鉛酸蓄電池電動車充電器充電時，有幾個關鍵參數：最高充電電壓、浮充電壓、浮充轉換電流、最大充電電流。它們應該是多少？如何制定？其中最主要的是最高充電電壓，多少為好？與析氣量、充入電容量和環境溫度又是什么關系？對此眾說不一，各電池生產廠家的要求也不一樣。最高充電電壓值相對誤差范圍是多少？我們不能脫離實際的工作對象，盲目制定出超常規的精度要求。我們接到某電動車售后服務部通知：充電器比(bi)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)高0.1V，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池因(yin)此(ci)(ci)熱失(shi)控而充脹了；也接到通知說：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)比(bi)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)定(ding)(ding)低0.1V，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池欠充，提前報廢。一個千分之(zhi)(zhi)幾的誤差造成(cheng)如此(ci)(ci)嚴重(zhong)后果，真是失(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)毫厘，謬(miu)之(zhi)(zhi)千里之(zhi)(zhi)外(wai)，鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池果真有這(zhe)么神秘嗎(ma)？為了解(jie)開(kai)困擾電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)中的這(zhe)個謎團，做如下實驗。

　　用(yong)一個水(shui)槽(cao)盛滿水(shui)，電(dian)池放在(zai)水(shui)中，在(zai)電(dian)池上方有一個收集氣體用(yong)的(de)(de)倒扣(kou)的(de)(de)漏斗(dou)，漏斗(dou)頂端裝有可以計(ji)量(liang)氣體容量(liang)的(de)(de)注射針筒。充電(dian)用(yong)可調穩(wen)壓電(dian)源，用(yong)兩只四(si)位半數字萬用(yong)表(biao)測(ce)量(liang)充電(dian)電(dian)流和充電(dian)電(dian)壓。

　　試(shi)驗(yan)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)是(shi)(shi)在冬季(ji)，水(shui)溫5℃。實驗(yan)條件是(shi)(shi)統(tong)一用2A電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，最充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓分(fen)(fen)別用43V、44V、45V輪循環依次進行，浮充(chong)轉換電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)一律400mA，記(ji)錄(lu)下(xia)每(mei)次的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)，包括充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)末期隨時(shi)間(jian)(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)下(xia)降各點(dian)數(shu)據(ju)、開始析(xi)氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，按時(shi)間(jian)(jian)記(ji)錄(lu)析(xi)氣量(liang)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)完后，用萬分(fen)(fen)之幾精(jing)度(du)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)臺(tai)記(ji)錄(lu)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)。充(chong)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)是(shi)(shi)在計算紙上讀出時(shi)間(jian)(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)曲線與(yu)坐標之間(jian)(jian)的面(mian)積(ji)(ji)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)對時(shi)間(jian)(jian)的定積(ji)(ji)分(fen)(fen)）。數(shu)據(ju)見下(xia)表：

　　得到試(shi)驗(yan)數據后，最感到驚異的(de)是：充(chong)(chong)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)的(de)多少(shao)幾乎與(yu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)無關。很多人認為充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)低電(dian)(dian)(dian)池會充(chong)(chong)不(bu)滿，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池會提前(qian)鹽(yan)化報廢(fei)，特別是在冬(dong)季(ji)氣溫(wen)較低的(de)時候。而這(zhe)次試(shi)驗(yan)正好是在冬(dong)季(ji)，水溫(wen)只有5℃，試驗的中心電壓(ya)值是(shi)44V，上下偏差1V，相對誤差是2.3%。在用43V和45V充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)情況(kuang)下，充(chong)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)和(he)放(fang)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)相差(cha)無幾(ji)，與大(da)家公認的(de)(de)看法大(da)相徑庭(ting)，試(shi)驗(yan)是(shi)(shi)用的(de)(de)同(tong)一組電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，同(tong)樣的(de)(de)充(chong)、放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)條(tiao)件(jian)，輪番做同(tong)樣的(de)(de)測試(shi)，實驗(yan)數據(ju)重復同(tong)樣的(de)(de)規律，可排除偶(ou)然(ran)因素干擾，試(shi)驗(yan)數據(ju)是(shi)(shi)準確可信(xin)的(de)(de)。從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)原(yuan)理上看，只要充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)高(gao)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，都會給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，一直到(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)中的(de)(de)活性物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)轉換完成。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)最高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，也(ye)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源開(kai)始由恒流(liu)區轉變(bian)到(dao)恒壓(ya)區，這種(zhong)轉變(bian)是(shi)(shi)由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)自身(shen)充(chong)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)多(duo)少、活性物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)反(fan)應了多(duo)少決(jue)定的(de)(de)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)高(gao)低，僅是(shi)(shi)能進行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學反(fan)應的(de)(de)條(tiao)件(jian)，只要高(gao)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)開(kai)路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)就(jiu)會給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，多(duo)少物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)能參(can)與反(fan)應由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)自身(shen)決(jue)定。從(cong)這個(ge)思路理解，就(jiu)不難得(de)出(chu)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)高(gao)低對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)容量(liang)(liang)沒有(you)多(duo)大(da)影響。

　　從上圖表可以看出，電池在(zai)42.5V～43.5V時開始析氣,而析(xi)氣(qi)的速度與充(chong)電電壓有關(guan)。到充(chong)電結束時，總析(xi)氣(qi)量與充(chong)電最高電壓有關(guan)，43V與45V總析氣量相差10位（注：以單格允許極限失水10克，18格相當240公升(sheng)氣(qi)體，該電池45V時失水并不大）。 在(zai)充電末期電流下降區時(shi)，只要降低電壓(ya)到(dao)42.5V時(shi)，析氣(qi)立即停止，這時(shi)充電電流稍小一點，還會依著原來(lai)的(de)規律下降。

　　這(zhe)里對浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電壓、浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電流討論(lun)一下(xia)(xia)。對于長(chang)期處(chu)于浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)狀態下(xia)(xia)的鉛(qian)酸電池組，如后備(bei)電源(yuan)上用(yong)的等，對浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電壓要(yao)求是嚴格的。據國處(chu)文獻，浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電壓有-0.2%溫度系數，浮(fu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)偏差太大(da)會造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)池鹽化(hua)。而電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池屬(shu)循環使用(yong)(yong)，不(bu)是(shi)(shi)處于這種狀態，不(bu)應該用(yong)(yong)套用(yong)(yong)浮(fu)充(chong)狀態使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)條(tiao)件(jian)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器設定(ding)浮(fu)充(chong)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)僅是(shi)(shi)免于充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)末期大(da)量析氣(qi)失水，只要把電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)降到析氣(qi)點電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)以(yi)下，但(dan)也不(bu)能低于電(dian)(dian)(dian)池端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)而停(ting)止向電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。前面(mian)說過，在(zai)浮(fu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)下，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)走(zou)勢基本還是(shi)(shi)依著原曲線下降，一般(ban)還補足5%的容量(liang)。所以浮充電壓(ya)應在的范(fan)圍(wei)是低于(yu)析氣(qi)電壓(ya)（42.5V），高于(yu)電池充足電以后的(de)開(kai)路端電壓（約40V）。

　　浮充(chong)轉(zhuan)換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，只(zhi)不過是(shi)選擇(ze)在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)末期電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)活性(xing)物質反應接近尾聲，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流自(zi)動下降到(dao)某一(yi)點時(shi)，切(qie)換浮充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的記號，不少(shao)人(ren)以為浮充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流高了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)會充(chong)不滿(man)是(shi)概念(nian)不清，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓只(zhi)要高于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，都會對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，只(zhi)不過有用戶(hu)(hu)看到(dao)指示(shi)燈紅轉(zhuan)綠后提前(qian)去用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，這種情況是(shi)不多(duo)的，一(yi)般都是(shi)夜間充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，到(dao)早晨綠燈已亮了多(duo)時(shi)。有的廠家使用說明書上(shang)提醒用戶(hu)(hu)，在轉(zhuan)綠燈后繼續(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)2小時，是很好很正確(que)的。所以沒有必(bi)要刻意去追求浮充轉(zhuan)換點的高低，一(yi)般新(xin)電(dian)池末期電(dian)流約為50mA，失水以后，酸比(bi)增高，那時(shi)可達500 mA以上(shang)。從析(xi)氣(qi)速(su)率與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的關系(xi)上(shang)來看（上(shang)圖），早點脫(tuo)離析(xi)氣(qi)區為好(hao)，一(yi)方面(mian)(mian)，一(yi)方面(mian)(mian)可以減(jian)少析(xi)氣(qi)量，另一(yi)方面(mian)(mian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池用了一(yi)段時間，末期電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)增高，但(dan)還能(neng)低于我(wo)們(men)設定的轉換(huan)點電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，否則電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池一(yi)直在最高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)下，大量失(shi)水(shui)，引發熱控，充脹充壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池。有(you)人固執地強調，浮充轉換(huan)點高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池會欠充，前面(mian)(mian)已(yi)討論過(guo)，切換(huan)到(dao)浮充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓后，不(bu)是(shi)停止充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)了，還會繼續對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的，轉換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)適當高一(yi)點有(you)利于避免過(guo)分失(shi)水(shui)和熱失(shi)控。

　　至于充電(dian)電(dian)流的大小設(she)定，先看一下電(dian)池(chi)制造廠家(jia)對10Ah（12Ah）吸(xi)附式小型密封電池對(dui)充(chong)電時的技術要求，通常規定(ding)充(chong)電速率不要大于0.3C，相當于4A電(dian)(dian)流，而充電(dian)(dian)器充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流在(zai)2A左右，遠離極限充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)。充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)在一(yi)定范(fan)圍(wei)內(nei)大一(yi)點、小一(yi)點，充(chong)電(dian)時間長一(yi)點、短一(yi)點，沒有很(hen)高(gao)的要求，有10%的誤差就行了(le)，充電器中的電流取樣電阻精度是5%，電流(liu)的精度不會(hui)高(gao)于此。

　　總而(er)言(yan)之，不管哪家(jia)生(sheng)產的(de)鉛酸閥控吸附式小(xiao)(xiao)密封電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，其(qi)基本(ben)結構是(shi)完(wan)全一(yi)樣的(de)，僅極(ji)板、框架、滲入的(de)微(wei)量元素(su)、漿料配方(fang)、硫酸濃度(du)等有此(ci)微(wei)小(xiao)(xiao)差異，而(er)在電(dian)(dian)化學(xue)方(fang)面都是(shi)一(yi)樣的(de)，也就(jiu)是(shi)說它們單體的(de)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)壓、充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓、充放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流密度(du)（動力(li)型）、開始(shi)析氣電(dian)(dian)壓點等，不會有顯著的(de)差異。一(yi)個按照前面所(suo)討論(lun)的(de)充電(dian)(dian)器，可適應所(suo)有品(pin)牌的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，不存在匹配問題。

　　結論：

　　1、最高充電電壓(ya)與充入電量關系不大。

　　2、浮(fu)充(chong)電(dian)壓與充(chong)入電(dian)量沒關系，只(zhi)要高于電(dian)池(chi)最(zui)大開(kai)路端電(dian)壓，低于開(kai)始析氣(qi)點電(dian)壓就行了。

　　3、浮充(chong)轉換(huan)電(dian)流，僅是切換(huan)最高(gao)充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)壓到浮充(chong)電(dian)壓的(de)設(she)定點(dian)，不(bu)宜過(guo)(guo)小或過(guo)(guo)大(da)，與充(chong)電(dian)量也沒關系。

　　4、充電電流(liu)只要不超過0.3C(對(dui)10Ah相應(ying)為4A)都是允許的，不(bu)必(bi)要嚴格要求(qiu)。

　　所(suo)以，對于36V閥(fa)控式吸(xi)附式小密封電池組充電參數推薦如(ru)下(xia)：

　　最(zui)高電壓(ya)：43.5V～44.8V

　　浮充轉換(huan)電流：300mA～500Ma

　　浮(fu)充(chong)電(dian)壓：41V～42V

　　充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流：2A±20%

　　以上是對(dui)電(dian)動車鉛酸蓄電(dian)池充電(dian)中(zhong)一些認識誤區進行的(de)試驗和分析(xi)，通過以上的(de)試驗和分析(xi)能使廣(guang)大消費者知(zhi)道鉛酸蓄電(dian)池充電(dian)器中(zhong)應(ying)注(zhu)意的(de)一些問題，以更好地正確(que)使用(yong)充電(dian)器。