充電器(Charger)是(shi)一種(zhong)為(wei)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置提供能量的(de)(de)設備，廣泛用于手機、相(xiang)機、MP3、MP4等常見數(shu)碼(ma)產品。市(shi)場(chang)(chang)上的(de)(de)產品都是(shi)配(pei)售充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器，使(shi)用市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，但(dan)是(shi)有(you)些沒有(you)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)場(chang)(chang)合或者電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)插(cha)座不(bu)兼容、偏遠地區、旅行中，特(te)(te)別(bie)是(shi)沒有(you)任何電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)情況(kuang)下(xia)不(bu)方便充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，設計的(de)(de)多(duo)源(yuan)數(shu)碼(ma)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器可(ke)以(yi)在任何情況(kuang)下(xia)進行充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)：沒有(you)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可(ke)以(yi)用2節1．5 V干(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，沒有(you)干(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)也可(ke)用3．7 V內部(bu)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，即使(shi)沒有(you)任何充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備，也可(ke)以(yi)用手壓發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機來給(gei)數(shu)碼(ma)產品充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。以(yi)上介(jie)紹的(de)(de)就(jiu)是(shi)本充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)特(te)(te)別(bie)之處，也是(shi)該設計的(de)(de)特(te)(te)別(bie)之處：即隨時隨地給(gei)數(shu)碼(ma)產品充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

　　1 設計要求

　　參照國(guo)家(jia)有關標準，移動(dong)通信手持機(ji)充電(dian)器應符合如下(xia)要求：

　　1)輸入電(dian)壓(ya) 交流充電(dian)器輸入額度交流電(dian)壓(ya)范(fan)圍應為(wei)100～240 V，容差(cha)為(wei)±10％。

　　2)輸出(chu)電壓 充電器的額度(du)輸出(chu)電壓應為(wei)直流(liu)5 V，容差(cha)為(wei)±5％。

　　3)輸出電(dian)流 充電(dian)器的額度輸出電(dian)流范圍應為300～1 800 mA。

　　4)輸出(chu)波紋(wen) ①輸出(chu)電流(liu)(liu)(liu)波紋(wen)：輸入(ru)電壓(ya)(ya)(90～264 V)時(shi)，模擬(ni)負載上的電壓(ya)(ya)范(fan)圍(1．50～4．75 V)，輸出(chu)波紋(wen)極限(xian)(xian)小于等(deng)于100 mA峰值(zhi)。②輸出(chu)電壓(ya)(ya)波紋(wen)：輸入(ru)電壓(ya)(ya)(90～264 V)時(shi)，模擬(ni)負載上的電壓(ya)(ya)范(fan)圍(1．50～4．75 V)，輸出(chu)波紋(wen)極限(xian)(xian)小于等(deng)于200 mV峰值(zhi)。③短(duan)路電流(liu)(liu)(liu)：輸入(ru)電壓(ya)(ya)(90～264V)時(shi)，負載短(duan)路，短(duan)路電流(liu)(liu)(liu)限(xian)(xian)值(zhi)小于950 mA。

　　5)電(dian)流(liu)倒(dao)灌(guan) 在(zai)任何情況下，無論充電(dian)器(qi)是(shi)否(fou)插上電(dian)源(yuan)，由手持機測(ce)流(liu)向充電(dian)器(qi)的電(dian)流(liu)應不(bu)大于(yu)5 mA。

　　6)無負載能量消耗輸入(ru)電(dian)壓(100～240 V)時，負載開路，輸出波(bo)紋極限小(xiao)于300 mW。

　　7)充(chong)(chong)電器(qi)平(ping)均(jun)效(xiao)率 充(chong)(chong)電器(qi)平(ping)均(jun)效(xiao)率應不(bu)小于(yu)50％。

　　8)干電池充電設計要求 充電電流不(bu)高于200 mA。

　　2 系統整體設計

　　充(chong)電(dian)器分為高壓、充(chong)電(dian)管(guan)理、升壓、邏輯控制照明(ming)燈、內部蓄電(dian)池、干電(dian)池、手動按壓等功能模(mo)塊(kuai)。系統整(zheng)體結構框(kuang)圖如圖1所示。

　　2．1 高壓模塊

　　該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路接通(tong)(tong)交流(liu)220 V經(jing)整(zheng)流(liu)橋后(hou)，形成直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，經(jing)C1，C2濾波(bo)后(hou)，該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)經(jing)開關變壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)T1的(de)1，2引腳(jiao)(jiao)施加(jia)到三(san)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)VQ2的(de)C極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，同時該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)三(san)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)VQ2的(de)基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(B)提(ti)供一(yi)(yi)個(ge)正向偏置電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，使(shi)三(san)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)VQ2導通(tong)(tong)。R4，無(wu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容C4和肖特基(ji)二極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)VD3起保護(hu)作(zuo)用。此時振蕩(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路開始工作(zuo)，開關變壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)T1的(de)l，2腳(jiao)(jiao)中有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)通(tong)(tong)過，在變壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)T1的(de)3，4腳(jiao)(jiao)的(de)感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)通(tong)(tong)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻R12加(jia)到三(san)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)VQ2的(de)基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，使(shi)VQ2的(de)基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)導通(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)加(jia)大(da)(da)(da)，迅速進入(ru)飽和區。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大(da)(da)(da)于(yu)0．5 A，U2導通(tong)(tong)，把VQ2的(de)基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)拉低，集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(C)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)開始減少(shao)，變壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)T1的(de)1，2引腳(jiao)(jiao)產(chan)生的(de)磁通(tong)(tong)量也(ye)開始減少(shao)。VQ3部分為(wei)限流(liu)作(zuo)用，當R23，R24增大(da)(da)(da)時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)減少(shao)，減少(shao)時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)增大(da)(da)(da)。TL431為(wei)恒流(liu)源，輸出穩(wen)定的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)5 V，使(shi)光耦(ou)工作(zuo)，這樣(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中才不斷的(de)產(chan)生振蕩(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，在變壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)Tl的(de)6引腳(jiao)(jiao)感應出一(yi)(yi)個(ge)5 V的(de)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，經(jing)二極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)VD4整(zheng)流(liu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容C4，C5濾波(bo)后(hou)，通(tong)(tong)過標準USB為(wei)外部數碼產(chan)品充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。圖2為(wei)高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)模塊(kuai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路圖。

　　2．2 充電管理器件BQ2057

　　此(ci)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器中(zhong)，接通市電(dian)(dian)(dian)后為內(nei)部蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的同時(shi)，此(ci)器件(jian)的輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為4．2 V，從而通過SMT插座為外(wai)部數(shu)碼(ma)產品充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流開(kai)始恒流并(bing)且逐漸下降，而電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓逐漸上(shang)升(sheng)最后恒壓。電(dian)(dian)(dian)流接近零時(shi)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)完成。

　　2．3 邏輯控(kong)制照明燈模塊

　　當接入干電(dian)池時，按一下開關(guan)燈亮，再按一下燈滅。這個模塊里(li)的燈為手(shou)電(dian)筒用于(yu)照明，其電(dian)流不超過200 mA。

　　3 PCB設計

　　通常的充電器(qi)都為(wei)單面板，并且體積比較(jiao)小，而研制的充電器(qi)為(wei)雙(shuang)面板，考慮到充電器(qi)外殼的形狀和大小，所(suo)以(yi)元(yuan)器(qi)件貼(tie)片(pian)的較(jiao)多；因(yin)為(wei)有手壓裝(zhuang)置(zhi)，所(suo)以(yi)要注意(yi)元(yuan)器(qi)件的擺放位置(zhi)。

　　4 數據測量

　　根據國家標(biao)準(zhun)的要求，在(zai)實驗中：1)當(dang)輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)范圍在(zai)90～264 V之間時(shi)(shi)(shi)，空載時(shi)(shi)(shi)輸(shu)(shu)出直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)在(zai)4．77～4．96 V，輸(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)在(zai)O．31～0．32 A；2)在(zai)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)波紋時(shi)(shi)(shi)，噪聲(sheng)很(hen)少，輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)90～260 V時(shi)(shi)(shi)模擬負載上電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)1．49～4．75 V，輸(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)波紋限(xian)(xian)值(zhi)150 mA／5．6 Ω～160 mA／11 Ω；3)在(zai)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)波紋時(shi)(shi)(shi)，輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)90～260 V時(shi)(shi)(shi)模擬負載上電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)1．49～4．75 V，輸(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)波紋限(xian)(xian)值(zhi)150～160 mV；4)當(dang)輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)9～260 V負載短(duan)路時(shi)(shi)(shi)，短(duan)路電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)限(xian)(xian)值(zhi)540～800 mA：5)當(dang)輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)100～260 V空載時(shi)(shi)(shi)功(gong)率(lv)消耗限(xian)(xian)值(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)2．9 mA×100 V～1 mAx240 V；6)當(dang)輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)220 V，輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)12 mA時(shi)(shi)(shi)輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)(ru)功(gong)率(lv)為(wei)(wei)(wei)640 mW。輸(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)5．1 V，輸(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)0．3 A時(shi)(shi)(shi)輸(shu)(shu)出功(gong)率(lv)為(wei)(wei)(wei)1 530 mW：7)平均(jun)效率(lv)為(wei)(wei)(wei)57％；8)測(ce)(ce)量過程中電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)無(wu)倒灌現象。此(ci)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)結果表明本充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)完全符合(he)國家標(biao)準(zhun)。

　　利用高壓(ya)(ya)模塊(kuai)和(he)充電(dian)管理模塊(kuai)為(wei)外(wai)部數碼(ma)產(chan)品充電(dian)，并(bing)且給出(chu)充電(dian)過程中電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)和(he)電(dian)流(liu)的測試數據及其變化趨(qu)勢(shi)。

　　1)通過(guo)市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)利用標準(zhun)USB給外部數碼產品充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池為910mAh，每隔l min記一次電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)變(bian)化，此(ci)實(shi)驗的(de)數據如表1。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)變(bian)化趨勢(shi)如圖3所示，從圖3中可(ke)明顯(xian)看出，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓由開始5．28 V