充電器(Charger)是(shi)(shi)一種為蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置(zhi)提供能量(liang)的設備，廣(guang)泛用(yong)于(yu)手機、相機、MP3、MP4等常見數碼(ma)產品(pin)(pin)。市(shi)場上的產品(pin)(pin)都是(shi)(shi)配售充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器，使(shi)用(yong)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，但是(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)些沒(mei)有(you)(you)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的場合或者電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)插(cha)座不兼容、偏遠地區、旅行(xing)中，特別(bie)是(shi)(shi)沒(mei)有(you)(you)任何電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)情況(kuang)(kuang)下不方便(bian)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，設計的多源(yuan)數碼(ma)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器可(ke)以在任何情況(kuang)(kuang)下進行(xing)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)：沒(mei)有(you)(you)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，可(ke)以用(yong)2節1．5 V干電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，沒(mei)有(you)(you)干電(dian)(dian)(dian)池也可(ke)用(yong)3．7 V內部蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，即(ji)使(shi)沒(mei)有(you)(you)任何充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設備，也可(ke)以用(yong)手壓(ya)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機來給數碼(ma)產品(pin)(pin)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。以上介紹(shao)的就是(shi)(shi)本充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器的特別(bie)之處，也是(shi)(shi)該設計的特別(bie)之處：即(ji)隨時(shi)隨地給數碼(ma)產品(pin)(pin)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

　　1 設計要求

　　參照(zhao)國家(jia)有關標(biao)準，移(yi)動通信手持機充電(dian)器應符合如下要求：

　　1)輸入電壓 交(jiao)流充電器(qi)輸入額度交(jiao)流電壓范圍應為100～240 V，容差為±10％。

　　2)輸(shu)出電(dian)壓 充電(dian)器的額(e)度輸(shu)出電(dian)壓應為直流5 V，容差(cha)為±5％。

　　3)輸出電流 充電器的(de)額度輸出電流范圍應(ying)為300～1 800 mA。

　　4)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)波(bo)(bo)紋(wen) ①輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)流波(bo)(bo)紋(wen)：輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(90～264 V)時，模擬(ni)負(fu)載上的電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)范圍(1．50～4．75 V)，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)波(bo)(bo)紋(wen)極(ji)限小(xiao)于等于100 mA峰值(zhi)。②輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)波(bo)(bo)紋(wen)：輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(90～264 V)時，模擬(ni)負(fu)載上的電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)范圍(1．50～4．75 V)，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)波(bo)(bo)紋(wen)極(ji)限小(xiao)于等于200 mV峰值(zhi)。③短路電(dian)(dian)流：輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(90～264V)時，負(fu)載短路，短路電(dian)(dian)流限值(zhi)小(xiao)于950 mA。

　　5)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)倒灌(guan) 在任何情況下(xia)，無論充電(dian)器是(shi)否插上電(dian)源，由手(shou)持機測流(liu)(liu)向充電(dian)器的電(dian)流(liu)(liu)應不大于5 mA。

　　6)無負載能量消耗輸入(ru)電壓(100～240 V)時，負載開路，輸出波紋極限小(xiao)于(yu)300 mW。

　　7)充(chong)電器平(ping)均(jun)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv) 充(chong)電器平(ping)均(jun)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)應不小于50％。

　　8)干電池充電設計要求 充電電流不高于(yu)200 mA。

　　2 系統整體設計

　　充(chong)電(dian)器分為高壓、充(chong)電(dian)管理、升壓、邏輯控制照明燈、內部蓄電(dian)池(chi)、干電(dian)池(chi)、手動(dong)按(an)壓等功能模塊。系(xi)統(tong)整體結(jie)構框(kuang)圖(tu)如圖(tu)1所示。

　　2．1 高壓模塊

　　該(gai)(gai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)接通(tong)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)220 V經整流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)橋(qiao)后(hou)，形成直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，經C1，C2濾(lv)波(bo)后(hou)，該(gai)(gai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)經開關變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)T1的(de)(de)(de)(de)1，2引腳施加到三(san)(san)(san)極(ji)(ji)管VQ2的(de)(de)(de)(de)C極(ji)(ji)，同時(shi)該(gai)(gai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)三(san)(san)(san)極(ji)(ji)管VQ2的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(B)提供(gong)一(yi)個正向偏置電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，使三(san)(san)(san)極(ji)(ji)管VQ2導(dao)通(tong)。R4，無極(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容C4和(he)肖特基(ji)二極(ji)(ji)管VD3起保護作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。此(ci)時(shi)振(zhen)蕩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)開始(shi)(shi)工(gong)作(zuo)，開關變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)T1的(de)(de)(de)(de)l，2腳中有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)通(tong)過，在變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)T1的(de)(de)(de)(de)3，4腳的(de)(de)(de)(de)感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)通(tong)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻R12加到三(san)(san)(san)極(ji)(ji)管VQ2的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)極(ji)(ji)，使VQ2的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)極(ji)(ji)導(dao)通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)加大(da)，迅速進入飽(bao)和(he)區。當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)大(da)于0．5 A，U2導(dao)通(tong)，把(ba)VQ2的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)極(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)拉(la)低，集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(C)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)開始(shi)(shi)減少，變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)T1的(de)(de)(de)(de)1，2引腳產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)磁通(tong)量也開始(shi)(shi)減少。VQ3部分(fen)為(wei)限流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)，當(dang)R23，R24增大(da)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)減少，減少時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)增大(da)。TL431為(wei)恒流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)源(yuan)，輸出(chu)穩定的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)5 V，使光耦工(gong)作(zuo)，這(zhe)樣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中才不斷的(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)生(sheng)振(zhen)蕩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，在變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)Tl的(de)(de)(de)(de)6引腳感(gan)應出(chu)一(yi)個5 V的(de)(de)(de)(de)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，經二極(ji)(ji)管VD4整流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容C4，C5濾(lv)波(bo)后(hou)，通(tong)過標準USB為(wei)外(wai)部數碼(ma)產(chan)品充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。圖2為(wei)高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)模(mo)塊(kuai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)圖。

　　2．2 充電管理器件BQ2057

　　此(ci)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器中，接通市電(dian)(dian)后為內(nei)部(bu)蓄電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)的同(tong)時，此(ci)器件的輸出電(dian)(dian)壓為4．2 V，從(cong)而通過(guo)SMT插座(zuo)為外部(bu)數碼產(chan)品充(chong)電(dian)(dian)。在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中，電(dian)(dian)流(liu)開始恒流(liu)并且(qie)逐漸(jian)下降(jiang)，而電(dian)(dian)壓逐漸(jian)上(shang)升最后恒壓。電(dian)(dian)流(liu)接近零(ling)時，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)完(wan)成。

　　2．3 邏輯控制(zhi)照(zhao)明燈模塊

　　當接(jie)入干電(dian)池時(shi)，按一下(xia)開關燈(deng)亮(liang)，再按一下(xia)燈(deng)滅。這個模塊里的燈(deng)為手電(dian)筒用于照明，其電(dian)流不超過(guo)200 mA。

　　3 PCB設計

　　通常的充(chong)電器(qi)都(dou)為單(dan)面(mian)板(ban)，并且體積(ji)比較(jiao)小，而(er)研(yan)制的充(chong)電器(qi)為雙(shuang)面(mian)板(ban)，考慮到充(chong)電器(qi)外殼的形狀和大小，所(suo)以(yi)元器(qi)件(jian)貼片的較(jiao)多；因為有手壓(ya)裝置(zhi)，所(suo)以(yi)要(yao)注意元器(qi)件(jian)的擺放位(wei)置(zhi)。

　　4 數據測量

　　根據國家標準的要求(qiu)，在(zai)(zai)實(shi)驗中：1)當(dang)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)范(fan)圍(wei)在(zai)(zai)90～264 V之間時，空載時輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)在(zai)(zai)4．77～4．96 V，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流在(zai)(zai)O．31～0．32 A；2)在(zai)(zai)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流波(bo)(bo)紋時，噪(zao)聲很(hen)少，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)90～260 V時模擬負載上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)1．49～4．75 V，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流波(bo)(bo)紋限(xian)值150 mA／5．6 Ω～160 mA／11 Ω；3)在(zai)(zai)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)波(bo)(bo)紋時，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)90～260 V時模擬負載上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)1．49～4．75 V，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)波(bo)(bo)紋限(xian)值150～160 mV；4)當(dang)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)9～260 V負載短路時，短路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流限(xian)值540～800 mA：5)當(dang)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)100～260 V空載時功(gong)率消耗(hao)限(xian)值為(wei)2．9 mA×100 V～1 mAx240 V；6)當(dang)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)220 V，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流12 mA時輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)功(gong)率為(wei)640 mW。輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)5．1 V，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流0．3 A時輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)功(gong)率為(wei)1 530 mW：7)平均效率為(wei)57％；8)測(ce)(ce)量過(guo)程中電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流無倒灌現象(xiang)。此(ci)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)結(jie)果表明本充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)完全(quan)符合(he)國家標準。

　　利(li)用高壓模(mo)塊(kuai)和充電管理模(mo)塊(kuai)為外部數碼產品(pin)充電，并且給出充電過程中電壓和電流(liu)的測試數據及其變化(hua)趨勢。

　　1)通過(guo)(guo)市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)利(li)用(yong)標準USB給外(wai)部數碼產(chan)品充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池為910mAh，每隔(ge)l min記一(yi)次電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的變化(hua)，此實驗的數據如表(biao)1。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)變化(hua)趨勢如圖3所示(shi)，從圖3中可明顯看出，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓由開始5．28 V