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AT89S52的智能快速充電器控制系統的設計與實現

      該快速充電器是為部隊在野戰條(tiao)件下工作(zuo)而研制的,因此要求其(qi)具有(you)(you)體積小、重量(liang)輕(qing)、智能(neng)化程(cheng)度高、操作(zuo)簡便等(deng)優(you)點,同時對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的可(ke)靠性和(he)抗干擾性提出了很高的要求。有(you)(you)穩(wen)壓供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)兩(liang)種工作(zuo)方式。穩(wen)壓供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時輸出恒定的24V;處于充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態時有(you)(you)四(si)種充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方式:常規充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、快(kuai)速充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)池浮沖、電(dian)(dian)(dian)池訓練(lian),可(ke)以為鎘鎳、氫鎳蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

 1. 控(kong)制系統總(zong)體設(she)計(ji)要求

  根據實(shi)際情況,本(ben)控制系統(tong)要完成以下功能:

  (1) 能自(zi)動(dong)識別電池的類型(鎳鎘(ge)電池、鎳氫電池、鋰電池)。

  (2) 有(you)穩壓供(gong)電(dian)和充(chong)電(dian)兩種工作模式。

  (3) 采(cai)用最高電(dian)(dian)壓Vmax、最高溫(wen)度Tmax、最長充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)間tmax、電(dian)(dian)壓負增長-△V、溫(wen)度變化率△T/△t等快速充(chong)電(dian)(dian)中止法。

  (4) 具有輸(shu)入交流(liu)過(guo)壓保護、輸(shu)出直(zhi)流(liu)過(guo)流(liu)保護、過(guo)充電保護等(deng)

  (5) 通(tong)電(dian)后(hou)能(neng)自動檢測(ce)整個電(dian)源系統,有故障報警。

  (6) 設(she)有電(dian)池開路、短路、反接保護(hu)。

  (7) 具有硬(ying)件和軟件相結合的雙(shuang)重保護功能。

  (8) 良(liang)好的抗(kang)干擾(rao)能力。

  2. 統硬件(jian)電路(lu)的(de)設計

  2.1 AT89S52單片(pian)機簡介

  AT89S52是ATMEL公司研制的通用(yong)單(dan)片(pian)(pian)機(ji)。它(ta)在AT89S51單(dan)片(pian)(pian)機(ji)的基礎上為P1口定(ding)義了第二功能,有六個(ge)外部中斷、三個(ge)定(ding)時(shi)/計數器,以及(ji)四個(ge)全雙工的串行(xing)通信口,同(tong)時(shi)在指令上與AT89S51兼(jian)容,對監控(kong)系統較為適用(yong)。

  2.2 基于AT89S52的監控系統硬件電(dian)路(lu)設計(ji)

  按照上述系統設計要求(qiu),設計了如圖1所(suo)示的監控系統。

 

 

  (1) 微(wei)處(chu)理器:AT89S52非常適用(yong)于控(kong)制(zhi),他的(de)主要(yao)結(jie)構和特點在前面(mian)已經介紹(shao)過了,為了滿足外圍接口(kou)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)需(xu)要(yao),一般都要(yao)在輸(shu)出口(kou)處(chu)接鎖存(cun)驅動電(dian)路(lu)(lu),這里我們采用(yong)的(de)是SN74HC573。

  (2) 壓(ya)(ya)頻變(bian)換裝置(zhi):將模擬的(de)電壓(ya)(ya)量轉(zhuan)化(hua)成(cheng)頻率值,這是(shi)一種A/D轉(zhuan)化(hua)方式,將輸出電壓(ya)(ya)U0采樣通過壓(ya)(ya)頻變(bian)換裝置(zhi)傳給(gei)單片機,壓(ya)(ya)頻轉(zhuan)化(hua)裝置(zhi)我(wo)們用的(de)是(shi)National Semiconductor的(de)LM331。

  (3) 輸出控(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)路:單片(pian)機的(de)(de)輸出控(kong)制(zhi)信號通過電(dian)阻解碼網絡(luo)轉(zhuan)化成模擬電(dian)壓(ya)值,控(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)壓(ya)和電(dian)流(liu)比較器的(de)(de)基準值,實現對外圍功率(lv)電(dian)路的(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)。

  (4) 上電(dian)復(fu)位電(dian)路:為(wei)了防止單片(pian)機(ji)的(de)程序(xu)飛跑(pao),出現(xian)死鎖,我們采用MAXIM公司的(de)MAX813L系統(tong)監(jian)控集(ji)成芯片(pian)來(lai)實現(xian)對單片(pian)機(ji)的(de)監(jian)控,該芯片(pian)具有(you)看(kan)門狗電(dian)路、門限(xian)值檢測器(qi)、手動復(fu)位等功能。

  (5) 輸(shu)入控制和數碼(ma)顯(xian)示(shi)電路:包括(kuo)按鍵和顯(xian)示(shi)部分。通(tong)過簡(jian)單(dan)的按鍵選擇,實現運行方式選擇、復位及故(gu)障的顯(xian)示(shi)。顯(xian)示(shi)部分采用SN74HC573驅(qu)動(dong)兩個(ge)8位七段LED顯(xian)示(shi);同時通(tong)過發光二極管和蜂鳴器提示(shi)運行狀態。

  (6) 護告警電路:通過硬件(jian)電路實現保護,給單片機中斷(duan)管腳發出(chu)脈沖(chong)信(xin)號(hao),引(yin)發中斷(duan)程序實現保護,并引(yin)發蜂鳴器告警。

   下(xia)面介(jie)紹本系統(tong)中(zhong)的一些關鍵性電路

  2.2.1 恒(heng)壓恒(heng)流模塊

  恒(heng)壓恒(heng)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)是整個智(zhi)能(neng)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)關鍵(jian)部(bu)分,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)結構(gou)見(jian)圖(tu)2。恒(heng)流恒(heng)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)由(you)SR12單片(pian)機片(pian)內(nei)模(mo)(mo)擬(ni)(ni)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)模(mo)(mo)塊(kuai)和片(pian)外(wai)的(de)MOSFET開關管、肖特基二(er)極管、濾(lv)波電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)、濾(lv)波電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容等器(qi)件組(zu)成。模(mo)(mo)擬(ni)(ni)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)模(mo)(mo)塊(kuai)是SR12的(de)特有部(bu)件,圖(tu)3為(wei)它(ta)的(de)結構(gou)框圖(tu)。它(ta)由(you)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入多(duo)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)開關、兩組(zu)溫(wen) 度 傳 感(gan)器(qi)Rsense0.01Ω可(ke)程(cheng)控放大器(qi)、片(pian)內(nei)溫(wen)度傳感(gan)器(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流檢測電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)等組(zu)成。可(ke)程(cheng)控放大器(qi)總(zong)放大倍數為(wei)1~256。放大器(qi)的(de)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入可(ke)選擇為(wei)兩路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)模(mo)(mo)擬(ni)(ni)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入腳(ATD0、ATD1)、片(pian)內(nei)溫(wen)度傳感(gan)器(qi)、模(mo)(mo)擬(ni)(ni)地輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入(VSSAM)。ATD0和VSSAM間(jian)可(ke)接一(yi)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流檢測電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻,用于測量外(wai)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流,它(ta)還連接至電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流檢測電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu),可(ke)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流超過指定(ding)值(zhi)時產生中斷并(bing)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出信(xin)號。

  

  圖2 恒(heng)壓恒(heng)流電(dian)路

  2.2.2 放電模塊

  快(kuai)速充(chong)電的硬件電路(lu)圖如下(xia)所示

  

  圖3 放電(dian)器(qi)部分電(dian)路(lu)

  快速充(chong)電的原理是通(tong)過電池兩端不斷(duan)的充(chong)放(fang)電來提高充(chong)電效率,從而減少(shao)了充(chong)電時(shi)間。放(fang)電器部(bu)分利用電壓比較(jiao)器,在5腳(jiao)設置電壓基準,6腳(jiao)通(tong)過一個二(er)極(ji)管和(he)電阻同單片機(ji)相(xiang)連,單片機(ji)接受外部(bu)控(kong)制指令(ling),通(tong)過計數器控(kong)制TDIS端電平的高低;比較(jiao)器的輸出應用兩個三極(ji)管級聯,改善了靜態工作點。

  快速充(chong)電(dian)時,AT89S52單(dan)片機必(bi)須不(bu)斷檢測以(yi)下幾項關鍵技(ji)術指標:電(dian)路(lu)(lu)是(shi)否(fou)出(chu)現斷路(lu)(lu)、電(dian)池是(shi)否(fou)出(chu)現不(bu)均衡現象、電(dian)池是(shi)否(fou)達到規定的(de)安全電(dian)壓、電(dian)池是(shi)否(fou)溫度過高、電(dian)池是(shi)否(fou)滿足-△V或△T/△t條件(jian)。

  2.2.3 壓頻變換模(mo)塊(kuai)

  

  圖4 壓頻變換器

  壓頻變(bian)(bian)換(huan)(huan)器(qi)本(ben)質上是(shi)A/D變(bian)(bian)換(huan)(huan)器(qi),上圖(tu)是(shi)由LM331N組成的(de)(de)壓頻變(bian)(bian)換(huan)(huan)電路,它將輸(shu)出的(de)(de)電壓信號(hao)轉變(bian)(bian)成頻率(lv),接(jie)入單片機(ji)的(de)(de)計(ji)數(shu)(shu)器(qi)接(jie)口(kou),通(tong)過計(ji)數(shu)(shu)器(qi)的(de)(de)計(ji)數(shu)(shu)計(ji)算(suan)出輸(shu)出電壓的(de)(de)大小(xiao)。該型號(hao)壓頻變(bian)(bian)換(huan)(huan)器(qi)V/F變(bian)(bian)換(huan)(huan)公式(shi)是(shi):

  

  4. 系統軟件設計

  

  圖(tu)5 軟件流程圖(tu)

  主程序流(liu)程圖如圖2所示。系(xi)統(tong)上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)復位(wei)后(hou),首先對單片機、外圍芯(xin)片及控(kong)制狀態(tai)進(jin)行初始化;然后(hou)設置輸出控(kong)制口的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)閥(fa)值,通過讀取輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)值來判(pan)斷系(xi)統(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)正(zheng)常(chang),若(ruo)正(zheng)常(chang)則(ze)(ze)進(jin)入(ru)功(gong)能設置模(mo)塊(kuai),否(fou)則(ze)(ze)轉(zhuan)故(gu)障處(chu)理;進(jin)入(ru)功(gong)能控(kong)制模(mo)塊(kuai)后(hou),用戶(hu)可以通過按鍵設置系(xi)統(tong)的(de)工作狀態(tai),是(shi)(shi)(shi)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)式還(huan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)式。然后(hou)按下(xia)確(que)定(ding)(ding)按鈕,系(xi)統(tong)進(jin)入(ru)相應(ying)的(de)工作模(mo)式。若(ruo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)式,單片機將(jiang)實(shi)時監測各主要參(can)量若(ruo)發現(xian)故(gu)障或過流(liu)過壓(ya)則(ze)(ze)轉(zhuan)故(gu)障處(chu)理模(mo)塊(kuai),沒有(you)的(de)話繼續監測。若(ruo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)式,插入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池后(hou)系(xi)統(tong)將(jiang)監測是(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)反(fan)接,是(shi)(shi)(shi)則(ze)(ze)提出告警,否(fou)則(ze)(ze)將(jiang)進(jin)入(ru)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態(tai),在此過程中(zhong)故(gu)障檢(jian)測的(de)過程和供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)式相同,但充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)塊(kuai)中(zhong)有(you)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)中(zhong)止算法和定(ding)(ding)時算法,都是(shi)(shi)(shi)判(pan)斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池是(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)充(chong)(chong)滿的(de)算法。

  4.   以單片機AT89S52為核心的智能充電器制成后(hou),經過半年的(de)(de)(de)調(diao)試和(he)運行,各項(xiang)指標基本上達到(dao)了(le)設計要(yao)求,由于在制作(zuo)過程(cheng)中充分利用了(le)各模(mo)塊的(de)(de)(de)功能,使該充電器的(de)(de)(de)集成度大(da)大(da)提高,從而減小了(le)體積(ji),更(geng)有(you)利于在野外條件(jian)下工作(zuo),提高了(le)系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)可(ke)靠性。

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