鉛酸電(dian)池成本(ben)低、技(ji)術成熟、使用性能(neng)穩定、原料來源(yuan)豐(feng)富、鉛回(hui)收率高成為各電(dian)動車(che)生(sheng)產商(shang)的(de)首選，與(yu)鉛酸電(dian)池相對應的(de)充電(dian)器也繁榮于(yu)市場。

　　目前(qian)市場上(shang)(shang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)設(she)計方案(an)大致(zhi)有兩類：第(di)一類是(shi)(shi)二(er)階段(duan)式，即先恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)隨(sui)鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)上(shang)(shang)升而(er)逐漸減少(shao)（即充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)先大后小），當(dang)鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能補充(chong)(chong)到(dao)一定程度后，鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)也會上(shang)(shang)升至充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)設(she)定值(zhi)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)紅色(se)指(zhi)示二(er)極(ji)管熄滅，綠(lv)色(se)指(zhi)示二(er)極(ji)管隨(sui)即點(dian)亮，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)自(zi)動轉入第(di)二(er)階段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)涓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)浮充(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)；第(di)二(er)類是(shi)(shi)三階段(duan)式，即先恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，而(er)后恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，當(dang)鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)上(shang)(shang)升至充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)設(she)定值(zhi)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)紅色(se)指(zhi)示二(er)極(ji)管熄滅，綠(lv)色(se)指(zhi)示二(er)極(ji)管隨(sui)即點(dian)亮，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)自(zi)動轉入第(di)三階段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)涓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)浮充(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

　　從以上設計方案可(ke)知：無論(lun)是兩階(jie)段(duan)(duan)式充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)還(huan)是三階(jie)段(duan)(duan)式充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，最(zui)后階(jie)段(duan)(duan)都是涓(juan)(juan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。實(shi)踐證明：對(dui)鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池適當時(shi)間的(de)涓(juan)(juan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，不(bu)(bu)僅是更進一(yi)(yi)步充(chong)(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量，更重要的(de)是對(dui)鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)修(xiu)復和保養，防止(zhi)鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池形成不(bu)(bu)可(ke)逆的(de)硫酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鹽化，簡(jian)稱(cheng)“硫化”。實(shi)踐驗證，一(yi)(yi)般以 2~3小(xiao)時(shi)的(de)涓(juan)(juan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)為宜，過充(chong)(chong)或充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)(bu)足都會嚴重危害鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)正極(ji)板，大(da)(da)大(da)(da)縮短鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)使(shi)用壽(shou)命(ming)。筆者(zhe)針對(dui)以上充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)情況，自(zi)(zi)制(zhi)了(le)一(yi)(yi)款簡(jian)易的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)智能(neng)(neng)定(ding)(ding)時(shi)插(cha)座，該(gai)智能(neng)(neng)定(ding)(ding)時(shi)插(cha)座能(neng)(neng)對(dui)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)最(zui)后階(jie)段(duan)(duan)涓(juan)(juan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)進行定(ding)(ding)時(shi)，當涓(juan)(juan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)到達設定(ding)(ding)值后，智能(neng)(neng)定(ding)(ding)時(shi)插(cha)座自(zi)(zi)動切(qie)斷充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)及自(zi)(zi)身的(de)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源，結束充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，不(bu)(bu)必再人(ren)工斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。本人(ren)將智能(neng)(neng)定(ding)(ding)時(shi)插(cha)座應用于自(zi)(zi)己(ji)森地牌YBC-48L型(xing)（14Ah）充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，深感方便。隨后相(xiang)繼給許多親(qin)戚(qi)朋友(you)的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)也設計制(zhi)作(zuo)了(le)同(tong)樣的(de)定(ding)(ding)時(shi)插(cha)座，通過使(shi)用，大(da)(da)家都覺得既延長(chang)鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)使(shi)用壽(shou)命(ming)，也免除了(le)天天人(ren)工斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)之苦。

　　一、智能充電器定時插(cha)座(zuo)如(ru)何工(gong)作

　　智能(neng)定時(shi)插座的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)見(jian)圖(tu)1，共由交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)開(kai)(kai)關、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)脫鉤線圈(quan)驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、定時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)4部分組成。將該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)插上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)插頭，按(an)下(xia)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)開(kai)(kai)關S1按(an)鈕(niu)，接通220V交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)即(ji)可(ke)開(kai)(kai)始工作。220V交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)一路(lu)經(jing)14V電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)變壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器T降壓(ya)(ya)(ya)、橋(qiao)式整流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)整流(liu)(liu)、濾波(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容 C1濾波(bo)(bo)、三端(duan)穩壓(ya)(ya)(ya)集成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)IC1穩壓(ya)(ya)(ya)、濾波(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容C2濾波(bo)(bo)產(chan)生穩定的+12V直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，該+12V分三路(lu)輸出：（1）經(jing)R4加(jia)到(dao)LED2作+12V直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)工作指(zhi)示。（2）經(jing)R3、VD2、LED3串聯(lian)穩壓(ya)(ya)(ya)后(hou)經(jing)C3濾波(bo)(bo)加(jia)到(dao)穩壓(ya)(ya)(ya)調整管(guan)VT4基極，使(shi)VT4將+12V穩壓(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)2.1V，由VT4發射極輸出，該 2.1V經(jing)C4濾波(bo)(bo)后(hou)加(jia)到(dao)石英(ying)(ying)小鬧(nao)鐘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)正負極為(wei)其提(ti)供(gong)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)（提(ti)示一點：2.1V高了(le)些(xie)，石英(ying)(ying)小鬧(nao)鐘走(zou)時(shi)稍快一些(xie)，定時(shi)值(zhi)按(an)4~5小時(shi)即(ji)可(ke)）。（3）加(jia)到(dao)開(kai)(kai)關S1的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)脫鉤線圈(quan)上。

　　220V交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)另一(yi)路經定時(shi)插座加到充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器，當(dang)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器還未(wei)轉入浮充(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態時(shi)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的紅燈LED1得(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)發(fa)光(guang)(guang)，LED1兩端(duan)的2V電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)經插頭 P1、插孔J1、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻R2加到VT3基(ji)極(ji)，VT3飽和(he)導(dao)通(tong)(tong)，將(jiang)2.1V穩壓(ya)(ya)調整(zheng)管VT4基(ji)極(ji)短路到地，穩壓(ya)(ya)調整(zheng)管VT4截止，石(shi)英小(xiao)鬧(nao)鐘(zhong)無直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)供(gong)給而(er)不工作，當(dang)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器轉入涓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)浮充(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階段時(shi)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器紅色(se)二(er)極(ji)管LED1兩端(duan)變為(wei)零電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)熄(xi)滅（充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器綠色(se)二(er)極(ji)管則(ze)發(fa)光(guang)(guang)），此時(shi)VT3也因基(ji)極(ji)零電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)而(er)截止，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)調整(zheng)管VT4正常導(dao)通(tong)(tong)，輸出(chu)(chu)2.1V直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，石(shi)英小(xiao)鬧(nao)鐘(zhong)得(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)(kai)(kai)始計時(shi)，當(dang)計時(shi)到預先(xian)設定值時(shi)，石(shi)英小(xiao)鬧(nao)鐘(zhong)輸出(chu)(chu)低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平音(yin)頻(pin)脈(mo)沖訊響(xiang)信號(hao)，該低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平音(yin)頻(pin)脈(mo)沖信號(hao)通(tong)(tong)過VT2放(fang)大整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)經電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容C5濾波輸出(chu)(chu)一(yi)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，使VT1飽和(he)導(dao)通(tong)(tong)，開(kai)(kai)(kai)關S1電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁脫鉤(gou)線(xian)圈得(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)產生(sheng)磁力，使開(kai)(kai)(kai)關按鈕脫鉤(gou)跳開(kai)(kai)(kai)，斷開(kai)(kai)(kai)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，從而(er)實現自(zi)動結束充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

　　二、元件選擇

　　元件選(xuan)(xuan)擇如電(dian)(dian)(dian)路原理圖(tu)上(shang)的(de)(de)標注(zhu)：VT1、VT3、VT4 選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)S8050 型(xing)(xing)三(san)極(ji)管(guan)，VT2 選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)S8550 型(xing)(xing)三(san)極(ji)管(guan)，IC1選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)LM7812，VD1 選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)IN4148 型(xing)(xing)二極(ji)管(guan)，VD2～D6選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)IN4007型(xing)(xing)二極(ji)管(guan)，LED1、 LED2選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)普通(tong)(tong)(tong)紅(hong)色(se)發(fa)(fa)光二極(ji)管(guan)，LED3 選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)普通(tong)(tong)(tong)綠色(se)發(fa)(fa)光二極(ji)管(guan)，R1選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)2kΩ 普通(tong)(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，R2 選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)10kΩ普通(tong)(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，R3、R4 選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)1kΩ 普通(tong)(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，開關(guan)S1 選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)KDC-A01-06Y 型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)，P1和J1 分別選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)普通(tong)(tong)(tong)單聲(sheng)道耳機插(cha)頭、插(cha)孔。變(bian)壓器(qi)T 選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)3W/14V 電(dian)(dian)(dian)源變(bian)壓器(qi)， C1 選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)1000μF/25V 電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容，C2、C3、C4 選(xuan)(xuan)470μF/25V電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容， C5 選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)47μF/25V 電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容。實(shi)物(wu)如圖(tu)2所示。焊好(hao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路見圖(tu)3。

　　三(san)、智(zhi)能定時(shi)插座的安(an)裝(zhuang)與使用說明

　　筆者利(li)用萬能(neng)印制(zhi)板來(lai)焊接本定(ding)時插(cha)座(zuo)(zuo)電路(lu)，安裝(zhuang)時注意，一定(ding)要將(jiang)石(shi)英小鬧鐘(zhong)內的小揚(yang)聲(sheng)器(qi)(qi)拆(chai)除，小揚(yang)聲(sheng)器(qi)(qi)正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)所接位(wei)置接三(san)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)VT2發射(she)極(ji)(ji)，小揚(yang)聲(sheng)器(qi)(qi)負(fu)極(ji)(ji)所接位(wei)置接三(san)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)VT2基(ji)極(ji)(ji)，引線見圖4。本人焊接成的定(ding)時插(cha)座(zuo)(zuo)電路(lu)與充(chong)電器(qi)(qi)連接如圖5所示。

　　在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)前(qian)，先將定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)時(shi)(shi)(shi)值(zhi)設好，將充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)控制(zhi)信號輸出(chu)插(cha)頭(tou)P1和(he)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)時(shi)(shi)(shi)控制(zhi)信號引入(ru)插(cha)孔(kong)J1連接好，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)與(yu)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)連好，插(cha)好交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)插(cha)頭(tou)，最后按下開(kai)關S1按鈕，智能定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)時(shi)(shi)(shi)插(cha)座會(hui)自(zi)動在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)轉(zhuan)入(ru)浮(fu)充(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態時(shi)(shi)(shi)開(kai)始計(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，并在定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)時(shi)(shi)(shi)值(zhi)達到時(shi)(shi)(shi)結(jie)束充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。當充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)因(yin)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)出(chu)問題（比如過度失水）而(er)無法轉(zhuan)入(ru)浮(fu)充(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態時(shi)(shi)(shi)，將充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)插(cha)頭(tou)P1和(he)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)時(shi)(shi)(shi)插(cha)座間(jian)的插(cha)孔(kong)J1斷開(kai)，定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)時(shi)(shi)(shi)插(cha)座則通電(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)始計(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)， 當定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)時(shi)(shi)(shi)值(zhi)達到時(shi)(shi)(shi)自(zi)動結(jie)束充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。