鉛(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)池(chi)成(cheng)本低、技(ji)術成(cheng)熟、使(shi)用(yong)性(xing)能穩(wen)定、原料來源(yuan)豐富、鉛(qian)回收率高成(cheng)為各電(dian)動車生產商的(de)首選，與鉛(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)池(chi)相對應的(de)充(chong)電(dian)器也繁榮于市(shi)場。

　　目前市(shi)場上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車鉛酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)設計方案大致有兩類(lei)：第(di)(di)一類(lei)是二階(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)式，即(ji)(ji)先(xian)恒壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流隨鉛酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)上升(sheng)而(er)逐漸減少（即(ji)(ji)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流先(xian)大后小），當鉛酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)補充(chong)(chong)(chong)到一定(ding)程度后，鉛酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)也會(hui)上升(sheng)至(zhi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)設定(ding)值，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)紅(hong)色(se)指示二極管熄滅(mie)(mie)，綠(lv)色(se)指示二極管隨即(ji)(ji)點亮，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)自(zi)動(dong)轉入第(di)(di)二階(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)涓(juan)(juan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)；第(di)(di)二類(lei)是三階(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)式，即(ji)(ji)先(xian)恒流充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，而(er)后恒壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，當鉛酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)上升(sheng)至(zhi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)設定(ding)值，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)紅(hong)色(se)指示二極管熄滅(mie)(mie)，綠(lv)色(se)指示二極管隨即(ji)(ji)點亮，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)自(zi)動(dong)轉入第(di)(di)三階(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)涓(juan)(juan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

　　從(cong)以上(shang)設(she)計方(fang)案可知：無(wu)論是(shi)兩階(jie)(jie)段(duan)式(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)還是(shi)三(san)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)式(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，最(zui)后(hou)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)都(dou)(dou)是(shi)涓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。實踐(jian)證明(ming)：對(dui)(dui)鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)適當時(shi)(shi)(shi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)涓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，不(bu)僅(jin)是(shi)更(geng)進(jin)一步充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量，更(geng)重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)對(dui)(dui)鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)修復和保養，防止鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)形成不(bu)可逆的(de)(de)(de)(de)硫酸(suan)鹽化，簡稱“硫化”。實踐(jian)驗證，一般(ban)以 2~3小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)涓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)為宜(yi)，過(guo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)或充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)足都(dou)(dou)會嚴重(zhong)危害鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)正極板，大(da)大(da)縮短鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用壽(shou)命。筆者針對(dui)(dui)以上(shang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)情(qing)況，自制了一款簡易的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)智(zhi)(zhi)能定(ding)時(shi)(shi)(shi)插(cha)(cha)座，該(gai)智(zhi)(zhi)能定(ding)時(shi)(shi)(shi)插(cha)(cha)座能對(dui)(dui)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)最(zui)后(hou)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)涓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)進(jin)行(xing)定(ding)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，當涓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)到達(da)設(she)定(ding)值后(hou)，智(zhi)(zhi)能定(ding)時(shi)(shi)(shi)插(cha)(cha)座自動切(qie)斷(duan)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)及自身的(de)(de)(de)(de)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源，結束充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，不(bu)必再人(ren)工斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。本(ben)人(ren)將智(zhi)(zhi)能定(ding)時(shi)(shi)(shi)插(cha)(cha)座應用于自己森地牌YBC-48L型(xing)（14Ah）充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)，深感方(fang)便。隨(sui)后(hou)相繼給許多親(qin)戚朋友的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)也設(she)計制作了同樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)時(shi)(shi)(shi)插(cha)(cha)座，通過(guo)使(shi)用，大(da)家都(dou)(dou)覺得既延長鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用壽(shou)命，也免除了天(tian)天(tian)人(ren)工斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)之苦。

　　一、智能充電器定時插座如何工作

　　智能定(ding)時(shi)插座(zuo)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)見圖(tu)1，共由交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)開(kai)(kai)關、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁脫鉤線圈驅(qu)動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、定(ding)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)4部分組(zu)成。將該(gai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)插上(shang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)插頭，按(an)下交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)開(kai)(kai)關S1按(an)鈕(niu)，接通220V交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)即(ji)可(ke)開(kai)(kai)始工作(zuo)(zuo)。220V交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)一(yi)(yi)路(lu)經14V電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)變壓(ya)器T降壓(ya)、橋式整流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)整流(liu)(liu)(liu)、濾波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容 C1濾波(bo)、三(san)端(duan)穩(wen)(wen)壓(ya)集成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)IC1穩(wen)(wen)壓(ya)、濾波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容C2濾波(bo)產生穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)的+12V直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)，該(gai)+12V分三(san)路(lu)輸(shu)出：（1）經R4加(jia)(jia)(jia)到(dao)LED2作(zuo)(zuo)+12V直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)工作(zuo)(zuo)指示。（2）經R3、VD2、LED3串聯(lian)穩(wen)(wen)壓(ya)后(hou)(hou)經C3濾波(bo)加(jia)(jia)(jia)到(dao)穩(wen)(wen)壓(ya)調(diao)整管VT4基極，使VT4將+12V穩(wen)(wen)壓(ya)為(wei)2.1V，由VT4發射極輸(shu)出，該(gai) 2.1V經C4濾波(bo)后(hou)(hou)加(jia)(jia)(jia)到(dao)石英小鬧(nao)鐘(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)正(zheng)負(fu)極為(wei)其提供直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)（提示一(yi)(yi)點：2.1V高了些(xie)，石英小鬧(nao)鐘(zhong)走時(shi)稍快一(yi)(yi)些(xie)，定(ding)時(shi)值(zhi)按(an)4~5小時(shi)即(ji)可(ke)）。（3）加(jia)(jia)(jia)到(dao)開(kai)(kai)關S1的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁脫鉤線圈上(shang)。

　　220V交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)另(ling)一(yi)路經定時(shi)(shi)插座加到(dao)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)，當(dang)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)還未轉入浮(fu)充(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態時(shi)(shi)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)紅燈(deng)LED1得電(dian)(dian)(dian)發光(guang)，LED1兩端(duan)的(de)2V電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)經插頭 P1、插孔J1、電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻R2加到(dao)VT3基(ji)極(ji)(ji)，VT3飽和導通，將2.1V穩(wen)壓(ya)調(diao)整(zheng)管(guan)(guan)VT4基(ji)極(ji)(ji)短(duan)路到(dao)地，穩(wen)壓(ya)調(diao)整(zheng)管(guan)(guan)VT4截止，石英小(xiao)(xiao)鬧鐘(zhong)無直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供(gong)給而不工(gong)作(zuo)，當(dang)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)轉入涓(juan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)浮(fu)充(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)階(jie)段時(shi)(shi)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)紅色(se)二極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)LED1兩端(duan)變為零(ling)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)熄滅（充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)綠色(se)二極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)則發光(guang)），此時(shi)(shi)VT3也因基(ji)極(ji)(ji)零(ling)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)而截止，電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)調(diao)整(zheng)管(guan)(guan)VT4正常導通，輸(shu)出2.1V直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，石英小(xiao)(xiao)鬧鐘(zhong)得電(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)(kai)始計時(shi)(shi)，當(dang)計時(shi)(shi)到(dao)預(yu)先設定值時(shi)(shi)，石英小(xiao)(xiao)鬧鐘(zhong)輸(shu)出低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)平音頻(pin)脈沖訊響信(xin)號，該低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)平音頻(pin)脈沖信(xin)號通過VT2放大整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)經電(dian)(dian)(dian)容C5濾波輸(shu)出一(yi)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，使VT1飽和導通，開(kai)(kai)關S1電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)脫(tuo)鉤(gou)線圈得電(dian)(dian)(dian)產生磁(ci)(ci)力(li)，使開(kai)(kai)關按(an)鈕脫(tuo)鉤(gou)跳(tiao)開(kai)(kai)，斷開(kai)(kai)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，從而實(shi)現自動結束充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

　　二、元件選擇

　　元件選(xuan)(xuan)擇如電(dian)(dian)路原理圖上的(de)標注：VT1、VT3、VT4 選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)S8050 型(xing)(xing)(xing)三(san)極管，VT2 選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)S8550 型(xing)(xing)(xing)三(san)極管，IC1選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)LM7812，VD1 選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)IN4148 型(xing)(xing)(xing)二極管，VD2～D6選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)IN4007型(xing)(xing)(xing)二極管，LED1、 LED2選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)普通(tong)(tong)紅(hong)色發光二極管，LED3 選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)普通(tong)(tong)綠(lv)色發光二極管，R1選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)2kΩ 普通(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，R2 選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)10kΩ普通(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，R3、R4 選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)1kΩ 普通(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，開(kai)關S1 選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)KDC-A01-06Y 型(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)，P1和J1 分(fen)別選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)普通(tong)(tong)單聲道耳機插頭、插孔(kong)。變(bian)壓(ya)器T 選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)3W/14V 電(dian)(dian)源變(bian)壓(ya)器， C1 選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)1000μF/25V 電(dian)(dian)解(jie)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)，C2、C3、C4 選(xuan)(xuan)470μF/25V電(dian)(dian)解(jie)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)， C5 選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)47μF/25V 電(dian)(dian)解(jie)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)。實物如圖2所示。焊(han)好的(de)電(dian)(dian)路見(jian)圖3。

　　三、智能定時插座(zuo)的安裝與使用說明(ming)

　　筆者利用(yong)萬(wan)能印制(zhi)板(ban)來焊接(jie)(jie)本定(ding)時插座(zuo)(zuo)電路，安裝(zhuang)時注意，一定(ding)要將石(shi)英小(xiao)鬧鐘(zhong)內(nei)的小(xiao)揚聲(sheng)器拆除，小(xiao)揚聲(sheng)器正極(ji)(ji)所(suo)接(jie)(jie)位置(zhi)接(jie)(jie)三(san)極(ji)(ji)管VT2發射極(ji)(ji)，小(xiao)揚聲(sheng)器負極(ji)(ji)所(suo)接(jie)(jie)位置(zhi)接(jie)(jie)三(san)極(ji)(ji)管VT2基極(ji)(ji)，引線見(jian)圖(tu)4。本人焊接(jie)(jie)成的定(ding)時插座(zuo)(zuo)電路與充電器連接(jie)(jie)如圖(tu)5所(suo)示(shi)。

　　在(zai)(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)前，先將(jiang)定時(shi)(shi)(shi)值(zhi)設好，將(jiang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器控(kong)制(zhi)信(xin)號輸出(chu)插頭(tou)P1和定時(shi)(shi)(shi)控(kong)制(zhi)信(xin)號引入(ru)插孔J1連接(jie)好，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器與(yu)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶連好，插好交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源插頭(tou)，最后按下開(kai)關(guan)S1按鈕，智(zhi)能定時(shi)(shi)(shi)插座(zuo)(zuo)會自動在(zai)(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器轉(zhuan)入(ru)浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態時(shi)(shi)(shi)開(kai)始計時(shi)(shi)(shi)，并在(zai)(zai)(zai)定時(shi)(shi)(shi)值(zhi)達到(dao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)結(jie)束(shu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。當充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器因蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶出(chu)問題（比如過度(du)失水(shui)）而無法轉(zhuan)入(ru)浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態時(shi)(shi)(shi)，將(jiang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器插頭(tou)P1和定時(shi)(shi)(shi)插座(zuo)(zuo)間的插孔J1斷開(kai)，定時(shi)(shi)(shi)插座(zuo)(zuo)則通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)始計時(shi)(shi)(shi)， 當定時(shi)(shi)(shi)值(zhi)達到(dao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)自動結(jie)束(shu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。