鉛酸蓄電池電動車充電器充電時，有幾個關鍵參數：最高充電電壓、浮充電壓、浮充轉換電流、最大充電電流。它們應該是多少？如何制定？其中最主要的是最高充電電壓，多少為好？與析氣量、充入電容量和環境溫度又是什么關系？對此眾說不一，各電池生產廠家的要求也不一樣。最高充電電壓值相對誤差范圍是多少？我們不能脫離實際的工作對象，盲目制定出超常規的精度要求。我們接到某電動車售后服務部通知：充電器比規(gui)定(ding)(ding)電壓(ya)高0.1V，電池(chi)因此熱失(shi)控而充脹了；也接到通知說：電壓(ya)比規(gui)定(ding)(ding)定(ding)(ding)低0.1V，電池(chi)欠(qian)充，提前報廢。一個千分(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)幾(ji)的(de)誤差(cha)造成(cheng)如此嚴重后果(guo)，真(zhen)(zhen)是失(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)毫厘，謬之(zhi)(zhi)千里之(zhi)(zhi)外，鉛酸蓄電池(chi)果(guo)真(zhen)(zhen)有這(zhe)么神秘(mi)嗎(ma)？為了解開困擾電動車充電中的(de)這(zhe)個謎(mi)團，做如下實驗。

　　用(yong)一個水(shui)(shui)槽盛滿(man)水(shui)(shui)，電(dian)(dian)池放在(zai)(zai)水(shui)(shui)中，在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)池上方有(you)一個收集氣(qi)體用(yong)的(de)倒扣的(de)漏(lou)(lou)斗，漏(lou)(lou)斗頂端裝有(you)可以計量氣(qi)體容量的(de)注射針筒(tong)。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)用(yong)可調穩壓電(dian)(dian)源，用(yong)兩只四(si)位半數(shu)字萬用(yong)表測量充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流和(he)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓。

　　試驗時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)是(shi)在冬季，水溫5℃。實驗條(tiao)件(jian)是(shi)統一用2A電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，最(zui)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓分別用43V、44V、45V輪循環依次(ci)進行(xing)，浮充(chong)轉換電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)一律400mA，記錄(lu)下(xia)每(mei)次(ci)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)，包(bao)括充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)末期隨(sui)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)下(xia)降各點數據(ju)、開始析氣(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，按時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)記錄(lu)析氣(qi)量(liang)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)完后，用萬(wan)分之幾精度的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)臺記錄(lu)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)。充(chong)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)是(shi)在計(ji)算紙上讀(du)出(chu)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)曲線(xian)與坐標之間(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)面積（電(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)就是(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)對時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)定(ding)積分）。數據(ju)見下(xia)表：

　　得到試驗數據(ju)后(hou)，最感到驚異(yi)的是：充(chong)入電(dian)量的多少幾乎與充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)壓無關。很多人認為充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)壓低(di)電(dian)池(chi)會充(chong)不滿(man)，電(dian)池(chi)會提前鹽(yan)化(hua)報(bao)廢，特(te)別(bie)是在冬(dong)季氣溫(wen)較低(di)的時候(hou)。而這次試驗正好(hao)是在冬(dong)季，水溫(wen)只有5℃，試(shi)驗的中心電(dian)壓值是44V，上下偏差1V，相對(dui)誤差是2.3%。在用43V和(he)45V充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)情(qing)況下，充(chong)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)和放(fang)(fang)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)相差(cha)無幾，與大(da)家(jia)公(gong)認的(de)(de)看法大(da)相徑庭，試驗是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)同一(yi)組電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，同樣的(de)(de)充(chong)、放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)條件，輪番做同樣的(de)(de)測試，實驗數(shu)(shu)據重(zhong)復同樣的(de)(de)規(gui)律，可排(pai)除偶(ou)然因(yin)素(su)干擾，試驗數(shu)(shu)據是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)準確可信的(de)(de)。從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)原(yuan)理上看，只要(yao)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)高(gao)(gao)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，都會(hui)給電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，一(yi)直(zhi)到(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)中的(de)(de)活性物(wu)質轉換完(wan)成。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)最(zui)高(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，也就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)開始由恒流(liu)區(qu)轉變(bian)到(dao)恒壓(ya)(ya)區(qu)，這種轉變(bian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)自身(shen)充(chong)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)多(duo)少(shao)、活性物(wu)質反(fan)應了多(duo)少(shao)決(jue)定的(de)(de)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)低，僅是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)能進行電(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學反(fan)應的(de)(de)條件，只要(yao)高(gao)(gao)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)開路電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)就(jiu)會(hui)給電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，多(duo)少(shao)物(wu)質能參與反(fan)應由電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)自身(shen)決(jue)定。從(cong)這個思(si)路理解，就(jiu)不難得出，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)高(gao)(gao)低對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)容量(liang)(liang)沒有多(duo)大(da)影(ying)響。

　　從上(shang)圖表可(ke)以看出，電池(chi)在42.5V～43.5V時開始析氣,而析氣的(de)速度與充(chong)(chong)電電壓有關(guan)。到充(chong)(chong)電結束時，總析氣量與充(chong)(chong)電最高電壓有關(guan)，43V與45V總析氣量相差10位（注：以單格(ge)允許極限失水10克，18格相當(dang)240公升氣體，該電池45V時失水并不大(da)）。 在(zai)充電末(mo)期電流下降(jiang)區(qu)時，只要降(jiang)低電壓(ya)到(dao)42.5V時(shi)(shi)，析氣立即停止，這(zhe)時(shi)(shi)充電電流稍小一點，還會依著原來的規律下降(jiang)。

　　這里對浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)電壓、浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)電流(liu)討論一下(xia)(xia)。對于(yu)長期處于(yu)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)狀態下(xia)(xia)的鉛(qian)酸電池(chi)組，如(ru)后備電源上用的等，對浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)電壓要求(qiu)是嚴格的。據(ju)國處文獻，浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)電壓有-0.2%溫(wen)度系數，浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓偏差(cha)太大(da)會造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)鹽化。而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車用的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)屬循(xun)環使用，不(bu)是(shi)(shi)處(chu)于(yu)這種(zhong)狀態(tai)，不(bu)應該用套用浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)狀態(tai)使用的條件，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器設定浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)的目(mu)的僅是(shi)(shi)免于(yu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)末(mo)期大(da)量析(xi)氣失水，只(zhi)要把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓降(jiang)到(dao)析(xi)氣點電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓以(yi)下(xia)，但也不(bu)能(neng)低于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓而停(ting)止(zhi)向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。前面說過(guo)，在浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓下(xia)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的走勢基本還是(shi)(shi)依著(zhu)原曲(qu)線下(xia)降(jiang)，一(yi)般還補足5%的(de)容量(liang)。所(suo)以浮充(chong)電壓應在的(de)范圍是低于析氣電壓（42.5V），高于電(dian)池充足(zu)電(dian)以后的(de)開路端(duan)電(dian)壓（約40V）。

　　浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)轉換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，只(zhi)不(bu)過是選(xuan)擇在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)末期電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)活性(xing)物質反(fan)應接近尾(wei)聲，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流自動下降(jiang)到(dao)某(mou)一點(dian)時，切換浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的記號，不(bu)少(shao)人以(yi)為浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流高了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)會(hui)充(chong)(chong)不(bu)滿(man)是概念不(bu)清，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)只(zhi)要(yao)高于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，都(dou)(dou)會(hui)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，只(zhi)不(bu)過有用(yong)戶(hu)看到(dao)指示燈(deng)紅轉綠(lv)后(hou)提前去用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，這(zhe)種情況是不(bu)多(duo)的，一般(ban)都(dou)(dou)是夜(ye)間(jian)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，到(dao)早晨綠(lv)燈(deng)已亮了(le)多(duo)時。有的廠家(jia)使用(yong)說明書(shu)上(shang)提醒用(yong)戶(hu)，在轉綠(lv)燈(deng)后(hou)繼續(xu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)2小(xiao)時，是(shi)很(hen)好很(hen)正確的。所以沒(mei)有必要刻(ke)意去(qu)追求浮充轉換(huan)點的高低，一般新電(dian)池末期電(dian)流約為(wei)50mA，失水以后(hou)，酸比(bi)增高，那時(shi)可達500 mA以上。從析氣速率與電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)關系上來看（上圖），早點脫離析氣區為好，一(yi)方面(mian)，一(yi)方面(mian)可以減少(shao)析氣量，另一(yi)方面(mian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)用了(le)一(yi)段時間(jian)，末期電(dian)(dian)(dian)流增(zeng)高(gao)，但還能低于我們(men)設定的(de)(de)轉換(huan)點電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，否則電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)一(yi)直在(zai)最高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)下(xia)，大量失水，引發(fa)熱控(kong)(kong)，充(chong)脹充(chong)壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。有人(ren)固執地強(qiang)調，浮充(chong)轉換(huan)點高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)會(hui)欠充(chong)，前面(mian)已(yi)討論過(guo)，切換(huan)到浮充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓后，不是停止充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)了(le)，還會(hui)繼續對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)，轉換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流適當高(gao)一(yi)點有利于避免(mian)過(guo)分失水和熱失控(kong)(kong)。

　　至于充電電流的大小設定(ding)，先(xian)看一(yi)下電池制造廠家對10Ah（12Ah）吸附式(shi)小型密封電池對充電時的技術要求，通常規定充電速率不要大于0.3C，相當于4A電流(liu)，而充(chong)電器充(chong)電電流(liu)在2A左右，遠(yuan)離(li)極(ji)限充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)。充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)在(zai)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)范圍內大一(yi)(yi)點(dian)、小(xiao)一(yi)(yi)點(dian)，充(chong)電(dian)時間長(chang)一(yi)(yi)點(dian)、短(duan)一(yi)(yi)點(dian)，沒(mei)有(you)很高的要求，有(you)10%的(de)誤差(cha)就行了，充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)中(zhong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)流取樣電(dian)(dian)阻精(jing)度是5%，電流的(de)精度不會高于此。

　　總而(er)(er)言之，不(bu)(bu)管哪家生產的(de)(de)鉛酸閥控(kong)吸附式小密(mi)(mi)封電池(chi)，其基(ji)本(ben)結(jie)構是(shi)(shi)(shi)完全(quan)一樣的(de)(de)，僅(jin)極(ji)板、框(kuang)架、滲入的(de)(de)微(wei)量(liang)元(yuan)素、漿料(liao)配方、硫酸濃(nong)度等有此微(wei)小差(cha)異，而(er)(er)在電化學方面都是(shi)(shi)(shi)一樣的(de)(de)，也就是(shi)(shi)(shi)說它們單體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)端(duan)電壓、充電電壓、充放(fang)電電流密(mi)(mi)度（動力(li)型）、開始析(xi)氣電壓點等，不(bu)(bu)會有顯著(zhu)的(de)(de)差(cha)異。一個(ge)按照前面所(suo)討論的(de)(de)充電器，可適應所(suo)有品牌的(de)(de)電池(chi)，不(bu)(bu)存在匹配問題。

　　結論：

　　1、最高(gao)充電電壓與充入電量關系不(bu)大。

　　2、浮充電壓與充入(ru)電量沒關系(xi)，只要(yao)高于(yu)電池最大開路端(duan)電壓，低于(yu)開始析氣點電壓就行(xing)了。

　　3、浮(fu)充轉換電流，僅是切換最高充電電壓到浮(fu)充電壓的設定點，不宜過(guo)小(xiao)或過(guo)大(da)，與(yu)充電量也(ye)沒關(guan)系。

　　4、充電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)只要不超(chao)過0.3C(對10Ah相應為(wei)4A)都是允(yun)許的，不必要(yao)嚴格要(yao)求。

　　所以(yi)，對于36V閥控式(shi)吸附式(shi)小(xiao)密封電池組充電參數推薦(jian)如下：

　　最高電壓：43.5V～44.8V

　　浮充轉換電流(liu)：300mA～500Ma

　　浮充電壓(ya)：41V～42V

　　充(chong)電電流：2A±20%

　　以(yi)(yi)上是(shi)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)中(zhong)一些(xie)認識誤區(qu)進行的(de)試驗(yan)和分析，通過以(yi)(yi)上的(de)試驗(yan)和分析能使廣大消費者(zhe)知道鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器中(zhong)應注意的(de)一些(xie)問題，以(yi)(yi)更(geng)好地正確使用(yong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器。