充電器(Charger)是(shi)(shi)一種為蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置提供(gong)能量的(de)設備，廣泛用(yong)于手機(ji)、相機(ji)、MP3、MP4等常見數(shu)碼產(chan)(chan)(chan)品。市場(chang)(chang)上的(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品都是(shi)(shi)配售充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，使(shi)用(yong)市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，但是(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)些沒(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)場(chang)(chang)合或者電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源插座不兼(jian)容(rong)、偏遠地(di)區、旅行中(zhong)，特別(bie)是(shi)(shi)沒(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)任(ren)何電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源情(qing)況下(xia)不方便充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，設計(ji)的(de)多(duo)源數(shu)碼充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)可(ke)以在任(ren)何情(qing)況下(xia)進行充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)：沒(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可(ke)以用(yong)2節1．5 V干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，沒(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)也可(ke)用(yong)3．7 V內部蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，即使(shi)沒(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)任(ren)何充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備，也可(ke)以用(yong)手壓(ya)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)來給數(shu)碼產(chan)(chan)(chan)品充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。以上介紹的(de)就是(shi)(shi)本充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)特別(bie)之處，也是(shi)(shi)該設計(ji)的(de)特別(bie)之處：即隨時隨地(di)給數(shu)碼產(chan)(chan)(chan)品充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

　　1 設計要求

　　參照國家有關標準，移動通信手持機(ji)充電器(qi)應符合如下(xia)要求(qiu)：

　　1)輸(shu)(shu)入電(dian)壓 交流充電(dian)器輸(shu)(shu)入額度(du)交流電(dian)壓范圍(wei)應為(wei)100～240 V，容差為(wei)±10％。

　　2)輸(shu)出(chu)電壓 充電器的額度輸(shu)出(chu)電壓應為直流5 V，容差為±5％。

　　3)輸出(chu)電流(liu) 充電器的(de)額(e)度輸出(chu)電流(liu)范圍(wei)應為300～1 800 mA。

　　4)輸出(chu)(chu)(chu)波紋(wen)(wen) ①輸出(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流波紋(wen)(wen)：輸入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(90～264 V)時(shi)，模擬(ni)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)上(shang)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓范圍(1．50～4．75 V)，輸出(chu)(chu)(chu)波紋(wen)(wen)極(ji)限(xian)(xian)小于(yu)等于(yu)100 mA峰值。②輸出(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓波紋(wen)(wen)：輸入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(90～264 V)時(shi)，模擬(ni)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)上(shang)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓范圍(1．50～4．75 V)，輸出(chu)(chu)(chu)波紋(wen)(wen)極(ji)限(xian)(xian)小于(yu)等于(yu)200 mV峰值。③短路電(dian)(dian)(dian)流：輸入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(90～264V)時(shi)，負(fu)(fu)載(zai)短路，短路電(dian)(dian)(dian)流限(xian)(xian)值小于(yu)950 mA。

　　5)電(dian)流(liu)倒灌 在任何情(qing)況下，無論(lun)充電(dian)器是否(fou)插(cha)上電(dian)源，由手(shou)持機測流(liu)向充電(dian)器的電(dian)流(liu)應不大于5 mA。

　　6)無負載能量消耗輸入電壓(100～240 V)時，負載開路，輸出波紋極限(xian)小于300 mW。

　　7)充電(dian)器(qi)平均(jun)效率(lv) 充電(dian)器(qi)平均(jun)效率(lv)應不(bu)小于(yu)50％。

　　8)干電池充電設計要求 充電電流不高于(yu)200 mA。

　　2 系統整體(ti)設計(ji)

　　充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)分為高(gao)壓、充(chong)電(dian)(dian)管(guan)理、升壓、邏(luo)輯控(kong)制照明燈、內部(bu)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)、干電(dian)(dian)池(chi)、手動按壓等功能模塊(kuai)。系統整體結(jie)構框(kuang)圖如圖1所(suo)示。

　　2．1 高壓模塊

　　該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路接通(tong)(tong)(tong)交流(liu)(liu)220 V經(jing)整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)橋后(hou)，形成直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，經(jing)C1，C2濾(lv)波后(hou)，該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)經(jing)開(kai)關(guan)(guan)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)T1的(de)(de)1，2引(yin)腳(jiao)施(shi)加到三極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)VQ2的(de)(de)C極(ji)，同時(shi)該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)為三極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)VQ2的(de)(de)基極(ji)(B)提供一個(ge)正向偏(pian)置電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，使三極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)VQ2導通(tong)(tong)(tong)。R4，無極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容C4和肖特(te)基二極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)VD3起(qi)保護作(zuo)用。此時(shi)振蕩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路開(kai)始工作(zuo)，開(kai)關(guan)(guan)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)T1的(de)(de)l，2腳(jiao)中有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)，在(zai)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)T1的(de)(de)3，4腳(jiao)的(de)(de)感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)R12加到三極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)VQ2的(de)(de)基極(ji)，使VQ2的(de)(de)基極(ji)導通(tong)(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)加大，迅速進入(ru)飽和區。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)大于0．5 A，U2導通(tong)(tong)(tong)，把(ba)VQ2的(de)(de)基極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)拉低，集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(C)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)開(kai)始減(jian)(jian)少，變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)T1的(de)(de)1，2引(yin)腳(jiao)產(chan)生的(de)(de)磁(ci)通(tong)(tong)(tong)量也開(kai)始減(jian)(jian)少。VQ3部分為限流(liu)(liu)作(zuo)用，當R23，R24增大時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)減(jian)(jian)少，減(jian)(jian)少時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)增大。TL431為恒流(liu)(liu)源(yuan)，輸(shu)出(chu)穩定的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)5 V，使光耦工作(zuo)，這(zhe)樣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中才不斷的(de)(de)產(chan)生振蕩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，在(zai)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)Tl的(de)(de)6引(yin)腳(jiao)感應出(chu)一個(ge)5 V的(de)(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，經(jing)二極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)VD4整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容C4，C5濾(lv)波后(hou)，通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)標準USB為外部數碼產(chan)品(pin)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。圖2為高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)模塊電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路圖。

　　2．2 充電管理器件BQ2057

　　此充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，接通(tong)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)后為(wei)內部蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的同時(shi)，此器件的輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)4．2 V，從(cong)而通(tong)過SMT插座為(wei)外(wai)部數碼產品充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流開始恒流并(bing)且逐漸下降(jiang)，而電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓逐漸上升最后恒壓。電(dian)(dian)(dian)流接近(jin)零(ling)時(shi)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)完成。

　　2．3 邏(luo)輯控制照明燈模(mo)塊

　　當接(jie)入干電池時，按一(yi)下開(kai)關燈亮(liang)，再按一(yi)下燈滅(mie)。這個模塊里的燈為手電筒用于照明，其電流(liu)不超過200 mA。

　　3 PCB設計

　　通常的充電器(qi)都為單面板，并且(qie)體積比較小，而研制(zhi)的充電器(qi)為雙面板，考慮到(dao)充電器(qi)外殼的形狀(zhuang)和大(da)小，所以(yi)元器(qi)件貼片(pian)的較多；因為有(you)手壓裝置，所以(yi)要注(zhu)意(yi)元器(qi)件的擺放位(wei)置。

　　4 數據測量

　　根據國(guo)(guo)家標準的要求，在(zai)(zai)(zai)實驗中：1)當輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)范圍在(zai)(zai)(zai)90～264 V之間時(shi)，空載時(shi)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)在(zai)(zai)(zai)4．77～4．96 V，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)O．31～0．32 A；2)在(zai)(zai)(zai)測(ce)試電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)波(bo)紋時(shi)，噪聲很少，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)90～260 V時(shi)模擬負載上電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為1．49～4．75 V，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)波(bo)紋限值150 mA／5．6 Ω～160 mA／11 Ω；3)在(zai)(zai)(zai)測(ce)試電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)波(bo)紋時(shi)，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)90～260 V時(shi)模擬負載上電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為1．49～4．75 V，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)波(bo)紋限值150～160 mV；4)當輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)9～260 V負載短(duan)路時(shi)，短(duan)路電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)限值540～800 mA：5)當輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)100～260 V空載時(shi)功(gong)率消耗限值為2．9 mA×100 V～1 mAx240 V；6)當輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)220 V，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)12 mA時(shi)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)功(gong)率為640 mW。輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)5．1 V，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)0．3 A時(shi)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出功(gong)率為1 530 mW：7)平(ping)均效率為57％；8)測(ce)量過程(cheng)中電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)無(wu)倒灌現象(xiang)。此測(ce)試結果表(biao)明本充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器完(wan)全(quan)符合國(guo)(guo)家標準。

　　利(li)用高壓(ya)模塊和(he)充電(dian)管理模塊為外部數碼產品充電(dian)，并且給出(chu)充電(dian)過程中電(dian)壓(ya)和(he)電(dian)流的(de)測試(shi)數據(ju)及(ji)其變化趨勢。

　　1)通過市電利用標(biao)準USB給外部(bu)數(shu)碼產品充(chong)電，電池為910mAh，每隔l min記一次電壓和電流的變化，此實(shi)驗的數(shu)據如表1。充(chong)電過程(cheng)電壓電流變化趨(qu)勢如圖(tu)3所示，從圖(tu)3中可明顯看出，充(chong)電過程(cheng)的電壓由開始5．28 V