鉛酸蓄電池電動車充電器充電時，有幾個關鍵參數：最高充電電壓、浮充電壓、浮充轉換電流、最大充電電流。它們應該是多少？如何制定？其中最主要的是最高充電電壓，多少為好？與析氣量、充入電容量和環境溫度又是什么關系？對此眾說不一，各電池生產廠家的要求也不一樣。最高充電電壓值相對誤差范圍是多少？我們不能脫離實際的工作對象，盲目制定出超常規的精度要求。我們接到某電動車售后服務部通知：充電器比規定(ding)電(dian)壓高0.1V，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)因此熱失控而充脹了(le)；也接到(dao)通(tong)知說(shuo)：電(dian)壓比規定(ding)定(ding)低0.1V，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)欠(qian)充，提(ti)前報廢。一個千分之幾的誤差造成如此嚴重后果(guo)，真是失之毫厘，謬之千里之外，鉛酸蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)果(guo)真有這么神(shen)秘嗎？為了(le)解開困擾電(dian)動車充電(dian)中的這個謎團(tuan)，做如下實驗。

　　用(yong)一個水槽盛(sheng)滿(man)水，電(dian)池放在水中，在電(dian)池上方有一個收集氣(qi)體(ti)用(yong)的(de)(de)倒扣的(de)(de)漏斗，漏斗頂端裝有可(ke)(ke)以計量氣(qi)體(ti)容量的(de)(de)注(zhu)射針(zhen)筒。充電(dian)用(yong)可(ke)(ke)調穩壓電(dian)源，用(yong)兩(liang)只(zhi)四(si)位(wei)半(ban)數字萬用(yong)表(biao)測量充電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)和充電(dian)電(dian)壓。

　　試驗時(shi)間(jian)是(shi)在冬(dong)季，水溫5℃。實驗條件是(shi)統(tong)一(yi)用2A電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，最(zui)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)分(fen)別用43V、44V、45V輪循(xun)環(huan)依次(ci)進行，浮充(chong)轉換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流一(yi)律400mA，記錄下每次(ci)的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)，包括充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)末期(qi)隨(sui)時(shi)間(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流下降各點(dian)數據(ju)、開始析氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，按(an)時(shi)間(jian)記錄析氣量(liang)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)完后(hou)，用萬分(fen)之幾精(jing)度的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)臺記錄放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)。充(chong)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)是(shi)在計算紙上(shang)讀出時(shi)間(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流曲線與坐(zuo)標之間(jian)的面(mian)積（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)就是(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流對時(shi)間(jian)的定積分(fen)）。數據(ju)見下表：

　　得到試驗數據(ju)后，最感到驚(jing)異的是：充(chong)(chong)入電(dian)(dian)量(liang)的多(duo)少幾乎與(yu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓無關(guan)。很(hen)多(duo)人(ren)認為充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓低電(dian)(dian)池會充(chong)(chong)不(bu)滿，電(dian)(dian)池會提(ti)前鹽(yan)化(hua)報廢，特別是在冬季氣溫較低的時(shi)候。而(er)這(zhe)次(ci)試驗正好是在冬季，水溫只有5℃，試驗(yan)的中(zhong)心(xin)電壓值是44V，上下偏差1V，相對誤差是2.3%。在用43V和45V充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)情況下(xia)，充(chong)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)和放(fang)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)相(xiang)差無幾(ji)，與大家公認的(de)看法大相(xiang)徑(jing)庭，試(shi)驗是用(yong)的(de)同(tong)一組電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，同(tong)樣(yang)(yang)的(de)充(chong)、放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)條件(jian)，輪番做同(tong)樣(yang)(yang)的(de)測試(shi)，實驗數(shu)據重復同(tong)樣(yang)(yang)的(de)規(gui)律，可排(pai)除偶然因素干擾，試(shi)驗數(shu)據是準確可信的(de)。從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)原(yuan)理上看，只(zhi)(zhi)要充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)高(gao)(gao)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，都會給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，一直到(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池中的(de)活性物質(zhi)轉換完(wan)成(cheng)。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)最高(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，也就(jiu)(jiu)是充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源開始由(you)(you)恒流區轉變(bian)到(dao)恒壓(ya)(ya)區，這(zhe)種轉變(bian)是由(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池自身充(chong)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)多(duo)少(shao)、活性物質(zhi)反應(ying)(ying)了(le)多(duo)少(shao)決(jue)定(ding)的(de)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)高(gao)(gao)低，僅是能進行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學反應(ying)(ying)的(de)條件(jian)，只(zhi)(zhi)要高(gao)(gao)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池開路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)就(jiu)(jiu)會給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，多(duo)少(shao)物質(zhi)能參與反應(ying)(ying)由(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池自身決(jue)定(ding)。從這(zhe)個思路(lu)理解，就(jiu)(jiu)不難得出，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)高(gao)(gao)低對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)沒(mei)有多(duo)大影響。

　　從上圖表可(ke)以看出，電池在(zai)42.5V～43.5V時開始析氣,而析氣的速度(du)與(yu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)有關。到(dao)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)結束時，總析氣量與(yu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)最高(gao)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)有關，43V與45V總析(xi)氣量(liang)相差10位（注：以單格允許(xu)極限(xian)失水10克，18格相當240公升(sheng)氣體(ti)，該電(dian)池(chi)45V時失水(shui)并不大）。 在充電(dian)末期(qi)電(dian)流下降區時，只要降低(di)電(dian)壓到42.5V時，析氣(qi)立即停止，這時充電(dian)電(dian)流稍小一點，還(huan)會依(yi)著原來的(de)規律下降。

　　這(zhe)里對浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)流討論一下(xia)(xia)。對于長期處于浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)狀態下(xia)(xia)的鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)池組，如后備電(dian)(dian)源上用的等(deng)，對浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)要求是嚴格的。據國處文(wen)獻，浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)有-0.2%溫度系(xi)數(shu)，浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)偏差太大(da)會造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)鹽化。而電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)用(yong)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)屬循環(huan)使用(yong)，不是處于這種狀態，不應該用(yong)套用(yong)浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)狀態使用(yong)的條(tiao)件，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器設定浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)的目(mu)的僅是免(mian)于充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)末期(qi)大(da)量析氣失水，只要把電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)降到析氣點電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)以下，但也(ye)不能低于電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)而停止向電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。前面說過，在(zai)浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)下，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的走(zou)勢基本還是依著原曲(qu)線下降，一般還補(bu)足(zu)5%的(de)容量。所以浮充電壓應在(zai)的(de)范(fan)圍(wei)是低于析氣電壓（42.5V），高于(yu)電池充(chong)足電以后的開路端(duan)電壓（約40V）。

　　浮充(chong)轉(zhuan)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，只(zhi)不(bu)過是(shi)選擇在(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)末期(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)活性物質反(fan)應接近尾聲，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)自動下降到某一點時，切(qie)換(huan)浮充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的記號，不(bu)少(shao)人以為浮充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)高了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)會充(chong)不(bu)滿是(shi)概念不(bu)清，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)只(zhi)要高于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，都會對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，只(zhi)不(bu)過有(you)(you)用(yong)戶看到指示燈紅轉(zhuan)綠(lv)后(hou)提前去用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，這(zhe)種情況是(shi)不(bu)多的，一般都是(shi)夜間充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，到早晨綠(lv)燈已亮了多時。有(you)(you)的廠家(jia)使用(yong)說明書上提醒用(yong)戶，在(zai)轉(zhuan)綠(lv)燈后(hou)繼(ji)續充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)2小時，是(shi)很好很正(zheng)確的。所以沒有必要刻意去追求浮充轉換點的高低，一(yi)般新電池末期電流約為(wei)50mA，失水以(yi)后，酸比增高，那時(shi)可達500 mA以(yi)上。從析氣(qi)速(su)率(lv)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的關系(xi)上來看（上圖），早點脫離析氣(qi)區為好，一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)，一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)可以(yi)減少析氣(qi)量(liang)，另一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)用(yong)了一(yi)段時間，末期電(dian)(dian)(dian)流增高(gao)，但(dan)還能低(di)于我們設(she)定的轉(zhuan)換點電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，否則(ze)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)一(yi)直在最高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)下，大量(liang)失(shi)水(shui)，引發熱控(kong)，充脹(zhang)充壞(huai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。有人(ren)固執地(di)強調(diao)，浮充轉(zhuan)換點高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)會欠(qian)充，前面(mian)已討(tao)論過，切(qie)換到浮充電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)后，不是停止充電(dian)(dian)(dian)了，還會繼續對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)的，轉(zhuan)換電(dian)(dian)(dian)流適當高(gao)一(yi)點有利于避免過分失(shi)水(shui)和熱失(shi)控(kong)。

　　至于充電(dian)電(dian)流的大小設定，先看一下電(dian)池(chi)制造廠(chang)家對10Ah（12Ah）吸附(fu)式小(xiao)型密封電池對充電時的技術(shu)要求，通常規定充電速率不要大于0.3C，相當于4A電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，而充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流在2A左右，遠離極限充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)。充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)在(zai)一定范圍(wei)內(nei)大一點、小一點，充電(dian)(dian)時間長一點、短一點，沒有很高的(de)要求，有10%的誤差(cha)就(jiu)行了(le)，充(chong)電器中的電流取樣電阻精度是5%，電(dian)流的(de)精度不會高(gao)于(yu)此。

　　總而言之，不(bu)管哪(na)家(jia)生產(chan)的(de)(de)鉛酸閥(fa)控吸附式小密封(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，其基本結(jie)構是(shi)(shi)(shi)完(wan)全(quan)一樣的(de)(de)，僅極板、框(kuang)架、滲入(ru)的(de)(de)微量(liang)元(yuan)素、漿料配方、硫酸濃度等有(you)此(ci)微小差(cha)異，而在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學(xue)方面都是(shi)(shi)(shi)一樣的(de)(de)，也(ye)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)說(shuo)它們(men)單體(ti)的(de)(de)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)密度（動(dong)力型(xing)）、開(kai)始(shi)析氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓點等，不(bu)會有(you)顯著的(de)(de)差(cha)異。一個按照前面所討論的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器，可適應所有(you)品(pin)牌的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，不(bu)存在匹(pi)配問(wen)題。

　　結論：

　　1、最高充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)壓與(yu)充(chong)入電(dian)量關系不大。

　　2、浮充(chong)電(dian)壓(ya)與充(chong)入電(dian)量(liang)沒(mei)關系，只要高于電(dian)池最大(da)開路端(duan)電(dian)壓(ya)，低于開始析氣點電(dian)壓(ya)就行了。

　　3、浮(fu)充轉換電流，僅(jin)是切(qie)換最高(gao)充電電壓到浮(fu)充電壓的設定(ding)點，不宜過小或過大，與充電量也沒(mei)關系。

　　4、充電(dian)電(dian)流只要不超過0.3C(對10Ah相應(ying)為4A)都是允許的，不必(bi)要嚴格要求。

　　所以，對于36V閥控式(shi)吸附式(shi)小密(mi)封電池組充電參數推(tui)薦如(ru)下：

　　最高電壓：43.5V～44.8V

　　浮(fu)充轉(zhuan)換電流：300mA～500Ma

　　浮(fu)充電壓(ya)：41V～42V

　　充電電流：2A±20%

　　以上(shang)是(shi)對電(dian)(dian)動車鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)中一些認識誤區進(jin)行的試驗和(he)分析，通過(guo)以上(shang)的試驗和(he)分析能使廣大消費者知道鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)中應注(zhu)意的一些問題，以更好地正(zheng)確使用(yong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)。