鉛酸蓄電池電動車充電器充電時，有幾個關鍵參數：最高充電電壓、浮充電壓、浮充轉換電流、最大充電電流。它們應該是多少？如何制定？其中最主要的是最高充電電壓，多少為好？與析氣量、充入電容量和環境溫度又是什么關系？對此眾說不一，各電池生產廠家的要求也不一樣。最高充電電壓值相對誤差范圍是多少？我們不能脫離實際的工作對象，盲目制定出超常規的精度要求。我們接到某電動車售后服務部通知：充電器比規(gui)定電(dian)(dian)壓高(gao)0.1V，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)因此(ci)(ci)熱失控而充(chong)脹(zhang)了；也接到通(tong)知說(shuo)：電(dian)(dian)壓比規(gui)定定低(di)0.1V，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)欠充(chong)，提前報(bao)廢。一個千分之幾的(de)(de)誤差造(zao)成如(ru)此(ci)(ci)嚴重后果(guo)，真是(shi)失之毫(hao)厘，謬之千里之外，鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)果(guo)真有這(zhe)么神秘嗎(ma)？為了解(jie)開困(kun)擾電(dian)(dian)動(dong)車充(chong)電(dian)(dian)中的(de)(de)這(zhe)個謎(mi)團，做如(ru)下實驗。

　　用(yong)一個水槽盛滿(man)水，電(dian)(dian)池放在水中(zhong)，在電(dian)(dian)池上方有一個收集氣體用(yong)的(de)(de)倒扣的(de)(de)漏斗(dou)，漏斗(dou)頂端裝有可以(yi)計量氣體容量的(de)(de)注射針(zhen)筒。充電(dian)(dian)用(yong)可調穩(wen)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)源，用(yong)兩只四位(wei)半數字(zi)萬用(yong)表測量充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流和充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。

　　試驗時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)是在冬(dong)季，水溫5℃。實驗條(tiao)件(jian)是統一(yi)用(yong)(yong)2A電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，最充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)分別用(yong)(yong)43V、44V、45V輪循環依次(ci)進行，浮充(chong)轉換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)一(yi)律400mA，記(ji)(ji)錄下(xia)每次(ci)的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)，包括充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)末(mo)期隨時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)下(xia)降各點數(shu)據、開始析氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，按時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)記(ji)(ji)錄析氣量(liang)(liang)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)完后，用(yong)(yong)萬分之幾精度的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)臺記(ji)(ji)錄放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)。充(chong)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)是在計算紙上讀出時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)曲線與(yu)坐標(biao)之間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)面積（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)就(jiu)是充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)對(dui)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)定積分）。數(shu)據見下(xia)表：

　　得(de)到試(shi)驗(yan)數(shu)據后(hou)，最感到驚異(yi)的是(shi)：充(chong)入電(dian)(dian)量的多少幾乎(hu)與充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓無(wu)關。很多人認為充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓低電(dian)(dian)池會(hui)充(chong)不滿，電(dian)(dian)池會(hui)提(ti)前鹽(yan)化報廢，特(te)別是(shi)在(zai)冬季(ji)氣溫(wen)較(jiao)低的時候(hou)。而這次試(shi)驗(yan)正好是(shi)在(zai)冬季(ji)，水溫(wen)只有5℃，試(shi)驗(yan)的中心電(dian)壓值是(shi)44V，上下偏(pian)差1V，相對(dui)誤差是2.3%。在用43V和45V充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況下，充(chong)(chong)(chong)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量和(he)放(fang)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量相差無幾(ji)，與大家公(gong)認(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)看法大相徑庭，試(shi)驗(yan)是用的(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)一組電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，同(tong)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)、放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)條件，輪番(fan)做同(tong)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)測試(shi)，實驗(yan)數據(ju)重復(fu)同(tong)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)規律，可排除偶然因素干(gan)擾，試(shi)驗(yan)數據(ju)是準確可信(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)原理(li)上看，只要充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)高于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，都會給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，一直到(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)活(huo)性物質(zhi)轉換完成。充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)最高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，也就(jiu)是充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源開始由恒(heng)流區轉變到(dao)恒(heng)壓(ya)區，這種轉變是由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)自身充(chong)(chong)(chong)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量多少、活(huo)性物質(zhi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應了多少決定的(de)(de)(de)(de)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高低(di)，僅(jin)是能進(jin)行(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學(xue)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)條件，只要高于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)開路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)就(jiu)會給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，多少物質(zhi)能參(can)與反(fan)(fan)(fan)應由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)自身決定。從這個(ge)思路理(li)解，就(jiu)不難得出，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)高低(di)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)容量沒有多大影響。

　　從上圖表(biao)可以看出，電(dian)池在42.5V～43.5V時開始析氣,而析氣的速度與(yu)充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)壓(ya)有關。到(dao)充(chong)電(dian)結(jie)束時，總析氣量與(yu)充(chong)電(dian)最高電(dian)壓(ya)有關，43V與45V總析氣量相差10位（注：以(yi)單格允許極限(xian)失水10克，18格(ge)相當240公升氣體，該電(dian)池45V時失水并不(bu)大）。 在(zai)充(chong)電末期電流下降區(qu)時，只要(yao)降低(di)電壓(ya)到42.5V時，析氣(qi)立即停止(zhi)，這時充電(dian)電(dian)流稍(shao)小(xiao)一點，還會依著原(yuan)來的規律下降。

　　這里對浮充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、浮充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流討論一(yi)下。對于長(chang)期處(chu)于浮充(chong)狀態(tai)下的鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池組，如后(hou)備(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源上用(yong)的等，對浮充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)要求(qiu)是嚴格的。據(ju)國(guo)處(chu)文(wen)獻，浮充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)有-0.2%溫度系數，浮充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓偏差太大(da)會造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)鹽化(hua)。而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車用(yong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)屬(shu)循環使(shi)用(yong)，不是處(chu)于(yu)這種狀態，不應該用(yong)套用(yong)浮充(chong)狀態使(shi)用(yong)的(de)條件，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器設(she)定浮充(chong)的(de)目的(de)僅是免于(yu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)末期大(da)量析氣失水(shui)，只要把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓降到析氣點(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓以下(xia)(xia)，但也不能(neng)低于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓而停止(zhi)向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。前面說(shuo)過，在浮充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓下(xia)(xia)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)走(zou)勢基(ji)本還是依著原曲線下(xia)(xia)降，一般還補足5%的容量。所以(yi)浮充電(dian)壓(ya)應在的范圍(wei)是低于析氣電(dian)壓(ya)（42.5V），高于電(dian)池充足電(dian)以后的開路端電(dian)壓(ya)（約40V）。

　　浮(fu)(fu)充轉(zhuan)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，只不(bu)過是(shi)選擇在充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)末期電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池活(huo)性(xing)物質(zhi)反應(ying)接近尾聲，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流自(zi)動下降到(dao)某一(yi)點時，切(qie)換(huan)浮(fu)(fu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)記號，不(bu)少人(ren)以為(wei)浮(fu)(fu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流高了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池會(hui)充不(bu)滿是(shi)概(gai)念不(bu)清，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓只要高于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，都(dou)會(hui)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，只不(bu)過有用戶(hu)看到(dao)指(zhi)示燈(deng)(deng)紅轉(zhuan)綠后(hou)提(ti)前去用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，這種情況是(shi)不(bu)多(duo)的(de)，一(yi)般都(dou)是(shi)夜間充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，到(dao)早(zao)晨綠燈(deng)(deng)已亮了多(duo)時。有的(de)廠家使用說明書上提(ti)醒用戶(hu)，在轉(zhuan)綠燈(deng)(deng)后(hou)繼續充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)2小(xiao)時，是很好很正確的。所以沒有(you)必要(yao)刻意(yi)去(qu)追求浮充(chong)轉換(huan)點的高(gao)低，一般新電(dian)池(chi)末期電(dian)流(liu)約為50mA，失水以后(hou)，酸比增(zeng)高，那時可達(da)500 mA以(yi)上(shang)。從析氣(qi)速(su)率與電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的關系上(shang)來看（上(shang)圖），早點(dian)脫離析氣(qi)區為好，一(yi)(yi)方面(mian)，一(yi)(yi)方面(mian)可以(yi)減少析氣(qi)量，另(ling)一(yi)(yi)方面(mian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)用了一(yi)(yi)段時(shi)間，末期電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)增高，但還能低(di)于(yu)我們設定的轉換(huan)點(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，否則電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)一(yi)(yi)直在最高電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)下，大量失(shi)水，引發熱控，充(chong)(chong)脹充(chong)(chong)壞(huai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。有(you)人固執地強(qiang)調，浮充(chong)(chong)轉換(huan)點(dian)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)會欠(qian)充(chong)(chong)，前面(mian)已(yi)討(tao)論過(guo)，切換(huan)到浮充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓后(hou)，不(bu)是停止充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)了，還會繼(ji)續對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的，轉換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)適當高一(yi)(yi)點(dian)有(you)利于(yu)避免(mian)過(guo)分失(shi)水和熱失(shi)控。

　　至(zhi)于充電電流的(de)大小設定，先看一下(xia)電池制造(zao)廠家(jia)對(dui)10Ah（12Ah）吸附式小型密封(feng)電(dian)池(chi)對充電(dian)時的技(ji)術要求，通常規定(ding)充電(dian)速(su)率不(bu)要大于0.3C，相當于4A電(dian)(dian)流(liu)，而充電(dian)(dian)器充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)在2A左(zuo)右，遠(yuan)離(li)極(ji)限充(chong)電電流。充(chong)電電流在(zai)一(yi)(yi)定范圍內大一(yi)(yi)點(dian)、小一(yi)(yi)點(dian)，充(chong)電時間(jian)長一(yi)(yi)點(dian)、短一(yi)(yi)點(dian)，沒有很高(gao)的(de)要求，有10%的誤差就行(xing)了，充電器(qi)中的電流取(qu)樣電阻精度是5%，電(dian)流的精度不會(hui)高(gao)于此。

　　總而言之，不管(guan)哪(na)家生(sheng)產的(de)(de)鉛酸閥控(kong)吸附式(shi)小密封(feng)電池，其基本結構是完全一(yi)樣(yang)的(de)(de)，僅極板、框架(jia)、滲(shen)入的(de)(de)微(wei)量(liang)元(yuan)素、漿料(liao)配(pei)方(fang)、硫酸濃度等(deng)有此微(wei)小差異，而在(zai)電化學方(fang)面都是一(yi)樣(yang)的(de)(de)，也就是說(shuo)它(ta)們(men)單體(ti)的(de)(de)端(duan)電壓、充(chong)電電壓、充(chong)放電電流密度（動(dong)力型）、開始析氣電壓點等(deng)，不會有顯著的(de)(de)差異。一(yi)個按照前面所討論的(de)(de)充(chong)電器，可適應所有品牌的(de)(de)電池，不存在(zai)匹配(pei)問題。

　　結論(lun)：

　　1、最(zui)高充電電壓與充入電量(liang)關系不大。

　　2、浮充電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)與充入(ru)電(dian)(dian)量沒關系，只要(yao)高于(yu)電(dian)(dian)池最大開(kai)路端電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，低(di)于(yu)開(kai)始析氣點電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)就行(xing)了。

　　3、浮充轉換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，僅是切換最(zui)高充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓到浮充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)設定點，不宜過小或過大，與充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量也(ye)沒關系。

　　4、充電電流只要不超過0.3C(對10Ah相(xiang)應為4A)都是允許的(de)，不必要(yao)嚴格要(yao)求(qiu)。

　　所以，對于36V閥控(kong)式吸附式小密封電池組充電參(can)數(shu)推薦(jian)如下：

　　最高電壓(ya)：43.5V～44.8V

　　浮充轉換電流(liu)：300mA～500Ma

　　浮充(chong)電壓：41V～42V

　　充電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)：2A±20%

　　以(yi)上(shang)是(shi)對電動車鉛(qian)酸蓄(xu)電池充(chong)電中一些認識誤區進行的試驗(yan)和(he)分(fen)析，通過(guo)以(yi)上(shang)的試驗(yan)和(he)分(fen)析能使廣(guang)大消費者知道鉛(qian)酸蓄(xu)電池充(chong)電器(qi)中應注(zhu)意的一些問題，以(yi)更好地(di)正(zheng)確(que)使用充(chong)電器(qi)。