充電器(Charger)是一(yi)種為蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置提供能量(liang)的設備(bei)(bei)，廣泛用于手(shou)機(ji)、相機(ji)、MP3、MP4等常見數(shu)碼產(chan)品(pin)。市(shi)場上(shang)的產(chan)品(pin)都是配售充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，使用市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，但(dan)是有(you)(you)些沒(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的場合或者電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源插座不兼(jian)容、偏遠地(di)(di)區、旅(lv)行中，特別是沒(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)任(ren)何電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源情(qing)況下不方便充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，設計(ji)(ji)的多源數(shu)碼充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)可(ke)以(yi)在任(ren)何情(qing)況下進行充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)：沒(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可(ke)以(yi)用2節1．5 V干(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，沒(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)干(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)也可(ke)用3．7 V內部蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，即(ji)使沒(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)任(ren)何充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)(bei)，也可(ke)以(yi)用手(shou)壓(ya)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)來給(gei)(gei)數(shu)碼產(chan)品(pin)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。以(yi)上(shang)介紹的就(jiu)是本充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的特別之處，也是該設計(ji)(ji)的特別之處：即(ji)隨(sui)時隨(sui)地(di)(di)給(gei)(gei)數(shu)碼產(chan)品(pin)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

　　1 設計要求

　　參照國家有關標準(zhun)，移動(dong)通(tong)信手(shou)持機充(chong)電器應(ying)符合(he)如下(xia)要求：

　　1)輸入電壓 交流充(chong)電器輸入額度交流電壓范圍應(ying)為100～240 V，容差為±10％。

　　2)輸(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)壓 充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)的額度(du)輸(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)壓應為(wei)直(zhi)流5 V，容差(cha)為(wei)±5％。

　　3)輸出(chu)電流 充(chong)電器的(de)額度輸出(chu)電流范(fan)圍應為300～1 800 mA。

　　4)輸(shu)(shu)出波(bo)紋 ①輸(shu)(shu)出電(dian)流波(bo)紋：輸(shu)(shu)入電(dian)壓(90～264 V)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，模(mo)擬負載上(shang)的電(dian)壓范圍(wei)(1．50～4．75 V)，輸(shu)(shu)出波(bo)紋極(ji)限小于(yu)等(deng)于(yu)100 mA峰值。②輸(shu)(shu)出電(dian)壓波(bo)紋：輸(shu)(shu)入電(dian)壓(90～264 V)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，模(mo)擬負載上(shang)的電(dian)壓范圍(wei)(1．50～4．75 V)，輸(shu)(shu)出波(bo)紋極(ji)限小于(yu)等(deng)于(yu)200 mV峰值。③短路電(dian)流：輸(shu)(shu)入電(dian)壓(90～264V)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，負載短路，短路電(dian)流限值小于(yu)950 mA。

　　5)電流倒灌 在任何(he)情(qing)況下(xia)，無論充電器是(shi)否插上電源(yuan)，由手持機測(ce)流向(xiang)充電器的電流應不大于(yu)5 mA。

　　6)無(wu)負載能量消耗(hao)輸入(ru)電壓(100～240 V)時，負載開(kai)路，輸出波紋極限小于(yu)300 mW。

　　7)充(chong)(chong)電器平(ping)均效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv) 充(chong)(chong)電器平(ping)均效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)應(ying)不小于(yu)50％。

　　8)干電池充電設計要求 充電電流不(bu)高于(yu)200 mA。

　　2 系(xi)統整體設計

　　充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)分為高壓(ya)、充電(dian)(dian)管(guan)理(li)、升壓(ya)、邏輯控(kong)制照明燈、內部蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)、干電(dian)(dian)池(chi)、手(shou)動按壓(ya)等功能模(mo)塊。系統整體結構框圖如圖1所示。

　　2．1 高壓模塊

　　該(gai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路接通(tong)(tong)交流(liu)220 V經(jing)整流(liu)橋后，形成直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，經(jing)C1，C2濾波后，該(gai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)經(jing)開(kai)關(guan)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)T1的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1，2引(yin)腳施(shi)加到三(san)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管VQ2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)C極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，同時(shi)該(gai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)三(san)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管VQ2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(B)提供一個(ge)正向偏置電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，使三(san)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管VQ2導(dao)通(tong)(tong)。R4，無極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容C4和肖特基(ji)二極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管VD3起保(bao)護(hu)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。此時(shi)振蕩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路開(kai)始工作(zuo)(zuo)，開(kai)關(guan)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)T1的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)l，2腳中有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)通(tong)(tong)過，在變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)T1的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)3，4腳的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)感應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)通(tong)(tong)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)R12加到三(san)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管VQ2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，使VQ2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)導(dao)通(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)加大(da)(da)，迅速進入飽和區。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大(da)(da)于0．5 A，U2導(dao)通(tong)(tong)，把(ba)VQ2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)拉低，集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(C)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)開(kai)始減(jian)(jian)少(shao)，變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)T1的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1，2引(yin)腳產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)磁(ci)通(tong)(tong)量也開(kai)始減(jian)(jian)少(shao)。VQ3部(bu)分為(wei)限流(liu)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)，當R23，R24增大(da)(da)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)減(jian)(jian)少(shao)，減(jian)(jian)少(shao)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)增大(da)(da)。TL431為(wei)恒流(liu)源，輸出(chu)穩定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)5 V，使光耦工作(zuo)(zuo)，這(zhe)樣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中才不斷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產生(sheng)振蕩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，在變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)Tl的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)6引(yin)腳感應(ying)出(chu)一個(ge)5 V的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，經(jing)二極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管VD4整流(liu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容C4，C5濾波后，通(tong)(tong)過標準USB為(wei)外(wai)部(bu)數碼產品充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。圖2為(wei)高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)模塊電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路圖。

　　2．2 充電管理器件BQ2057

　　此充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器中(zhong)，接(jie)通(tong)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)為(wei)(wei)內部(bu)(bu)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)同時，此器件的(de)輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)(wei)4．2 V，從而(er)通(tong)過(guo)SMT插座為(wei)(wei)外部(bu)(bu)數(shu)碼(ma)產品充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流開始恒流并且逐漸下降，而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓逐漸上(shang)升最后(hou)恒壓。電(dian)(dian)(dian)流接(jie)近零時，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)完成。

　　2．3 邏輯控制照明燈模塊

　　當接入干電池時(shi)，按一下開關燈亮(liang)，再按一下燈滅。這(zhe)個模(mo)塊里的燈為手電筒用于照明，其電流不超(chao)過(guo)200 mA。

　　3 PCB設計

　　通(tong)常的(de)(de)(de)充電(dian)器(qi)都為單面(mian)板，并且(qie)體積比較小，而研制的(de)(de)(de)充電(dian)器(qi)為雙面(mian)板，考慮(lv)到充電(dian)器(qi)外(wai)殼(ke)的(de)(de)(de)形狀和大小，所(suo)以元(yuan)器(qi)件(jian)貼片的(de)(de)(de)較多；因為有(you)手(shou)壓(ya)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)，所(suo)以要注意元(yuan)器(qi)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)擺(bai)放位置(zhi)。

　　4 數據測量

　　根據國(guo)家(jia)標準的要(yao)求，在(zai)實驗中：1)當(dang)(dang)(dang)輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)范圍在(zai)90～264 V之間時(shi)(shi)，空(kong)載時(shi)(shi)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)在(zai)4．77～4．96 V，輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)在(zai)O．31～0．32 A；2)在(zai)測試電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)波紋時(shi)(shi)，噪聲很少，輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)90～260 V時(shi)(shi)模擬(ni)負(fu)載上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為(wei)1．49～4．75 V，輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)波紋限(xian)值(zhi)150 mA／5．6 Ω～160 mA／11 Ω；3)在(zai)測試電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)波紋時(shi)(shi)，輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)90～260 V時(shi)(shi)模擬(ni)負(fu)載上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為(wei)1．49～4．75 V，輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)波紋限(xian)值(zhi)150～160 mV；4)當(dang)(dang)(dang)輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)9～260 V負(fu)載短(duan)路時(shi)(shi)，短(duan)路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)限(xian)值(zhi)540～800 mA：5)當(dang)(dang)(dang)輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)100～260 V空(kong)載時(shi)(shi)功(gong)率消耗限(xian)值(zhi)為(wei)2．9 mA×100 V～1 mAx240 V；6)當(dang)(dang)(dang)輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)220 V，輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)12 mA時(shi)(shi)輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)功(gong)率為(wei)640 mW。輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)5．1 V，輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)0．3 A時(shi)(shi)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)功(gong)率為(wei)1 530 mW：7)平(ping)均效率為(wei)57％；8)測量過程中電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)無倒灌現象。此測試結果表明本充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)完(wan)全(quan)符合國(guo)家(jia)標準。

　　利用(yong)高(gao)壓模(mo)塊(kuai)和(he)充電(dian)(dian)管理模(mo)塊(kuai)為外部數碼(ma)產品充電(dian)(dian)，并且(qie)給出充電(dian)(dian)過程中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)壓和(he)電(dian)(dian)流的測(ce)試數據及其變化趨勢。

　　1)通過(guo)(guo)市電(dian)(dian)利用標(biao)準(zhun)USB給外部(bu)數(shu)(shu)碼產品充電(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)池為910mAh，每隔(ge)l min記一次(ci)電(dian)(dian)壓和電(dian)(dian)流的變化，此實驗(yan)的數(shu)(shu)據(ju)如表1。充電(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程電(dian)(dian)壓電(dian)(dian)流變化趨勢如圖3所示，從圖3中可明(ming)顯看出(chu)，充電(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程的電(dian)(dian)壓由開始5．28 V