鉛酸電(dian)(dian)池成(cheng)本低、技術成(cheng)熟、使用性(xing)能穩定、原料來源豐富、鉛回收率(lv)高成(cheng)為各電(dian)(dian)動車生產商的(de)(de)首選，與鉛酸電(dian)(dian)池相對應(ying)的(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)器也繁(fan)榮于(yu)市場。

　　目前(qian)市場上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車鉛(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)設計方案(an)大致有兩類：第一類是二(er)(er)階段式(shi)，即先(xian)恒(heng)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流隨(sui)鉛(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)上升而逐漸減少（即充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流先(xian)大后(hou)小），當(dang)鉛(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能補充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)到一定(ding)程度后(hou)，鉛(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)也會上升至充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)設定(ding)值，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)紅(hong)色指示(shi)二(er)(er)極(ji)管熄滅(mie)，綠色指示(shi)二(er)(er)極(ji)管隨(sui)即點亮，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)自動轉(zhuan)(zhuan)入第二(er)(er)階段的(de)涓(juan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)；第二(er)(er)類是三階段式(shi)，即先(xian)恒(heng)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，而后(hou)恒(heng)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，當(dang)鉛(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)上升至充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)設定(ding)值，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)紅(hong)色指示(shi)二(er)(er)極(ji)管熄滅(mie)，綠色指示(shi)二(er)(er)極(ji)管隨(sui)即點亮，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)自動轉(zhuan)(zhuan)入第三階段的(de)涓(juan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

　　從以(yi)上設(she)計方案可(ke)(ke)知：無論是(shi)(shi)兩階(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)式充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)還是(shi)(shi)三(san)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)式充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，最(zui)后(hou)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)都是(shi)(shi)涓(juan)(juan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。實(shi)踐證(zheng)明：對(dui)(dui)鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)適當時間的(de)(de)(de)(de)涓(juan)(juan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，不(bu)僅是(shi)(shi)更進一步充(chong)(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)量，更重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)對(dui)(dui)鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)修復(fu)和保養，防(fang)止鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)形成不(bu)可(ke)(ke)逆(ni)的(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鹽(yan)化，簡稱(cheng)“硫(liu)化”。實(shi)踐驗證(zheng)，一般(ban)以(yi) 2~3小時的(de)(de)(de)(de)涓(juan)(juan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)為(wei)宜，過(guo)充(chong)(chong)或充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)足都會嚴重危害鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)極板，大(da)大(da)縮短鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)使用壽命。筆(bi)者(zhe)針(zhen)對(dui)(dui)以(yi)上充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)情況，自制了(le)一款簡易的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)智(zhi)能定(ding)(ding)(ding)時插(cha)座(zuo)(zuo)，該智(zhi)能定(ding)(ding)(ding)時插(cha)座(zuo)(zuo)能對(dui)(dui)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)最(zui)后(hou)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)涓(juan)(juan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)進行定(ding)(ding)(ding)時，當涓(juan)(juan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)到達(da)設(she)定(ding)(ding)(ding)值后(hou)，智(zhi)能定(ding)(ding)(ding)時插(cha)座(zuo)(zuo)自動切斷(duan)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)及自身的(de)(de)(de)(de)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源，結束充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，不(bu)必(bi)再人工斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。本(ben)人將智(zhi)能定(ding)(ding)(ding)時插(cha)座(zuo)(zuo)應用于自己(ji)森地(di)牌YBC-48L型（14Ah）充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，深感方便。隨后(hou)相繼給許(xu)多(duo)親戚(qi)朋友的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)也設(she)計制作了(le)同樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)(ding)時插(cha)座(zuo)(zuo)，通過(guo)使用，大(da)家都覺得(de)既延長鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)使用壽命，也免除了(le)天(tian)天(tian)人工斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)之苦(ku)。

　　一、智能充電器定時插座如(ru)何(he)工作

　　智能(neng)定時(shi)插座的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)見圖1，共由交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)開關(guan)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁脫鉤線(xian)圈驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、定時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)4部分組(zu)成。將該(gai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)插上(shang)(shang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)插頭，按(an)下交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)開關(guan)S1按(an)鈕，接(jie)通220V交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)即(ji)可開始工作(zuo)。220V交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)一路(lu)(lu)經14V電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)變壓(ya)器T降壓(ya)、橋式整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)、濾(lv)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong) C1濾(lv)波(bo)、三端穩壓(ya)集成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)IC1穩壓(ya)、濾(lv)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)C2濾(lv)波(bo)產生(sheng)穩定的(de)+12V直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)，該(gai)+12V分三路(lu)(lu)輸出(chu)：（1）經R4加(jia)到LED2作(zuo)+12V直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)工作(zuo)指(zhi)示。（2）經R3、VD2、LED3串聯穩壓(ya)后經C3濾(lv)波(bo)加(jia)到穩壓(ya)調(diao)整(zheng)管VT4基(ji)極，使VT4將+12V穩壓(ya)為2.1V，由VT4發射極輸出(chu)，該(gai) 2.1V經C4濾(lv)波(bo)后加(jia)到石英(ying)小(xiao)鬧鐘(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)正負極為其(qi)提供(gong)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)（提示一點：2.1V高(gao)了些(xie)，石英(ying)小(xiao)鬧鐘(zhong)走時(shi)稍快(kuai)一些(xie)，定時(shi)值按(an)4~5小(xiao)時(shi)即(ji)可）。（3）加(jia)到開關(guan)S1的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁脫鉤線(xian)圈上(shang)(shang)。

　　220V交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)另一(yi)路經定(ding)(ding)時(shi)插座加到(dao)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，當(dang)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)還未(wei)轉入浮(fu)充(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態時(shi)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的紅燈LED1得(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)發(fa)光，LED1兩端(duan)的2V電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)經插頭 P1、插孔J1、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻R2加到(dao)VT3基極(ji)，VT3飽和(he)導通，將(jiang)2.1V穩(wen)壓(ya)調(diao)整管(guan)VT4基極(ji)短路到(dao)地(di)，穩(wen)壓(ya)調(diao)整管(guan)VT4截止，石(shi)(shi)英(ying)小鬧(nao)鐘(zhong)無直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)供給而(er)不工作，當(dang)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)轉入涓(juan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流浮(fu)充(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階段時(shi)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)紅色二極(ji)管(guan)LED1兩端(duan)變為零電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)熄滅（充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)綠色二極(ji)管(guan)則(ze)發(fa)光），此時(shi)VT3也因(yin)基極(ji)零電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)而(er)截止，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)調(diao)整管(guan)VT4正常(chang)導通，輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)2.1V直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)，石(shi)(shi)英(ying)小鬧(nao)鐘(zhong)得(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)(kai)始計(ji)時(shi)，當(dang)計(ji)時(shi)到(dao)預先設定(ding)(ding)值時(shi)，石(shi)(shi)英(ying)小鬧(nao)鐘(zhong)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平音頻脈(mo)沖訊響信號，該低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平音頻脈(mo)沖信號通過(guo)VT2放大整流經電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)C5濾波(bo)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)一(yi)直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，使(shi)VT1飽和(he)導通，開(kai)(kai)關S1電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁脫鉤(gou)(gou)線(xian)圈得(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)產生(sheng)磁力，使(shi)開(kai)(kai)關按鈕脫鉤(gou)(gou)跳開(kai)(kai)，斷開(kai)(kai)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)，從而(er)實現自動結束充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

　　二、元件選擇

　　元件(jian)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)如電(dian)(dian)(dian)路原理圖上的標注：VT1、VT3、VT4 選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)S8050 型三極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)，VT2 選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)S8550 型三極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)，IC1選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)LM7812，VD1 選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)IN4148 型二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)，VD2～D6選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)IN4007型二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)，LED1、 LED2選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)普(pu)(pu)通紅色發(fa)光(guang)二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)，LED3 選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)普(pu)(pu)通綠色發(fa)光(guang)二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)，R1選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)2kΩ 普(pu)(pu)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻，R2 選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)10kΩ普(pu)(pu)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻，R3、R4 選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)1kΩ 普(pu)(pu)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻，開關S1 選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)KDC-A01-06Y 型的，P1和(he)J1 分別選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)普(pu)(pu)通單聲道耳機插(cha)(cha)頭、插(cha)(cha)孔。變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)T 選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)3W/14V 電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)， C1 選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)1000μF/25V 電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)，C2、C3、C4 選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)470μF/25V電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)， C5 選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)47μF/25V 電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)。實物如圖2所示。焊好(hao)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)路見圖3。

　　三(san)、智能(neng)定(ding)時(shi)插座的安(an)裝與(yu)使(shi)用說(shuo)明

　　筆(bi)者利(li)用萬能(neng)印制板來焊(han)接(jie)本(ben)定(ding)時插(cha)座電(dian)(dian)路，安裝(zhuang)時注(zhu)意，一(yi)定(ding)要將石英(ying)小(xiao)鬧鐘內的(de)小(xiao)揚(yang)聲器(qi)(qi)拆除，小(xiao)揚(yang)聲器(qi)(qi)正極(ji)所接(jie)位(wei)置接(jie)三(san)極(ji)管VT2發射極(ji)，小(xiao)揚(yang)聲器(qi)(qi)負極(ji)所接(jie)位(wei)置接(jie)三(san)極(ji)管VT2基極(ji)，引線見圖4。本(ben)人焊(han)接(jie)成的(de)定(ding)時插(cha)座電(dian)(dian)路與充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)連接(jie)如圖5所示。

　　在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)前，先將定(ding)時(shi)(shi)值設好(hao)，將充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)控制信號(hao)輸出(chu)插(cha)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)P1和定(ding)時(shi)(shi)控制信號(hao)引(yin)入(ru)插(cha)孔J1連接好(hao)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)與蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶連好(hao)，插(cha)好(hao)交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源插(cha)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)，最后按下開關S1按鈕，智(zhi)能定(ding)時(shi)(shi)插(cha)座(zuo)會自動(dong)在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)轉入(ru)浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態(tai)時(shi)(shi)開始計(ji)時(shi)(shi)，并在(zai)定(ding)時(shi)(shi)值達到時(shi)(shi)結束充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。當充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)因蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶出(chu)問題（比如(ru)過度失水）而無(wu)法轉入(ru)浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態(tai)時(shi)(shi)，將充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)插(cha)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)P1和定(ding)時(shi)(shi)插(cha)座(zuo)間(jian)的插(cha)孔J1斷開，定(ding)時(shi)(shi)插(cha)座(zuo)則通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開始計(ji)時(shi)(shi)， 當定(ding)時(shi)(shi)值達到時(shi)(shi)自動(dong)結束充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。