充電器(Charger)是(shi)一種為蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置提(ti)供能量(liang)的設(she)(she)備，廣(guang)泛(fan)用(yong)(yong)于手機、相(xiang)機、MP3、MP4等常見數碼(ma)產(chan)品(pin)。市場上(shang)的產(chan)品(pin)都是(shi)配售(shou)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，使(shi)用(yong)(yong)市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，但是(shi)有些沒有市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的場合或者電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源插座不(bu)兼容、偏遠地(di)區(qu)、旅行(xing)中(zhong)，特(te)(te)別是(shi)沒有任何(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源情況下不(bu)方便充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，設(she)(she)計的多(duo)源數碼(ma)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)在任何(he)(he)情況下進(jin)行(xing)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)：沒有市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可以(yi)(yi)(yi)用(yong)(yong)2節1．5 V干(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，沒有干(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)也可用(yong)(yong)3．7 V內部蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，即使(shi)沒有任何(he)(he)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)備，也可以(yi)(yi)(yi)用(yong)(yong)手壓(ya)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機來給數碼(ma)產(chan)品(pin)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)介紹的就是(shi)本充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的特(te)(te)別之處，也是(shi)該設(she)(she)計的特(te)(te)別之處：即隨時(shi)隨地(di)給數碼(ma)產(chan)品(pin)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

　　1 設計要求

　　參(can)照國家有關標(biao)準，移動(dong)通信(xin)手持(chi)機充電器應符合(he)如下要求：

　　1)輸(shu)入電(dian)壓(ya) 交流(liu)充電(dian)器輸(shu)入額度交流(liu)電(dian)壓(ya)范圍應為(wei)100～240 V，容差為(wei)±10％。

　　2)輸出電(dian)壓 充電(dian)器的額度輸出電(dian)壓應為直流(liu)5 V，容(rong)差(cha)為±5％。

　　3)輸出電(dian)流(liu) 充電(dian)器的額(e)度輸出電(dian)流(liu)范圍應(ying)為(wei)300～1 800 mA。

　　4)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)波(bo)(bo)紋 ①輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)流波(bo)(bo)紋：輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)(ru)電(dian)(dian)壓(90～264 V)時，模(mo)擬負(fu)載上的電(dian)(dian)壓范圍(1．50～4．75 V)，輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)波(bo)(bo)紋極限小于(yu)等(deng)(deng)于(yu)100 mA峰值。②輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓波(bo)(bo)紋：輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)(ru)電(dian)(dian)壓(90～264 V)時，模(mo)擬負(fu)載上的電(dian)(dian)壓范圍(1．50～4．75 V)，輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)波(bo)(bo)紋極限小于(yu)等(deng)(deng)于(yu)200 mV峰值。③短路(lu)電(dian)(dian)流：輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)(ru)電(dian)(dian)壓(90～264V)時，負(fu)載短路(lu)，短路(lu)電(dian)(dian)流限值小于(yu)950 mA。

　　5)電流倒灌 在任何(he)情(qing)況下，無論充電器是否插上電源，由手(shou)持機測流向(xiang)充電器的電流應不大于5 mA。

　　6)無負(fu)(fu)載能量消(xiao)耗輸入電壓(100～240 V)時，負(fu)(fu)載開(kai)路，輸出波(bo)紋極(ji)限小于(yu)300 mW。

　　7)充電器平均效(xiao)率(lv) 充電器平均效(xiao)率(lv)應不(bu)小于(yu)50％。

　　8)干電池充電設計要求 充電電流不高于200 mA。

　　2 系(xi)統整體設計(ji)

　　充電(dian)器分為高(gao)壓(ya)、充電(dian)管(guan)理、升壓(ya)、邏輯控制(zhi)照(zhao)明燈、內(nei)部蓄(xu)電(dian)池、干(gan)電(dian)池、手(shou)動按壓(ya)等功能(neng)模(mo)塊。系統整(zheng)體結構框圖如圖1所(suo)示。

　　2．1 高壓模塊

　　該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)接通交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)220 V經整流(liu)(liu)(liu)橋(qiao)后(hou)(hou)，形成(cheng)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，經C1，C2濾波后(hou)(hou)，該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)經開關變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)T1的(de)1，2引腳(jiao)施加(jia)到三極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管VQ2的(de)C極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，同時該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)為三極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管VQ2的(de)基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(B)提(ti)供一(yi)(yi)個正向偏置電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，使(shi)三極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管VQ2導(dao)通。R4，無(wu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)C4和肖特基(ji)二極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管VD3起保(bao)護(hu)作用。此時振(zhen)蕩(dang)(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)開始工(gong)作，開關變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)T1的(de)l，2腳(jiao)中有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)通過，在變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)T1的(de)3，4腳(jiao)的(de)感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)R12加(jia)到三極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管VQ2的(de)基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，使(shi)VQ2的(de)基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)導(dao)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)加(jia)大(da)，迅速進入飽和區(qu)。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)大(da)于(yu)0．5 A，U2導(dao)通，把VQ2的(de)基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)拉低，集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(C)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)開始減(jian)少(shao)(shao)，變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)T1的(de)1，2引腳(jiao)產生的(de)磁通量(liang)也開始減(jian)少(shao)(shao)。VQ3部分(fen)為限流(liu)(liu)(liu)作用，當R23，R24增大(da)時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)減(jian)少(shao)(shao)，減(jian)少(shao)(shao)時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)增大(da)。TL431為恒流(liu)(liu)(liu)源，輸(shu)出穩定的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)5 V，使(shi)光(guang)耦工(gong)作，這樣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中才不斷(duan)的(de)產生振(zhen)蕩(dang)(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，在變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)Tl的(de)6引腳(jiao)感應出一(yi)(yi)個5 V的(de)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，經二極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管VD4整流(liu)(liu)(liu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)C4，C5濾波后(hou)(hou)，通過標準USB為外(wai)部數碼產品充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。圖(tu)2為高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)模(mo)塊電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)圖(tu)。

　　2．2 充電管理器件BQ2057

　　此(ci)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)，接通市電(dian)(dian)(dian)后為(wei)內部(bu)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的同時，此(ci)器(qi)件的輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)4．2 V，從而通過SMT插座為(wei)外部(bu)數碼產(chan)品充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中(zhong)(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)開始恒流(liu)并且逐漸下(xia)降(jiang)，而電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)逐漸上升最后恒壓(ya)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)接近零時，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)完成。

　　2．3 邏(luo)輯控(kong)制照明燈模(mo)塊

　　當接入干電池時，按(an)一(yi)(yi)下(xia)開(kai)關燈(deng)亮，再(zai)按(an)一(yi)(yi)下(xia)燈(deng)滅。這個模塊里的(de)燈(deng)為手電筒用于照(zhao)明(ming)，其電流不(bu)超過200 mA。

　　3 PCB設計

　　通常的充電(dian)器(qi)(qi)都為(wei)單面(mian)(mian)板，并且體積比較小(xiao)，而研制的充電(dian)器(qi)(qi)為(wei)雙面(mian)(mian)板，考(kao)慮到充電(dian)器(qi)(qi)外(wai)殼的形狀和大小(xiao)，所以元器(qi)(qi)件貼片的較多；因為(wei)有手壓裝置，所以要注意元器(qi)(qi)件的擺放位置。

　　4 數據測量

　　根據國(guo)家(jia)標(biao)準(zhun)的要求(qiu)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)實驗(yan)中(zhong)：1)當(dang)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)范圍在(zai)(zai)(zai)90～264 V之(zhi)間時(shi)，空載(zai)(zai)(zai)時(shi)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)在(zai)(zai)(zai)4．77～4．96 V，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流在(zai)(zai)(zai)O．31～0．32 A；2)在(zai)(zai)(zai)測試(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流波紋時(shi)，噪聲很少，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)90～260 V時(shi)模(mo)擬負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)(zai)上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為1．49～4．75 V，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流波紋限(xian)值(zhi)(zhi)150 mA／5．6 Ω～160 mA／11 Ω；3)在(zai)(zai)(zai)測試(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)波紋時(shi)，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)90～260 V時(shi)模(mo)擬負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)(zai)上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為1．49～4．75 V，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)波紋限(xian)值(zhi)(zhi)150～160 mV；4)當(dang)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)9～260 V負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)(zai)短(duan)路時(shi)，短(duan)路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流限(xian)值(zhi)(zhi)540～800 mA：5)當(dang)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)100～260 V空載(zai)(zai)(zai)時(shi)功(gong)率(lv)消耗限(xian)值(zhi)(zhi)為2．9 mA×100 V～1 mAx240 V；6)當(dang)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)220 V，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流12 mA時(shi)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)功(gong)率(lv)為640 mW。輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)5．1 V，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流0．3 A時(shi)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)功(gong)率(lv)為1 530 mW：7)平均效率(lv)為57％；8)測量(liang)過程中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流無倒灌現象。此測試(shi)結(jie)果表明本(ben)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器完全符(fu)合(he)國(guo)家(jia)標(biao)準(zhun)。

　　利用高壓(ya)(ya)模(mo)塊(kuai)和充電管理模(mo)塊(kuai)為外部數(shu)碼產品充電，并且(qie)給出(chu)充電過(guo)程中電壓(ya)(ya)和電流(liu)的測試數(shu)據及其變化趨勢(shi)。

　　1)通過(guo)市電(dian)利用標(biao)準USB給外部數碼產品充電(dian)，電(dian)池(chi)為(wei)910mAh，每隔l min記一次電(dian)壓和電(dian)流(liu)的(de)變(bian)化，此(ci)實(shi)驗的(de)數據如(ru)表1。充電(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)電(dian)壓電(dian)流(liu)變(bian)化趨(qu)勢如(ru)圖3所示，從圖3中可(ke)明顯看(kan)出，充電(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)的(de)電(dian)壓由開(kai)始(shi)5．28 V