鑒于市場上鎳鎘電池和鋰電池共存的局面，本文設計的充電器可(ke)以(yi)對這兩(liang)(liang)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)進行充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，對鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組采(cai)用(yong)(yong)脈沖(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式，對鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組采(cai)用(yong)(yong)恒流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式，這是(shi)(shi)依據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的不同機理而設計的，真正做(zuo)到了一機兩(liang)(liang)用(yong)(yong)，此為該充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的創新點，也(ye)是(shi)(shi)設計的難點。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的寬屏(ping)LCD可(ke)以(yi)同時顯示4組充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態，也(ye)可(ke)單獨顯示一組充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的各項參(can)數(shu)，做(zuo)到了對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程的實(shi)時監測。

　　系統整體設計

　　系統設(she)計目標是：

　　1．可同時對4組(zu)8.4V的(de)鋰(li)離子電池或(huo)9.2V的(de)鎳鎘電池進行充放電。

　　2．可與電池組中的(de)芯(xin)片通信，判斷電池的(de)化(hua)學(xue)性質。

　　3．對(dui)于不同化(hua)學性質的電池，將采(cai)用相應的充電方式。

　　4．可與電(dian)池(chi)組(zu)中的(de)芯片通信，得到該電(dian)池(chi)組(zu)的(de)電(dian)壓、充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流、容量等參數。

　　5．充電器帶有LCD，可顯示電池(chi)的各項(xiang)數據。

　　該充電器的功能框圖如(ru)圖1所示。

　　
       系統(tong)硬件設計

　　總控單元的(de)設計與實(shi)現(xian)

　　總控單(dan)元是由微控制器PIC16F873和鍵盤控制芯片ZLG7289A構成的。主要任務是負(fu)責與各

個(ge)充(chong)電(dian)單元(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)(tong)信(xin)，并處理用戶(hu)輸(shu)入與LCD顯示信(xin)息(xi)。鍵(jian)盤(pan)控制(zhi)芯片在這里(li)負責6個(ge)按鍵(jian)和12個(ge)LED的控制(zhi)。ZLG7289A與微控制(zhi)器之間通(tong)(tong)過SPI總(zong)線進行雙向通(tong)(tong)信(xin)。主(zhu)控單元(yuan)(yuan)每秒(miao)查詢一次各個(ge)充(chong)電(dian)單元(yuan)(yuan)，獲取當前充(chong)電(dian)單元(yuan)(yuan)的信(xin)息(xi)，如(ru)有(you)無電(dian)池(chi)(chi)、電(dian)池(chi)(chi)性質、電(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)壓等(deng)。之后由LCD模塊向用戶(hu)顯示。

　　充(chong)電(dian)單元的設計與實現

　　LTC4002鋰離子電池充電控(kong)制(zhi)芯片

　　LTC4002是一(yi)款高(gao)效(xiao)獨立開關模(mo)式(shi)(shi)鋰離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)控(kong)制器(qi)。該控(kong)制器(qi)有4.2V和8.4V兩個版本。LTC4002-8.4具(ju)有500kHz開關頻(pin)率(lv)，是高(gao)效(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)的PWM控(kong)制器(qi)。通過(guo)驅動一(yi)個外(wai)部P溝道MOSFET，它(ta)可(ke)以(yi)提供4A的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，而效(xiao)率(lv)可(ke)高(gao)達90％。輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓設置為(wei)8.4V，最(zui)終浮動電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓并(bing)具(ju)1％的精度，而充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)準確度為(wei)5％。此(ci)外(wai)，該器(qi)件可(ke)在9V～22V范圍(wei)內(nei)的多種墻上適(shi)配(pei)器(qi)上運(yun)行(xing)。與(yu)遲滯(zhi)拓撲結構充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)相比(bi)，LTC4002-8.4的快速運(yun)行(xing)頻(pin)率(lv)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)架構使之能夠(gou)使用小型電(dian)(dian)(dian)感器(qi)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)。

　　鋰離子／鎳鎘電(dian)池(chi)兩用(yong)充(chong)電(dian)單元(yuan)的總體設計

　　從前面對(dui)(dui)(dui)LTC4002的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)析可(ke)知，該芯片(pian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)針對(dui)(dui)(dui)鋰(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)控制器(qi)，要實(shi)現(xian)對(dui)(dui)(dui)鎳(nie)(nie)(nie)鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)需(xu)要解決(jue)以(yi)(yi)下問題：首先，LTC4002對(dui)(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)進行監(jian)測，保(bao)證電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)不超過8.4V。但對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)鎳(nie)(nie)(nie)鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)達到9.2V。其(qi)次，鎳(nie)(nie)(nie)鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)即將結束(shu)時(shi)，需(xu)要對(dui)(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)進行以(yi)(yi)正(zheng)常電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流30％和10％的(de)(de)(de)涓流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)，第二個需(xu)要解決(jue)的(de)(de)(de)問題是(shi)(shi)(shi)如何控制恒流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流大(da)小。此外，對(dui)(dui)(dui)鎳(nie)(nie)(nie)鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)應(ying)使用脈沖(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式。即以(yi)(yi)1s為(wei)周(zhou)期，95％的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間用來充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，1％的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間用來放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，其(qi)余(yu)時(shi)間不充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也(ye)不放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。最后(hou)，如何判斷某(mou)一個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)鋰(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)還是(shi)(shi)(shi)鎳(nie)(nie)(nie)鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，因為(wei)若把鋰(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)誤判為(wei)鎳(nie)(nie)(nie)鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，會使充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)高于(yu)8.4V，這對(dui)(dui)(dui)鋰(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)十分(fen)危險的(de)(de)(de)，而(er)將鎳(nie)(nie)(nie)鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)誤判為(wei)鋰(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，則可(ke)能造(zao)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不足。因此，必須(xu)保(bao)證極(ji)低的(de)(de)(de)誤判率。

　　本(ben)部分根據(ju)LTC4002的(de)工(gong)作原(yuan)理(li)，設計了既可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)對(dui)鋰(li)離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池進行恒流(liu)(liu)-恒壓充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，又可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)對(dui)鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)池進行脈沖(chong)式充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)單元(yuan)的(de)總體功能(neng)框(kuang)圖(tu)(tu)如圖(tu)(tu)2所示(shi)。其中(zhong)，信號調理(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路使充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器既可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)對(dui)8.4V的(de)鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，又可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)對(dui)9.2V的(de)鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，同(tong)時也起到控制充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)大小的(de)作用。

　　利(li)用微控(kong)制器控(kong)制LTC4002的(de)工作狀(zhuang)態(tai)，配合放電(dian)電(dian)路使充電(dian)器可(ke)以對鎳鎘電(dian)池(chi)進行脈沖方式充電(dian)。

　　微(wei)控制器通過一定的通信協議(HDQ16)與智能(neng)電池通信，確定其容量、化(hua)學性質等關鍵參數。

　　信號(hao)調理電路的(de)設計

　　為了(le)使LTC4002可對(dui)(dui)高于8.4V的(de)電(dian)池進行恒(heng)流充電(dian)，并可調(diao)(diao)節充電(dian)電(dian)流，在LTC4002的(de)BAT和SENSE端(duan)與采樣電(dian)阻(zu)之(zhi)間加入一級信(xin)(xin)號(hao)調(diao)(diao)理(li)電(dian)路。該電(dian)路的(de)主要功能(neng)是對(dui)(dui)采樣電(dian)阻(zu)兩(liang)端(duan)的(de)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)進行運算，針對(dui)(dui)不同化學性質的(de)電(dian)池，將相應的(de)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)送給LTC4002。該信(xin)(xin)號(hao)調(diao)(diao)理(li)電(dian)路如圖3所示。

這(zhe)里定(ding)義采樣(yang)(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻兩(liang)端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)值(zhi)是(shi)VBAT和(he)Vsense，那(nei)么充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)在采樣(yang)(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)降VRS為：VRS=Vsense-VBAT，該信號為減法(fa)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輸出(chu)。設乘法(fa)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)乘系數為K，那(nei)么乘法(fa)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輸出(chu)為KVRS。對于(yu)鋰子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，二(er)選(xuan)一(yi)開(kai)(kai)關將(jiang)選(xuan)通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)VBAT；對于(yu)鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，二(er)選(xuan)一(yi)開(kai)(kai)關將(jiang)選(xuan)通(tong)7V恒(heng)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。這(zhe)里設二(er)選(xuan)一(yi)模擬開(kai)(kai)關的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輸出(chu)為V1，那(nei)么加法(fa)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輸出(chu)Vs應為：Vs=KVRS+V1，這(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)一(yi)來，送到(dao)LTC4002的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)BAT和(he)SENSE兩(liang)端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)之差應為KVRS。只要正確控制K值(zhi)，就(jiu)可以使充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)為正常充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1／K。因此，可以通(tong)過二(er)選(xuan)一(yi)開(kai)(kai)關控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)為恒(heng)流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)10％或(huo)30％。

　　對于LTC4002的(de)BAT端輸入值，當開關(guan)選通鋰離(li)子(zi)電池時，BAT的(de)輸入即是電池電壓(ya)。此時，LTC4002可(ke)以控制整(zheng)個鋰離(li)子(zi)的(de)充電過程。不需任何外界(jie)的(de)干預。

　　當(dang)(dang)開關選通了(le)(le)7V恒(heng)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓后(hou)，BAT端的(de)(de)輸(shu)入(ru)恒(heng)定為7V，此時(shi)，LTC4002無法知道電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)真實電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，只認為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為7V。所(suo)以(yi)，盡管(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓高于8.4V，仍會以(yi)恒(heng)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)進行(xing)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。在這(zhe)(zhe)種情(qing)況下，需要微(wei)控制器的(de)(de)干(gan)預，否則，會造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)過充(chong)(chong)。由于微(wei)控制器內部(bu)帶有ADC，可(ke)以(yi)監測電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)變化。當(dang)(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓達到指定值時(shi)，減小(xiao)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，直至(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)滿。這(zhe)(zhe)樣就可(ke)以(yi)對9.2V的(de)(de)鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)進行(xing)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)了(le)(le)。

　　脈沖充放電(dian)電(dian)路的設計

　　由于LTC4002是恒(heng)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)芯片，因此，必須使(shi)用(yong)微控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)其充(chong)電(dian)(dian)使(shi)能引(yin)(yin)腳(jiao)(jiao)COMP。當需(xu)要(yao)LTC4002輸出充(chong)電(dian)(dian)脈沖(chong)時(shi)(shi)，使(shi)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)COMP引(yin)(yin)腳(jiao)(jiao)的端口(kou)變為高阻態，使(shi)COMP引(yin)(yin)腳(jiao)(jiao)自行升至360mV以(yi)上(shang)時(shi)(shi)，便有充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)輸出。放電(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)，必須將(jiang)COMP引(yin)(yin)腳(jiao)(jiao)拉(la)低(di)，使(shi)LTC4002關斷充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)。之后，再打開放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)路。微控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器選用(yong)PIC16F873，它是一款(kuan)基于Fla

sh的8位微控制器。內部(bu)有定時(shi)器、看門狗(gou)電路(lu)、10位ADC等模塊。

　　微(wei)控制器以1s為(wei)周期(qi)對(dui)鎳鎘電池進(jin)行脈沖充放電。

　　系統軟件設計

　　系統(tong)軟件總體設計

　　充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)單(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)中的(de)(de)(de)微控制器主要負責(ze)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程的(de)(de)(de)控制和與(yu)總控板的(de)(de)(de)通(tong)信，程序流(liu)程如圖4所示。充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)單(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)首先判(pan)斷(duan)是(shi)否(fou)有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，如果有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)放(fang)入(ru)，則判(pan)斷(duan)充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)，默認是(shi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)，該狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)可由(you)總控單(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)改變。若(ruo)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)單(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)處于(yu)(yu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)，則繼(ji)續判(pan)斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)化學性質，針對不同的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)采(cai)用不同的(de)(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式。若(ruo)處于(yu)(yu)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)，則對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組進行放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，直到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)低于(yu)(yu)閾值電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)后，轉為充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)。

　　除(chu)主程序外，總控(kong)(kong)單(dan)元與充(chong)電單(dan)元的通信是(shi)在中斷(duan)服務程序中實現的。當充(chong)電單(dan)元收到總控(kong)(kong)單(dan)元的指令后，進入中斷(duan)。若指令是(shi)查詢數據指令，則(ze)向總控(kong)(kong)單(dan)元發送需要的數據。若是(shi)充(chong)電狀態設置指令，則(ze)依(yi)據指令設置充(chong)電單(dan)元的充(chong)電狀態。

　　通信協議的實現

　　通過與電池組中電能計量芯片通信的方法來判斷電池的性質。本系統可以與遵循HDQ16接口協議的智能電池組進行通信，除了電池組的化學性質外，還可以將電池組的容量、電壓、充電電流、編號等數據一并讀取，供充電器顯示之用。

　　充電(dian)單元可以(yi)通過HDQ總線(xian)對(dui)智能(neng)電(dian)池進行讀操作。HDQ16接口協(xie)議是基于(yu)指令(ling)的協(xie)議。一個(ge)處理(li)器(qi)發(fa)送8位指令(ling)碼(ma)給智能(neng)電(dian)池，這個(ge)8位的指令(ling)碼(ma)由(you)兩部分組成，7位HDQ16指令(ling)碼(ma)(位0～6)和1位讀／寫指令(ling)。讀／寫指令(ling)指示(shi)智能(neng) 電(dian)池存(cun)儲(chu)接下來的16位數(shu)據(ju)到一個(ge)指定的寄存(cun)器(qi)，或者從(cong)指定的寄存(cun)器(qi)輸出16位數(shu)據(ju)。在HDQ16里，數(shu)據(ju)字節(指令(ling))或者字(數(shu)據(ju))的最不重要(yao)的位會優先傳輸。

　　一個塊的(de)傳輸(shu)包括三個不同(tong)的(de)部(bu)分。第一部(bu)分經由主(zhu)機或者智(zhi)能電池(chi)把HDQ16引(yin)腳(jiao)置邏(luo)輯低(di)狀態一個tSTRH：B時間(jian)(jian)后開(kai)始發送。接下來的(de)部(bu)分是真正的(de)數據(ju)傳輸(shu)，數據(ju)位(wei)在tDSU:B時間(jian)(jian)間(jian)(jian)隔里是有效的(de)，負邊界用來開(kai)始通(tong)信。數據(ju)位(wei)被保(bao)持一個tDH:DV時間(jian)(jian)間(jian)(jian)隔，以便(bian)允許主(zhu)機或智(zhi)能電池(chi)采樣(yang)數據(ju)位(wei)。

　　在負邊界開始通信后，最(zui)后一(yi)部(bu)分通過返回給HDQ16引腳一(yi)個(ge)(ge)邏輯高狀態，至少保持(chi)tSSU:B時間間隔來(lai)停(ting)止(zhi)傳輸。最(zui)后一(yi)個(ge)(ge)邏輯高狀態必須保持(chi)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)tCYCH:B時間間隔，以便有時間讓(rang)塊傳輸完全停(ting)止(zhi)。

　　如果(guo)發生通信錯(cuo)誤(wu)(e.g.，tCYCB>250μs)，主機就(jiu)(jiu)發送給智(zhi)能(neng)電(dian)池(chi)一個(ge)BREAK信號，讓(rang)其(qi)控制串行接口。當HDQ16引腳在一個(ge)時(shi)間(jian)間(jian)隔，或者更長時(shi)間(jian)里為邏輯低(di)狀(zhuang)態時(shi)，智(zhi)能(neng)電(dian)池(chi)就(jiu)(jiu)會偵測(ce)BREAK。然后，HDQ16引腳回到其(qi)正常預設高(gao)邏輯狀(zhuang)態一個(ge)tBR時(shi)間(jian)間(jian)隔。然后，智(zhi)能(neng)電(dian)池(chi)就(jiu)(jiu)準(zhun)備從主機那里接收(shou)指(zhi)令。

　　HDQ16引腳(jiao)是開漏的(de)(de)，需要一個外部的(de)(de)上(shang)拉電阻(zu)。

　　圖5是用(yong)邏輯分析儀顯示的(de)一次HDQ總線上的(de)通信波形(xing)。

　　本文提出的充電(dian)系統從技術(shu)上很好地(di)解(jie)決了(le)上述問題，通(tong)過LCD顯示屏可(ke)以清晰便捷(jie)地(di)讀出電(dian)源(yuan)的剩余容(rong)量、已有充放(fang)電(dian)次(ci)數、充電(dian)及放(fang)電(dian)電(dian)流、電(dian)池電(dian)壓、容(rong)量統計(ji)和電(dian)池特性等重要內容(rong)，并且通(tong)過設定，可(ke)以判斷電(dian)源(yuan)是否(fou)達到(dao)報廢(fei)標(biao)準，及時提醒(xing)操(cao)作(zuo)者更新電(dian)源(yuan)。為(wei)電(dian)源(yuan)維護保(bao)養(yang)工作(zuo)提供(gong)明確的參考(kao)數據，降低了(le)對操(cao)作(zuo)人員專業技術(shu)水平(ping)的要求，保(bao)證(zheng)了(le)列(lie)車尾部電(dian)源(yuan)的安全使用(yong)。