1.1 鋰離子(zi)電池簡介

1.1.1 鋰離子電池(Li-ion Batteries)是鋰(li)(li)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)發展而來。在(zai)介紹(shao)Li-ion之前，應先介紹(shao)鋰(li)(li)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。舉例來講，以(yi)前照相機(ji)里用的(de)扣式電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)就(jiu)屬 于(yu)鋰(li)(li)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。鋰(li)(li)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)正極材料是二氧(yang)化(hua)錳或亞硫(liu)酰氯，負極是鋰(li)(li)。電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組裝 完(wan)成(cheng)后電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)即有電(dian)壓,不(bu)需充(chong)電(dian).這種(zhong)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)也可(ke)能(neng)充(chong)電(dian),但循(xun)(xun)環性能(neng)不(bu)好,在(zai) 充(chong)放電(dian)循(xun)(xun)環過程中,容易形成(cheng)鋰(li)(li)枝(zhi)晶,造成(cheng)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)內部短路,所以(yi)一般情況(kuang)下這 種(zhong)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)是禁止充(chong)電(dian)的(de)。

1.1.2 后來，日本索尼公司發明了以炭材料為負極，以含鋰的化合物作正極，在充放電過程中，沒有金屬鋰存在，只有鋰離子，這就是鋰離子電 池。當(dang)對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)進行(xing)充電(dian)(dian)時，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)正極(ji)上有(you)鋰(li)離(li)子(zi)生(sheng)成，生(sheng)成的(de)鋰(li)離(li)子(zi)經過 電(dian)(dian)解液(ye)運動(dong)到(dao)負極(ji)。而作為負極(ji)的(de)碳(tan)呈層狀結構，它有(you)很多(duo)微孔(kong)，達(da)到(dao)負極(ji) 的(de)鋰(li)離(li)子(zi)就嵌(qian)入到(dao)碳(tan)層的(de)微孔(kong)中(zhong)，嵌(qian)入的(de)鋰(li)離(li)子(zi)越(yue)多(duo)，充電(dian)(dian)容量越(yue)高(gao)。同樣， 當(dang)對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)進行(xing)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)時(即我們使用電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)過程)，嵌(qian)在負極(ji)碳(tan)層中(zhong)的(de)鋰(li)離(li)子(zi) 脫(tuo)出， 又運動(dong)回正極(ji)。回正極(ji)的(de)鋰(li)離(li)子(zi)越(yue)多(duo)，放(fang)電(dian)(dian)容量越(yue)高(gao)。

1.1.3 我們通(tong)常所說的(de)(de)電池容量指的(de)(de)就(jiu)是放(fang)電容量。在(zai) Li-ion 的(de)(de)充放(fang)電過程(cheng)中，鋰(li)離(li)(li)子處(chu)于從正極(ji)→負極(ji)→正極(ji)的(de)(de)運動狀態。Li-ion Batteries 就(jiu)像一(yi)把搖椅(yi)(yi)(yi)，搖椅(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)兩端為電池的(de)(de)兩極(ji)，而鋰(li)離(li)(li)子就(jiu)象運動員 一(yi)樣在(zai)搖椅(yi)(yi)(yi)來回(hui)奔跑。所以(yi) Li-ion Batteries 又叫搖椅(yi)(yi)(yi)式電池。

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1.2. 鋰離子電池的組成

1.2.1 鋼殼/鋁殼系(xi)列：

(1)電池上下蓋

(2)正極——活性物質一般(ban)為氧化鋰(li)鈷

(3)隔膜——一種(zhong)特殊的(de)復合膜

(4)負(fu)極——活性物質為碳(tan)

(5)有機電解液

(6)電池殼(分為鋼殼和鋁殼兩(liang)種)

1.2.2 軟包裝系列

(1)正極(ji)——活性物(wu)質(zhi)一般為氧化鋰(li)鈷(gu)

(2)隔膜(mo)(mo)——PP 或者 PE 復(fu)合膜(mo)(mo)

(3)負極——活性物質為碳(tan)

(4)有機電解液

(5)電池殼——鋁(lv)塑復(fu)合(he)膜

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1.3. 鋰離子電池原理

1.3.1 鋰系電池分為鋰電池和鋰(li)離子電(dian)池(chi)。目(mu)前手機和筆(bi)記本(ben)電(dian)腦使用

的都是(shi)鋰離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，通(tong)常(chang)人們俗稱其為鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。 手機等 PDA 產品(pin)(pin)使用的是(shi) 鋰離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，而真(zhen)正(zheng)(zheng)的鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)由于危險(xian)性(xing)大，沒(mei)有應(ying)用于日常(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)產品(pin)(pin)。 鋰離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)以碳素材料為負(fu)極，以含鋰的化合(he)物作正(zheng)(zheng)極，沒(mei)有金屬(shu)鋰存 在(zai)(zai)，只有鋰離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)，這就是(shi)鋰離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。鋰離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)是(shi)指(zhi)以鋰離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)嵌(qian)入(ru)(ru)(ru)化合(he)物 為正(zheng)(zheng)極材料電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的總稱。鋰離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程，就是(shi)鋰離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)的嵌(qian)入(ru)(ru)(ru)和脫 嵌(qian)過(guo)程。在(zai)(zai)鋰離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)的嵌(qian)入(ru)(ru)(ru)和脫嵌(qian)過(guo)程中(zhong)，同(tong)時伴隨著與(yu)鋰離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)等當量電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)的 嵌(qian)入(ru)(ru)(ru)和脫嵌(qian)(習慣(guan)上(shang)正(zheng)(zheng)極用嵌(qian)入(ru)(ru)(ru)或脫嵌(qian)表示，而負(fu)極用插入(ru)(ru)(ru)或脫插表示)。 在(zai)(zai)充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中(zhong)，鋰離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)在(zai)(zai)正(zheng)(zheng)、負(fu)極之間往返嵌(qian)入(ru)(ru)(ru)/脫嵌(qian)和插入(ru)(ru)(ru)/脫插，被形 象地稱為“搖椅電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)”。

1.3.2 鋰離子電池能量密度(du)大，平均輸(shu)出電壓高。自放電小，每月在(zai)

10%以下。沒(mei)有記(ji)憶效(xiao)應。工(gong)作溫(wen)度范(fan)圍寬為-20℃～60℃。循(xun)環性能(neng)優越、 可快速充放電(dian)、充電(dian)效(xiao)率高(gao)達 100%，而(er)且輸出功率大。使用壽命長。沒(mei)有 環境(jing)污染，被稱為綠色電(dian)池。

1.3.3 充電(dian)是電(dian)池(chi)重(zhong)復使用的重(zhong)要步驟，鋰(li)離子(zi)電(dian)池(chi)的充電(dian)過程分

為兩個階(jie)(jie)段：恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)快充(chong)階(jie)(jie)段(指(zhi)(zhi)示(shi)燈呈(cheng)紅色(se)(se)或黃色(se)(se))和恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)遞減(jian)階(jie)(jie)段(指(zhi)(zhi) 示(shi)燈呈(cheng)綠色(se)(se))。恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)快充(chong)階(jie)(jie)段，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)逐步升高到(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)標準電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，隨(sui)后 在控(kong)制芯片下轉入恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)階(jie)(jie)段，電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)不再升高以(yi)確(que)保不會(hui)過充(chong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)則隨(sui)著電(dian)(dian)(dian) 池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量的(de)上升逐步減(jian)弱到(dao) 0，而最終完成充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)量統計芯片通過記錄放電(dian)(dian)(dian) 曲線(xian)可以(yi)抽樣計算出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量。鋰(li)離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在多次(ci)使用(yong)后，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)曲線(xian)會(hui)發 生(sheng)改變，鋰(li)離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)雖(sui)然不存在記憶效應，但(dan)是充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)不當會(hui)嚴重影響電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)性 能。

鋰(li)離(li)(li)子電池過度(du)充(chong)放電會對正負極造成永久性損壞。過度(du)放電導致負極 碳片層結構(gou)出現塌陷(xian)，而(er)(er)塌陷(xian)會造成充(chong)電過程(cheng)中鋰(li)離(li)(li)子無法(fa)插入;過度(du)充(chong)電 使過多的鋰(li)離(li)(li)子嵌入負極碳結構(gou)，而(er)(er)造成其中部分(fen)鋰(li)離(li)(li)子再也無法(fa)釋放出

1.3.4 充電(dian)量等(deng)于充電(dian)電(dian)流乘以充電(dian)時間，在(zai)充電(dian)控制電(dian)壓(ya)一定

的(de)(de)情況(kuang)下(xia)，充(chong)(chong)電電流越(yue)大(充(chong)(chong)電速度越(yue)快(kuai))，充(chong)(chong)電電量(liang)越(yue)小。電池充(chong)(chong)電速度 過快(kuai)和(he)終止電壓控制點不(bu)當，同樣(yang)會造(zao)成電池容量(liang)不(bu)足，實際是電池的(de)(de)部分(fen) 電極活性物質沒有(you)得到充(chong)(chong)分(fen)反應就停止充(chong)(chong)電，這(zhe)種充(chong)(chong)電不(bu)足的(de)(de)現象(xiang)隨著(zhu)循環 次數(shu)的(de)(de)增加而(er)加劇。

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1.4. 鋰離子電池的種類

1.4.1 不可充電的鋰電池有多種，目前常用的有鋰-二(er)氧化錳電池、鋰

—亞硫酰氯電(dian)池及鋰(li)和其它化合物電(dian)池。

1)　鋰(li)-二氧(yang)化錳電池(Li　MnO2)

鋰(li)-二氧化錳(meng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)是(shi)一種(zhong)以(yi)鋰(li)為(wei)陽(yang)極(ji)、以(yi)二氧化錳(meng)為(wei)陰極(ji)，并采(cai)用有(you)機 電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液的(de)一次(ci)性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。該電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)主要(yao)特點是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓高，額定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為(wei) 3V(是(shi) 一般堿性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de) 2 倍);終止放電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為(wei) 2V;比(bi)能量大(見上面舉的(de)例子); 放電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓穩定(ding)可靠;有(you)較(jiao)好的(de)儲(chu)存(cun)性(xing)能(儲(chu)存(cun)時間 3 年以(yi)上)、自放電(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)低(di)(年 自放電(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)≤2%);工(gong)作溫(wen)度(du)范圍-20℃～+60℃。

該(gai)電池可以做成不(bu)同的外形以滿足不(bu)同要求，它(ta)有長方形、圓(yuan)柱形及紐 扣形(扣式)。

2)可(ke)充電(dian)鋰離子電(dian)池

可充(chong)電(dian)(dian)鋰(li)離(li)子電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)是目前手機(ji)中應用(yong)最廣泛的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，但(dan)它較為“嬌氣(qi)”， 在使(shi)用(yong)中不可過充(chong)、過放(fang)(會損(sun)壞電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)或使(shi)之報廢)。因(yin)此，在電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)上有保護(hu) 元器件(jian)或保護(hu)電(dian)(dian)路以防止昂(ang)貴的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)損(sun)壞。 鋰(li)離(li)子電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)要求很高，要 保證(zheng)終(zhong)止電(dian)(dian)壓精度在 1%之內(nei)，目前各大半導體器件(jian)廠已開發出(chu)多(duo)種(zhong)鋰(li)離(li)子 電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)的(de) IC，以保證(zheng)安(an)全、可靠、快速地充(chong)電(dian)(dian)。

1.4.2 根據鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)池所用電(dian)(dian)解質材(cai)料不同(tong)，鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)池可(ke)以分為液

態鋰(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)池(chi)(lithium ion battery, 簡稱為(wei) LIB)和聚(ju)(ju)合物(wu)(wu)鋰(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)池(chi)(p olymer lithium ion battery, 簡稱為(wei) LIP)兩(liang)大類。聚(ju)(ju)合物(wu)(wu)鋰(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)池(chi)所(suo) 用(yong)的正負極材(cai)料與(yu)液態鋰(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)都是(shi)相同(tong)的，電(dian)池(chi)的工(gong)作原理也基本一(yi)致。 它們的主要區(qu)別在(zai)于電(dian)解(jie)質的不(bu)同(tong), 液態鋰(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)池(chi)使用(yong)的是(shi)液體電(dian)解(jie)質, 而聚(ju)(ju)合物(wu)(wu)鋰(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)池(chi)則以固體聚(ju)(ju)合物(wu)(wu)電(dian)解(jie)質來代替(ti), 這(zhe)種聚(ju)(ju)合物(wu)(wu)可以是(shi) “干態”的,也可以是(shi)“膠態”的,目前大部分采用(yong)聚(ju)(ju)合物(wu)(wu)膠體電(dian)解(jie)質。聚(ju)(ju) 合物(wu)(wu)鋰(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)池(chi)可分為(wei)三類：

(1)固體聚合(he)物電(dian)解(jie)質鋰離子電(dian)池。電(dian)解(jie)質為(wei)聚合(he)物與鹽(yan)的混合(he)物， 這種電(dian)池在常溫下(xia)的離子電(dian)導率低，適于高溫使用。

(2)凝膠聚合(he)物(wu)(wu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)鋰(li)(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。即(ji)在固(gu)體聚合(he)物(wu)(wu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)中加入增 塑劑等添加劑，從而提高(gao)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導率，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)可(ke)在常溫(wen)下使用(yong)。 (3)聚合(he)物(wu)(wu)正極材(cai)料的(de)(de)鋰(li)(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。采用(yong)導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)聚合(he)物(wu)(wu)作為(wei)正極材(cai)料， 其比(bi)(bi)(bi)能(neng)量是(shi)現有鋰(li)(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de) 3 倍，是(shi)最新一代(dai)的(de)(de)鋰(li)(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。由于用(yong)固(gu) 體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)代(dai)替了液(ye)(ye)體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質(zhi),與液(ye)(ye)態鋰(li)(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)相比(bi)(bi)(bi)，聚合(he)物(wu)(wu)鋰(li)(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)具 有可(ke)薄(bo)(bo)形化、任意(yi)面積化與任意(yi)形狀化等優點，也不會產生(sheng)漏液(ye)(ye)與燃燒爆 炸等安全上(shang)的(de)(de)問題，因(yin)此(ci)可(ke)以(yi)用(yong)鋁(lv)塑復合(he)薄(bo)(bo)膜制(zhi)造(zao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)外殼，從而可(ke)以(yi)提 高(gao)整個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)比(bi)(bi)(bi)容量;聚合(he)物(wu)(wu)鋰(li)(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)還可(ke)以(yi)采用(yong)高(gao)分(fen)子(zi)(zi)作正極材(cai)料， 其質(zhi)量比(bi)(bi)(bi)能(neng)量將會比(bi)(bi)(bi)目前的(de)(de)液(ye)(ye)態鋰(li)(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)提高(gao) 50%以(yi)上(shang)。

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此外(wai),聚合物鋰離子(zi)電(dian)池(chi)在(zai)工作電(dian)壓、充(chong)放電(dian)循(xun)環壽命等方面(mian)都比(bi)鋰離子(zi)電(dian)池(chi)有所提高。

基于以上優點，聚(ju)合物(wu)鋰離(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)池被(bei)譽為下一代鋰離(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)池。 聚(ju)合物(wu)鋰離(li)子(zi)(Lithium ion polymer)電(dian)(dian)池，具有(you)更高(gao)能(neng)量密度、小(xiao)型(xing)化、薄(bo)型(xing)化、 輕量化、高(gao)安全(quan)性、長(chang)循(xun)環(huan)壽(shou)命與低成本(ben)的(de)新型(xing)電(dian)(dian)池。因此，在(zai)未來 2～3 年內，聚(ju)合物(wu)鋰電(dian)(dian)池取代鋰離(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)池市場的(de)份(fen)額將達 50%。

1.4.3 當(dang)前(qian)手(shou)機已被廣(guang)泛使(shi)用，早期的(de)手(shou)機中多使(shi)用鎳氫電(dian)池，但靈

巧型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)手機則(ze)是(shi)(shi)(shi)鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。正確地使用鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)對延(yan)長(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)壽(shou)命是(shi)(shi)(shi)十(shi)分 重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)目前應用最(zui)為(wei)(wei)廣(guang)泛(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鋰(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，它根據不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)產品 的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求可以做成(cheng)扁平長(chang)方形、圓柱形、長(chang)方形及(ji)扣式，并且有(you)由幾(ji)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)串(chuan) 聯在一起組成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組。 鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)(wei) 3.6V(有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產品為(wei)(wei) 3.7 V)。充滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)終(zhong)止充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)陽極(ji)材(cai)料(liao)有(you)關(guan)：陽極(ji)材(cai)料(liao)為(wei)(wei)石(shi)墨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de) 4.2 V;陽極(ji)材(cai)料(liao)為(wei)(wei)焦(jiao)炭(tan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de) 4.1V。不同(tong)陽極(ji)材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)阻也(ye)不同(tong)，焦(jiao)炭(tan)陽極(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)阻 略(lve)大(da)(da)，其放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)曲線也(ye)略(lve)有(you)差別。一般(ban)稱為(wei)(wei) 4.1V 鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)及(ji) 4.2V 鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian) 池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。現(xian)在使用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)部(bu)分是(shi)(shi)(shi) 4.2V 的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)終(zhong)止放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)(wei) 2.5V～2. 75V(電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)廠給出工作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓范圍或給出終(zhong)止放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，各參數略(lve)有(you)不同(tong))。低 于(yu)終(zhong)止放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓繼續放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)稱為(wei)(wei)過放(fang)(fang)，過放(fang)(fang)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)損害的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。

1.4.4 鋰離(li)子電池不適合(he)用作大電流放電，過大電流放電時會降低放

電(dian)(dian)(dian)時間(內(nei)部會產(chan)生(sheng)較高(gao)(gao)的(de)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)而損耗能量)。因此電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)生(sheng)產(chan)工(gong)廠(chang)給(gei)出(chu)最大放(fang) 電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，在使(shi)用中應(ying)小于最大放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。 鋰(li)(li)離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)對(dui)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)有(you)一定(ding)要求， 工(gong)廠(chang)給(gei)出(chu)了充電(dian)(dian)(dian)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)范(fan)(fan)圍(wei)、放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)范(fan)(fan)圍(wei)及保存溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)范(fan)(fan)圍(wei)。 鋰(li)(li)離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)對(dui) 充電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)要求是(shi)很高(gao)(gao)的(de)，它(ta)要求精密的(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路以(yi)保證充電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)安(an)全。終止充電(dian)(dian)(dian) 電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)精度(du)(du)允差(cha)為(wei)(wei)額定(ding)值的(de)_1%(例如(ru):充 4.2V 的(de)鋰(li)(li)離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，其(qi)允差(cha)為(wei)(wei)_0.0 42V)，過(guo)壓(ya)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)會造成鋰(li)(li)離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)永久(jiu)性損壞。鋰(li)(li)離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)應(ying)根據 電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)生(sheng)產(chan)廠(chang)家的(de)建議(yi)，并(bing)要求有(you)限流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路以(yi)免發(fa)生(sheng)過(guo)流(liu)(過(guo)熱(re))。一般常用的(de) 充電(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)為(wei)(wei) 0.25C～1C(C 是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)容量，如(ru) C=800mAh，1C 充電(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)即充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu) 為(wei)(wei)800mA)。在大電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時往往要檢測電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)，以(yi)防(fang)止過(guo)熱(re)損壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)或 產(chan)生(sheng)爆炸。

1.4.5 鋰離子電池充電分為(wei)兩個(ge)階段：先(xian)恒流充電，到接近(jin)終止電壓時(shi)改

為恒(heng)(heng)(heng)壓充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)。以(yi) 800mAh 容量的(de)(de)電(dian)池為例(li)，其終(zhong)止(zhi)(zhi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)壓為 4.2V。電(dian)池以(yi) 800mA(充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)率(lv)為 1C)恒(heng)(heng)(heng)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)，開始時(shi)(shi)電(dian)池電(dian)壓以(yi)較大的(de)(de)斜率(lv)升(sheng)壓，當電(dian)池電(dian)壓 接近 4.2V 時(shi)(shi)，改(gai)成(cheng) 4.2V 恒(heng)(heng)(heng)壓充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)，電(dian)流漸降(jiang)，電(dian)壓變化不大，到充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流降(jiang)為 1/10C(約 80mA)時(shi)(shi)，認為接近充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿，可以(yi)終(zhong)止(zhi)(zhi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(有的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)器(qi)到 1/10C 后啟(qi)動 定時(shi)(shi)器(qi)，過(guo)一定時(shi)(shi)間(jian)后結束充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian))。 鋰離子電(dian)池在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)或(huo)放(fang)電(dian)過(guo)程中若發生過(guo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、 過(guo)放(fang)或(huo)過(guo)流時(shi)(shi)，會造成(cheng)電(dian)池的(de)(de)損壞或(huo)降(jiang)低使用壽命。

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1.5. 鋰離子電池優缺點

1.5.1 鋰離子電池具有以下優(you)點：

1. 電(dian)壓高，單體電(dian)池的工作電(dian)壓高達 3.6-3.9V，是 Ni-Cd、 Ni-H 電(dian)池的 3 倍(bei)

2. 比(bi)能(neng)量(liang)大，目前(qian)能(neng)達到的實際比(bi)能(neng)量(liang)為 100-125Wh/kg 和 240-300Wh/L(2 倍(bei)于(yu) Ni-Cd，1.5 倍(bei)于(yu) Ni-MH),未來隨著(zhu)技術發展, 比(bi)能(neng)量(liang)可高達 150Wh/kg 和 400 Wh/L

3. 循環壽命長,一般均可達到 500 次以上,甚至 1000 次以上.對于小電 流放電的電器,電池的使用期限(xian) 將倍增電器的競爭力(li).

4. 安全(quan)性能好,無公害,無記(ji)憶(yi)效(xiao)應.作為Li-ion前身的鋰電池(chi),因金屬(shu) 鋰易形成枝晶發生短路,縮減(jian)了(le)其(qi)應用(yong)領(ling)域(yu)：Li-ion中不(bu)含鎘、鉛、汞等對 環境(jing)有污(wu)染的元素：部分工(gong)藝(如燒結式(shi))的Ni-Cd電池(chi)存在的一大弊病為 “記(ji)憶(yi)效(xiao)應”，嚴重束(shu)縛電池(chi)的使(shi)用(yong)，但Li-ion根(gen)本(ben)不(bu)存在這(zhe)方面的問題。

5. 自放電小，室溫下充滿電的(de) Li-ion 儲存 1 個月后的(de)自放電率為 10%左右，大(da)大(da)低于(yu) Ni-Cd 的(de) 25-30%，Ni、MH 的(de) 30-35%。

6. 可快(kuai)速充放電，1C 充電是容量(liang)可以達到(dao)標稱容量(liang)的 80%以上(shang)。

7. 工(gong)作溫度(du)(du)范圍高(gao)，工(gong)作溫度(du)(du)為(wei)-25~45_C，隨(sui)著電解質和正極的(de) 改(gai)進(jin)，期望能(neng)擴寬到-40~70_C。

1.5.2.鋰(li)離子(zi)電池也存在著一定的缺(que)點(dian)

1. 電(dian)池成本較高(gao)。 主要表現(xian)在正極(ji)材料 LiCoO2 的價格高(gao) (Co 的資源較少)，電(dian)解質體(ti)系提純困難(nan)。

2. 不(bu)能大電(dian)(dian)流放電(dian)(dian)。 由于有(you)機電(dian)(dian)解(jie)質體(ti)系等(deng)原(yuan)因(yin)，電(dian)(dian)池內阻相對(dui)

其他類(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池大(da)。故要求較小的放電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流密(mi)度，一般放電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流在(zai) 0.5C 以(yi)下， 只適(shi)合于中小電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的電(dian)(dian)(dian)器使用。

3. 需要保(bao)護線(xian)路控制(zhi) 。

A. 過(guo)充(chong)保(bao)護：電(dian)(dian)池過(guo)充(chong)將破壞正(zheng)極結(jie)構而(er)影響性能和壽命;同時過(guo)充(chong) 電(dian)(dian)使電(dian)(dian)解液(ye)分解，內部壓力過(guo)高(gao)而(er)導致漏液(ye)等問題;故必(bi)須在 4.1V-4.2V 的 恒壓下充(chong)電(dian)(dian);

B. 過(guo)(guo)放保(bao)護：過(guo)(guo)放會導致活(huo)性物質的恢復困難，故(gu)也需要(yao)有保(bao)護線路 控制(zhi)。

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4)充電電池定義

充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)又稱：蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)、二(er)次電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，是可以反復充電(dian)(dian)使(shi)用(yong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。常見 的(de)有：鉛酸電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(用(yong)于汽車時，俗稱“電(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)”)、鎘鎳電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)、氫鎳電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)、鋰 離子電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。

5)電池的額定容量

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)額(e)定容(rong)量(liang)指在一定放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)條件下(xia)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)至截(jie)止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)時放出的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian) 量(liang)。IEC 標準規定鎳鎘和(he)鎳氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池在 20_5℃環境下(xia)，以(yi) 0.1C 充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian) 16 小時 后以(yi) 0.2C 放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)至 1.0V 時所放出的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)額(e)定容(rong)量(liang)。單位有 Ah, mAh (1Ah=1000mAh)

1.6. 如何正確(que)使用(yong)鋰離子電池.

正確使用鋰離子(zi)電池應(ying)注意以(yi)下幾點(dian)：

避免在(zai)嚴酷條件下(xia)(xia)使用，如：高(gao)溫、高(gao)濕度、夏(xia)日陽光下(xia)(xia)長時間暴曬等， 避免將電(dian)池投入火中;

裝、拆電(dian)池時，應確保(bao)用電(dian)器具處于電(dian)源關(guan)閉(bi)狀(zhuang)態;使用溫度應保(bao)持(chi)在 -20~55℃之(zhi)間(jian);

避免(mian)將(jiang)電(dian)池長時間“存放”在停止使用的(de)用電(dian)器(qi)具中;

1.6.1.如何為新電(dian)池充電(dian),

在使用鋰(li)電池中應注(zhu)意的(de)是，電池放置(zhi)一段(duan)時間(jian)后則進入休眠狀態，此 時容(rong)量低于(yu)正常(chang)值，使用時間(jian)亦隨之(zhi)縮短。但(dan)鋰(li)電池很容(rong)易(yi)激(ji)活，只要經(jing)過(guo) 3—5次(ci)正常(chang)的(de)充放電循環就可激(ji)活電池，恢(hui)復正常(chang)容(rong)量。由于(yu)鋰(li)電池本身 的(de)特性(xing)，決定了它幾(ji)乎(hu)沒有記憶效應。因此用戶手機(ji)中的(de)新(xin)鋰(li)電池在激(ji)活過(guo)

程中，是不需要特別的(de)方法和(he)設備的(de)。不僅理論上是如此，從我自己(ji)的(de)實(shi)踐

來看(kan)，從(cong)一開始就(jiu)采用(yong)標準(zhun)方(fang)法(fa)充(chong)電這(zhe)種“自然激活”方(fang)式是最(zui)好的。

對(dui)于鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)“激活”問題，眾多的(de)(de)(de)說(shuo)法(fa)(fa)是(shi)(shi)：充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)間一定要(yao)超(chao)(chao)過 12 小(xiao)時(shi)，反復(fu)做三次，以便激活電(dian)(dian)池。這種“前三次充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)要(yao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong) 12 小(xiao)時(shi)以上” 的(de)(de)(de)說(shuo)法(fa)(fa)，明(ming)顯是(shi)(shi)從(cong)鎳電(dian)(dian)池(如(ru)鎳鎘和(he)鎳氫)延續下來的(de)(de)(de)說(shuo)法(fa)(fa)。所(suo)以這種說(shuo)法(fa)(fa)， 可以說(shuo)一開始就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)誤傳。鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)池和(he)鎳電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)特(te)性有非(fei)常(chang)大的(de)(de)(de)區別，而(er) 且可以非(fei)常(chang)明(ming)確的(de)(de)(de)告訴大家，在所(suo)查閱過的(de)(de)(de)嚴肅的(de)(de)(de)且正式的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術資料中(zhong)都強(qiang) 調過充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)和(he)過放(fang)電(dian)(dian)會對(dui)鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)池、特(te)別是(shi)(shi)液體鋰(li)(li)離子電(dian)(dian)池造(zao)成巨大的(de)(de)(de)傷(shang)害。因而(er) 充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)最(zui)好按(an)照標準(zhun)時(shi)間和(he)標準(zhun)方法(fa)(fa)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，特(te)別是(shi)(shi)不要(yao)進行超(chao)(chao)過 12 個小(xiao)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de) 超(chao)(chao)長充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)。

此外，鋰電(dian)(dian)池或充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器在電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿后都會自動停充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)，并不存(cun)在鎳電(dian)(dian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian) 器所(suo)謂的持續 10 幾小時的“涓(juan)流(liu)”充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)。也就是說(shuo)，如果你的鋰電(dian)(dian)池在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong) 滿后，放在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器上也是白充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。而我們(men)誰都無法保證電(dian)(dian)池的充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)放電(dian)(dian)保護電(dian)(dian)路

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的特(te)性永不變化和質量的萬無一(yi)失(shi)，所以你的電池(chi)將(jiang)長(chang)期處在危(wei)險的邊緣徘 徊。這也是(shi)我們反對長(chang)充電的另(ling)一(yi)個理由(you)。

此外，不(bu)可忽(hu)視的另(ling)外一個(ge)方面(mian)就(jiu)是鋰電池同樣也不(bu)適合過(guo)放(fang)電，過(guo)放(fang) 電對鋰電池同樣也很不(bu)利。

1.6.2、正常使用中應(ying)該何時開始充(chong)電

經常可以(yi)見到(dao)這種(zhong)說法，因為充(chong)(chong)放(fang)電的(de)次數是(shi)有限的(de)，所以(yi)應該將(jiang)手機(ji) 電池的(de)電盡(jin)可能(neng)用光再充(chong)(chong)電。但是(shi)我(wo)找到(dao)一個(ge)關(guan)(guan)于(yu)鋰(li)離子電池充(chong)(chong)放(fang)電循環(huan)的(de) 實驗(yan)表，關(guan)(guan)于(yu)循環(huan)壽命的(de)數據(ju)列出(chu)如下:

循環壽命 (10%DOD):>1000 次

循環壽命(ming) (100%DOD):>200 次

 DOD 是放電深度的英文縮寫。從表中可見，可充電次數和放電深度 有關，10%DOD 時的循環壽命要比 100%DOD 的要長很多。當然如果折合到實 際充電的相對總容量：10%*1000=100，100%*200=200，后者的完全充放電還 是要比較好一些，但前面網友的那個說法要做一些修正：在正常情況下，你 應該有保留地按照電池剩余電量用完再充的原則充電，但假如你的電池在你 預計第 2 天不可能堅持整個白天的時候，就應該及時開始充電，當然你如果 愿意背著充電器到辦公室又當別論。

電(dian)(dian)池剩余電(dian)(dian)量用完再充的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原則并(bing)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)要你走向極端。和(he)長充電(dian)(dian)一(yi)(yi)樣流(liu)傳 甚廣(guang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個說法(fa)，就是(shi)(shi)“盡(jin)量把(ba)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)量用完”。這種(zhong)做法(fa)其實只是(shi)(shi)鎳電(dian)(dian) 池上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)做法(fa)，目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)避免記憶效應(ying)發(fa)生，不(bu)幸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)它也在(zai)(zai)鋰電(dian)(dian)池上(shang)流(liu)傳之今。 曾(ceng)經有人(ren)因(yin)為手機(ji)電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)量過(guo)低(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)警告出現(xian)后，仍然不(bu)充電(dian)(dian)繼(ji)續使用一(yi)(yi)直(zhi)用 到自動關機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)例(li)子(zi)。結果這個例(li)子(zi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)手機(ji)在(zai)(zai)后來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)及開機(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)均無反 應(ying)，不(bu)得不(bu)送客服檢修(xiu)。這其實就是(shi)(shi)由于電(dian)(dian)池因(yin)過(guo)度放(fang)電(dian)(dian)而導(dao)致電(dian)(dian)壓過(guo)低(di)， 以至于不(bu)具備正常(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)和(he)開機(ji)條件造成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。

                                                                                                                                        本(ben)文摘(zhai)自(zi)于全(quan)球電池(chi)網