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USB充電器套件制作

USB充電器套件制作原理解說

     USB充電器套件,又名MP3MP4充電器,輸入AC160-240V,50/60Hz,額定輸出:DC 5V250mA(標簽貼紙為500mA,如果要長期輸出更大電流,請更換Q1為13003)。MP3和MP4在全國范圍大量流行,不過作為日常用品的充電器由于直接和220V高壓相連,具有故障率較高,容易損壞的特點,特別是買到那些不成熟的產品后,真是苦不看言。最后,受學校老師委托,我們聯系到了一款成熟量產的充電器套件,現在一同給(gei)廣大電(dian)子愛好者分享(xiang)。

說明:
      為(wei)了(le)簡化電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路,達(da)到(dao)學習(xi)目(mu)地,圖(tu)中用(yong)1歐的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻F1起(qi)到(dao)保險絲(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong),用(yong)一個二極(ji)管D1完成(cheng)整流(liu)作用(yong)。接通(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源后(hou),C1會有(you)300V左右的(de)(de)(de)(de)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya),通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)R2給(gei)Q1的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)極(ji)提供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu),Q1的(de)(de)(de)(de)發射(she)極(ji)有(you)R1電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)檢測(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻R1,Q1基(ji)極(ji)得電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou),會經(jing)過(guo)(guo)(guo)T1的(de)(de)(de)(de)(3、4)產(chan)生(sheng)集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu),并同時在T1的(de)(de)(de)(de)(5、6)(1、2)上產(chan)生(sheng)感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya),這兩個次(ci)級絕(jue)緣的(de)(de)(de)(de)圈(quan)數相(xiang)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)線圈(quan),其(qi)中T1(1、2)輸(shu)(shu)出由D7整流(liu)、C5濾波后(hou)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)USB座給(gei)負(fu)載供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian);其(qi)中T1(5、6)經(jing)D6整流(liu)、C2濾波后(hou)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)IC1(實為(wei)4.3V穩(wen)壓(ya)(ya)管)、Q2組成(cheng)取樣比(bi)較電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路,檢測(ce)輸(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)高(gao)低(di);其(qi)中T1(5、6)、C3、R4還組成(cheng)Q1三極(ji)管的(de)(de)(de)(de)正反饋(kui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路,讓Q1工作在高(gao)頻振蕩,不停的(de)(de)(de)(de)給(gei)T1(3、4)開關(guan)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。當(dang)負(fu)載變(bian)輕或者電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)變(bian)高(gao)等任何原因導(dao)致輸(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)升高(gao)時,T1(5、6)、IC1取樣比(bi)較導(dao)致Q2導(dao)通(tong)(tong),Q1基(ji)極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)減小(xiao)(xiao),集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)減小(xiao)(xiao),負(fu)載能力變(bian)小(xiao)(xiao),從而導(dao)致輸(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)降低(di);當(dang)輸(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)降低(di)后(hou),Q2取樣后(hou)又會截止,Q1的(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)載能力變(bian)強(qiang),輸(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)又會升高(gao);這樣起(qi)到(dao)自動穩(wen)壓(ya)(ya)作用(yong)。

本電(dian)(dian)路(lu)雖然(ran)元件少,但是還設計有過流(liu)過載(zai)(zai)短路(lu)保護功(gong)能(neng)(neng)。當(dang)負載(zai)(zai)過載(zai)(zai)或(huo)者(zhe)短路(lu)時(shi),Q1的(de)(de)集電(dian)(dian)極電(dian)(dian)流(liu)大增,而Q1的(de)(de)發射(she)極電(dian)(dian)阻R1會(hui)產生較高的(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)降(jiang),這(zhe)個過載(zai)(zai)或(huo)者(zhe)短路(lu)產生的(de)(de)高電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)會(hui)經過R3讓Q2飽和導通,從(cong)而讓Q1截止(zhi)(zhi)停止(zhi)(zhi)輸(shu)出(chu)防止(zhi)(zhi)過載(zai)(zai)損壞。因此,改(gai)變R1的(de)(de)大小,可以改(gai)變負載(zai)(zai)能(neng)(neng)力(li),如(ru)(ru)果(guo)(guo)要求輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)小,例如(ru)(ru)只需要輸(shu)出(chu)5V100MA,可以將R1阻值(zhi)改(gai)大。當(dang)然(ran),如(ru)(ru)果(guo)(guo)需要輸(shu)出(chu)5V500MA的(de)(de)話(hua),就需要將R1適當(dang)改(gai)小。注意:R1改(gai)小會(hui)增加燒(shao)壞Q1的(de)(de)可能(neng)(neng)性(xing),如(ru)(ru)果(guo)(guo)需要大電(dian)(dian)流(liu)輸(shu)出(chu),建議更換13003、13007中大功(gong)率管。

C4、R5、D5起(qi)什么作用呢?T1變壓(ya)器(qi)是電(dian)(dian)感元件,Q1工作在開(kai)關狀態,當Q1截止時(shi),會在集(ji)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)感應出很(hen)高(gao)的電(dian)(dian)壓(ya),這個(ge)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)可(ke)(ke)能高(gao)達1000伏(fu)以上,這會使(shi)Q1擊穿損(sun)壞(huai),現(xian)在有(you)了(le)高(gao)速開(kai)關管D5,這個(ge)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)可(ke)(ke)以給(gei)C4充電(dian)(dian),吸收這個(ge)高(gao)壓(ya),C4充電(dian)(dian)后可(ke)(ke)以立即通過R5放電(dian)(dian),這樣Q1不(bu)會因集(ji)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)的高(gao)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)擊穿損(sun)壞(huai)了(le),因此(ci),這三個(ge)元件如(ru)有(you)開(kai)關或(huo)者損(sun)壞(huai),Q1是非常危險的,分(fen)分(fen)秒秒都(dou)可(ke)(ke)能會損(sun)壞(huai)。

給的大家收到貨后(hou)(hou),先熟悉一(yi)下電路原(yuan)理圖,分析一(yi)下原(yuan)理,再測量一(yi)下各元(yuan)件,最后(hou)(hou)再小(xiao)心來裝配。

安裝注意事項:

       安裝之前請不要(yao)急(ji)于動手,應(ying)先(xian)查閱(yue)相(xiang)關的技術資料以及本說明,然后對照(zhao)原理圖(tu),了(le)解印刷電(dian)路板、元(yuan)件(jian)清單,并分清各(ge)元(yuan)件(jian),了(le)解各(ge)元(yuan)件(jian)的特點(dian)、作用、功能,同時核對元(yuan)件(jian)數量(liang)。

注:
      Z1、D2、D3、D4,IC1本種組(zu)裝沒(mei)有配備,電路板(ban)(ban)是(shi)(shi)設計的(de)(de)多用途的(de)(de),本套件只(zhi)(zhi)用到半波整流,只(zhi)(zhi)有一(yi)個1N4007整流,請大家不要自己多裝其它的(de)(de)二極管,參考圖中(zhong)樣(yang)(yang)板(ban)(ban)做就行了(le),樣(yang)(yang)板(ban)(ban)已經測(ce)試(shi)過是(shi)(shi)OK的(de)(de),在工(gong)廠做過的(de)(de)朋友就知道,工(gong)廠都是(shi)(shi)按照樣(yang)(yang)板(ban)(ban)生產的(de)(de)。

正(zheng)確插入元件,按照從低到(dao)高、從小到(dao)大(da)的順利安(an)裝(zhuang),極性要符合規定(ding)。對(dui)于手工(gong)安(an)裝(zhuang),元件應(ying)分批安(an)裝(zhuang)。如此板先電阻→二極管→三極管→電容→變壓(ya)器→USB座

1、Q1、Q2千(qian)萬不要(yao)裝錯,Q1應選(xuan)用耐壓500V以(yi)上具有開(kai)關特性的管(guan)子,Q2耐壓幾十(shi)伏就(jiu)行了,Q2適合選(xuan)放(fang)大特性好的管(guan)子,這兩種管(guan)子的管(guan)腳(jiao)排列可能會不同常(chang)規,請以(yi)測量為準。

2、IC1、D6請千萬不(bu)要裝錯,同樣是(shi)玻(bo)璃封裝的(de)二極管(guan),一個是(shi)4.3V的(de)穩壓二極管(guan),一個普通二極管(guan),其中(zhong)IC1只是(shi)PCB板上(shang)的(de)符號,二極管(guan)只占(zhan)用兩個PCB元件(jian)孔(kong)。

3、1N4007、FR107、1N5819請(qing)不(bu)裝(zhuang)錯,1N4007是(shi)低(di)頻(pin)(pin)二(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan),FR107是(shi)高頻(pin)(pin)高壓(ya)(ya)二(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan),1N5819是(shi)低(di)電壓(ya)(ya)高頻(pin)(pin)肖特基(ji)二(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan),都是(shi)不(bu)能裝(zhuang)錯位置的。(代換(huan)關(guan)系:FR107可(ke)以代替1N4007,反之則(ze)不(bu)行;而1N5819則(ze)不(bu)能用其它二(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)代替,1N5819的導通電壓(ya)(ya)很(hen)低(di),相當于鍺管(guan)的導通電壓(ya)(ya),因此,低(di)電壓(ya)(ya)整流效(xiao)(xiao)率很(hen)高,如果一(yi)定要用其它二(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)代替,則(ze)出輸出功率下(xia)載,發熱(re)嚴重,效(xiao)(xiao)率變低(di)。)

記住:FR104(7)是高頻輸出整流二極管,1N4007才是電源整流二極管。
通電測試線路板:
       
仔細檢(jian)查線(xian)路板(ban)安裝無(wu)誤后,要(yao)通電(dian)試(shi)板(ban)時,可以(yi)在(zai)PCB板(ban)直接(jie)焊一個(ge)220V插頭線(xian),為了(le)安全(quan)起見,請大家先在(zai)電(dian)源串聯一個(ge)10W的白(bai)熾燈(deng)泡,以(yi)防(fang)止短(duan)路或者接(jie)錯,千萬(wan)注意安全(quan),還有(you),元件一不小(xiao)心(xin)就燒壞了(le),燒壞了(le)需(xu)要(yao)再買才行。如果安裝無(wu)誤,用(yong)萬(wan)用(yong)表可以(yi)測(ce)得USB

1腳(jiao)和4腳(jiao)應有5V的(de)電(dian)壓輸出(chu),電(dian)源指示燈亮,確認電(dian)路板裝配無誤。

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