鉛酸蓄電池電動車充電器充電時，有幾個關鍵參數：最高充電電壓、浮充電壓、浮充轉換電流、最大充電電流。它們應該是多少？如何制定？其中最主要的是最高充電電壓，多少為好？與析氣量、充入電容量和環境溫度又是什么關系？對此眾說不一，各電池生產廠家的要求也不一樣。最高充電電壓值相對誤差范圍是多少？我們不能脫離實際的工作對象，盲目制定出超常規的精度要求。我們接到某電動車售后服務部通知：充電器比規定(ding)電(dian)壓高0.1V，電(dian)池(chi)因此熱失控而充(chong)(chong)脹了；也接(jie)到通知說：電(dian)壓比規定(ding)定(ding)低0.1V，電(dian)池(chi)欠充(chong)(chong)，提前報廢(fei)。一個(ge)千分之幾的(de)誤差造成如此嚴重后果，真是失之毫厘，謬(miu)之千里之外(wai)，鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)池(chi)果真有(you)這(zhe)么神秘嗎(ma)？為(wei)了解開(kai)困擾電(dian)動車充(chong)(chong)電(dian)中的(de)這(zhe)個(ge)謎團(tuan)，做如下實驗。

　　用(yong)(yong)一個水(shui)槽盛滿水(shui)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池放(fang)在水(shui)中，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)池上方有一個收集氣體(ti)用(yong)(yong)的倒扣的漏斗，漏斗頂端裝有可以計量(liang)(liang)氣體(ti)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)的注射針(zhen)筒。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)用(yong)(yong)可調穩壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)源，用(yong)(yong)兩只四位(wei)半數字萬用(yong)(yong)表(biao)測量(liang)(liang)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)和充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。

　　試(shi)驗時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)是(shi)在冬季(ji)，水(shui)溫5℃。實驗條(tiao)件(jian)是(shi)統一(yi)用2A電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，最充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓分(fen)別用43V、44V、45V輪循環依(yi)次進行，浮充(chong)轉換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)一(yi)律400mA，記錄下(xia)每次的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)，包(bao)括充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)末期隨時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)下(xia)降(jiang)各點數(shu)據、開始析(xi)氣(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，按時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)記錄析(xi)氣(qi)量。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)完后，用萬分(fen)之幾精度的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量臺記錄放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量。充(chong)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量是(shi)在計(ji)算(suan)紙上讀出時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)曲線與(yu)坐標之間(jian)(jian)(jian)的面積（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量就是(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)對(dui)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)的定積分(fen)）。數(shu)據見(jian)下(xia)表：

　　得到試驗數(shu)據(ju)后，最感(gan)到驚異的是：充入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)的多(duo)少幾乎(hu)與充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓無關。很多(duo)人認為充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池會充不滿，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池會提前鹽化報廢，特(te)別是在冬季(ji)(ji)氣溫較低(di)的時候。而這(zhe)次試驗正好是在冬季(ji)(ji)，水溫只有(you)5℃，試(shi)驗的中心電(dian)壓(ya)值是(shi)44V，上下偏差(cha)1V，相對誤差是2.3%。在用43V和45V充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)下，充(chong)(chong)(chong)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量和(he)放(fang)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量相差無幾，與大(da)家公認的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)看法大(da)相徑(jing)庭，試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)是用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)一(yi)組電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，同(tong)樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)、放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)條件，輪番做同(tong)樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測試(shi)(shi)，實驗(yan)(yan)數據重復同(tong)樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)律，可排除偶然因(yin)素(su)干擾(rao)，試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)數據是準確可信的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)原理上看，只要(yao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓高于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，都(dou)會給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，一(yi)直到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活性物(wu)質轉(zhuan)換完成(cheng)。充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)最高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，也(ye)就(jiu)是充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)開始(shi)由(you)恒(heng)流區(qu)轉(zhuan)變(bian)(bian)到恒(heng)壓區(qu)，這種轉(zhuan)變(bian)(bian)是由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池自(zi)身充(chong)(chong)(chong)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量多少(shao)、活性物(wu)質反應了多少(shao)決定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高低(di)，僅是能進行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)反應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條件，只要(yao)高于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池開路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓就(jiu)會給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，多少(shao)物(wu)質能參與反應由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池自(zi)身決定(ding)。從這個(ge)思路(lu)理解，就(jiu)不難得出(chu)(chu)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓高低(di)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池容量沒有(you)多大(da)影響(xiang)。

　　從上(shang)圖表可以看(kan)出，電池在42.5V～43.5V時開始析(xi)氣,而析(xi)氣(qi)的速度與(yu)充電電壓有(you)關。到充電結束時(shi)，總(zong)析(xi)氣(qi)量與(yu)充電最高電壓有(you)關，43V與(yu)45V總析氣量相差10位（注：以單格允(yun)許極限失水10克，18格相當240公升氣體(ti)，該(gai)電池45V時失水并不大）。 在充電(dian)末期電(dian)流下降(jiang)區時，只要降(jiang)低電(dian)壓到42.5V時，析氣立即停止，這時充電電流稍小(xiao)一點，還會依著原(yuan)來的規律下降。

　　這里對(dui)浮(fu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、浮(fu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)流討論一下。對(dui)于長期處于浮(fu)充狀態下的鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)，如后備電(dian)(dian)(dian)源上(shang)用的等，對(dui)浮(fu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓要求(qiu)是嚴格的。據國處文獻，浮(fu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓有-0.2%溫度系數，浮充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)偏差太大(da)會造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池鹽化(hua)。而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車用的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池屬(shu)循(xun)環使用，不是(shi)處于(yu)這種狀態(tai)，不應(ying)該用套用浮充(chong)狀態(tai)使用的(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)件，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器設定浮充(chong)的(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)僅是(shi)免于(yu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)末期大(da)量析氣(qi)失水，只(zhi)要把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)降到(dao)析氣(qi)點電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)以下，但也不能(neng)低于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)而停(ting)止向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。前面說(shuo)過，在(zai)浮充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)下，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)走勢基本還是(shi)依著原(yuan)曲線下降，一般還補(bu)足5%的(de)容量(liang)。所以浮充電壓應(ying)在的(de)范圍是低于析氣電壓（42.5V），高于電(dian)池(chi)充足(zu)電(dian)以(yi)后(hou)的開路端(duan)電(dian)壓(ya)（約40V）。

　　浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)轉(zhuan)換電(dian)流，只不過(guo)是(shi)選擇在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)末期電(dian)池(chi)活性物質反應接(jie)近尾聲，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流自動(dong)下降到某一點(dian)時(shi)，切換浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的記號，不少人以為(wei)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)流高(gao)了(le)電(dian)池(chi)會充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)不滿是(shi)概念(nian)不清，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)只要高(gao)于電(dian)池(chi)端(duan)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，都(dou)會對電(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)，只不過(guo)有用(yong)(yong)戶看到指示(shi)燈(deng)紅轉(zhuan)綠后提前去(qu)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)池(chi)，這(zhe)種情況是(shi)不多的，一般(ban)都(dou)是(shi)夜間充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)，到早晨綠燈(deng)已亮了(le)多時(shi)。有的廠(chang)家(jia)使用(yong)(yong)說明書(shu)上提醒(xing)用(yong)(yong)戶，在(zai)轉(zhuan)綠燈(deng)后繼續充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)2小時，是很(hen)好(hao)很(hen)正確的(de)。所(suo)以沒有必(bi)要(yao)刻(ke)意去追求浮充(chong)轉換點的(de)高低(di)，一(yi)般(ban)新電池末期電流約為(wei)50mA，失水以后(hou)，酸比增高，那時可達500 mA以上(shang)。從(cong)析(xi)氣(qi)速率與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的關系上(shang)來看（上(shang)圖），早點(dian)(dian)(dian)脫(tuo)離析(xi)氣(qi)區為好，一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)，一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)可以減少(shao)析(xi)氣(qi)量，另一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)用了一(yi)段時(shi)間，末期電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)增高(gao)(gao)，但(dan)還能(neng)低于(yu)我們(men)設定的轉換(huan)(huan)點(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，否(fou)則電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)一(yi)直在最高(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)下(xia)，大量失水，引(yin)發熱控，充(chong)脹充(chong)壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。有(you)人固執地(di)強調，浮充(chong)轉換(huan)(huan)點(dian)(dian)(dian)高(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)會(hui)欠充(chong)，前(qian)面(mian)已討論(lun)過(guo)，切換(huan)(huan)到浮充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓后，不是停止充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)了，還會(hui)繼續對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的，轉換(huan)(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)適當高(gao)(gao)一(yi)點(dian)(dian)(dian)有(you)利于(yu)避免(mian)過(guo)分失水和熱失控。

　　至于充電電流(liu)的大(da)小設定，先看一(yi)下(xia)電池(chi)制(zhi)造廠家對10Ah（12Ah）吸(xi)附式(shi)小型密封電池對充(chong)電時的技術要求，通常規定(ding)充(chong)電速率不要大于0.3C，相當于4A電(dian)(dian)流(liu)，而充電(dian)(dian)器充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)在(zai)2A左右，遠離(li)極限充電電流。充電電流在一(yi)定(ding)范圍(wei)內(nei)大一(yi)點、小(xiao)一(yi)點，充電時間長一(yi)點、短(duan)一(yi)點，沒有很高的要求(qiu)，有10%的誤(wu)差就(jiu)行了，充電器中的電流取樣電阻(zu)精(jing)度(du)是5%，電(dian)流(liu)的精度(du)不會高于此。

　　總而言之，不(bu)(bu)管哪家生(sheng)產的(de)鉛酸閥(fa)控吸附式(shi)小密封電(dian)池，其(qi)基本(ben)結構是完全一樣的(de)，僅極板、框架、滲入的(de)微量元素、漿料配(pei)方、硫(liu)酸濃度等(deng)有此微小差(cha)異，而在電(dian)化學方面都是一樣的(de)，也就(jiu)是說它們單體的(de)端(duan)電(dian)壓、充電(dian)電(dian)壓、充放(fang)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)密度（動(dong)力型）、開(kai)始析氣電(dian)壓點等(deng)，不(bu)(bu)會有顯著的(de)差(cha)異。一個(ge)按(an)照前面所(suo)(suo)討論(lun)的(de)充電(dian)器，可適應所(suo)(suo)有品牌的(de)電(dian)池，不(bu)(bu)存(cun)在匹(pi)配(pei)問題。

　　結論：

　　1、最高充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓與充入電(dian)(dian)量關系不大。

　　2、浮充電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)與充入電(dian)(dian)量沒關系(xi)，只(zhi)要(yao)高(gao)于電(dian)(dian)池最大開路端電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，低(di)于開始析氣(qi)點電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)就(jiu)行了。

　　3、浮(fu)充轉換電(dian)(dian)流(liu)，僅是切換最高充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓到浮(fu)充電(dian)(dian)壓的設(she)定點(dian)，不宜過(guo)小或過(guo)大(da)，與充電(dian)(dian)量也沒(mei)關(guan)系。

　　4、充電電流只要不超過0.3C(對(dui)10Ah相應為4A)都是允許的，不必要嚴(yan)格要求(qiu)。

　　所以，對于36V閥控式吸附式小密(mi)封電池(chi)組充電參數推薦如下：

　　最高電壓：43.5V～44.8V

　　浮充轉換(huan)電(dian)流：300mA～500Ma

　　浮充電壓：41V～42V

　　充電電流：2A±20%

　　以上是對電動(dong)車(che)鉛酸蓄(xu)電池(chi)(chi)充(chong)電中(zhong)一些認(ren)識誤區進(jin)行(xing)的(de)試(shi)(shi)驗和(he)分析，通(tong)過以上的(de)試(shi)(shi)驗和(he)分析能(neng)使(shi)廣大消費(fei)者知道鉛酸蓄(xu)電池(chi)(chi)充(chong)電器中(zhong)應注意的(de)一些問題，以更好地正確使(shi)用充(chong)電器。