鉛酸蓄電池電動車充電器充電時，有幾個關鍵參數：最高充電電壓、浮充電壓、浮充轉換電流、最大充電電流。它們應該是多少？如何制定？其中最主要的是最高充電電壓，多少為好？與析氣量、充入電容量和環境溫度又是什么關系？對此眾說不一，各電池生產廠家的要求也不一樣。最高充電電壓值相對誤差范圍是多少？我們不能脫離實際的工作對象，盲目制定出超常規的精度要求。我們接到某電動車售后服務部通知：充電器比規定(ding)電(dian)壓(ya)高0.1V，電(dian)池(chi)因此熱失(shi)控而充脹了(le)；也接到通知說：電(dian)壓(ya)比規定(ding)定(ding)低0.1V，電(dian)池(chi)欠充，提前報廢。一個(ge)千(qian)分之(zhi)(zhi)幾的誤差造成如(ru)此嚴重后果(guo)，真是失(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)毫厘，謬之(zhi)(zhi)千(qian)里之(zhi)(zhi)外，鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)池(chi)果(guo)真有這么神(shen)秘嗎？為了(le)解開困擾電(dian)動車充電(dian)中的這個(ge)謎團，做如(ru)下實驗。

　　用(yong)(yong)(yong)一(yi)個水(shui)槽(cao)盛滿水(shui)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放在水(shui)中，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)上(shang)方有一(yi)個收集(ji)氣(qi)體(ti)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)倒扣的(de)漏(lou)(lou)斗(dou)，漏(lou)(lou)斗(dou)頂端裝有可以計量氣(qi)體(ti)容(rong)量的(de)注射針筒。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)用(yong)(yong)(yong)可調(diao)穩壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)兩只四位半數字萬(wan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)表測量充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流和充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。

　　試驗(yan)(yan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)是(shi)在(zai)冬季，水(shui)溫(wen)5℃。實驗(yan)(yan)條件(jian)是(shi)統一(yi)用2A電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，最充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓分(fen)別用43V、44V、45V輪循環依次(ci)進行，浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)轉換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)一(yi)律400mA，記(ji)錄下每(mei)次(ci)的充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)，包括充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)末(mo)期隨時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)下降各點數(shu)據(ju)、開始析氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，按時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)記(ji)錄析氣量。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)完后，用萬分(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)幾精(jing)度(du)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量臺記(ji)錄放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量是(shi)在(zai)計算紙上(shang)讀出時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)曲(qu)線與坐標之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)(jian)的面積（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量就(jiu)是(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)對時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)的定(ding)積分(fen)）。數(shu)據(ju)見(jian)下表(biao)：

　　得(de)到(dao)試驗(yan)數據后，最感(gan)到(dao)驚異的是：充入電(dian)(dian)量的多(duo)少幾乎與充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)無(wu)關。很多(duo)人認為(wei)充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)低電(dian)(dian)池(chi)會充不滿，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)會提(ti)前鹽化報(bao)廢(fei)，特別是在(zai)冬季(ji)氣溫(wen)較低的時候(hou)。而(er)這次(ci)試驗(yan)正(zheng)好是在(zai)冬季(ji)，水溫(wen)只有(you)5℃，試驗的中心電壓(ya)值(zhi)是44V，上下偏差(cha)1V，相對誤差(cha)是2.3%。在(zai)用43V和(he)45V充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)情況下，充(chong)(chong)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)和放(fang)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)相差無幾，與(yu)大(da)(da)(da)家公認的(de)看法(fa)大(da)(da)(da)相徑庭(ting)，試(shi)驗(yan)是(shi)(shi)用的(de)同(tong)(tong)一(yi)組電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，同(tong)(tong)樣的(de)充(chong)(chong)、放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)條件，輪番(fan)做同(tong)(tong)樣的(de)測試(shi)，實驗(yan)數(shu)據重復(fu)同(tong)(tong)樣的(de)規律，可排除偶然因(yin)素干擾，試(shi)驗(yan)數(shu)據是(shi)(shi)準確可信的(de)。從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)原理上看，只(zhi)要充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓高(gao)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，都(dou)會給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，一(yi)直到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)中(zhong)的(de)活性(xing)物質轉換完(wan)成(cheng)。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)最(zui)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，也就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源開始由恒流區轉變(bian)到恒壓區，這種轉變(bian)是(shi)(shi)由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)自(zi)身充(chong)(chong)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)多少、活性(xing)物質反應了(le)多少決定(ding)的(de)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)高(gao)低(di)，僅是(shi)(shi)能進行(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學反應的(de)條件，只(zhi)要高(gao)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)開路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓就(jiu)(jiu)會給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，多少物質能參與(yu)反應由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)自(zi)身決定(ding)。從這個(ge)思路理解，就(jiu)(jiu)不難(nan)得(de)出，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓高(gao)低(di)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)容(rong)量(liang)沒(mei)有多大(da)(da)(da)影(ying)響。

　　從上(shang)圖表可(ke)以看出，電池(chi)在42.5V～43.5V時開始析氣,而析氣的速度與充(chong)電電壓(ya)有關(guan)。到充(chong)電結束時，總析氣量與充(chong)電最高電壓(ya)有關(guan)，43V與45V總析氣(qi)量相差10位（注(zhu)：以單格允許極限失水(shui)10克，18格相當240公升氣體，該電池45V時失水(shui)并(bing)不(bu)大(da)）。 在充電末期(qi)電流下降區(qu)時，只要降低電壓(ya)到42.5V時，析氣立即停止，這時充電(dian)電(dian)流稍小一點，還(huan)會依著原來的規律下降。

　　這里對浮(fu)充電(dian)壓、浮(fu)充電(dian)流討論一下(xia)。對于長(chang)期(qi)處(chu)于浮(fu)充狀態下(xia)的(de)(de)鉛酸電(dian)池組，如后備電(dian)源上用的(de)(de)等，對浮(fu)充電(dian)壓要(yao)求是嚴(yan)格的(de)(de)。據國處(chu)文獻，浮(fu)充電(dian)壓有-0.2%溫度系數，浮充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)偏差(cha)太大會造成電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)鹽(yan)化。而電(dian)(dian)動車用(yong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)屬(shu)循環(huan)使用(yong)，不(bu)是處于(yu)這種狀(zhuang)態，不(bu)應該用(yong)套用(yong)浮充(chong)(chong)狀(zhuang)態使用(yong)的(de)條件(jian)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器設定浮充(chong)(chong)的(de)目的(de)僅是免于(yu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)末期(qi)大量析氣失水，只要把(ba)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)降到析氣點電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)以下，但也不(bu)能低于(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)而停止向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)。前(qian)面說(shuo)過，在浮充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)下，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流的(de)走勢基本還(huan)(huan)是依著(zhu)原曲線下降，一般還(huan)(huan)補(bu)足5%的容量。所(suo)以浮充電壓(ya)應在(zai)的范圍是低于析氣電壓(ya)（42.5V），高于電(dian)池充足電(dian)以后的開路(lu)端電(dian)壓（約40V）。

　　浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)轉(zhuan)換電(dian)(dian)流(liu)，只不(bu)過是(shi)選擇(ze)在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)末期電(dian)(dian)池活性(xing)物質反應接近尾聲(sheng)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)自動下降到(dao)(dao)某一點時，切換浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)記(ji)號，不(bu)少人以為浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)高了電(dian)(dian)池會(hui)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)不(bu)滿是(shi)概(gai)念不(bu)清，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)只要高于電(dian)(dian)池端電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，都會(hui)對電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，只不(bu)過有用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶看到(dao)(dao)指示燈(deng)紅轉(zhuan)綠(lv)后(hou)提前去用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)池，這種情況是(shi)不(bu)多的(de)，一般都是(shi)夜間(jian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，到(dao)(dao)早晨綠(lv)燈(deng)已亮了多時。有的(de)廠家使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)說明書上(shang)提醒用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶，在轉(zhuan)綠(lv)燈(deng)后(hou)繼(ji)續充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)2小(xiao)時，是很好很正確的。所以沒有必要刻意去追(zhui)求浮充轉換點(dian)的高低，一般新(xin)電池末(mo)期電流約為50mA，失水以后，酸比增高，那時可達500 mA以上。從(cong)析(xi)氣速率(lv)與電壓的關系(xi)上來(lai)看（上圖），早點脫(tuo)離析(xi)氣區為好，一方面(mian)，一方面(mian)可以減少析(xi)氣量，另(ling)一方面(mian)，電池(chi)用了一段時間，末期(qi)電流增高(gao)(gao)，但還(huan)(huan)能(neng)低于(yu)我們設定的轉(zhuan)換(huan)點電流，否則電池(chi)一直在最(zui)高(gao)(gao)電壓充(chong)電下，大(da)量失(shi)(shi)水，引發熱控，充(chong)脹充(chong)壞電池(chi)。有人(ren)固執地強調，浮(fu)充(chong)轉(zhuan)換(huan)點高(gao)(gao)電池(chi)會欠充(chong)，前面(mian)已討(tao)論過(guo)，切換(huan)到浮(fu)充(chong)電壓后，不是停(ting)止充(chong)電了，還(huan)(huan)會繼續對電池(chi)充(chong)電的，轉(zhuan)換(huan)電流適當高(gao)(gao)一點有利于(yu)避免過(guo)分失(shi)(shi)水和熱失(shi)(shi)控。

　　至于充電(dian)電(dian)流的大小設定，先看(kan)一下電(dian)池制造廠家對10Ah（12Ah）吸附式(shi)小型密封電(dian)池(chi)對充電(dian)時的技術要求，通常規(gui)定充電(dian)速率不(bu)要大于0.3C，相當于4A電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，而充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)在2A左右，遠離極限充電電流。充電電流在(zai)一(yi)定范圍內大一(yi)點(dian)、小一(yi)點(dian)，充電時間(jian)長一(yi)點(dian)、短一(yi)點(dian)，沒(mei)有(you)很高的要(yao)求，有(you)10%的(de)誤差(cha)就行了，充電(dian)(dian)器中的(de)電(dian)(dian)流取樣電(dian)(dian)阻精(jing)度是5%，電(dian)流的精(jing)度不會高于此(ci)。

　　總而言之，不管哪家生產的(de)鉛酸閥(fa)控吸附(fu)式小密封電(dian)池，其基(ji)本結構是(shi)完全一(yi)樣的(de)，僅極板、框架、滲入的(de)微量元(yuan)素(su)、漿料配(pei)方、硫(liu)酸濃度等有(you)此微小差(cha)異(yi)，而在電(dian)化(hua)學方面都是(shi)一(yi)樣的(de)，也(ye)就是(shi)說它們單體(ti)(ti)的(de)端電(dian)壓(ya)、充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)壓(ya)、充(chong)放電(dian)電(dian)流密度（動力型(xing)）、開始析氣電(dian)壓(ya)點等，不會有(you)顯著的(de)差(cha)異(yi)。一(yi)個(ge)按(an)照前(qian)面所(suo)討論的(de)充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)，可適應所(suo)有(you)品(pin)牌的(de)電(dian)池，不存(cun)在匹配(pei)問題(ti)。

　　結論：

　　1、最高充(chong)電電壓與充(chong)入電量關系不(bu)大。

　　2、浮充電壓與充入電量沒(mei)關(guan)系，只(zhi)要高于電池(chi)最大開路端電壓，低于開始析氣點電壓就行了(le)。

　　3、浮充(chong)轉換電(dian)流，僅是(shi)切換最高充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)壓到浮充(chong)電(dian)壓的設定點，不(bu)宜過(guo)小或過(guo)大，與充(chong)電(dian)量也(ye)沒關系。

　　4、充電電流只要不超過0.3C(對10Ah相應為4A)都(dou)是(shi)允(yun)許的，不(bu)必要(yao)嚴格(ge)要(yao)求。

　　所以，對于36V閥控式(shi)吸(xi)附(fu)式(shi)小密封電池組充電參數推薦如(ru)下：

　　最高電(dian)壓：43.5V～44.8V

　　浮(fu)充轉換電流：300mA～500Ma

　　浮充電壓：41V～42V

　　充電電流(liu)：2A±20%

　　以上(shang)是對電(dian)動車(che)鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)中(zhong)(zhong)一些認(ren)識(shi)誤區(qu)進行(xing)的試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)和分析，通過以上(shang)的試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)和分析能(neng)使廣大(da)消費者(zhe)知道(dao)鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)器中(zhong)(zhong)應注意(yi)的一些問題，以更(geng)好地正確使用(yong)充(chong)電(dian)器。