鉛(qian)酸蓄(xu)電池的“硫化(hua)”與去“硫化(hua)”

“硫(liu)化”是鉛酸蓄電池的致(zhi)命(ming)殺手

中國是鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)池的產(chan)銷大(da)國。鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)池已(yi)有200多年的歷史，是一種應用廣(guang)泛的動(dong)力電(dian)源。具有材(cai)料易得，價格低(di)廉，放電(dian)量大(da)，可靠性高等優點(dian)。目前市場占有率(lv)很高，且今(jin)后很長(chang)一段(duan)時間內不可完全替代(dai)。

鉛酸蓄電池的設計壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)在5年(nian)左(zuo)右，但在實(shi)際使用(yong)過程中，通(tong)常在6――12個月容量(liang)便(bian)逐漸下降，實(shi)際使用(yong)壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)只有一(yi)年(nian)左(zuo)右。經過剖析大量(liang)失效(xiao)電池發現，失效(xiao)的狀(zhuang)況有以下幾種：硫(liu)化(hua)，失水，配組不平(ping)衡，軟化(hua)，短(duan)路，開(kai)路。其中“硫(liu)化(hua)”（硫(liu)酸鉛結晶(jing)）占失效(xiao)電池的90%以上(shang)，它引(yin)起蓄電池容量(liang)下降，成為蓄電池壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)終止的主要原因。

鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄電(dian)池充放電(dian)過(guo)(guo)程是(shi)電(dian)化(hua)學反應的(de)過(guo)(guo)程，充電(dian)時(shi)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)形(xing)成(cheng)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)，放電(dian)時(shi)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)又還(huan)原成(cheng)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)。而硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)是(shi)一(yi)種容(rong)易結晶(jing)的(de)物質(zhi)。如果(guo)經(jing)常充電(dian)不(bu)(bu)足，不(bu)(bu)及時(shi)充電(dian)、長期過(guo)(guo)放電(dian)或(huo)者電(dian)池中電(dian)解液硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)濃度過(guo)(guo)高、電(dian)池靜態閑置時(shi)間過(guo)(guo)長時(shi)，會結成(cheng)小晶(jing)體。這些小晶(jing)體再吸附周圍的(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)，就(jiu)像滾雪球(qiu)一(yi)樣形(xing)成(cheng)大的(de)惰(duo)性結晶(jing)。結晶(jing)后的(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)充電(dian)時(shi)不(bu)(bu)但不(bu)(bu)能再還(huan)原成(cheng)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)，還(huan)會沉淀附著在電(dian)極板(ban)上(shang)，造成(cheng)極板(ban)工(gong)作面下降，這一(yi)現象叫(jiao)“硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)”，也(ye)就(jiu)是(shi)常說的(de)老化(hua)。

硫酸(suan)(suan)鉛晶(jing)體(ti)是一(yi)種絕(jue)緣(yuan)體(ti)，它的(de)形(xing)成(cheng)必將對蓄(xu)(xu)電池(chi)(chi)的(de)充(chong)放(fang)電性能(neng)產(chan)生很大(da)的(de)負面影響。在負極板上形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)硫酸(suan)(suan)鉛結(jie)晶(jing)越(yue)多，蓄(xu)(xu)電池(chi)(chi)的(de)內阻越(yue)大(da)，電池(chi)(chi)充(chong)放(fang)電的(de)性能(neng)越(yue)差(cha)，蓄(xu)(xu)電池(chi)(chi)的(de)使用壽命就越(yue)短。

另外，當硫酸鉛(qian)結晶大量(liang)堆(dui)積時，還(huan)會吸引鉛(qian)微(wei)粒形成(cheng)(cheng)鉛(qian)枝(zhi)，正負極板間的(de)鉛(qian)枝(zhi)搭橋就(jiu)造成(cheng)(cheng)電池(chi)的(de)短路。如果(guo)極板表面或密封塑殼有縫隙(xi)，硫酸鉛(qian)結晶就(jiu)會在這些(xie)縫隙(xi)內堆(dui)積，并產生膨(peng)脹力，最終使極板斷裂脫落(luo)或外殼破裂，造成(cheng)(cheng)蓄電池(chi)不可修復的(de)物理損壞(huai)。

綜上所(suo)述可(ke)以(yi)看出，導致鉛酸(suan)蓄電池(chi)(chi)損壞的(de)主(zhu)要機理是(shi)蓄電池(chi)(chi)本身無法避(bi)免的(de)“硫(liu)化”，可(ke)以(yi)說(shuo)“硫(liu)化”是(shi)鉛酸(suan)蓄電池(chi)(chi)的(de)致命殺手。如能及時有效地抑制電池(chi)(chi)極(ji)板的(de)“硫(liu)化”現(xian)象，就可(ke)以(yi)大大延(yan)長(chang)電池(chi)(chi)的(de)實際使用壽命。

復合脈沖充電器是去“硫化”的利器

鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)極板不可逆轉(zhuan)的(de)“硫化(hua)(hua)”這一(yi)難題(ti)是蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)領域廣大行業人員(yuan)不斷(duan)追求克服的(de)課題(ti)。普(pu)通充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器沒(mei)有去“硫化(hua)(hua)”的(de)功效，而(er)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、負脈(mo)沖(chong)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)去“硫化(hua)(hua)”效果不明(ming)顯，持續(xu)時間(jian)短，且還有加重(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)失水和正極板軟化(hua)(hua)，對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)造(zao)成嚴重(zhong)損(sun)傷等(deng)弊端。即(ji)使(shi)是新出現的(de)所(suo)謂(wei)脈(mo)沖(chong)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，對(dui)比較嚴重(zhong)的(de)“硫化(hua)(hua)”也作用不大。

根據最(zui)新理論，去(qu)“硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)”最(zui)好的(de)是采(cai)用(yong)復合(he)脈沖(chong)充(chong)電。高頻率的(de)復合(he)脈沖(chong)與電池中的(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)晶(jing)體(ti)發生共(gong)振能有(you)效打開硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)的(de)晶(jing)格(ge)，使硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)晶(jing)體(ti)硫(liu)(liu)離(li)子(zi)和鉛(qian)離(li)子(zi)，改變電解質的(de)成分和性(xing)質。打開離(li)子(zi)通(tong)道，充(chong)分釋放并激活原活性(xing)物質，使其(qi)具有(you)更強的(de)電化(hua)學能力，降低(di)電池內阻，徹底消除電池的(de)“硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)”。復合(he)脈沖(chong)充(chong)電去(qu)“硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)”效率高，對電池損傷小，極大地(di)延長電池使用(yong)壽(shou)命，是前景廣闊(kuo)的(de)先進(jin)技術。

“三合一”復合脈沖充電器的使用

1.       將(jiang)“三(san)合一”復合脈沖充電(dian)器配置在新(xin)車上(shang)作充電(dian)器使(shi)用。

鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)去(qu)“硫(liu)化(hua)”應及(ji)早(zao)進行(xing)，也就是說在新(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)較新(xin)時就進行(xing)維護和修復(fu)，能(neng)最大限度(du)(du)地降(jiang)低“硫(liu)化(hua)”對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)損傷，最大限度(du)(du)地充分利用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)全部資(zi)源，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)性能(neng)下(xia)降(jiang)速度(du)(du)變慢很多，最大限度(du)(du)的(de)(de)延(yan)長(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)使用壽命。當新(xin)車使用六個月時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)極板上已產(chan)生不同程(cheng)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)硫(liu)化(hua)，這時可(ke)撥(bo)轉(zhuan)“三合一(yi)”充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)修復(fu)功能(neng)鍵。進行(xing)一(yi)次維護充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)（只(zhi)需10――12小時）即可(ke)徹底(di)清除蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)極板上的(de)(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)結晶，使蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)恢復(fu)最大容量。以后每月維護充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一(yi)次，可(ke)讓蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)極板始終保持潔凈狀態，蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)常年如新(xin)。

2.使用一年左右的蓄電池，一般情況下，硫化比較嚴重，容量下降、續行里程縮短，用“三合一”復合脈沖充電器連續(xu)維護充電(dian)(dian)兩次，可完全(quan)清除電(dian)(dian)池(chi)極板上已經(jing)產生(sheng)的“硫化(hua)(hua)”結晶體，使(shi)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)重獲新生(sheng)，性能達到新電(dian)(dian)池(chi)水平。以(yi)后(hou)每月維護充電(dian)(dian)一次，及(ji)時去除“硫化(hua)(hua)”，能成倍(bei)延(yan)長電(dian)(dian)池(chi)使(shi)用壽(shou)命。

3.基本報廢的(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，只要(yao)不(bu)斷(duan)格、不(bu)脫板，嚴重失水的(de)適當補(bu)水以(yi)后，用“三合一”復合脈沖充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器連(lian)續(xu)維(wei)護(hu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)兩次，都能恢復80――90%的(de)容量，使報廢電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)重新(xin)獲得使用價值，以(yi)后只要(yao)定期(qi)維(wei)護(hu)，修復以(yi)后的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)可長期(qi)使用。

高頻、高壓(ya)、復(fu)合(he)脈沖技(ji)術是(shi)當代電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子學理論的(de)最新突(tu)破(po)。采用(yong)(yong)高頻、高壓(ya)、復(fu)合(he)脈沖技(ji)術的(de)復(fu)合(he)脈沖充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)是(shi)去“硫化(hua)”的(de)利器(qi)。復(fu)合(he)脈沖充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)研制成功及推廣(guang)應用(yong)(yong)，必將極大地提升鉛酸(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)性能及使(shi)用(yong)(yong)價(jia)值，給鉛酸(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)帶來革命(ming)性變化(hua)。目前鉛酸(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)年(nian)需求(qiu)量以數億計(ji)，廣(guang)泛使(shi)用(yong)(yong)復(fu)合(he)脈沖充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)后(hou)，以平均延遲電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)壽命(ming)一年(nian)計(ji)算，蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)生產企業將節省多少(shao)(shao)回(hui)收處理廢舊電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)成本(ben)(ben)，給廣(guang)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)消費者節省多少(shao)(shao)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)成本(ben)(ben)，減少(shao)(shao)了多少(shao)(shao)廢舊電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)廢棄物對(dui)環境的(de)污染(ran)。無(wu)疑其經濟(ji)效益和(he)社會效益是(shi)十分巨大的(de)。

復合脈沖充電器填補(bu)了國內空白，圓(yuan)了業內幾代人的夢，確實(shi)是利國利民的好產品。