鉛酸蓄電池電動車充電器充電時，有幾個關鍵參數：最高充電電壓、浮充電壓、浮充轉換電流、最大充電電流。它們應該是多少？如何制定？其中最主要的是最高充電電壓，多少為好？與析氣量、充入電容量和環境溫度又是什么關系？對此眾說不一，各電池生產廠家的要求也不一樣。最高充電電壓值相對誤差范圍是多少？我們不能脫離實際的工作對象，盲目制定出超常規的精度要求。我們接到某電動車售后服務部通知：充電器比(bi)規定電壓高(gao)0.1V，電池因此熱(re)失控而充(chong)脹了；也(ye)接到通知說：電壓比(bi)規定定低0.1V，電池欠充(chong)，提前(qian)報(bao)廢(fei)。一個千(qian)(qian)分之(zhi)幾的(de)誤差造成如(ru)此嚴重后(hou)果，真是失之(zhi)毫厘，謬之(zhi)千(qian)(qian)里之(zhi)外，鉛酸(suan)蓄(xu)電池果真有這么神秘嗎？為了解開(kai)困擾電動車充(chong)電中(zhong)的(de)這個謎團，做如(ru)下實驗。

　　用(yong)一個水(shui)(shui)槽盛滿水(shui)(shui)，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)放在(zai)水(shui)(shui)中，在(zai)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)上方有(you)(you)一個收集(ji)氣體用(yong)的倒扣的漏斗(dou)，漏斗(dou)頂端裝有(you)(you)可以計量氣體容量的注射針筒。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)用(yong)可調(diao)穩壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)源，用(yong)兩只(zhi)四位半數字萬用(yong)表測量充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)和充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。

　　試驗時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)是在(zai)冬季，水(shui)溫5℃。實驗條件是統一(yi)用2A電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，最充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)分(fen)別用43V、44V、45V輪循環依次(ci)進行，浮充(chong)(chong)轉(zhuan)換電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)一(yi)律400mA，記錄下每次(ci)的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)，包括充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)末期(qi)隨時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)下降各點數據、開始析氣(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，按(an)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)記錄析氣(qi)(qi)量(liang)(liang)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)完后，用萬(wan)分(fen)之(zhi)幾精度的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)臺記錄放電(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)(liang)。充(chong)(chong)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)是在(zai)計(ji)算紙(zhi)上讀出時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)曲線與坐標之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)面積(ji)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)(liang)就是充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)對時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)的(de)定積(ji)分(fen)）。數據見下表：

　　得到試驗數(shu)據后(hou)，最感到驚異(yi)的是：充入電(dian)量的多少幾乎與充電(dian)電(dian)壓(ya)無(wu)關。很多人認為充電(dian)電(dian)壓(ya)低電(dian)池(chi)會(hui)(hui)充不滿，電(dian)池(chi)會(hui)(hui)提(ti)前鹽化報廢，特別是在冬(dong)季(ji)氣溫(wen)較低的時候。而這次(ci)試驗正好是在冬(dong)季(ji)，水溫(wen)只有5℃，試驗的(de)中心電壓(ya)值是44V，上下偏差1V，相對誤差是2.3%。在(zai)用43V和45V充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)情(qing)況下，充(chong)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)和(he)放出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)相(xiang)差(cha)無幾，與大家公認(ren)的(de)(de)看(kan)法大相(xiang)徑(jing)庭，試驗(yan)(yan)是用的(de)(de)同(tong)一組電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，同(tong)樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)充(chong)、放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)條件，輪番(fan)做同(tong)樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)測試，實驗(yan)(yan)數據重復同(tong)樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)規律，可(ke)排除偶然因素干擾，試驗(yan)(yan)數據是準確可(ke)信的(de)(de)。從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)原理(li)上(shang)看(kan)，只要(yao)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)高于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，都會(hui)給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，一直(zhi)到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)中的(de)(de)活(huo)性(xing)物(wu)(wu)質轉(zhuan)換完成。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)最高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，也就是充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)開始由恒流(liu)區轉(zhuan)變(bian)到恒壓(ya)區，這種轉(zhuan)變(bian)是由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)自身充(chong)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)多(duo)少、活(huo)性(xing)物(wu)(wu)質反應了多(duo)少決定的(de)(de)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)高低，僅是能進行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學反應的(de)(de)條件，只要(yao)高于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)開路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)就會(hui)給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，多(duo)少物(wu)(wu)質能參(can)與反應由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)自身決定。從(cong)這個(ge)思(si)路理(li)解(jie)，就不(bu)難得(de)出，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)高低對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)容量(liang)(liang)沒有多(duo)大影(ying)響。

　　從上(shang)圖表(biao)可以看出，電池在42.5V～43.5V時(shi)開始析氣(qi),而析氣(qi)(qi)的(de)速(su)度與(yu)充電(dian)電(dian)壓有關。到充電(dian)結束時(shi)，總(zong)析氣(qi)(qi)量與(yu)充電(dian)最高電(dian)壓有關，43V與45V總(zong)析氣(qi)量相差10位（注：以單格允許極(ji)限失水10克，18格相當240公升氣體(ti)，該電池45V時失水并不(bu)大(da)）。 在(zai)充電末期電流下降區時，只(zhi)要降低電壓到42.5V時，析氣立即停(ting)止(zhi)，這時充電電流稍小(xiao)一點(dian)，還會依著(zhu)原來的規律下降(jiang)。

　　這里對(dui)(dui)浮(fu)(fu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、浮(fu)(fu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)流討論一下。對(dui)(dui)于長期處于浮(fu)(fu)充狀(zhuang)態(tai)下的(de)(de)鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組，如后(hou)備電(dian)(dian)(dian)源上用的(de)(de)等，對(dui)(dui)浮(fu)(fu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)要(yao)求(qiu)是嚴格的(de)(de)。據(ju)國(guo)處文獻(xian)，浮(fu)(fu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)有-0.2%溫(wen)度系數(shu)，浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)壓(ya)偏(pian)差(cha)太大會造(zao)成電(dian)池鹽化。而電(dian)動(dong)車(che)用的電(dian)池屬循環使(shi)用，不(bu)(bu)是處(chu)于這種狀態，不(bu)(bu)應該用套用浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)狀態使(shi)用的條件，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)器設定(ding)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)的目的僅是免(mian)于充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)末期大量析氣失(shi)水，只要把電(dian)壓(ya)降到(dao)析氣點電(dian)壓(ya)以下(xia)，但(dan)也不(bu)(bu)能(neng)低于電(dian)池端電(dian)壓(ya)而停止向電(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)。前面說(shuo)過，在浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)壓(ya)下(xia)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流的走勢基本還是依(yi)著原曲線下(xia)降，一般還補足(zu)5%的容量。所以(yi)浮充電壓應在(zai)的范圍是低于析氣電壓（42.5V），高于電(dian)(dian)池充足電(dian)(dian)以(yi)后的(de)開路端電(dian)(dian)壓（約40V）。

　　浮充(chong)轉換電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，只(zhi)不過是(shi)選擇在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)末期電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)活性物質反應(ying)接近尾(wei)聲，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流自動下降到(dao)某一(yi)點(dian)時，切換浮充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)記號，不少(shao)人以為浮充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流高了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)會(hui)充(chong)不滿是(shi)概(gai)念不清，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)只(zhi)要高于電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，都(dou)會(hui)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，只(zhi)不過有(you)用(yong)戶看到(dao)指(zhi)示燈(deng)(deng)(deng)紅轉綠(lv)(lv)后提(ti)前去用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，這種情(qing)況(kuang)是(shi)不多的(de)，一(yi)般都(dou)是(shi)夜間充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，到(dao)早晨綠(lv)(lv)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)已(yi)亮了(le)多時。有(you)的(de)廠家使用(yong)說明書(shu)上提(ti)醒(xing)用(yong)戶，在轉綠(lv)(lv)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)后繼續充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)2小(xiao)時，是(shi)很好(hao)很正確的。所以沒有必要刻意去追(zhui)求浮充轉換點的高低，一般新電(dian)池末期電(dian)流約為50mA，失水以后(hou)，酸比增高(gao)，那時(shi)可達(da)500 mA以上(shang)。從析氣(qi)速率(lv)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)關系(xi)上(shang)來看（上(shang)圖），早點脫離析氣(qi)區(qu)為好，一(yi)(yi)方面，一(yi)(yi)方面可以減少(shao)析氣(qi)量，另一(yi)(yi)方面，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)用了一(yi)(yi)段(duan)時間(jian)，末期電(dian)(dian)(dian)流增高，但還能低于(yu)我們設定的(de)轉(zhuan)換點電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，否則電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)一(yi)(yi)直在(zai)最高電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓充電(dian)(dian)(dian)下，大(da)量失水(shui)，引發熱控，充脹充壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。有人固執地強調(diao)，浮充轉(zhuan)換點高電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)會欠充，前面已討論過，切(qie)換到浮充電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓后，不是停止充電(dian)(dian)(dian)了，還會繼續對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)，轉(zhuan)換電(dian)(dian)(dian)流適當高一(yi)(yi)點有利于(yu)避免過分(fen)失水(shui)和熱失控。

　　至于充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流的大小設定(ding)，先(xian)看一下電(dian)(dian)池制造廠家對10Ah（12Ah）吸(xi)附式(shi)小型密封電(dian)池對充(chong)電(dian)時的(de)技術要(yao)求(qiu)，通常規定充(chong)電(dian)速率(lv)不要(yao)大于0.3C，相(xiang)當于4A電流，而充(chong)電器(qi)充(chong)電電流在2A左右，遠離極限充(chong)(chong)電電流(liu)。充(chong)(chong)電電流(liu)在一(yi)(yi)定范圍內(nei)大一(yi)(yi)點、小一(yi)(yi)點，充(chong)(chong)電時間(jian)長一(yi)(yi)點、短(duan)一(yi)(yi)點，沒有很高的要求，有10%的(de)誤差就行(xing)了，充(chong)電器中的(de)電流取樣電阻精度是5%，電流的精度不會高于(yu)此。

　　總(zong)而(er)言之，不管哪(na)家(jia)生產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)鉛酸閥(fa)控(kong)吸附式小(xiao)密封電(dian)池(chi)，其(qi)基本結(jie)構(gou)是(shi)完全(quan)一(yi)樣的(de)(de)(de)，僅極板、框(kuang)架、滲入的(de)(de)(de)微量元素(su)、漿料配方、硫酸濃度(du)等有此微小(xiao)差異，而(er)在電(dian)化學方面都是(shi)一(yi)樣的(de)(de)(de)，也就是(shi)說它們單體的(de)(de)(de)端電(dian)壓(ya)、充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)壓(ya)、充(chong)放電(dian)電(dian)流密度(du)（動力(li)型）、開始析氣電(dian)壓(ya)點等，不會有顯(xian)著的(de)(de)(de)差異。一(yi)個按照前面所(suo)討論的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)，可適應所(suo)有品牌的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)，不存在匹配問題。

　　結論：

　　1、最高充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)壓(ya)與充(chong)入電(dian)量關系不大。

　　2、浮(fu)充電(dian)壓與充入電(dian)量沒關系，只要(yao)高于電(dian)池最大開路端電(dian)壓，低(di)于開始析氣點電(dian)壓就行(xing)了(le)。

　　3、浮(fu)充(chong)轉換(huan)電流，僅是切(qie)換(huan)最高(gao)充(chong)電電壓到浮(fu)充(chong)電壓的設(she)定點(dian)，不宜(yi)過(guo)小或(huo)過(guo)大(da)，與(yu)充(chong)電量(liang)也(ye)沒關系。

　　4、充(chong)電電流只要不超(chao)過0.3C(對(dui)10Ah相應為4A)都是(shi)允許的，不必(bi)要嚴格(ge)要求。

　　所以，對于36V閥控(kong)式吸附式小密(mi)封電池組充電參(can)數(shu)推薦如下：

　　最高(gao)電壓：43.5V～44.8V

　　浮充(chong)轉換電流：300mA～500Ma

　　浮充電壓(ya)：41V～42V

　　充電電流：2A±20%

　　以(yi)上是對(dui)電動車鉛酸蓄電池充(chong)(chong)(chong)電中一些(xie)認(ren)識誤區進行(xing)的試驗和分(fen)(fen)析，通過(guo)以(yi)上的試驗和分(fen)(fen)析能使廣大消費(fei)者知道鉛酸蓄電池充(chong)(chong)(chong)電器中應(ying)注意的一些(xie)問題，以(yi)更好地正確使用充(chong)(chong)(chong)電器。