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在不同溫度下使用充電器給電池充電

      可(ke)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)可(ke)以(yi)在一個較寬的(de)(de)溫度范(fan)(fan)圍內(nei)使用。然而這并(bing)不(bu)默認可(ke)在同(tong)樣(yang)的(de)(de)溫度范(fan)(fan)圍內(nei)進行充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)。當(dang)無(wu)法避免在較熱或(huo)較冷(leng)的(de)(de)環境充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時,使用者必需(xu)對充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程進行一些(xie)控(kong)制。最(zui)好還(huan)是讓電(dian)(dian)池(chi)在合適的(de)(de)溫度下充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)。

  

  鎳(nie)(nie)鎘電(dian)(dian)池(chi):一般情(qing)況下,這種老(lao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)技術(shu)更能耐受在極(ji)端(duan)溫度下充電(dian)(dian)。鎳(nie)(nie)鎘電(dian)(dian)池(chi)能在一小時(shi)或更短的(de)(de)時(shi)間內快速充電(dian)(dian),但這樣(yang)的(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)限制(zhi)在5°C到(dao)(dao)45°C范圍內進行,如在更理想(xiang)的(de)(de)溫度范圍(10°C到(dao)(dao)25°C)充電(dian)(dian)可以得到(dao)(dao)更好的(de)(de)效果。


  在5°C以下充(chong)(chong)電時(shi)需要減(jian)慢(man)充(chong)(chong)電速率至0.1C(即標稱容量1/10的(de)電流(liu),比如電池是2000毫安小時(shi)的(de)容量,使用200毫安進行充(chong)(chong)電),這(zhe)是為了(le)與充(chong)(chong)電反應中生成的(de)氫和氧的(de)吸收速率相一(yi)致。由于(yu)在低溫度(du)時(shi)氫氧結合速率減(jian)慢(man),充(chong)(chong)的(de)太快會(hui)電池內壓(ya)力(li)大幅增加(jia),最(zui)終(zhong)使電池排出氣體。這(zhe)樣充(chong)(chong)過的(de)電池以后就再也達不到(dao)它的(de)標稱容量了(le)。


  一些需要在低溫時進行快速充電的工業電池內面有一層電熱層以維持電池溫度達到可接受值。一旦充電溫度達到可接受值,充電時發生的氣體結合這一特定過程也能產生一些熱量來輔助保持溫度。理想的充電器能自動調(diao)整(zheng)以獲得氣體結合與充(chong)(chong)電電流之間的平衡。(在(zai)不放出氣體的情況下(xia)盡(jin)可能大(da)的充(chong)(chong)電電流)


  鎳(nie)氫(qing)(qing)電(dian)(dian)池相比(bi)鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)(dian)池對高低溫(wen)下充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)的耐受性要低許多。鎳(nie)氫(qing)(qing)電(dian)(dian)池不能在(zai)10°C以(yi)下進行快速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian),在(zai)0°C以(yi)下連慢(man)速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)都不行。一(yi)些專門設(she)(she)計的工業充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器能調整充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)速率(lv)以(yi)適應當前的溫(wen)度,民用級消費品由于對價格敏感(gan),一(yi)般不設(she)(she)計成(cheng)包含溫(wen)度傳感(gan)器的。

  

  在更高的(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du)時(shi),鎳基電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)接(jie)受力大幅度(du)的(de)(de)(de)下(xia)降。在通常室溫(wen)下(xia)能(neng)(neng)提供100%充(chong)(chong)電(dian)容(rong)量的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)在45°C時(shi)只能(neng)(neng)充(chong)(chong)進75%的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量,在60°C時(shi)只能(neng)(neng)充(chong)(chong)進45%的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量。這與一些汽車充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器在夏天時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)低性(xing)能(neng)(neng)相印證。

  

  鋰離子電池(chi)在(zai)高低溫(wen)度(du)時(shi)的(de)性能都挺好(hao)。其可接受(shou)的(de)充(chong)電溫(wen)度(du)范圍是(shi)0°C到(dao)45°C。另外推薦(jian)在(zai)0°C到(dao)5°C時(shi)時(shi)將充(chong)電速率降到(dao)1C以下。

  

  民用消(xiao)費級鋰離子電池(chi)不能在(zai)(zai)0度以(yi)下充(chong)電,這點(dian)(dian)很重要。雖(sui)然電池(chi)外殼在(zai)(zai)冰點(dian)(dian)以(yi)下充(chong)電看起(qi)來很正(zheng)常,但電池(chi)的(de)阻(zu)抗會升(sheng)高并且電極(ji)接受離子的(de)能力急劇下降。

  

  最(zui)麻煩的(de)(de)是在電(dian)(dian)(dian)極上含(han)鋰金(jin)屬的(de)(de)部(bu)分產生的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)鍍反(fan)應。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)率越高,電(dian)(dian)(dian)鍍反(fan)應越顯著,在很低的(de)(de)溫度下長期充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)會對外殼安全性構成(cheng)危害。電(dian)(dian)(dian)鍍反(fan)應的(de)(de)效果(guo)(guo)將是永(yong)久性的(de)(de),無論(lun)經過多少個充(chong)放(fang)循環(huan)都無法(fa)回(hui)復。用戶(hu)所不知道的(de)(de)是,這樣的(de)(de)一個電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)將變得更(geng)易損直至(zhi)失效。如果(guo)(guo)被刺破、碾壓或(huo)大(da)速(su)率充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian),最(zui)終的(de)(de)結果(guo)(guo)是爆出氣體及火焰(yan)。

  

  優質充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器在(zai)低(di)(di)溫時(shi)會(hui)減(jian)小充(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流并且避(bi)免整個充(chong)(chong)電(dian)過程低(di)(di)于0度(du)。在(zai)給一個冷電(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)時(shi),可以將外殼加溫再充(chong)(chong)電(dian)。在(zai)低(di)(di)溫時(shi)放(fang)電(dian)不會(hui)對鋰離子電(dian)池(chi)有什么損(sun)害。當(dang)然在(zai)低(di)(di)溫環(huan)境下整個電(dian)池(chi)效能的降(jiang)低(di)(di)也是(shi)顯(xian)而易(yi)見的。

  

  有些特制的鋰離子電池允許(xu)低(di)溫充電(dian)。這些電(dian)池殼體是(shi)用(yong)軍(jun)用(yong)材(cai)料或航空材(cai)料制(zhi)作(zuo)的。這些電(dian)池的低(di)粘(zhan)度電(dian)解質減少(shao)了容(rong)量/體積(ji)比(bi)率及循環壽命。除了低(di)效能外,高(gao)價格(ge)也影響了消費者對這些產品的關注。

  

  在高溫環境時使用鋰離子電池也(ye)有一(yi)些(xie)需(xu)要關注的安全(quan)性(xing)問題,尤其是電池含有鈷或鎳電極時(shi)。把一(yi)個充(chong)滿(man)電的或已經過度(du)充(chong)電的電池升(sheng)溫(wen),會導(dao)致自發(fa)性(xing)發(fa)熱(re)失(shi)控(溫(wen)升(sheng)導(dao)致反應(ying)加快,反應(ying)過程放出的熱(re)又導(dao)致溫(wen)度(du)繼續上升(sheng),正(zheng)反饋(kui)循環(huan)導(dao)致失(shi)控)。電充(chong)的越(yue)(yue)滿(man),導(dao)致發(fa)熱(re)失(shi)控所需(xu)要的熱(re)量(liang)就(jiu)越(yue)(yue)少。錳(meng)基電池的熱(re)穩定性(xing)更好并且充(chong)滿(man)電或過充(chong)時(shi)也(ye)不會喪失(shi)穩定。

  

  鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)能適當忍受一(yi)些極(ji)端溫度,因為我們對自己(ji)汽車的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)比較熟悉。部分耐受性要歸功(gong)于鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)系統的機能遲鈍。部分品牌(pai)允許零(ling)度及以下時充電(dian)(dian),其它的則會承受損害并降(jiang)低容量和縮(suo)短使用壽(shou)命。

  

  為(wei)改善鉛酸(suan)電(dian)池在低(di)溫(wen)時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)充電(dian)性能以及(ji)避免(mian)在升溫(wen)時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)發(fa)熱(re)失控,控制充電(dian)滿時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)電(dian)壓極限非常(chang)重要。進行量測調整可以延長電(dian)池壽命15%。一般的(de)(de)建議每攝(she)氏度補償(chang)量約(yue)為(wei)3mV。電(dian)壓調整使(shi)用負系數,意即溫(wen)度上升時(shi)(shi)電(dian)壓的(de)(de)閾值降低(di)。

  

  熱是電池殺手。電池越(yue)熱,壽命(ming)越(yue)短(duan)。很多情況(kuang)下升溫(wen)無法避免,尤其在(zai)快(kuai)速充(chong)電的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)候,但盡量使這個(ge)時(shi)(shi)間縮短(duan)。在(zai)45°C時(shi)(shi)短(duan)時(shi)(shi)間充(chong)電還可以接(jie)受,50°C或以上(shang)時(shi)(shi)電池就開始受損(sun)了。請注意電池殼體內的(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du)總是比室溫(wen)要高幾(ji)度(du)的(de)(de)。

  

超快速充電器

   

  一(yi)些充電(dian)器制造商聲(sheng)稱能達(da)(da)到驚人的(de)(de)30分鐘(zhong)以內的(de)(de)充電(dian)時間。使(shi)用平衡的(de)(de)很好的(de)(de)電(dian)池并在適度(du)的(de)(de)室溫下進行(xing)操作,專為快速充電(dian)設計的(de)(de)鎳鎘電(dian)池的(de)(de)確(que)能達(da)(da)到這(zhe)(zhe)么(me)快的(de)(de)速度(du)。要(yao)達(da)(da)到這(zhe)(zhe)個速度(du),只需要(yao)通過大電(dian)流(liu)充電(dian)先充到70%的(de)(de)充電(dian)周期。

  

  在(zai)充電(dian)(dian)周(zhou)期(qi)的第二(er)階段(duan),充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流必需減少。吸收電(dian)(dian)能的效率在(zai)電(dian)(dian)池快充滿時逐漸降低。在(zai)充電(dian)(dian)周(zhou)期(qi)后半段(duan)如果(guo)仍保持大(da)電(dian)(dian)流,多余(yu)的能量就會(hui)轉化成熱量及很高的電(dian)(dian)池壓(ya)力。最后導(dao)致排(pai)氣,放(fang)出氧(yang)氣及氫氣。放(fang)出氣體不僅會(hui)耗(hao)損電(dian)(dian)解質,它們(men)還都是(shi)易燃的!白色(se)粉狀(zhuang)物在(zai)排(pai)氣孔(kong)周(zhou)圍積聚表明(ming)之前發生(sheng)過排(pai)氣。

  

  超快(kuai)速充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)只能應用于專門為快(kuai)速充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設計的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。對普通充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)進行(xing)這(zhe)種大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)會(hui)使導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通路(lu)被(bei)加熱(re)。對于一些(xie)使用彈簧式壓(ya)緊(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)盒,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)接觸(chu)處(chu)(chu)的(de)發熱(re)效(xiao)應被(bei)低估了。這(zhe)些(xie)接觸(chu)處(chu)(chu)使用大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可能產(chan)(chan)(chan)生永久損(sun)傷。通常,一個細小的(de)幾乎不(bu)可見(jian)的(de)焊坑(keng)會(hui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)生在接觸(chu)處(chu)(chu)尖(jian)端,繼而導(dao)至電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)阻抗上升或(huo)接觸(chu)不(bu)良斷路(lu)。不(bu)良接觸(chu)處(chu)(chu)在大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)下產(chan)(chan)(chan)生的(de)熱(re)量一般會(hui)導(dao)致塑料(liao)熔(rong)化。較(jiao)高的(de)接觸(chu)壓(ya)緊(jin)力(li)可以減(jian)少電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻和(he)熱(re)量。

  

  老舊的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)有較大(da)(da)的(de)內(nei)阻(zu),所以不(bu)配對的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)不(bu)能(neng)放一(yi)起進行快速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)。即使它(ta)們都是快充(chong)(chong)型電(dian)(dian)池(chi)。內(nei)阻(zu)大(da)(da)的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)生(sheng)熱(re)快,從而使電(dian)(dian)池(chi)狀況繼續惡化(hua)。差的(de)(舊的(de))電(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量也(ye)降低(di)了,它(ta)們比(bi)正常(chang)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)更早充(chong)(chong)滿并開始快速升(sheng)溫。一(yi)些電(dian)(dian)池(chi)產生(sheng)的(de)熱(re)量足(zu)以讓(rang)塑料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)盒軟(ruan)化(hua)變形。


  許多制造商還提供脈沖充電器。在(zai)充電(dian)脈(mo)沖之(zhi)間分(fen)布放電(dian)脈(mo)沖可以(yi)很大的(de)提(ti)升充電(dian)效果。這個方法促(cu)進(jin)了氧氣(qi)和氫氣(qi)的(de)重新結合(he),使(shi)內(nei)壓和溫度降低。脈(mo)沖充電(dian)還能減少(shao)鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)池結晶效應(ying)(記憶效應(ying))。多(duo)數用(yong)于鎳(nie)基電(dian)池的(de)Cadex充電(dian)器都(dou)使(shi)用(yong)了這種技(ji)術。


  一些(xie)高級充(chong)電器能根據電池(chi)特性調整(zheng)充(chong)電電流。一個(ge)空的充(chong)電電池(chi)先使(shi)用大電流充(chong),在充(chong)到(dao)大半時,電流逐漸縮小。舊電池(chi)也能根據情況自(zi)動(dong)充(chong)到(dao)一個(ge)合適的程度(du)。

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