充電器的(de)分(fen)(fen)類(lei)：用(yong)(yong)有(you)(you)、無工頻(pin)（50赫茲(zi)）變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)區分(fen)(fen)，可分(fen)(fen)為兩大(da)類(lei)。貨(huo)運三輪充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)般使(shi)用(yong)(yong)帶(dai)(dai)工頻(pin)變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)機，體積大(da)、重量大(da)，費電(dian)(dian)，但(dan)是(shi)可靠，便(bian)宜；電(dian)(dian)動自行車和電(dian)(dian)摩則使(shi)用(yong)(yong)所謂(wei)開(kai)關電(dian)(dian)源式(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，省電(dian)(dian)，效率(lv)高(gao)，但(dan)是(shi)易壞(huai)。 常(chang)(chang)用(yong)(yong)的(de)開(kai)關電(dian)(dian)源式(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)又分(fen)(fen)半(ban)橋式(shi)和單激式(shi)兩大(da)類(lei)，單激類(lei)又分(fen)(fen)為正激式(shi)和反激式(shi)兩類(lei)。半(ban)橋式(shi)成本高(gao)，性(xing)能好，常(chang)(chang)用(yong)(yong)于帶(dai)(dai)負脈沖的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)；單激式(shi)成本低，市場占(zhan)有(you)(you)率(lv)高(gao)。

鉛酸電(dian)(dian)池已經有100多年的(de)歷史了，開始全球普(pu)遍沿引老的(de)觀點(dian)和(he)操(cao)作規程：充、放電(dian)(dian)率為(wei)0.1C（C是電(dian)(dian)池容量）壽(shou)命(ming)較長。美(mei)國人麥斯先生(sheng)為(wei)解決快速(su)充電(dian)(dian)問題(ti)，1967年向(xiang)全世(shi)界公布了他的(de)研究成(cheng)果，用大于1C率脈沖電(dian)(dian)流充電(dian)(dian)，充電(dian)(dian)間歇時對(dui)電(dian)(dian)池放電(dian)(dian)。放電(dian)(dian)有利于消除極化、降(jiang)低電(dian)(dian)解液溫度、提高(gao)極板接受(shou)電(dian)(dian)荷(he)的(de)能力(li)。

我國(guo)一(yi)(yi)些科(ke)技(ji)工作者在(zai)1969年(nian)(nian)前后(hou)(hou)，根據麥斯先生的(de)三定律(lv)制作成功(gong)了(le)多(duo)種品牌的(de)快(kuai)速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循環過(guo)程是：大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)脈(mo)沖充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)→切(qie)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)(tong)(tong)路(lu)→對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池短暫(zan)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)→停止放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)→接(jie)通(tong)(tong)(tong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)(tong)(tong)路(lu)→大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)脈(mo)沖充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)……2000年(nian)(nian)前后(hou)(hou)，有人將這一(yi)(yi)原理用(yong)到(dao)了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中(zhong)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中(zhong)，不切(qie)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)(tong)(tong)路(lu)，用(yong)小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池短路(lu)瞬間，進行(xing)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。短路(lu)時由于不切(qie)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)(tong)(tong)路(lu)，在(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)(tong)(tong)路(lu)中(zhong)串連了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)。一(yi)(yi)般在(zai)1秒內短路(lu)3－5毫秒（1秒＝1000毫秒），由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)里的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)不能跳變，短路(lu)時間短促，可(ke)(ke)以保護充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源轉(zhuan)換部(bu)分。如(ru)果把充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)方(fang)向叫正(zheng)，放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)自然為負了(le)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車業就出(chu)現了(le)名詞“負脈(mo)沖充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器”，而且稱可(ke)(ke)以延(yan)長電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命等(deng)等(deng)。

近(jin)幾(ji)年(nian)，電(dian)(dian)動(dong)車普遍使用了所謂三(san)(san)段(duan)(duan)(duan)式(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)，第(di)(di)一個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)恒(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)二(er)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)恒(heng)(heng)(heng)壓(ya)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)三(san)(san)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)涓流(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)。從電(dian)(dian)子技術(shu)角度(du)針對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)而言：第(di)(di)一個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)限流(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)二(er)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高恒(heng)(heng)(heng)壓(ya)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)三(san)(san)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)低(di)恒(heng)(heng)(heng)壓(ya)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)比較貼切。第(di)(di)二(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)和(he)第(di)(di)三(san)(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)轉(zhuan)換時，面(mian)板指示燈(deng)(deng)相(xiang)應變(bian)換，大(da)多數充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)第(di)(di)一、二(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)是紅燈(deng)(deng)，第(di)(di)三(san)(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)變(bian)綠燈(deng)(deng)。第(di)(di)二(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)和(he)第(di)(di)三(san)(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)的相(xiang)互轉(zhuan)換是由(you)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)決(jue)定的，大(da)于某(mou)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)進入第(di)(di)一第(di)(di)二(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)，小于某(mou)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)進入第(di)(di)三(san)(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)。這個(ge)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)轉(zhuan)換電(dian)(dian)流(liu)，也(ye)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)轉(zhuan)折電(dian)(dian)流(liu)。

買新充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)檢查(cha)三(san)段(duan)式(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)三(san)個重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)參(can)數(shu)，第(di)一個重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)參(can)數(shu)是涓流(liu)階(jie)段(duan)的(de)低(di)恒壓值(zhi)(zhi)，第(di)二(er)個重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)參(can)數(shu)是第(di)二(er)階(jie)段(duan)的(de)高恒壓值(zhi)(zhi)，第(di)三(san)個重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)參(can)數(shu)是轉換電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。這三(san)個重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)參(can)數(shu)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池數(shu)目有(you)關，與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)容(rong)量(liang)Ah有(you)關，與(yu)溫度(du)有(you)關，與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池種類有(you)關。用戶一般(ban)可以(yi)自己測得第(di)三(san)階(jie)段(duan)的(de)低(di)恒壓值(zhi)(zhi)。方法是，不接電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，給充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)加市電(dian)(dian)(dian)，用數(shu)字萬用表的(de)200V直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓檔(dang)測充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。另兩個參(can)數(shu)高恒壓值(zhi)(zhi)和轉折電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)一般(ban)需要(yao)(yao)(yao)專用工具(ju)才能(neng)測得。

開關電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)式充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)的正(zheng)確操作是：充電(dian)(dian)時(shi)，先(xian)插(cha)(cha)電(dian)(dian)池，后加市(shi)電(dian)(dian)；充足后，先(xian)切斷市(shi)電(dian)(dian)，后拔電(dian)(dian)池插(cha)(cha)頭。如果在充電(dian)(dian)時(shi)先(xian)拔電(dian)(dian)池插(cha)(cha)頭，特別(bie)是充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流大（紅燈(deng)）時(shi)，非(fei)常(chang)容易損壞充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)。

此外還(huan)需(xu)注意(yi)的是(shi)(shi)(shi)：1，變綠燈(deng)后(hou)再接(jie)著充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)2－3小(xiao)時。2，原則(ze)是(shi)(shi)(shi)淺(qian)放(fang)(fang)（電(dian)(dian)）勤充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)（電(dian)(dian)），就是(shi)(shi)(shi)騎(qi)行(xing)不(bu)(bu)足夠遠，也要(yao)(yao)及時充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，避(bi)免放(fang)(fang)光(guang)再充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)。3，長(chang)期(qi)(qi)(qi)不(bu)(bu)騎(qi)，要(yao)(yao)定期(qi)(qi)(qi)（2－3個月）充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)一(yi)(yi)次。4，長(chang)期(qi)(qi)(qi)淺(qian)放(fang)(fang)的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，3個月左(zuo)右，作一(yi)(yi)次深放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)，就是(shi)(shi)(shi)所謂放(fang)(fang)光(guang)再充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，有利于電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)深部(bu)的長(chang)期(qi)(qi)(qi)不(bu)(bu)動的物(wu)質的活化。放(fang)(fang)光(guang)的意(yi)思是(shi)(shi)(shi)，騎(qi)到控制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)欠壓保護(hu)動作為(wei)止。5， 一(yi)(yi)般新電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)投(tou)入使用(yong)8－10個月后(hou)，要(yao)(yao)對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)進行(xing)檢(jian)查和(he)維護(hu)。6，一(yi)(yi)般名牌車配(pei)套的充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)經過篩(shai)選的，通常不(bu)(bu)用(yong)測試，但是(shi)(shi)(shi)單(dan)獨到市場上采購的非(fei)配(pei)套充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)，一(yi)(yi)定要(yao)(yao)進行(xing)前(qian)述(shu)三個參數的測試。7，有一(yi)(yi)種不(bu)(bu)帶工頻變壓器(qi)(qi)的可控硅充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)機，直接(jie)整(zheng)流市電(dian)(dian)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)流可到30A，電(dian)(dian)壓12V－80V可調，未徹底切斷市電(dian)(dian)前(qian)，千(qian)萬不(bu)(bu)要(yao)(yao)摸電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，貨運(yun)三輪使用(yong)這類充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)機的客戶特別要(yao)(yao)注意(yi)安全。