隨著油價(jia)的(de)(de)不斷(duan)上漲和人們環保(bao)意識的(de)(de)增強，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動自(zi)行車(che)以其(qi)價(jia)格(ge)低、綠色環保(bao)，使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)安全(quan)方便等(deng)優點越來越受到(dao)消費者的(de)(de)喜愛。評價(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動自(zi)行車(che)質量(liang)(liang)好壞的(de)(de)重要參數之(zhi)一是其(qi)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)壽(shou)命(ming)。而蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程對其(qi)壽(shou)命(ming)影響最(zui)大。研(yan)究表明：過(guo)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，可使(shi)(shi)(shi)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)發熱，電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)失(shi)水；而充電(dian)(dian)(dian)不足(zu)，則可使(shi)(shi)(shi)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內化學反應不充分，長期(qi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)不足(zu)會(hui)導致蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)下降。由(you)此可見，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)性能的(de)(de)好壞直接影響著蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)效果和使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)壽(shou)命(ming)。

  目前市場上的充電器存在的主要不足，第一不是從副邊繞組直接獲得取樣信號，因而穩壓效果不理想；第二是輸出電流和電壓調節范圍窄，因而只適用于固定負載。為此，本文介紹了一種以單片機為控制器的通用智能充電器的(de)(de)設計方案。該(gai)裝置能根據蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)特性或實(shi)時監測到的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態，來智能化地調(diao)節(jie)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，而且調(diao)節(jie)范(fan)圍寬，并具(ju)有過流(liu)、過壓、過溫(wen)(wen)等保護(hu)功能。 1、系統結(jie)構 該(gai)系統主要由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)變換電(dian)(dian)(dian)路、采樣電(dian)(dian)(dian)路、微處理(li)器，脈(mo)寬調(diao)制器、鍵盤(pan)、顯示器和溫(wen)(wen)度傳感器等部分組成，是一個閉(bi)環的(de)(de)智能充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統。

   2、硬件電路 本智能充電器的(de)硬件電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)分為(wei)(wei)(wei)開(kai)關電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)部(bu)分、以單片機為(wei)(wei)(wei)主的(de)控(kong)制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)和以UC3842為(wei)(wei)(wei)核心的(de)脈寬調制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)三部(bu)分。 2．1開(kai)關電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)設計 本設計采用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)控(kong)制型脈寬調制方式。其整(zheng)(zheng)個(ge)工作過(guo)程是將(jiang)交流(liu)輸(shu)入經濾波、整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)后變為(wei)(wei)(wei)直(zhi)流(liu)高(gao)壓(ya)，再由(you)開(kai)關管斬波、高(gao)頻變壓(ya)器降壓(ya)后得(de)到高(gao)頻矩形電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，最后經過(guo)輸(shu)出(chu)整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)濾波獲得(de)所需(xu)要(yao)的(de)直(zhi)流(liu)輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。系統對開(kai)關電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)要(yao)求是其交流(liu)輸(shu)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)范圍為(wei)(wei)(wei)90～270 V，能(neng)同時輸(shu)出(chu)+5V作為(wei)(wei)(wei)控(kong)制部(bu)分電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)及12～60 V主回路(lu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)1～3 A。 2．2單片機控(kong)制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)設計 單片機控(kong)制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)主要(yao)由(you)單片機AT89S52、ADCTLC0832、多路(lu)選擇(ze)開(kai)關CD4051、數字電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位器X9C102、數字溫度傳感器DSl8820、取樣(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)Rs和Rw、2×4鍵盤、液晶顯示CONl6等組成。

    本部(bu)分設(she)(she)(she)計時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)先根(gen)據蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)型號參數，來(lai)(lai)通過(guo)(guo)(guo)鍵盤設(she)(she)(she)計與之對(dui)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)、充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)以及(ji)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路接(jie)上(shang)(shang)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)后，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程開(kai)始，此(ci)后由(you)(you)單(dan)片(pian)機(ji)通過(guo)(guo)(guo)取樣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)RM檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，若檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)到蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)因(yin)過(guo)(guo)(guo)渡放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)而(er)使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)低(di)于(yu)正常(chang)范圍。那么(me)，為(wei)了避(bi)免(mian)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)過(guo)(guo)(guo)大而(er)造(zao)成蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)損(sun)壞(huai)，應(ying)先對(dui)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)實行穩定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)本設(she)(she)(she)計程序中設(she)(she)(she)為(wei)l／5的(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)定(ding)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，同(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，單(dan)片(pian)機(ji)開(kai)始計時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，之后單(dan)片(pian)機(ji)將不斷(duan)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)和充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)并(bing)顯示在液晶屏(ping)上(shang)(shang)，隨著充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)進行，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)不斷(duan)上(shang)(shang)升(sheng)(sheng)，當上(shang)(shang)升(sheng)(sheng)到正常(chang)范圍時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，單(dan)片(pian)機(ji)可通過(guo)(guo)(guo)控制數字電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)器(qi)(qi)來(lai)(lai)調節輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，從(cong)而(er)轉入(ru)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)恒流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)即設(she)(she)(she)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)方式，此(ci)后，單(dan)片(pian)機(ji)一直保持(chi)不停地(di)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)達到設(she)(she)(she)定(ding)值(zhi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，單(dan)片(pian)機(ji)發出指令，以增大數字電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)阻(zu)值(zhi)，并(bing)通過(guo)(guo)(guo)脈寬調制減小輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。從(cong)而(er)使(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)減小，當充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)減小到1／5的(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，再轉為(wei)涓流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，最(zui)后在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間到時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)關閉電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，這樣就(jiu)避(bi)免(mian)了因(yin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)溫升(sheng)(sheng)過(guo)(guo)(guo)快或嚴重(zhong)極化而(er)影(ying)響充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)質量(liang)，提高蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)壽命。當檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)、充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)和溫度超過(guo)(guo)(guo)設(she)(she)(she)定(ding)值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)1／10倍(bei)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)程序設(she)(she)(she)定(ding)，單(dan)片(pian)機(ji)立(li)即輸(shu)出報(bao)警(jing)信(xin)號報(bao)警(jing)。同(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)使(shi)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)動作并(bing)切斷(duan)總(zong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，以提高充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)安全性和可靠性。

   顯示器可(ke)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)顯示單(dan)(dan)片機(ji)實時(shi)(shi)采樣到(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)、已充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間和(he)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)溫度，鍵盤則(ze)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)設(she)定(ding)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極限電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、恒流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)極限充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)和(he)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中的(de)(de)單(dan)(dan)片機(ji)可(ke)通過串(chuan)口RS232和(he)上(shang)位機(ji)相連，以用(yong)(yong)于(yu)存儲數據和(he)虛擬顯示充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)參數的(de)(de)設(she)定(ding)。當(dang)檢(jian)測(ce)到(dao)(dao)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)為零時(shi)(shi)，單(dan)(dan)片機(ji)轉入休眠狀態。而當(dang)檢(jian)測(ce)到(dao)(dao)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)不為零時(shi)(shi)，單(dan)(dan)片機(ji)被激活。

   2．3 PWM控制器設計 PW M控制器部分是以UC3842為核心。UC3842芯片內含有5.0 V基準電壓穩壓器、高增益誤差放大器和脈沖寬度比較器，它可以控制芯片內的驅動器。而驅動器則可提供25 mA的輸出電流．可直接驅動NOSFET調整管，從而調整充電器的(de)輸出電(dian)壓和電(dian)流(liu)(liu)。由于該驅動器同時具有過流(liu)(liu)、過壓保護(hu)，工(gong)作(zuo)電(dian)源電(dian)壓可(ke)以在(zai)8～40 V，而(er)啟(qi)動電(dian)流(liu)(liu)小于1 mA，工(gong)作(zuo)溫度為O～70℃，因而(er)是目前(qian)較理想的(de)新型脈(mo)寬(kuan)調制(zhi)器。 PWM控(kong)制(zhi)器在(zai)啟(qi)動時，是由R1、Rw。

   為(wei)UC3842提供(gong)(gong)啟動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，待其(qi)工(gong)作(zuo)后(hou)(hou)，其(qi)輔助繞組3、4端的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)經D1整流(liu)、C4、C5濾(lv)波、DW1穩(wen)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)后(hou)(hou)得(de)到的(de)(de)16 V直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，一路(lu)(lu)加(jia)到UC38427的(de)(de)7腳為(wei)其(qi)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，另一路(lu)(lu)經R3和數(shu)字電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)器X9C102分壓(ya)(ya)(ya)后(hou)(hou)加(jia)到UC3842的(de)(de)2腳。以作(zuo)為(wei)脈寬調制的(de)(de)輸入(ru)信(xin)號(hao)。一般在(zai)這類(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)設計中，輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)取樣可與UC3842的(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)相連(lian)。為(wei)了(le)反映輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)變(bian)化，本設計沒(mei)有加(jia)穩(wen)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)管，但這會使(shi)UC3842的(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)不(bu)穩(wen)，輸出(chu)諧波成(cheng)分增多，為(wei)了(le)克(ke)服此不(bu)足，本設計中UC3842的(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)采用由3、4繞組端壓(ya)(ya)(ya)單獨整流(liu)、濾(lv)波、穩(wen)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)后(hou)(hou)，提供(gong)(gong)給UC3842芯片16 V的(de)(de)穩(wen)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)。充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)調節是將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)經外環電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)取樣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)R12、RM取樣，再經多路(lu)(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)開關選擇、MD變(bian)換，單片機處理后(hou)(hou)，送入(ru)數(shu)字電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)器，以控制數(shu)字電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)器的(de)(de)有效電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻。

   從而間接控制UC3842的2腳電壓，進而控制脈沖占空比，以改變充電電壓。 充電器輸出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)偏高時，反饋回UC3842的(de)(de)(de)(de)2腳電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)也(ye)升高超過(guo)參考電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)2.5 V之后，驅動信號的(de)(de)(de)(de)脈沖占空比減小，使(shi)輸出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)下降(jiang)，從而達(da)到穩壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)。充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)(de)調節(jie)主要(yao)是先(xian)將充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流經外環電(dian)(dian)流取(qu)樣電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)Rs取(qu)樣和(he)LM358放大(da)可用R1調節(jie)放大(da)倍數、多路電(dian)(dian)子開(kai)關(guan)選擇、MD變換，再送單片(pian)機處理(li)，然后調節(jie)數字電(dian)(dian)位器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)阻(zu)值。其調節(jie)過(guo)程與(yu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)調節(jie)相似，實際上，電(dian)(dian)流調節(jie)也(ye)是通(tong)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)調節(jie)實現的(de)(de)(de)(de)。

    2．4．保(bao)(bao)護(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)設計(ji) 當(dang)(dang)過(guo)(guo)流或(huo)短路(lu)時(shi)(shi)，內(nei)(nei)環(huan)(huan)取(qu)樣(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻R10兩端的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)升(sheng)高。當(dang)(dang)3腳(jiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)超(chao)過(guo)(guo)1伏時(shi)(shi)，通(tong)過(guo)(guo)UC3842的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)部調(diao)(diao)(diao)制(zhi)可(ke)使其(qi)停止脈寬輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)，開(kai)關管(guan)截(jie)止，輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流均為0，從而(er)(er)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。過(guo)(guo)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)時(shi)(shi)，DW1和(he)(he)DW2會(hui)擊(ji)穿而(er)(er)短路(lu)，也會(hui)造成過(guo)(guo)流保(bao)(bao)護(hu)，DW2可(ke)用(yong)以保(bao)(bao)護(hu)場效應管(guan)和(he)(he)UC3842。而(er)(er)當(dang)(dang)發生欠(qian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)時(shi)(shi)，即當(dang)(dang)UC3842的(de)(de)(de)7腳(jiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)降至10 V以下時(shi)(shi)，UC3842將啟動欠(qian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)鎖定電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)而(er)(er)關閉開(kai)關控(kong)制(zhi)器。內(nei)(nei)環(huan)(huan)的(de)(de)(de)這種反饋調(diao)(diao)(diao)整是(shi)(shi)在輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)尚(shang)未發生變化(hua)時(shi)(shi)，通(tong)過(guo)(guo)檢(jian)測內(nei)(nei)環(huan)(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流使脈寬提前得到調(diao)(diao)(diao)整，前饋控(kong)制(zhi)，從而(er)(er)加(jia)(jia)快了變換器對(dui)異常(chang)情況(kuang)的(de)(de)(de)動態響應速(su)度(du)。以便更加(jia)(jia)快速(su)有效地起(qi)到保(bao)(bao)護(hu)作用(yong)。當(dang)(dang)然，外(wai)環(huan)(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流、電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)取(qu)樣(yang)Rs、Rw亦可(ke)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)單(dan)片機的(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)節作用(yong)來達(da)到對(dui)異常(chang)情況(kuang)的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)，但響應速(su)度(du)比內(nei)(nei)環(huan)(huan)慢5～10個工頻周期，因此(ci)，外(wai)環(huan)(huan)取(qu)樣(yang)主要(yao)是(shi)(shi)調(diao)(diao)(diao)節充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流和(he)(he)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，兼作二次保(bao)(bao)護(hu)，而(er)(er)內(nei)(nei)環(huan)(huan)取(qu)樣(yang)則(ze)是(shi)(shi)主要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)，它(ta)是(shi)(shi)一次的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)，這種雙環(huan)(huan)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)方式會(hui)更加(jia)(jia)安全(quan)可(ke)靠。

    3、軟(ruan)件設計 在程(cheng)序的(de)(de)(de)(de)初始階段(duan)，首先是(shi)(shi)對單片(pian)機(ji)進(jin)行初始化，即根(gen)據不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)設定不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)參數，選擇(ze)不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)策略(lve)。其后是(shi)(shi)判(pan)斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)是(shi)(shi)否(fou)(fou)連接正確(que)，根(gen)據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)值判(pan)斷(duan)應該進(jin)入哪一個(ge)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階段(duan)即小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)預(yu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)涓(juan)(juan)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式(shi)。在預(yu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)階段(duan)，應降低充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，而在恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)方(fang)式(shi)時(shi)，應不(bu)斷(duan)檢測充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)是(shi)(shi)否(fou)(fou)達(da)到恒(heng)(heng)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)如1.8 A，如果小于(yu)1.8 A，則抬高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)兩端的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，使之達(da)到1.8 A，以(yi)上調(diao)節過程(cheng)均(jun)可采用比例控制。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)兩端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)達(da)到設定值后，系統再進(jin)入涓(juan)(juan)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式(shi)。該充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)程(cheng)序流(liu)(liu)(liu)程(cheng)如圖3所示。圖3中，Is為(wei)(wei)設定的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)即恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)，Umin為(wei)(wei)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極限(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，Umax為(wei)(wei)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極限(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。

   應用試驗 本設計選用了電動自行車常用的36 V／12 Ah鉛酸蓄電池作為測試對象，其恒壓充電電壓設定為43 V，恒流充電電流Is為1.8 A，起始時，隨著充電的進行，充電電流幾乎維持1.8 A不變，但電池電壓不斷升高，當充電3小時后。電壓上升減慢；當充電到4小時后，充電電壓接近43 V；之后電壓上升更加緩慢。而且充電下降較快。當充到43 V時，充電器自(zi)動(dong)停止。從(cong)測試數據來看，該設(she)(she)計達到了恒(heng)流(liu)快(kuai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)，恒(heng)壓(ya)涓(juan)充(chong)(chong)(chong)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿自(zi)行關斷的(de)(de)設(she)(she)計要求。 5、結束語 本文設(she)(she)計的(de)(de)過(guo)度放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)預充(chong)(chong)(chong)、恒(heng)流(liu)快(kuai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)、恒(heng)壓(ya)涓(juan)充(chong)(chong)(chong)、智能(neng)控(kong)制的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方案，能(neng)很好地解(jie)決電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)自(zi)行車(che)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池在充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中存在的(de)(de)過(guo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)足和發(fa)熱(re)等(deng)問題(ti)，并(bing)(bing)能(neng)根(gen)據不(bu)同(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池選(xuan)擇不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方案。而且(qie)具有通(tong)用性(xing)。能(neng)實時檢(jian)測并(bing)(bing)顯示充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)、充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間和蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池溫(wen)度等(deng)參數。由(you)(you)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路具有內外環控(kong)制，符合最優控(kong)制規律(lv)。最具有過(guo)流(liu)、過(guo)壓(ya)和超溫(wen)保護功能(neng)，同(tong)時由(you)(you)于

   UC3842采用穩壓供電，因此，不但諧波污染(ran)程度低，原(yuan)副邊電氣隔離(li)安全(quan)可(ke)靠，同時還可(ke)根據負載情況(kuang)通過(guo)單片機來進行控制，并可(ke)實(shi)現跳周期模式工作(zuo)。故可(ke)提高電源的效(xiao)率(lv)。