鉛(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)池成本低、技術成熟、使用性能(neng)穩(wen)定(ding)、原料(liao)來(lai)源豐富、鉛(qian)回收率高成為各(ge)電(dian)動車生產商的首(shou)選，與(yu)鉛(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)池相對應的充電(dian)器也繁榮于市場。

　　目前(qian)市場上電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)車鉛(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)設(she)(she)計方案大(da)致(zhi)有兩類(lei)：第(di)(di)一類(lei)是二(er)階段式(shi)，即(ji)先(xian)恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)隨鉛(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)上升而逐漸(jian)減少（即(ji)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)先(xian)大(da)后小），當鉛(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能補充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)到一定(ding)程度后，鉛(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)也會上升至充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)設(she)(she)定(ding)值，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)紅色(se)指(zhi)(zhi)示二(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)熄滅(mie)，綠色(se)指(zhi)(zhi)示二(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)隨即(ji)點(dian)亮，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)自動(dong)(dong)(dong)轉(zhuan)入第(di)(di)二(er)階段的(de)(de)涓電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)；第(di)(di)二(er)類(lei)是三階段式(shi)，即(ji)先(xian)恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，而后恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，當鉛(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)上升至充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)設(she)(she)定(ding)值，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)紅色(se)指(zhi)(zhi)示二(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)熄滅(mie)，綠色(se)指(zhi)(zhi)示二(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)隨即(ji)點(dian)亮，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)自動(dong)(dong)(dong)轉(zhuan)入第(di)(di)三階段的(de)(de)涓電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

　　從以(yi)上(shang)設計方案可知：無論是(shi)兩階段式充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)還是(shi)三階段式充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，最(zui)(zui)后階段都是(shi)涓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。實(shi)踐證(zheng)明：對鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)適當時(shi)(shi)間的(de)涓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，不僅(jin)是(shi)更(geng)(geng)進一步充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)，更(geng)(geng)重要的(de)是(shi)對鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)修復和(he)保(bao)養，防止鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)形成不可逆的(de)硫酸(suan)(suan)鹽(yan)化，簡稱“硫化”。實(shi)踐驗證(zheng)，一般以(yi) 2~3小時(shi)(shi)的(de)涓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)為宜，過(guo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)或充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不足都會(hui)嚴(yan)重危害鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)正(zheng)極板(ban)，大(da)大(da)縮短鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)使(shi)用(yong)壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)。筆者針對以(yi)上(shang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)情況，自(zi)制(zhi)了(le)一款簡易的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器智能(neng)定(ding)(ding)(ding)時(shi)(shi)插(cha)(cha)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，該(gai)智能(neng)定(ding)(ding)(ding)時(shi)(shi)插(cha)(cha)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)能(neng)對充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器最(zui)(zui)后階段涓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)進行定(ding)(ding)(ding)時(shi)(shi)，當涓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)到達設定(ding)(ding)(ding)值后，智能(neng)定(ding)(ding)(ding)時(shi)(shi)插(cha)(cha)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)自(zi)動(dong)切(qie)斷(duan)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器及自(zi)身(shen)的(de)交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源，結束充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，不必再人工斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。本人將智能(neng)定(ding)(ding)(ding)時(shi)(shi)插(cha)(cha)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)應用(yong)于自(zi)己(ji)森(sen)地牌YBC-48L型（14Ah）充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器，深感方便。隨后相繼給許(xu)多(duo)親戚朋友的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器也設計制(zhi)作了(le)同樣的(de)定(ding)(ding)(ding)時(shi)(shi)插(cha)(cha)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，通過(guo)使(shi)用(yong)，大(da)家都覺得既延長鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)使(shi)用(yong)壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)，也免除了(le)天(tian)天(tian)人工斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)之苦(ku)。

　　一、智(zhi)能(neng)充電器定(ding)時(shi)插(cha)座(zuo)如何工作

　　智(zhi)能定(ding)(ding)時插(cha)座的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)見圖1，共由交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)開關(guan)(guan)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁脫(tuo)鉤線圈(quan)驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、定(ding)(ding)時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)4部(bu)分組成(cheng)。將(jiang)該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)插(cha)上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)插(cha)頭，按下交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)開關(guan)(guan)S1按鈕，接通(tong)220V交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)即(ji)可開始(shi)工作。220V交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)一路(lu)(lu)經(jing)14V電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)變壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器T降(jiang)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)、橋式(shi)整流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)整流(liu)(liu)、濾(lv)(lv)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容 C1濾(lv)(lv)波(bo)、三端穩壓(ya)(ya)(ya)集成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)IC1穩壓(ya)(ya)(ya)、濾(lv)(lv)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容C2濾(lv)(lv)波(bo)產生穩定(ding)(ding)的(de)+12V直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，該+12V分三路(lu)(lu)輸出：（1）經(jing)R4加(jia)到(dao)LED2作+12V直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)工作指示。（2）經(jing)R3、VD2、LED3串聯(lian)穩壓(ya)(ya)(ya)后(hou)經(jing)C3濾(lv)(lv)波(bo)加(jia)到(dao)穩壓(ya)(ya)(ya)調整管VT4基(ji)極，使VT4將(jiang)+12V穩壓(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)2.1V，由VT4發(fa)射極輸出，該 2.1V經(jing)C4濾(lv)(lv)波(bo)后(hou)加(jia)到(dao)石英(ying)小鬧鐘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)正(zheng)負極為(wei)其提(ti)供直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)（提(ti)示一點：2.1V高(gao)了些，石英(ying)小鬧鐘走時稍快(kuai)一些，定(ding)(ding)時值(zhi)按4~5小時即(ji)可）。（3）加(jia)到(dao)開關(guan)(guan)S1的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁脫(tuo)鉤線圈(quan)上。

　　220V交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)另一(yi)路(lu)經定時(shi)(shi)(shi)插座加到(dao)(dao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，當(dang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)還未轉(zhuan)入浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態時(shi)(shi)(shi)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)紅燈LED1得(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)發(fa)光，LED1兩端的(de)2V電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)經插頭 P1、插孔J1、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)R2加到(dao)(dao)VT3基(ji)極，VT3飽(bao)和導通，將(jiang)2.1V穩壓(ya)調整(zheng)管VT4基(ji)極短(duan)路(lu)到(dao)(dao)地，穩壓(ya)調整(zheng)管VT4截止，石英(ying)小鬧(nao)鐘無(wu)直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供(gong)給而不(bu)工作，當(dang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)轉(zhuan)入涓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階段時(shi)(shi)(shi)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)紅色(se)二極管LED1兩端變為零(ling)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)熄滅（充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)綠(lv)色(se)二極管則發(fa)光），此時(shi)(shi)(shi)VT3也(ye)因基(ji)極零(ling)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)而截止，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)調整(zheng)管VT4正常(chang)導通，輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)2.1V直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，石英(ying)小鬧(nao)鐘得(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)(kai)(kai)始計時(shi)(shi)(shi)，當(dang)計時(shi)(shi)(shi)到(dao)(dao)預先設定值時(shi)(shi)(shi)，石英(ying)小鬧(nao)鐘輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)音頻(pin)脈(mo)沖訊響信號，該低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)音頻(pin)脈(mo)沖信號通過VT2放大整(zheng)流經電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)C5濾波輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)一(yi)直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，使VT1飽(bao)和導通，開(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)S1電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁脫鉤線圈(quan)得(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)產生磁力，使開(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)按(an)鈕脫鉤跳(tiao)開(kai)(kai)(kai)，斷開(kai)(kai)(kai)交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，從而實(shi)現(xian)自動結束(shu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

　　二、元件選擇

　　元件選(xuan)(xuan)擇如電(dian)(dian)路原理圖上的(de)(de)標(biao)注：VT1、VT3、VT4 選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)S8050 型(xing)(xing)三極(ji)(ji)管，VT2 選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)S8550 型(xing)(xing)三極(ji)(ji)管，IC1選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)LM7812，VD1 選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)IN4148 型(xing)(xing)二(er)極(ji)(ji)管，VD2～D6選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)IN4007型(xing)(xing)二(er)極(ji)(ji)管，LED1、 LED2選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)普通(tong)(tong)紅(hong)色發光二(er)極(ji)(ji)管，LED3 選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)普通(tong)(tong)綠色發光二(er)極(ji)(ji)管，R1選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)2kΩ 普通(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)阻，R2 選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)10kΩ普通(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)阻，R3、R4 選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)1kΩ 普通(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)阻，開關S1 選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)KDC-A01-06Y 型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)，P1和J1 分別選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)普通(tong)(tong)單聲道耳機(ji)插頭、插孔。變(bian)壓器T 選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)3W/14V 電(dian)(dian)源變(bian)壓器， C1 選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)1000μF/25V 電(dian)(dian)解(jie)電(dian)(dian)容，C2、C3、C4 選(xuan)(xuan)470μF/25V電(dian)(dian)解(jie)電(dian)(dian)容， C5 選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)47μF/25V 電(dian)(dian)解(jie)電(dian)(dian)容。實物如圖2所示。焊好的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)路見圖3。

　　三、智能(neng)定時(shi)插(cha)座的安裝與使用說明(ming)

　　筆者利用萬能印制板來焊接(jie)(jie)本定時插座電路，安裝時注意，一定要將石英小(xiao)鬧鐘內(nei)的小(xiao)揚聲器(qi)拆除，小(xiao)揚聲器(qi)正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)所接(jie)(jie)位置接(jie)(jie)三極(ji)(ji)管VT2發(fa)射極(ji)(ji)，小(xiao)揚聲器(qi)負(fu)極(ji)(ji)所接(jie)(jie)位置接(jie)(jie)三極(ji)(ji)管VT2基極(ji)(ji)，引線見(jian)圖4。本人焊接(jie)(jie)成的定時插座電路與充電器(qi)連接(jie)(jie)如圖5所示。

　　在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)前，先將(jiang)定(ding)時(shi)值(zhi)設好(hao)，將(jiang)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器控制(zhi)(zhi)信號輸出(chu)插(cha)頭P1和(he)(he)定(ding)時(shi)控制(zhi)(zhi)信號引入插(cha)孔J1連(lian)接好(hao)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器與蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)瓶連(lian)好(hao)，插(cha)好(hao)交流電(dian)(dian)源插(cha)頭，最后按下(xia)開(kai)關S1按鈕，智能(neng)定(ding)時(shi)插(cha)座(zuo)會自動在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器轉入浮充(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)狀態(tai)時(shi)開(kai)始計時(shi)，并在定(ding)時(shi)值(zhi)達(da)到時(shi)結束充(chong)電(dian)(dian)。當(dang)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器因(yin)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)瓶出(chu)問題（比如(ru)過度(du)失(shi)水）而無(wu)法轉入浮充(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)狀態(tai)時(shi)，將(jiang)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器插(cha)頭P1和(he)(he)定(ding)時(shi)插(cha)座(zuo)間的插(cha)孔J1斷開(kai)，定(ding)時(shi)插(cha)座(zuo)則通(tong)電(dian)(dian)開(kai)始計時(shi)， 當(dang)定(ding)時(shi)值(zhi)達(da)到時(shi)自動結束充(chong)電(dian)(dian)。