鉛酸電(dian)池成本低、技術(shu)成熟、使用性能穩定、原料來源豐富、鉛回(hui)收(shou)率(lv)高成為各電(dian)動車生(sheng)產商的首(shou)選，與鉛酸電(dian)池相對應的充電(dian)器也繁榮于市場。

　　目前市(shi)場上(shang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車鉛(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)設計(ji)方案大(da)致有兩類(lei)(lei)：第(di)一類(lei)(lei)是二(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段式(shi)，即先(xian)(xian)恒壓(ya)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)隨(sui)鉛(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)上(shang)升(sheng)而逐漸減(jian)少（即充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)先(xian)(xian)大(da)后(hou)小），當(dang)鉛(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能補充(chong)到(dao)一定(ding)(ding)程(cheng)度(du)后(hou)，鉛(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)也會上(shang)升(sheng)至充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)設定(ding)(ding)值，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)紅色(se)(se)指(zhi)(zhi)示二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)熄滅，綠(lv)色(se)(se)指(zhi)(zhi)示二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)隨(sui)即點亮，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)自動轉入第(di)二(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段的(de)(de)(de)涓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)浮充(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)；第(di)二(er)(er)類(lei)(lei)是三(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段式(shi)，即先(xian)(xian)恒流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，而后(hou)恒壓(ya)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，當(dang)鉛(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)上(shang)升(sheng)至充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)設定(ding)(ding)值，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)紅色(se)(se)指(zhi)(zhi)示二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)熄滅，綠(lv)色(se)(se)指(zhi)(zhi)示二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)隨(sui)即點亮，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)自動轉入第(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段的(de)(de)(de)涓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)浮充(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

　　從(cong)以上(shang)設計(ji)方(fang)案可知：無論(lun)是兩階(jie)段(duan)式(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)還是三(san)階(jie)段(duan)式(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，最(zui)后階(jie)段(duan)都(dou)是涓(juan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流浮(fu)(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。實踐證明(ming)：對(dui)鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)適當(dang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間的(de)涓(juan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流浮(fu)(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，不僅是更進一(yi)步充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)，更重要的(de)是對(dui)鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)修復(fu)和保養，防止鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)形成(cheng)不可逆(ni)的(de)硫酸(suan)鹽(yan)化，簡稱(cheng)“硫化”。實踐驗證，一(yi)般(ban)以 2~3小時(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)涓(juan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流浮(fu)(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)為宜，過充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)或充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不足都(dou)會嚴重危害鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)正極板，大大縮(suo)短(duan)鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)使(shi)用壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)。筆者針(zhen)對(dui)以上(shang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)情況，自(zi)制了(le)一(yi)款簡易的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)智(zhi)能(neng)定(ding)(ding)(ding)時(shi)(shi)(shi)插(cha)座(zuo)，該智(zhi)能(neng)定(ding)(ding)(ding)時(shi)(shi)(shi)插(cha)座(zuo)能(neng)對(dui)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)最(zui)后階(jie)段(duan)涓(juan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流浮(fu)(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)進行定(ding)(ding)(ding)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，當(dang)涓(juan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流浮(fu)(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)到達設定(ding)(ding)(ding)值后，智(zhi)能(neng)定(ding)(ding)(ding)時(shi)(shi)(shi)插(cha)座(zuo)自(zi)動(dong)切斷充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)及自(zi)身的(de)交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，結束充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，不必再人(ren)工斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。本人(ren)將智(zhi)能(neng)定(ding)(ding)(ding)時(shi)(shi)(shi)插(cha)座(zuo)應用于自(zi)己森地牌YBC-48L型（14Ah）充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，深感方(fang)便。隨(sui)后相繼給許多親戚朋友的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)也設計(ji)制作了(le)同樣的(de)定(ding)(ding)(ding)時(shi)(shi)(shi)插(cha)座(zuo)，通(tong)過使(shi)用，大家都(dou)覺得既延(yan)長鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)使(shi)用壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)，也免(mian)除了(le)天天人(ren)工斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)之苦。

　　一、智能充(chong)電器定時插(cha)座如何工作

　　智(zhi)能定時(shi)插座的電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)見圖1，共由(you)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)開關、電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)脫鉤線圈驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、定時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)4部分組成(cheng)。將該電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)插上電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)插頭(tou)，按(an)下交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)開關S1按(an)鈕(niu)，接通220V交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)即可開始工作(zuo)。220V交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)一路(lu)(lu)(lu)經14V電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)變壓(ya)器(qi)T降(jiang)壓(ya)、橋(qiao)式整(zheng)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)整(zheng)流、濾(lv)(lv)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong) C1濾(lv)(lv)波(bo)、三端穩(wen)(wen)(wen)壓(ya)集(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)IC1穩(wen)(wen)(wen)壓(ya)、濾(lv)(lv)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)C2濾(lv)(lv)波(bo)產生穩(wen)(wen)(wen)定的+12V直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，該+12V分三路(lu)(lu)(lu)輸出：（1）經R4加到(dao)LED2作(zuo)+12V直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)工作(zuo)指示(shi)。（2）經R3、VD2、LED3串聯穩(wen)(wen)(wen)壓(ya)后(hou)經C3濾(lv)(lv)波(bo)加到(dao)穩(wen)(wen)(wen)壓(ya)調整(zheng)管VT4基極(ji)，使VT4將+12V穩(wen)(wen)(wen)壓(ya)為2.1V，由(you)VT4發射(she)極(ji)輸出，該 2.1V經C4濾(lv)(lv)波(bo)后(hou)加到(dao)石英小(xiao)鬧鐘電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)正(zheng)負極(ji)為其(qi)提供直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)（提示(shi)一點：2.1V高了些，石英小(xiao)鬧鐘走時(shi)稍快一些，定時(shi)值按(an)4~5小(xiao)時(shi)即可）。（3）加到(dao)開關S1的電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)脫鉤線圈上。

　　220V交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源另(ling)一路(lu)經定(ding)(ding)時插座加到充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)，當(dang)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)還未(wei)轉入浮充(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態時，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)的紅(hong)燈(deng)LED1得(de)電(dian)(dian)發光，LED1兩(liang)端的2V電(dian)(dian)壓經插頭 P1、插孔J1、電(dian)(dian)阻R2加到VT3基極，VT3飽和導(dao)(dao)通，將2.1V穩(wen)壓調(diao)(diao)整(zheng)管(guan)(guan)VT4基極短路(lu)到地(di)，穩(wen)壓調(diao)(diao)整(zheng)管(guan)(guan)VT4截止，石(shi)英小(xiao)鬧(nao)鐘(zhong)無(wu)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源供給而(er)不(bu)工作，當(dang)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)轉入涓電(dian)(dian)流(liu)浮充(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)階段時，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)紅(hong)色二極管(guan)(guan)LED1兩(liang)端變(bian)為零(ling)電(dian)(dian)壓熄滅(mie)（充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)綠色二極管(guan)(guan)則發光），此時VT3也因基極零(ling)電(dian)(dian)壓而(er)截止，電(dian)(dian)源調(diao)(diao)整(zheng)管(guan)(guan)VT4正常導(dao)(dao)通，輸出2.1V直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源，石(shi)英小(xiao)鬧(nao)鐘(zhong)得(de)電(dian)(dian)開(kai)(kai)始計時，當(dang)計時到預先設定(ding)(ding)值(zhi)時，石(shi)英小(xiao)鬧(nao)鐘(zhong)輸出低電(dian)(dian)平(ping)音頻脈(mo)沖(chong)訊響信號，該低電(dian)(dian)平(ping)音頻脈(mo)沖(chong)信號通過VT2放大整(zheng)流(liu)經電(dian)(dian)容C5濾波輸出一直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓，使VT1飽和導(dao)(dao)通，開(kai)(kai)關S1電(dian)(dian)磁脫鉤(gou)線圈得(de)電(dian)(dian)產生磁力(li)，使開(kai)(kai)關按鈕脫鉤(gou)跳開(kai)(kai)，斷(duan)開(kai)(kai)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源，從而(er)實現自(zi)動結束充(chong)電(dian)(dian)。

　　二、元件選擇

　　元件選(xuan)(xuan)擇如(ru)電(dian)路原(yuan)理圖上的標(biao)注(zhu)：VT1、VT3、VT4 選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)S8050 型(xing)三(san)極管(guan)，VT2 選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)S8550 型(xing)三(san)極管(guan)，IC1選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)LM7812，VD1 選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)IN4148 型(xing)二(er)(er)極管(guan)，VD2～D6選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)IN4007型(xing)二(er)(er)極管(guan)，LED1、 LED2選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)普通(tong)紅(hong)色(se)發(fa)光二(er)(er)極管(guan)，LED3 選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)普通(tong)綠色(se)發(fa)光二(er)(er)極管(guan)，R1選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)2kΩ 普通(tong)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)，R2 選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)10kΩ普通(tong)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)，R3、R4 選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)1kΩ 普通(tong)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)，開關(guan)S1 選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)KDC-A01-06Y 型(xing)的，P1和J1 分別選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)普通(tong)單(dan)聲道耳機插頭、插孔。變壓(ya)(ya)器T 選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)3W/14V 電(dian)源變壓(ya)(ya)器， C1 選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)1000μF/25V 電(dian)解電(dian)容，C2、C3、C4 選(xuan)(xuan)470μF/25V電(dian)解電(dian)容， C5 選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)47μF/25V 電(dian)解電(dian)容。實(shi)物(wu)如(ru)圖2所(suo)示(shi)。焊好的電(dian)路見(jian)圖3。

　　三(san)、智能定時插座的(de)安(an)裝與(yu)使用(yong)說明(ming)

　　筆(bi)者利用萬(wan)能(neng)印制板來焊(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)本定時(shi)插座電路，安裝時(shi)注意(yi)，一(yi)定要將石英(ying)小鬧鐘內的小揚聲器拆除，小揚聲器正極(ji)所接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)位置(zhi)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)三極(ji)管(guan)VT2發(fa)射極(ji)，小揚聲器負(fu)極(ji)所接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)位置(zhi)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)三極(ji)管(guan)VT2基極(ji)，引(yin)線見圖4。本人焊(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)成的定時(shi)插座電路與(yu)充電器連(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)如圖5所示。

　　在(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)前，先將定(ding)(ding)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)值設好(hao)，將充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器控制(zhi)信(xin)號(hao)輸出插(cha)頭(tou)P1和定(ding)(ding)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)控制(zhi)信(xin)號(hao)引入插(cha)孔J1連(lian)接好(hao)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器與蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶連(lian)好(hao)，插(cha)好(hao)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源插(cha)頭(tou)，最后按(an)下(xia)開(kai)關S1按(an)鈕，智能定(ding)(ding)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)插(cha)座會(hui)自(zi)動在(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器轉入浮充(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)開(kai)始計時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，并(bing)在(zai)定(ding)(ding)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)值達(da)到(dao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)結(jie)束(shu)(shu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。當(dang)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器因(yin)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶出問題（比如過(guo)度(du)失(shi)水）而無法轉入浮充(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，將充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器插(cha)頭(tou)P1和定(ding)(ding)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)插(cha)座間的插(cha)孔J1斷開(kai)，定(ding)(ding)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)插(cha)座則通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)始計時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)， 當(dang)定(ding)(ding)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)值達(da)到(dao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)自(zi)動結(jie)束(shu)(shu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。