開關電源的發展和趨勢
科學家們提出取消工頻變電源的設想,這對電源向體積和(he)重量的下降獲得(de)了一條根本的途(tu)徑。到(dao)了1969年由于(yu)大功(gong)率(lv)硅(gui)晶體管的耐壓提高,二極管反向恢復時間的縮(suo)短等元器件改善,終(zhong)于(yu)做成了25千赫的開關電源。
目(mu)前,開(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)電(dian)源以小型、輕量和高效率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)點被(bei)廣泛應用于以電(dian)子(zi)計算(suan)機為主導的(de)(de)(de)各種(zhong)終端設備(bei)、通信(xin)設備(bei)等(deng)幾乎(hu)所有(you)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)子(zi)設備(bei),是(shi)當今電(dian)子(zi)信(xin)息產業(ye)飛速發(fa)展(zhan)不可缺少的(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)電(dian)源方式。目(mu)前市場上出(chu)售的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)電(dian)源中采用雙極性晶體管制(zhi)成的(de)(de)(de)100kHz、用MOS-FET制(zhi)成的(de)(de)(de)500kHz電(dian)源,雖已實用化,但其頻率(lv)有(you)待進一步提高。要提高開(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)頻率(lv),就要減少開(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)損耗,而(er)要減少開(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)損耗,就需要有(you)高速開(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)元器件。
然而(er),開(kai)關(guan)速度提高后,會受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)分布(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)或(huo)二極管中(zhong)存(cun)儲(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)的(de)(de)(de)影響而(er)產生浪(lang)涌或(huo)噪聲(sheng)。這樣,不(bu)僅會影響周圍電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子設備,還(huan)會大大降(jiang)低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源本身的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)靠性(xing)。其中(zhong),為(wei)防止隨開(kai)關(guan)啟-閉所發生的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)浪(lang)涌,可(ke)(ke)采(cai)用R-C或(huo)L-C緩沖器(qi),而(er)對由二極管存(cun)儲(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)所致的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)浪(lang)涌可(ke)(ke)采(cai)用非晶態(tai)等磁芯制成的(de)(de)(de)磁緩沖器(qi)。不(bu)過(guo)(guo),對1MHz以上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)高頻,要采(cai)用諧振電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路,以使開(kai)關(guan)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)或(huo)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)開(kai)關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)呈正弦波,這樣既(ji)可(ke)(ke)減少開(kai)關(guan)損耗,同(tong)時也可(ke)(ke)控(kong)制浪(lang)涌的(de)(de)(de)發生。
這種(zhong)(zhong)開(kai)關(guan)方式稱為諧(xie)振式開(kai)關(guan)。目前對這種(zhong)(zhong)開(kai)關(guan)電源(yuan)的(de)研(yan)究很(hen)活躍,因為采(cai)用這種(zhong)(zhong)方式不需要(yao)大幅度提高(gao)(gao)開(kai)關(guan)速度就可以在理論上把開(kai)關(guan)損耗降(jiang)到零,而且噪(zao)聲也小,可望成為開(kai)關(guan)電源(yuan)高(gao)(gao)頻化的(de)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)主要(yao)方式。當(dang)前,世界(jie)上許(xu)多國家都在致力于數兆Hz的(de)變換器的(de)實用化研(yan)究。