充電器(Charger)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)種為蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置(zhi)提供能量的(de)(de)設(she)(she)備(bei)，廣泛用(yong)于手(shou)(shou)機、相機、MP3、MP4等(deng)常見數(shu)(shu)碼(ma)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)。市場上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)都是(shi)(shi)(shi)配售充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器，使(shi)用(yong)市電(dian)(dian)(dian)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，但是(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)些沒(mei)有(you)市電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)場合或者(zhe)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源插座(zuo)不兼容、偏遠地區、旅行中，特(te)別(bie)是(shi)(shi)(shi)沒(mei)有(you)任(ren)(ren)(ren)何電(dian)(dian)(dian)源情(qing)況下不方便充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時，設(she)(she)計的(de)(de)多(duo)源數(shu)(shu)碼(ma)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器可以(yi)在(zai)任(ren)(ren)(ren)何情(qing)況下進(jin)行充電(dian)(dian)(dian)：沒(mei)有(you)市電(dian)(dian)(dian)，可以(yi)用(yong)2節1．5 V干電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，沒(mei)有(you)干電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)也(ye)可用(yong)3．7 V內部蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，即使(shi)沒(mei)有(you)任(ren)(ren)(ren)何充電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)備(bei)，也(ye)可以(yi)用(yong)手(shou)(shou)壓發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機來給(gei)(gei)數(shu)(shu)碼(ma)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)。以(yi)上(shang)(shang)介紹的(de)(de)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)本充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)特(te)別(bie)之處(chu)(chu)，也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)該設(she)(she)計的(de)(de)特(te)別(bie)之處(chu)(chu)：即隨時隨地給(gei)(gei)數(shu)(shu)碼(ma)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

　　1 設計要求

　　參照國家有關標準，移動通信(xin)手持機充電器應符合(he)如(ru)下要求：

　　1)輸(shu)入電(dian)(dian)壓(ya) 交流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)器輸(shu)入額度(du)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)范圍應為100～240 V，容差為±10％。

　　2)輸出電(dian)壓 充電(dian)器的額度輸出電(dian)壓應為直流5 V，容(rong)差為±5％。

　　3)輸出電(dian)流 充(chong)電(dian)器的額度輸出電(dian)流范圍(wei)應為300～1 800 mA。

　　4)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)波紋 ①輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流波紋：輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(90～264 V)時(shi)，模擬(ni)負載上(shang)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)范圍(wei)(1．50～4．75 V)，輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)波紋極限小于等于100 mA峰值(zhi)(zhi)。②輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)波紋：輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(90～264 V)時(shi)，模擬(ni)負載上(shang)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)范圍(wei)(1．50～4．75 V)，輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)波紋極限小于等于200 mV峰值(zhi)(zhi)。③短(duan)路電(dian)(dian)(dian)流：輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(90～264V)時(shi)，負載短(duan)路，短(duan)路電(dian)(dian)(dian)流限值(zhi)(zhi)小于950 mA。

　　5)電(dian)流(liu)倒灌 在(zai)任何(he)情(qing)況下，無論充電(dian)器是否插上電(dian)源(yuan)，由手持機測流(liu)向充電(dian)器的電(dian)流(liu)應不大于(yu)5 mA。

　　6)無負載(zai)能量消(xiao)耗輸入電壓(100～240 V)時，負載(zai)開(kai)路，輸出波紋(wen)極限小于300 mW。

　　7)充(chong)電器(qi)平均(jun)效率(lv) 充(chong)電器(qi)平均(jun)效率(lv)應不(bu)小(xiao)于(yu)50％。

　　8)干電池充電設計要求 充電電流不(bu)高于200 mA。

　　2 系(xi)統整體設計

　　充電(dian)器分(fen)為高壓、充電(dian)管(guan)理、升壓、邏輯控制照明(ming)燈(deng)、內(nei)部蓄(xu)電(dian)池、干電(dian)池、手(shou)動按壓等(deng)功能模(mo)塊(kuai)。系統整體(ti)結構框(kuang)圖(tu)如圖(tu)1所示。

　　2．1 高壓模塊

　　該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路接通(tong)(tong)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)220 V經(jing)(jing)整流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)橋后，形成直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，經(jing)(jing)C1，C2濾(lv)波(bo)后，該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)經(jing)(jing)開(kai)關(guan)變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器T1的(de)(de)1，2引(yin)腳(jiao)施加到三極(ji)管(guan)VQ2的(de)(de)C極(ji)，同時(shi)該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)三極(ji)管(guan)VQ2的(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)(ji)極(ji)(B)提供一個(ge)正向(xiang)偏(pian)置電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，使三極(ji)管(guan)VQ2導(dao)通(tong)(tong)。R4，無極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容C4和(he)肖特基(ji)(ji)(ji)二極(ji)管(guan)VD3起保(bao)護作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。此時(shi)振(zhen)蕩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路開(kai)始工作(zuo)，開(kai)關(guan)變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器T1的(de)(de)l，2腳(jiao)中有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)，在(zai)變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器T1的(de)(de)3，4腳(jiao)的(de)(de)感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻R12加到三極(ji)管(guan)VQ2的(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)(ji)極(ji)，使VQ2的(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)(ji)極(ji)導(dao)通(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)加大，迅速進入飽和(he)區。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)大于(yu)0．5 A，U2導(dao)通(tong)(tong)，把VQ2的(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)(ji)極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)拉低，集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(C)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)開(kai)始減少，變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器T1的(de)(de)1，2引(yin)腳(jiao)產生的(de)(de)磁通(tong)(tong)量也開(kai)始減少。VQ3部分為(wei)(wei)限流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)，當R23，R24增大時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)減少，減少時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)增大。TL431為(wei)(wei)恒流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)源，輸(shu)出穩定的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)5 V，使光耦工作(zuo)，這(zhe)樣(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中才不斷的(de)(de)產生振(zhen)蕩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，在(zai)變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器Tl的(de)(de)6引(yin)腳(jiao)感應出一個(ge)5 V的(de)(de)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，經(jing)(jing)二極(ji)管(guan)VD4整流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容C4，C5濾(lv)波(bo)后，通(tong)(tong)過(guo)標準USB為(wei)(wei)外部數碼產品充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。圖(tu)2為(wei)(wei)高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)模(mo)塊電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路圖(tu)。

　　2．2 充電管理器件BQ2057

　　此充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器中(zhong)，接通市電(dian)(dian)(dian)后為(wei)內部蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)同時(shi)，此器件的(de)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)4．2 V，從而(er)(er)通過SMT插座為(wei)外部數(shu)碼產品充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。在充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流開始恒流并且逐(zhu)漸下降，而(er)(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓逐(zhu)漸上(shang)升最后恒壓。電(dian)(dian)(dian)流接近零時(shi)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)完成。

　　2．3 邏輯控制照明(ming)燈模(mo)塊

　　當(dang)接入干電(dian)池時，按一(yi)(yi)下開關燈亮，再按一(yi)(yi)下燈滅(mie)。這(zhe)個模塊里(li)的燈為手電(dian)筒(tong)用于照明，其電(dian)流不超過200 mA。

　　3 PCB設計

　　通常的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電器都為(wei)單(dan)面(mian)板，并(bing)且(qie)體積(ji)比較(jiao)小，而(er)研(yan)制的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電器為(wei)雙面(mian)板，考(kao)慮到充(chong)(chong)電器外(wai)殼的(de)(de)形狀(zhuang)和大(da)小，所(suo)以元器件(jian)貼(tie)片的(de)(de)較(jiao)多；因為(wei)有手壓裝置，所(suo)以要注意元器件(jian)的(de)(de)擺(bai)放位置。

　　4 數據測量

　　根據國家(jia)(jia)標準的要(yao)求，在實(shi)驗(yan)中：1)當(dang)輸(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)范圍在90～264 V之(zhi)間時，空載(zai)(zai)時輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)在4．77～4．96 V，輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)在O．31～0．32 A；2)在測(ce)(ce)試電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)波(bo)紋(wen)時，噪(zao)聲很(hen)少，輸(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)90～260 V時模(mo)擬負(fu)載(zai)(zai)上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為1．49～4．75 V，輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)波(bo)紋(wen)限(xian)值150 mA／5．6 Ω～160 mA／11 Ω；3)在測(ce)(ce)試電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)波(bo)紋(wen)時，輸(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)90～260 V時模(mo)擬負(fu)載(zai)(zai)上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為1．49～4．75 V，輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)波(bo)紋(wen)限(xian)值150～160 mV；4)當(dang)輸(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)9～260 V負(fu)載(zai)(zai)短路時，短路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)限(xian)值540～800 mA：5)當(dang)輸(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)100～260 V空載(zai)(zai)時功(gong)率消耗限(xian)值為2．9 mA×100 V～1 mAx240 V；6)當(dang)輸(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)220 V，輸(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)12 mA時輸(shu)入(ru)功(gong)率為640 mW。輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)5．1 V，輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)0．3 A時輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)功(gong)率為1 530 mW：7)平均效率為57％；8)測(ce)(ce)量過(guo)程中電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)無倒灌現象。此測(ce)(ce)試結果表明本充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)完全(quan)符合(he)國家(jia)(jia)標準。

　　利用高(gao)壓(ya)模塊和(he)充電(dian)(dian)管(guan)理模塊為(wei)外部數碼產品充電(dian)(dian)，并且給出充電(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)中電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和(he)電(dian)(dian)流的測(ce)試數據(ju)及其變化趨勢。

　　1)通過(guo)市電(dian)利用標準USB給外部數碼產(chan)品充電(dian)，電(dian)池為(wei)910mAh，每隔l min記一次電(dian)壓(ya)和電(dian)流的(de)變化，此實驗的(de)數據(ju)如表1。充電(dian)過(guo)程電(dian)壓(ya)電(dian)流變化趨勢如圖(tu)3所示(shi)，從(cong)圖(tu)3中可明(ming)顯(xian)看出，充電(dian)過(guo)程的(de)電(dian)壓(ya)由(you)開(kai)始5．28 V