開關電源的發展和趨勢
科學家們提出取消工頻變電源的設想,這對電源向體(ti)積和重量的(de)下降獲得(de)了一條根(gen)本的(de)途(tu)徑。到了1969年由于大功(gong)率硅(gui)晶(jing)體(ti)管(guan)的(de)耐壓提高(gao),二極(ji)管(guan)反向恢復(fu)時間的(de)縮短等元器(qi)件改善(shan),終于做成了25千赫的(de)開關(guan)電源。
目前,開(kai)(kai)(kai)關電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)以小(xiao)型(xing)、輕(qing)量和高效率(lv)的特點被廣泛應用于以電(dian)(dian)子(zi)計算機為主導的各種(zhong)終端設備(bei)(bei)、通信(xin)設備(bei)(bei)等幾乎所有的電(dian)(dian)子(zi)設備(bei)(bei),是(shi)當今電(dian)(dian)子(zi)信(xin)息(xi)產業飛速(su)發展(zhan)不可缺(que)少的一(yi)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)方式(shi)。目前市(shi)場上(shang)出售(shou)的開(kai)(kai)(kai)關電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)中采用雙極(ji)性(xing)晶體管制成的100kHz、用MOS-FET制成的500kHz電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),雖(sui)已(yi)實(shi)用化,但其頻(pin)率(lv)有待進一(yi)步提高。要提高開(kai)(kai)(kai)關頻(pin)率(lv),就(jiu)要減(jian)少開(kai)(kai)(kai)關損耗,而要減(jian)少開(kai)(kai)(kai)關損耗,就(jiu)需要有高速(su)開(kai)(kai)(kai)關元(yuan)器件。
然而(er),開(kai)關(guan)速度提高后,會受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)分布電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容或(huo)(huo)二(er)極管(guan)中(zhong)存(cun)儲電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷的影(ying)響而(er)產生浪(lang)(lang)涌或(huo)(huo)噪(zao)聲。這樣,不(bu)僅會影(ying)響周圍電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子設備(bei),還會大大降(jiang)低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源本身的可(ke)靠性。其中(zhong),為防止隨開(kai)關(guan)啟(qi)-閉所(suo)發生的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓浪(lang)(lang)涌,可(ke)采用R-C或(huo)(huo)L-C緩(huan)沖器,而(er)對由二(er)極管(guan)存(cun)儲電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷所(suo)致(zhi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流浪(lang)(lang)涌可(ke)采用非晶態等磁(ci)(ci)芯制成的磁(ci)(ci)緩(huan)沖器。不(bu)過,對1MHz以(yi)上(shang)的高頻,要采用諧振(zhen)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路,以(yi)使開(kai)關(guan)上(shang)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓或(huo)(huo)通過開(kai)關(guan)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流呈(cheng)正弦波,這樣既(ji)可(ke)減少開(kai)關(guan)損耗,同時也可(ke)控制浪(lang)(lang)涌的發生。
這種(zhong)開關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)稱為諧(xie)振式(shi)(shi)開關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)。目前(qian)對這種(zhong)開關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)電源(yuan)的(de)研(yan)究很活躍,因為采用(yong)這種(zhong)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)不需(xu)要大幅度提高(gao)開關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)速度就可(ke)(ke)以在(zai)理論上把開關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)損(sun)耗降到(dao)零,而且噪聲也小,可(ke)(ke)望成為開關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)電源(yuan)高(gao)頻化(hua)的(de)一種(zhong)主要方(fang)式(shi)(shi)。當前(qian),世界(jie)上許(xu)多國家都在(zai)致(zhi)力于數兆Hz的(de)變換器的(de)實用(yong)化(hua)研(yan)究。
