li)離子電池的(de)充電電壓必須嚴格限制。充電速率(lv)通常不超過(guo)(guo)
2．二(er)次電(dian)池性(xing)能比較
表1。l為鉛酸、鎳(nie)銅、鎳(nie)氫(qing)、鋰(li)離子電池(chi)特性的比較(jiao)。
20世紀80年代的便攜式電子設備，如(ru)數字無繩電話、隨(sui)身聽和(he)電動剃須刀等，主要(yao)由鎳(nie)鎘電池供(gong)電。到(dao)了20世紀90年代后期，鎳氫電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)和鋰離子(zi)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)逐(zhu)漸(jian)進(jin)入(ru)市場并得以(yi)廣泛應用(yong)。因為鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的價(jia)格比鎳氫和鋰離子(zi)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)便宜，所以(yi)鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在低端應用(yong)中十(shi)分普遍(bian)。鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)可(ke)提(ti)供最高的放電(dian)電(dian)流，適合短時間(jian)內需(xu)要大(da)功率(lv)輸出的應用(yong)。
鎳鎘電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)缺點是被(bei)所謂的(de)(de)記憶效應(ying)困擾（現(xian)在的(de)(de)鎳鎘電(dian)池(chi)很少考慮這個(ge)因素）， 使(shi)電池(chi)容量降(jiang)低。鎳鎘電池(chi)在未(wei)完全放(fang)電的情況下(xia)再充(chong)電，一些活(huo)性物質會累積并且開始結晶（在陽(yang)極有100μm的銅累(lei)積(ji)層）， 但通過(guo)化學反應(ying)這層(ceng)物質會自(zi)行消失（一塊全新電池的(de)陽極大(da)約(yue)有l00μm厚度的(de)鎘結晶）， 出現記憶效應會導(dao)致(zhi)電(dian)池容量越來(lai)越小，端電(dian)壓越來(lai)越低，使得電(dian)池到達最低可用端電(dian)壓（關斷點(dian)）的時間比預期的早(zao)很多，如圖1-1所示。鎳(nie)鎘電池的(de)另一個缺點是它的(de)活性(xing)物質中(zhong)含(han)有有毒(du)的(de)鎘。
鎳氫電池比鎳鎘電池環保，但是價格高。鎳氫電池的放電電流相比鎳鎘電池略小，但也受惰性效應的影響。惰性效應是比鎳鎘電池記憶效應稍輕的一種現象。惰性效應是由于鎳的結晶導致的。惰性效應和記憶效應一樣，導致無法完全使用可充電電池的全部容量，但都可以通過使用帶有放電功能的充電器來避免。
鋰離(li)子可(ke)充電電池價格最高(gao)，但具有高(gao)的能量密度，因(yin)而可(ke)以在給(gei)定尺寸(cun)下提供更優性能，更適合小尺寸(cun)、高(gao)集(ji)成度的便(bian)攜式電子設備。
隨著新材料(liao)、新工(gong)藝的出現，更(geng)為(wei)先進耐用(yong)的可(ke)再充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)也在不(bu)斷出現。國外最新開發的固(gu)態聚合物(wu)（電(dian)(dian)解(jie)質）鋰(li)離(li)子電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)、鋰(li)金屬(shu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)不(bu)僅解(jie)決了漏液問題，而(er)且電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的容量更(geng)大，體積更(geng)小，更(geng)為(wei)安全可(ke)靠，它們必將成為(wei)極有潛力(li)的新一代(dai)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)產品。
3．鎳氫／鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)池與鋰離子(zi)電(dian)池的差異(yi)
1）質量方面。以(yi)每一個單(dan)元電池的電壓來看，鎳氫(qing)與鎳鎘都是1．2V，而鋰離子電池卻為3．6V，鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)池的電(dian)(dian)壓是前兩者(zhe)的3倍。并且同型電池(chi)(chi)的質(zhi)量(liang)鋰離子電池(chi)(chi)與鎳鎘(ge)電池(chi)(chi)幾乎(hu)相等(deng)，而(er)鎳氫電池(chi)(chi)卻比較重(zhong)。每(mei)一(yi)種電池(chi)(chi)本身質(zhi)量(liang)不同，但(dan)鋰離子電池(chi)(chi)因3．6V高電壓，在(zai)輸出同(tong)等電壓的情況下使單個電池組合時數(shu)目可減(jian)少 1/3而使成型(xing)后(hou)的電池質量和(he)體(ti)積減小(xiao)。
2）記憶(yi)效應。鎳氫電(dian)池有(you)惰性效應；鎳鎘電(dian)池有(you)記憶(yi)效應，因此，定(ding)期(qi)的(de)(de)放(fang)電(dian)管(guan)理(li)(li)也(ye)是必需的(de)(de)。這(zhe)種定(ding)期(qi)放(fang)電(dian)管(guan)理(li)(li)屬(shu)于模糊狀(zhuang)態下被動處理(li)(li)，甚至也(ye)有(you)些在不正確的(de)(de)情況下進行(xing)放(fang)電(dian)（每次(ci)放(fang)電(dian)或(huo)者使用幾次(ci)后進行(xing)放(fang)電(dian)都因電(dian)池生產廠的(de)(de)不同(tong)而有(you)所(suo)差異）， 這種繁瑣的放電管理在(zai)使用鎳鎘/鎳氫電池時是無法避免的。相對的鋰離子電池因為完全沒有記憶效應，在使用上非常方便簡單，它完全不必考慮二次電池殘余電壓的多少，直接可進行充電，充電時間自然可以縮短。
記憶(yi)效(xiao)(xiao)應是充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)一(yi)(yi)大天敵，一(yi)(yi)般認為是長期不正確的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導致(zhi)的(de)，它(ta)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)早衰(shuai)。記憶(yi)效(xiao)(xiao)應可(ke)(ke)(ke)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)無法有效(xiao)(xiao)地充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，出(chu)現一(yi)(yi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)就滿、一(yi)(yi)用就完的(de)現象。防(fang)止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)出(chu)現記憶(yi)效(xiao)(xiao)應的(de)方法是確保電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)“充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)足放(fang)(fang)(fang)光(guang)”的(de)原則(ze)，也(ye)就是說在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)前(qian)最(zui)好將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內殘余電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量放(fang)(fang)(fang)光(guang)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時要一(yi)(yi)次(ci)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)足。通常鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)容(rong)易出(chu)現記憶(yi)效(xiao)(xiao)應，所(suo)以(yi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時要特別注意(yi)，鎳氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)理(li)論上沒有記憶(yi)效(xiao)(xiao)應，但最(zui)好也(ye)遵循“充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)足放(fang)(fang)(fang)光(guang)”的(de)原則(ze)，這也(ye)就是很多充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器提供放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)附加功能(neng)的(de)原因。對(dui)于(yu)由于(yu)記憶(yi)效(xiao)(xiao)應引起容(rong)量下降的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)通過一(yi)(yi)次(ci)性充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)足再一(yi)(yi)次(ci)性放(fang)(fang)(fang)光(guang)的(de)方法反復數(shu)次(ci)，大部分電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)都可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)得到修復。
3）自放電率。鎳鎘(ge)電池的(de)自放電率為15％～30％（月）， 鎳氫電池(chi)的自放電率為25％～35％（月），鋰離子電(dian)(dian)池的自放(fang)電(dian)(dian)率為(wei)2％～5％（月），鎳氫(qing)電(dian)池的自放電(dian)率最(zui)大，而鋰離子電(dian)池的自放電(dian)率最(zui)低。
4）充(chong)電方(fang)式。充(chong)電電池(chi)的(de)充(chong)電方(fang)式一直是人們關心的(de)焦點，正確、良(liang)好(hao)的(de)充(chong)電方(fang)法可以確保電池(chi)的(de)壽命。充(chong)電電池(chi)推薦(jian)的(de)充(chong)電方(fang)法多種多樣，不同的(de)充(chong)電方(fang)法對充(chong)電器的(de)電路結構有不同的(de)要求，自然影(ying)響(xiang)到成本。
電(dian)池充電(dian)時間和(he)充電(dian)電(dian)流的(de)關系為(wei)電(dian)池容量除以(yi)充電(dian)電(dian)流得(de)到充電(dian)時間，考(kao)慮充電(dian)過程中的(de)損(sun)耗，所(suo)以(yi)將計算得(de)到的(de)充電(dian)時間應(ying)再乘以(yi)1．2這個(ge)常數。
對(dui)于鎳鎘和(he)鎳氫電池最(zui)常(chang)用(yong)的簡單充電方(fang)法(fa)是(shi)利用(yong)10％C恒流充(chong)電(dian)，又被稱為“慢充(chong)”，即(ji)按(an)照電(dian)流容量數值的(de)10％確(que)定充電電流(liu)，如一節標稱(cheng)容量(liang)為(wei)500mAh的電池，它的建議充電電流為50mA；又(you)如一節(jie)標(biao)稱容量為1300mAh的(de)電池，它(ta)的(de)建議充電電流為13 0 mA。在此電流下連續充電12～15 h就(jiu)可以視為(wei)電(dian)池充(chong)滿。雖然建議(yi)使用恒流充(chong)電(dian)但要求并不嚴格，電(dian)流允許有較大的(de)波動(dong)，所以按照此(ci)方法(fa)制作的(de)充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)結構非常簡單，一(yi)般(ban)只(zhi)需要一(yi)個(ge)將220V市電(dian)轉換(huan)成(cheng)適當低壓(ya)的(de)變壓(ya)器(qi)、整流的(de)二極(ji)管、限流電(dian)阻以(yi)及一(yi)些發(fa)光二極(ji)管等指示裝(zhuang)置構(gou)成(cheng)低成(cheng)本的(de)充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)，市面上(shang)絕大部(bu)分獨立常規(gui)充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)都采(cai)用這種方式，只不(bu)過外形不(bu)同罷了。“慢充(chong)”雖然比較(jiao)簡(jian)單(dan)，但是給(gei)電(dian)池充(chong)一(yi)次(ci)電(dian)需要(yao)十(shi)多個小(xiao)時，為此，電(dian)池廠商也允許在急需使用時用 3 0％C的電流給電池充(chong)電 4～5 h，稱之為“快(kuai)充”，不過不建議常(chang)用，理論上對電(dian)池(chi)有(you)輕微的損害。所以大部分(fen)常(chang)規充電(dian)器都有(you)“快(kuai)充”和“慢充”兩(liang)擋，并(bing)建議用戶使用“慢充”。
在很多情況下用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶需(xu)要(yao)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池快(kuai)速(su)(su)、有(you)效(xiao)、安全地充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，快(kuai)速(su)(su)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)就需(xu)要(yao)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)較大的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池在大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中會出現(xian)極化(hua)效(xiao)應(ying)，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池發熱，而且(qie)當大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)滿后，如果不及時(shi)停(ting)止，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池會迅(xun)速(su)(su)發熱，嚴重時(shi)可導致電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池燒毀和爆炸。所以要(yao)求快(kuai)速(su)(su)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器具備充(chong)滿自停(ting)功(gong)能，同時(shi)也(ye)(ye)要(yao)解決極化(hua)效(xiao)應(ying)，使充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)高效(xiao)安全。早期的快(kuai)速(su)(su)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)簡(jian)單(dan)的定時(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，不過此類充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器針對(dui)性(xing)強(qiang)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)果也(ye)(ye)不令(ling)人滿意。現(xian)代的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)專用(yong)(yong)(yong)的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)控(kong)制IC，以高頻脈動(dong)電(dian)流給電(dian)池充(chong)(chong)電(dian)以解決極化(hua)效(xiao)應(ying)，通(tong)過(guo)檢測電(dian)池一(yi)出準確(que)判斷電(dian)池是否充(chong)(chong)滿，并提供溫度保護(hu)等(deng)保護(hu)措(cuo)施(shi)和放電(dian)等(deng)附加功(gong)能。不過(guo)這種充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器(qi)結(jie)構比較(jiao)復雜，成(cheng)本也比較(jiao)高，一(yi)般多用于移動(dong)電(dian)話、對講機等(deng)高檔通(tong)信設備(bei)及(ji)電(dian)器(qi)。
6．各種電池的優缺點(dian)
鎳鎘電(dian)池最(zui)為(wei)堅固耐用，每塊鎳鋼(gang)電(dian)池的電(dian)壓為(wei)1．2V，多數應用需要多個電池串聯或并聯才(cai)能(neng)滿足要求。鎳(nie)鎘電池應用中的最(zui)大問(wen)題是它具有記憶效應，這一點嚴重限(xian)制了它在高(gao)端(duan)設備中的應用。
考慮(lv)到回收和環保(bao)問(wen)題，鎳(nie)(nie)(nie)鎘(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)其他產品中的應用也較(jiao)(jiao)少。與其他電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)相比，鎳(nie)(nie)(nie)鎘(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的耗電(dian)(dian)(dian)率、使(shi)用壽命都令人非常滿意，而且在(zai)極差的溫(wen)度(du)條件下(xia)也能(neng)保(bao)持(chi)良好的性能(neng)。但是(shi)，盡管鎳(nie)(nie)(nie)鎘(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)比較(jiao)(jiao)經濟，但它的電(dian)(dian)(dian)量也較(jiao)(jiao)低，相同的鎳(nie)(nie)(nie)鎘(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)工作時間(jian)大約只有(you)鎳(nie)(nie)(nie)氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的一半，因此多數鎳(nie)(nie)(nie)鎘(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)都沉重(zhong)且體積龐大。
鎳(nie)氫電(dian)池(chi)沒(mei)有鎳(nie)鎘(ge)電(dian)池(chi)那么堅固耐用(yong)，在能量密度上也無法與(yu)鋰(li)離子(zi)電(dian)池(chi)競(jing)爭，但與(yu)鎳(nie)鎘(ge)電(dian)池(chi)相比它具有更佳的性價比。鎳(nie)氫電(dian)池(chi)的電(dian)壓與(yu)鎳(nie)鎘(ge)電(dian)池(chi)的相同，每塊電(dian)池(chi)為1．2V。由于主要(yao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池應用市場如(ru)筆記本電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腦(nao)及(ji)移動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話開始(shi)轉(zhuan)為(wei)使用鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)研發有(you)(you)所放緩，從理(li)論上(shang)說，現有(you)(you)鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量也快接(jie)近(jin)其極限。因此，目前的(de)研發主要(yao)是增強其耐(nai)用性，以便適用于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)工具和(he)混合電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車等其他(ta)市場。
從鋰(li)(li)離子電池開始(shi)進入(ru)市(shi)場至今已十(shi)幾年，由于日益成熟(shu)，鋰(li)(li)離子電池也(ye)(ye)變得更為堅固耐用，價(jia)格也(ye)(ye)有(you)所下降(jiang)。單個鋰(li)(li)離子電池的(de)電壓(ya)力(li)3．7V，與三節(jie)鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)或鎳氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)一樣。能量密度高(gao)和自(zi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)低(di)是鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在市場上(shang)成功(gong)的(de)(de)法寶(bao)，目前這種電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)還開發增加了許多新的(de)(de)性(xing)能。例(li)如，鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)廠(chang)商正在開發無需(xu)保(bao)護(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路的(de)(de)產品，以便進一步降低(di)其(qi)成本。
1．2．1 鎳鎘電池的結構與特性
1899年，Waldmar Jungner在(zai)開(kai)口型鎳鎘(ge)電池中首先使用了鎳極板，幾乎與此同時，Thomas Edison發明了用于電動車的鎳鎘電池。但因當(dang)時這(zhe)些堿(jian)性蓄電池的極板材料比(bi)其他蓄電池的村料貴得多，因此(ci)實際(ji)應用受(shou)到(dao)了極大的限制(zhi)。Jungner的(de)鎳(nie)鎘電池(chi)經過幾次重要(yao)改進(jin)，性(xing)能明顯改善。其中最重要(yao)的(de)改進(jin)是在1932年，在鎳電池(chi)中開始使用了(le)活性物質(zhi)。將(jiang)活性物質(zhi)放人多孔的鎳極板中，然后(hou)再將(jiang)鎳極板裝人金屬殼內。鎳鎘電池(chi)發(fa)展史上另一個重要的里程碑是(shi)1947年密(mi)封型鎳鎘電(dian)池研(yan)制成功(gong)。在這(zhe)種電(dian)池中，化(hua)學(xue)反(fan)應產(chan)生的(de)各種氣體不用排(pai)出，可以在電(dian)池內部化(hua)合。密(mi)封鎳鋼電(dian)池的(de)研(yan)制成功(gong)，使鎳鋼電(dian)池的(de)應用范圍(wei)大大增加.
1．鎳鎘電池的特性
鎳鎘(NiCd)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)要求恒(heng)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)進行恒(heng)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的同時檢測電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和其他參數。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓第一次下降了一個-ΔU時終止(zhi)快速充電(dian)。為避免(mian)損(sun)壞電(dian)池(chi)，電(dian)池(chi)溫(wen)度過(guo)低時不能開始(shi)快速充電(dian)，電(dian)池(chi)溫(wen)度 Tmin低于 100C時，應(ying)轉入涓(juan)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)方式。而電(dian)(dian)池(chi)溫度(du)一旦達到規定數值后，必須(xu)立即停止(zhi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)。密封鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)池(chi)效率高、循環壽(shou)命長、能(neng)量(liang)密度(du)大、體(ti)積(ji)小、質(zhi)量(liang)輕、結(jie)構緊(jin)湊(cou)，并且不(bu)需(xu)要維護，因(yin)此在工業(ye)和消(xiao)費產品(pin)中得到了廣泛的應(ying)用。
(1）鎳鋼電池的基本特性。
l）鎳鎘電(dian)池可重復(fu)500次以上(shang)的充放(fang)電，非常經濟。
2）鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)池內阻小(xiao)，可供大電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)，放(fang)電(dian)(dian)時電(dian)(dian)壓的(de)變化很小(xiao)，作為(wei)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源是(shi)一(yi)種質(zhi)量極佳的(de)電(dian)(dian)池。
3）因(yin)為(wei)鎳鎘電(dian)池采用完(wan)全密封式，因(yin)此不會(hui)有電(dian)解液漏出的(de)現象(xiang)，也完(wan)全不需要補充電(dian)解液。
4）與其他(ta)種類(lei)電池相比，鎳鎘電池可耐過(guo)充電或過(guo)放電，操(cao)作簡單方便(bian)。
5）鎳鎘電池在(zai)長時間的放置下也(ye)不會使性(xing)能劣化，當充(chong)分充(chong)完(wan)電后即可恢復(fu)原來的特性(xing)。
6）鎳鎘(ge)電池可使用在很廣的溫度(du)范圍內(nei)。
7）因(yin)為鎳鎘電池采用金屬容(rong)器，因(yin)此具有機械(xie)的堅固性。
(2）鎳(nie)鎘(ge)電池放電特性。
l）鎳鎘電(dian)池放電(dian)電(dian)壓依據其放電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)多少有些差異，大體上是1．2V左右。
2）當放(fang)電(dian)(dian)達到放(fang)電(dian)(dian)終(zhong)了的極(ji)限電(dian)(dian)壓稱之為(wei)“放(fang)電(dian)(dian)終(zhong)止電(dian)(dian)壓”，鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)池的放(fang)電(dian)(dian)終(zhong)止電(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)1．0 V／單格。
3）鎳鎘電(dian)池(chi)使用(yong)溫度范(fan)圍為一20～
4）鎳(nie)鎘電池(chi)可為一30～
5）鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)池在充電(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態(tai)或者(zhe)是放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態(tai)保存都可以，但是比較之下放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態(tai)可使容量較早(zao)恢復并且較易(yi)被激活。
6）當鎳鎘電池在長(chang)時間放(fang)置(zhi)后，使用前必須(xu)充分地充電后再使用。
2．鎳鎘(ge)電池(chi)參數
鎳(nie)鎘(ge)電池的5個主要參數為：電池的容量、標稱電壓、內阻、放電終止電壓和充電終止電壓。電池的容量通常用Ah（安(an)時）表(biao)示，1Ah就是能在(zai)1A的電(dian)流(liu)下放電(dian)1h。單元(yuan)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內活性物(wu)質(zhi)的(de)數量(liang)決(jue)(jue)定單元(yuan)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)含(han)有的(de)電(dian)(dian)荷(he)量(liang)，而(er)活性物(wu)質(zhi)的(de)含(han)量(liang)則(ze)由電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)使用(yong)的(de)材料(liao)和體(ti)積決(jue)(jue)定，因(yin)此，通常電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)體(ti)積越(yue)(yue)大，容量(liang)越(yue)(yue)高。與電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)容量(liang)相關(guan)的(de)一(yi)個參數是電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)。電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)通常用(yong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)速(su)率C表示(shi)，C為電池的額定(ding)容(rong)量。例如，用2A電流對1Ah電池充電，充電速率就是2C；同樣地，用(yong)2A電流對(dui)500mAh電(dian)池充電(dian)，充電(dian)速(su)率就是 4C。
電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)剛出(chu)廠時，正負極之間的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢差稱為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)標稱電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。標稱電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓由極板材料的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位和內部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液的(de)濃度(du)決定。當環(huan)境溫度(du)、使用時間和工(gong)作(zuo)狀(zhuang)態變(bian)化時，單元(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓略有變(bian)化，此外，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)剩(sheng)余電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量也有一定的(de)關系。單元(yuan)鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)標稱電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓約為1．2V（但(dan)一般認為是(shi)1．25V）.
電(dian)池的內阻決定(ding)于極(ji)板的電(dian)阻和(he)離子(zi)流的阻抗(kang)，在充(chong)放電(dian)過程中，極(ji)板的電(dian)阻是不變的，但是離子(zi)流的阻抗(kang)將隨電(dian)解液濃度的變化和(he)帶電(dian)離子(zi)的增(zeng)減而變化。
電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充足電(dian)(dian)時(shi)，極板上的活性物質已達到飽和(he)狀態，再(zai)繼續(xu)充電(dian)(dian), ，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)也不會上升，此(ci)時(shi)的電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)稱為充電(dian)(dian)終止電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的充電(dian)(dian)終止電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為1．7 5～1．8V。
放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終(zhong)止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)是指電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時允許的(de)最低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。如果(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)低于放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終(zhong)止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)后電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池繼續(xu)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池兩端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)會迅速下降，形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)深度放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，這樣極板上形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)生成(cheng)(cheng)物在正常(chang)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時就不(bu)易(yi)再恢(hui)復，從而影響電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)壽命。放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終(zhong)止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)和放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率有關。鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終(zhong)止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)和放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速率的(de)