充電器(Charger)是一種為蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置提供(gong)能量的設(she)備，廣(guang)泛用(yong)于(yu)手(shou)機、相機、MP3、MP4等常(chang)見數(shu)碼產(chan)品。市場(chang)上的產(chan)品都(dou)是配售充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器，使(shi)用(yong)市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，但是有(you)(you)些沒(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的場(chang)合或者電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源插座(zuo)不兼容、偏遠(yuan)地(di)區(qu)、旅行中，特(te)別(bie)是沒(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)任何電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源情況下不方便充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，設(she)計的多源數(shu)碼充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器可(ke)以在任何情況下進(jin)行充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)：沒(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可(ke)以用(yong)2節1．5 V干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，沒(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池也(ye)可(ke)用(yong)3．7 V內(nei)部蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，即使(shi)沒(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)任何充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備，也(ye)可(ke)以用(yong)手(shou)壓發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機來給數(shu)碼產(chan)品充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。以上介紹的就是本(ben)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的特(te)別(bie)之(zhi)處(chu)，也(ye)是該設(she)計的特(te)別(bie)之(zhi)處(chu)：即隨時(shi)隨地(di)給數(shu)碼產(chan)品充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

　　1 設計要求

　　參照國(guo)家(jia)有(you)關標準，移動通信(xin)手持機(ji)充電器應符合如下(xia)要求：

　　1)輸(shu)入電壓(ya) 交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)充電器輸(shu)入額度(du)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電壓(ya)范(fan)圍應為100～240 V，容(rong)差(cha)為±10％。

　　2)輸(shu)出電(dian)壓(ya) 充電(dian)器的額(e)度輸(shu)出電(dian)壓(ya)應(ying)為直流5 V，容差為±5％。

　　3)輸(shu)出電流 充(chong)電器的額度輸(shu)出電流范圍應為300～1 800 mA。

　　4)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)波(bo)紋(wen) ①輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流波(bo)紋(wen)：輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(90～264 V)時，模(mo)擬負載上的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓范圍(1．50～4．75 V)，輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)波(bo)紋(wen)極限小于(yu)等于(yu)100 mA峰值。②輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓波(bo)紋(wen)：輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(90～264 V)時，模(mo)擬負載上的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓范圍(1．50～4．75 V)，輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)波(bo)紋(wen)極限小于(yu)等于(yu)200 mV峰值。③短路電(dian)(dian)(dian)流：輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(90～264V)時，負載短路，短路電(dian)(dian)(dian)流限值小于(yu)950 mA。

　　5)電(dian)流(liu)倒灌 在任(ren)何情況下，無論充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)是否插上(shang)電(dian)源(yuan)，由手持機測流(liu)向充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)的(de)電(dian)流(liu)應不大于(yu)5 mA。

　　6)無負(fu)載能(neng)量(liang)消耗輸入電壓(ya)(100～240 V)時，負(fu)載開路，輸出波紋(wen)極(ji)限小于300 mW。

　　7)充電(dian)器平均效率 充電(dian)器平均效率應不小(xiao)于(yu)50％。

　　8)干電池充電設計要求 充電電流不高于(yu)200 mA。

　　2 系統整體設計(ji)

　　充電器分為高壓、充電管理、升壓、邏輯控制照(zhao)明燈、內部蓄電池(chi)(chi)、干電池(chi)(chi)、手動按壓等功能(neng)模塊。系統整體結(jie)構框圖如圖1所示。

　　2．1 高壓模塊

　　該(gai)(gai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)接(jie)通(tong)(tong)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)220 V經整流(liu)(liu)橋(qiao)后(hou)，形成直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，經C1，C2濾(lv)波后(hou)，該(gai)(gai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)經開(kai)關變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)T1的(de)(de)1，2引(yin)腳(jiao)(jiao)施加到三(san)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)VQ2的(de)(de)C極(ji)，同(tong)時(shi)(shi)該(gai)(gai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為三(san)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)VQ2的(de)(de)基(ji)極(ji)(B)提供(gong)一個正向偏置(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，使三(san)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)VQ2導通(tong)(tong)。R4，無極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容C4和(he)肖特基(ji)二極(ji)管(guan)(guan)VD3起(qi)保護作(zuo)(zuo)用。此(ci)時(shi)(shi)振蕩電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)開(kai)始(shi)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)，開(kai)關變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)T1的(de)(de)l，2腳(jiao)(jiao)中有電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)通(tong)(tong)過，在變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)T1的(de)(de)3，4腳(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)通(tong)(tong)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻R12加到三(san)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)VQ2的(de)(de)基(ji)極(ji)，使VQ2的(de)(de)基(ji)極(ji)導通(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)加大，迅速進(jin)入飽和(he)區。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)大于0．5 A，U2導通(tong)(tong)，把VQ2的(de)(de)基(ji)極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)拉低，集電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(C)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)開(kai)始(shi)減少(shao)，變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)T1的(de)(de)1，2引(yin)腳(jiao)(jiao)產生的(de)(de)磁通(tong)(tong)量也開(kai)始(shi)減少(shao)。VQ3部(bu)分為限流(liu)(liu)作(zuo)(zuo)用，當R23，R24增(zeng)(zeng)大時(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)減少(shao)，減少(shao)時(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)增(zeng)(zeng)大。TL431為恒流(liu)(liu)源，輸(shu)出穩定的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)5 V，使光耦工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)，這樣電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中才不斷的(de)(de)產生振蕩電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，在變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)Tl的(de)(de)6引(yin)腳(jiao)(jiao)感應出一個5 V的(de)(de)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，經二極(ji)管(guan)(guan)VD4整流(liu)(liu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)容C4，C5濾(lv)波后(hou)，通(tong)(tong)過標準USB為外部(bu)數碼產品充電(dian)(dian)(dian)。圖(tu)2為高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)模塊電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)圖(tu)。

　　2．2 充電管理器件BQ2057

　　此充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，接(jie)(jie)通市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)為(wei)內(nei)部蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)同時(shi)，此器件的(de)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)4．2 V，從而(er)通過(guo)SMT插座為(wei)外部數(shu)碼產品充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。在充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)開始(shi)恒(heng)流(liu)并且逐(zhu)漸下降(jiang)，而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)逐(zhu)漸上升(sheng)最后(hou)恒(heng)壓(ya)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)接(jie)(jie)近零(ling)時(shi)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)完成。

　　2．3 邏輯控(kong)制照明燈模塊

　　當接入(ru)干電(dian)池時，按(an)一(yi)下開(kai)關(guan)燈(deng)亮，再(zai)按(an)一(yi)下燈(deng)滅。這個模塊里(li)的燈(deng)為手(shou)電(dian)筒用(yong)于(yu)照明，其電(dian)流(liu)不(bu)超過(guo)200 mA。

　　3 PCB設計

　　通常的(de)充電(dian)器都為(wei)單面(mian)板(ban)，并且體(ti)積比較(jiao)小(xiao)，而研(yan)制的(de)充電(dian)器為(wei)雙面(mian)板(ban)，考慮到充電(dian)器外(wai)殼的(de)形狀(zhuang)和大(da)小(xiao)，所以元器件貼(tie)片的(de)較(jiao)多；因為(wei)有手壓裝置，所以要注意元器件的(de)擺放位置。

　　4 數據測量

　　根據國(guo)家標準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)要求(qiu)，在(zai)實驗中：1)當(dang)輸(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)范圍在(zai)90～264 V之間(jian)時(shi)(shi)，空載(zai)時(shi)(shi)輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)在(zai)4．77～4．96 V，輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)在(zai)O．31～0．32 A；2)在(zai)測試(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)波(bo)紋時(shi)(shi)，噪聲(sheng)很少，輸(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)90～260 V時(shi)(shi)模擬負載(zai)上(shang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)1．49～4．75 V，輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)波(bo)紋限值150 mA／5．6 Ω～160 mA／11 Ω；3)在(zai)測試(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)波(bo)紋時(shi)(shi)，輸(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)90～260 V時(shi)(shi)模擬負載(zai)上(shang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)1．49～4．75 V，輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)波(bo)紋限值150～160 mV；4)當(dang)輸(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)9～260 V負載(zai)短(duan)(duan)路時(shi)(shi)，短(duan)(duan)路電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)限值540～800 mA：5)當(dang)輸(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)100～260 V空載(zai)時(shi)(shi)功(gong)率消(xiao)耗限值為(wei)2．9 mA×100 V～1 mAx240 V；6)當(dang)輸(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)220 V，輸(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)12 mA時(shi)(shi)輸(shu)入(ru)功(gong)率為(wei)640 mW。輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)5．1 V，輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)0．3 A時(shi)(shi)輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)功(gong)率為(wei)1 530 mW：7)平均效率為(wei)57％；8)測量過程中電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)無倒灌現象。此測試(shi)結果表明本充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器完全符(fu)合國(guo)家標準(zhun)(zhun)。

　　利(li)用高壓(ya)(ya)模塊和(he)充電(dian)管理模塊為(wei)外部數碼產(chan)品充電(dian)，并且給出充電(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)中電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)和(he)電(dian)流的測(ce)試(shi)數據(ju)及其變化趨勢。

　　1)通過市電(dian)(dian)利用標準USB給(gei)外部數碼(ma)產品充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)池為910mAh，每隔l min記一(yi)次電(dian)(dian)壓和電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的變(bian)化(hua)，此(ci)實(shi)驗的數據(ju)如表1。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程電(dian)(dian)壓電(dian)(dian)流(liu)變(bian)化(hua)趨勢如圖3所示，從圖3中可(ke)明顯(xian)看出，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程的電(dian)(dian)壓由開(kai)始5．28 V