鑒于市場上鎳鎘電池和鋰電池共存的局面，本文設計的充電器可以對(dui)這兩(liang)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)進行充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，對(dui)鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)采(cai)用(yong)脈沖(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)，對(dui)鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)采(cai)用(yong)恒流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)，這是依據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)不(bu)同機理(li)而設計(ji)的(de)，真正做到(dao)了一機兩(liang)用(yong)，此為(wei)該(gai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)創新點，也是設計(ji)的(de)難點。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)寬屏LCD可以同時顯示(shi)4組(zu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態，也可單(dan)獨顯示(shi)一組(zu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)各項參數，做到(dao)了對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程的(de)實時監測。

　　系統整體設計

　　系統設計(ji)目標是：

　　1．可同時(shi)對4組8.4V的(de)鋰離子電(dian)池(chi)或9.2V的(de)鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)池(chi)進行充放電(dian)。

　　2．可與電池(chi)組(zu)中的芯(xin)片通信(xin)，判斷(duan)電池(chi)的化學性質。

　　3．對于不同化學性質的(de)電池，將采用(yong)相應的(de)充(chong)電方式。

　　4．可與電(dian)(dian)池組中(zhong)的芯(xin)片通信(xin)，得到(dao)該電(dian)(dian)池組的電(dian)(dian)壓、充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流、容量(liang)等(deng)參數。

　　5．充電器帶(dai)有LCD，可顯示(shi)電池(chi)的各項數據(ju)。

　　該充電器的(de)功能框圖如圖1所示(shi)。

　　
       系統(tong)硬(ying)件設計

　　總(zong)控單元的設計與實現

　　總控單元(yuan)是由微(wei)控制(zhi)器PIC16F873和鍵(jian)盤控制(zhi)芯(xin)片ZLG7289A構成的。主(zhu)要任務是負(fu)責與各

個(ge)(ge)充(chong)電單(dan)元(yuan)通(tong)信，并處(chu)理用戶(hu)(hu)輸入與LCD顯示信息(xi)。鍵(jian)盤控(kong)制(zhi)芯片在這里負責6個(ge)(ge)按鍵(jian)和12個(ge)(ge)LED的控(kong)制(zhi)。ZLG7289A與微(wei)控(kong)制(zhi)器之間通(tong)過(guo)SPI總(zong)線進行雙向通(tong)信。主控(kong)單(dan)元(yuan)每(mei)秒查詢一次各個(ge)(ge)充(chong)電單(dan)元(yuan)，獲取當前(qian)充(chong)電單(dan)元(yuan)的信息(xi)，如(ru)有無電池(chi)、電池(chi)性質、電池(chi)電壓等。之后由LCD模(mo)塊(kuai)向用戶(hu)(hu)顯示。

　　充電單元的設(she)計與實現

　　LTC4002鋰離子(zi)電(dian)池充電(dian)控制芯片

　　LTC4002是一款高效(xiao)獨立開(kai)(kai)關模式鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)控制(zhi)器(qi)。該控制(zhi)器(qi)有4.2V和(he)8.4V兩個版本(ben)。LTC4002-8.4具有500kHz開(kai)(kai)關頻率(lv)，是高效(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)模式的PWM控制(zhi)器(qi)。通過驅動一個外部P溝道MOSFET，它可(ke)以提(ti)供4A的充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，而效(xiao)率(lv)可(ke)高達90％。輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓設置為8.4V，最終浮(fu)動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓并(bing)具1％的精度，而充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)準(zhun)確度為5％。此外，該器(qi)件可(ke)在9V～22V范圍內的多種(zhong)墻上適配(pei)器(qi)上運行。與(yu)遲(chi)滯拓撲結構充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)相比，LTC4002-8.4的快速運行頻率(lv)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)模式架構使之能夠使用(yong)小型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感器(qi)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)。

　　鋰離子／鎳鎘電池兩用(yong)充電單(dan)元的總體設計

　　從前面(mian)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)LTC4002的(de)分(fen)析(xi)可(ke)知，該芯(xin)片(pian)是(shi)針對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)鋰(li)離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)控(kong)制器，要(yao)實現對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)鎳(nie)(nie)(nie)鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)需要(yao)解決以(yi)下(xia)問(wen)題(ti)：首先(xian)，LTC4002對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)監測(ce)，保(bao)證電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)不(bu)(bu)超過8.4V。但(dan)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)鎳(nie)(nie)(nie)鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)可(ke)以(yi)達到9.2V。其(qi)次(ci)，鎳(nie)(nie)(nie)鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)即(ji)將結束時，需要(yao)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)以(yi)正常電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流30％和10％的(de)涓流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。所以(yi)，第二(er)個需要(yao)解決的(de)問(wen)題(ti)是(shi)如何控(kong)制恒(heng)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流大小(xiao)。此(ci)外，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)鎳(nie)(nie)(nie)鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)應使用脈(mo)沖充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式。即(ji)以(yi)1s為(wei)周期，95％的(de)時間用來充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，1％的(de)時間用來放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，其(qi)余時間不(bu)(bu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也(ye)不(bu)(bu)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。最后，如何判(pan)(pan)斷(duan)某(mou)一個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)是(shi)鋰(li)離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)還是(shi)鎳(nie)(nie)(nie)鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，因(yin)為(wei)若把鋰(li)離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)誤(wu)判(pan)(pan)為(wei)鎳(nie)(nie)(nie)鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，會使充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)高(gao)于(yu)8.4V，這對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)鋰(li)離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)是(shi)十分(fen)危險(xian)的(de)，而將鎳(nie)(nie)(nie)鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)誤(wu)判(pan)(pan)為(wei)鋰(li)離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，則可(ke)能造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)(bu)足。因(yin)此(ci)，必須保(bao)證極(ji)低的(de)誤(wu)判(pan)(pan)率。

　　本部(bu)分根(gen)據LTC4002的(de)(de)工(gong)作原(yuan)理，設計了既可(ke)以對(dui)鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池進(jin)行恒流-恒壓充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，又可(ke)以對(dui)鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池進(jin)行脈沖式充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)。充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)單元的(de)(de)總體功能框圖如圖2所示。其中，信號調理電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)使(shi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器既可(ke)以對(dui)8.4V的(de)(de)鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，又可(ke)以對(dui)9.2V的(de)(de)鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，同時也(ye)起到(dao)控制充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流大小的(de)(de)作用。

　　利用微控制器控制LTC4002的工作(zuo)狀態，配合(he)放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)路使充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器可以(yi)對(dui)鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)池進行脈沖方式充(chong)電(dian)(dian)。

　　微控制器通過一定的(de)通信協議(HDQ16)與智能電(dian)池通信，確定其容量、化學性質等關鍵參數。

　　信號調理電路的設(she)計

　　為(wei)了(le)使LTC4002可對(dui)高于(yu)8.4V的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池進行恒流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)，并可調(diao)節充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)，在(zai)LTC4002的(de)(de)(de)BAT和(he)SENSE端(duan)與采(cai)樣電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)之間加入一級信號(hao)調(diao)理電(dian)(dian)路。該電(dian)(dian)路的(de)(de)(de)主要功能是對(dui)采(cai)樣電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)兩端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)信號(hao)進行運算，針(zhen)對(dui)不同化(hua)學(xue)性質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池，將相應的(de)(de)(de)信號(hao)送給(gei)LTC4002。該信號(hao)調(diao)理電(dian)(dian)路如圖3所示。

這(zhe)里定(ding)(ding)義采(cai)樣電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)兩端的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓值(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)VBAT和(he)Vsense，那(nei)么(me)充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)在采(cai)樣電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)上的(de)(de)(de)壓降VRS為：VRS=Vsense-VBAT，該(gai)信號(hao)為減(jian)法(fa)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)出。設乘(cheng)法(fa)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)乘(cheng)系數為K，那(nei)么(me)乘(cheng)法(fa)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)出為KVRS。對于(yu)鋰子電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，二(er)選(xuan)一(yi)開(kai)關(guan)將選(xuan)通(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)壓VBAT；對于(yu)鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，二(er)選(xuan)一(yi)開(kai)關(guan)將選(xuan)通(tong)(tong)7V恒(heng)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)壓。這(zhe)里設二(er)選(xuan)一(yi)模(mo)擬開(kai)關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)出為V1，那(nei)么(me)加法(fa)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)出Vs應為：Vs=KVRS+V1，這(zhe)樣一(yi)來(lai)，送到LTC4002的(de)(de)(de)BAT和(he)SENSE兩端的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓之差(cha)應為KVRS。只要正(zheng)(zheng)確控制(zhi)K值(zhi)(zhi)，就可以(yi)使充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)為正(zheng)(zheng)常充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)1／K。因(yin)此，可以(yi)通(tong)(tong)過二(er)選(xuan)一(yi)開(kai)關(guan)控制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)為恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)充電(dian)(dian)時的(de)(de)(de)10％或(huo)30％。

　　對于LTC4002的BAT端輸入值，當開(kai)關選(xuan)通(tong)鋰離子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)時，BAT的輸入即是電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)壓。此時，LTC4002可(ke)以控(kong)制整個(ge)鋰離子(zi)(zi)的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)過(guo)程。不需任何外界的干預。

　　當(dang)開關選通了7V恒(heng)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)后(hou)，BAT端的(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)入(ru)恒(heng)定(ding)為(wei)7V，此時，LTC4002無法知道電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)真(zhen)實電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，只認為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)7V。所以，盡管(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)高于(yu)(yu)8.4V，仍會(hui)以恒(heng)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)進行充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。在這(zhe)種情況下，需要(yao)微控(kong)制(zhi)器的(de)(de)(de)干預(yu)，否則(ze)，會(hui)造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)過充。由于(yu)(yu)微控(kong)制(zhi)器內(nei)部帶有ADC，可(ke)以監測電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)。當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)達到指定(ding)值時，減小(xiao)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，直(zhi)至電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充滿。這(zhe)樣就可(ke)以對9.2V的(de)(de)(de)鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)進行充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)了。

　　脈沖(chong)充放電電路的設(she)計(ji)

　　由于(yu)LTC4002是恒流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)控(kong)制芯片，因此，必(bi)須使(shi)(shi)用微控(kong)制器(qi)控(kong)制其充(chong)電(dian)(dian)使(shi)(shi)能引腳(jiao)COMP。當需要LTC4002輸出充(chong)電(dian)(dian)脈沖時，使(shi)(shi)控(kong)制COMP引腳(jiao)的端口變為高阻態，使(shi)(shi)COMP引腳(jiao)自行(xing)升(sheng)至360mV以上時，便有充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)輸出。放(fang)電(dian)(dian)時，必(bi)須將COMP引腳(jiao)拉低，使(shi)(shi)LTC4002關斷(duan)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)。之后，再打(da)開(kai)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)路。微控(kong)制器(qi)選(xuan)用PIC16F873，它(ta)是一(yi)款(kuan)基于(yu)Fla

sh的(de)8位微控制器(qi)。內部有定時(shi)器(qi)、看(kan)門狗電路、10位ADC等模塊(kuai)。

　　微控制器以1s為周(zhou)期(qi)對鎳鎘電(dian)池(chi)進行脈沖(chong)充放電(dian)。

　　系統軟件設計

　　系(xi)統軟件(jian)總體設計

　　充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)單(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)中的(de)(de)微控制(zhi)器(qi)主要負責充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)的(de)(de)控制(zhi)和與總控板的(de)(de)通信，程(cheng)序(xu)流程(cheng)如圖4所示。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)單(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)首先判斷是否有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，如果(guo)有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)放入，則判斷充(chong)(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)(tai)，默認是充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)(tai)，該狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)(tai)可由總控單(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)改變。若(ruo)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)單(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)處(chu)于充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)(tai)，則繼續判斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)化學性質，針對(dui)不同的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)采(cai)用不同的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式。若(ruo)處(chu)于放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)(tai)，則對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組進(jin)行(xing)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，直到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓低于閾值電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓后，轉為(wei)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)(tai)。

　　除主程序外，總控(kong)單元(yuan)與充電(dian)單元(yuan)的(de)通信(xin)是在中斷服務(wu)程序中實現(xian)的(de)。當充電(dian)單元(yuan)收(shou)到總控(kong)單元(yuan)的(de)指(zhi)令(ling)后，進入中斷。若(ruo)指(zhi)令(ling)是查詢數據(ju)(ju)指(zhi)令(ling)，則向(xiang)總控(kong)單元(yuan)發(fa)送需要的(de)數據(ju)(ju)。若(ruo)是充電(dian)狀態設(she)置指(zhi)令(ling)，則依據(ju)(ju)指(zhi)令(ling)設(she)置充電(dian)單元(yuan)的(de)充電(dian)狀態。

　　通信協議的實現

　　通過與電池組中電能計量芯片通信的方法來判斷電池的性質。本系統可以與遵循HDQ16接口協議的智能電池組進行通信，除了電池組的化學性質外，還可以將電池組的容量、電壓、充電電流、編號等數據一并讀取，供充電器顯示之用。

　　充電(dian)(dian)單元可以(yi)通過HDQ總線對智(zhi)能電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)進行讀(du)操作。HDQ16接口協(xie)議是(shi)基(ji)于指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)的(de)協(xie)議。一個處理(li)器發(fa)送8位(wei)(wei)(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)碼(ma)給智(zhi)能電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，這個8位(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)碼(ma)由兩部分組(zu)成，7位(wei)(wei)(wei)HDQ16指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)碼(ma)(位(wei)(wei)(wei)0～6)和1位(wei)(wei)(wei)讀(du)／寫(xie)(xie)指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)。讀(du)／寫(xie)(xie)指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)指(zhi)(zhi)示智(zhi)能 電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)存(cun)(cun)儲接下來的(de)16位(wei)(wei)(wei)數據到(dao)一個指(zhi)(zhi)定的(de)寄存(cun)(cun)器，或(huo)者(zhe)從指(zhi)(zhi)定的(de)寄存(cun)(cun)器輸出16位(wei)(wei)(wei)數據。在(zai)HDQ16里，數據字節(指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling))或(huo)者(zhe)字(數據)的(de)最不重要(yao)的(de)位(wei)(wei)(wei)會優先傳輸。

　　一個(ge)塊的(de)(de)傳輸(shu)包括三個(ge)不同的(de)(de)部分。第一部分經(jing)由主機(ji)(ji)或(huo)者(zhe)智能(neng)電池把(ba)HDQ16引腳置(zhi)邏輯低狀(zhuang)態(tai)一個(ge)tSTRH：B時間(jian)(jian)后開(kai)(kai)始發送。接下(xia)來(lai)的(de)(de)部分是真正的(de)(de)數(shu)據(ju)傳輸(shu)，數(shu)據(ju)位在tDSU:B時間(jian)(jian)間(jian)(jian)隔里(li)是有效(xiao)的(de)(de)，負邊界(jie)用來(lai)開(kai)(kai)始通信(xin)。數(shu)據(ju)位被(bei)保持一個(ge)tDH:DV時間(jian)(jian)間(jian)(jian)隔，以(yi)便允許主機(ji)(ji)或(huo)智能(neng)電池采樣數(shu)據(ju)位。

　　在負邊界開始通(tong)信后(hou)(hou)，最后(hou)(hou)一(yi)部分通(tong)過返(fan)回給HDQ16引腳一(yi)個(ge)(ge)邏(luo)輯高(gao)狀(zhuang)態，至少保持(chi)tSSU:B時間(jian)間(jian)隔來(lai)停止傳(chuan)輸。最后(hou)(hou)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)邏(luo)輯高(gao)狀(zhuang)態必須(xu)保持(chi)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)tCYCH:B時間(jian)間(jian)隔，以便有時間(jian)讓塊傳(chuan)輸完全停止。

　　如果(guo)發(fa)生通信錯誤(e.g.，tCYCB>250μs)，主(zhu)機(ji)就(jiu)(jiu)發(fa)送給智能電(dian)池(chi)一(yi)個BREAK信號，讓其控制串行接口。當HDQ16引(yin)腳(jiao)(jiao)在一(yi)個時(shi)間(jian)(jian)間(jian)(jian)隔(ge)，或者更長時(shi)間(jian)(jian)里為邏輯低狀(zhuang)態(tai)時(shi)，智能電(dian)池(chi)就(jiu)(jiu)會偵(zhen)測BREAK。然(ran)后，HDQ16引(yin)腳(jiao)(jiao)回(hui)到其正常預設高(gao)邏輯狀(zhuang)態(tai)一(yi)個tBR時(shi)間(jian)(jian)間(jian)(jian)隔(ge)。然(ran)后，智能電(dian)池(chi)就(jiu)(jiu)準備(bei)從主(zhu)機(ji)那里接收指令。

　　HDQ16引腳(jiao)是開漏的(de)，需要一個外部的(de)上拉電阻。

　　圖5是用(yong)邏(luo)輯分析(xi)儀顯(xian)示(shi)的一(yi)次HDQ總線上(shang)的通信波形。

　　本文提出的(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統從(cong)技術上(shang)很好(hao)地解決了上(shang)述問題(ti)，通過LCD顯示屏可(ke)以清(qing)晰便(bian)捷(jie)地讀出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)剩(sheng)余容量(liang)、已有充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)次數、充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及(ji)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、容量(liang)統計和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池特性等重要內容，并且(qie)通過設(she)定，可(ke)以判(pan)斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源是否達到報廢(fei)標準，及(ji)時(shi)提醒操作者更新電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源。為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源維護保養工作提供(gong)明(ming)確的(de)參考數據，降低了對操作人員(yuan)專業(ye)技術水(shui)平的(de)要求，保證了列車尾部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)安全使用。