電動車快充接口三大標準廝殺
核心提示: 近日,日本汽車制造商召開CHAdeMO年會,并發起汽車移動發電站計劃,希望能推動電動汽車充電接口標準CHAdeMO在全球范圍內推廣
近日,日本(ben)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)制造商召開CHAdeMO年會,并(bing)發(fa)起(qi)“汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)移動發(fa)電(dian)(dian)站”計劃,希望(wang)能推動電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)接口(kou)標準(zhun)CHAdeMO在全(quan)球(qiu)范(fan)圍內推廣(guang)。CHAdeMO 是(shi)CHArge de Move 的縮寫,從(cong)日語翻譯過來意(yi)思(si)是(shi)“充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時間短(duan)如茶(cha)歇(xie)”,是(shi)日本(ben)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)制造商支(zhi)持的快速充(chong)電(dian)(dian)接口(kou)。通過CHAdeMO,電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)可以(yi)向電(dian)(dian)網輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)力,日本(ben)車(che)(che)(che)企希望(wang)這(zhe)(zhe)樣可以(yi)增加消費者的購車(che)(che)(che)興趣,并(bing)且進一步擴(kuo)大CHAdeMO充(chong)電(dian)(dian)接口(kou)標準(zhun)的影響力。這(zhe)(zhe)項計劃將使大量汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)未來能為建(jian)筑物、外部電(dian)(dian)池和(he)日用電(dian)(dian)器充(chong)電(dian)(dian)。
目前,在(zai)(zai)全(quan)球(qiu)范圍內,跨(kua)國(guo)車企在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車快速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)標準(zhun)(zhun)上(shang)主要劃分(fen)為(wei)三(san)大(da)陣營。CHAdeMO是全(quan)球(qiu)分(fen)布(bu)最廣泛的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)技術(shu),充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)數量最多;誕生(sheng)于2012年的(de)“聯合充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統”(Combined Charging System),即CCS接口標準(zhun)(zhun)(也稱Combo)兼容性強,潛(qian)力巨大(da);此外,特斯(si)(si)拉(la)汽車則(ze)擁有一套自己的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)接口標準(zhun)(zhun)和超級充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)絡(luo),超級充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)端口采(cai)用專利設(she)計,只(zhi)適用于特斯(si)(si)拉(la)車輛。
■日系CHAdeMO獨占鰲頭
CHAdeMO協會會長、日產(chan)副董事長賀俊之(zhi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)該組織年會上公布了(le)“汽車(che)移(yi)動發(fa)電站(zhan)”計劃。他(ta)說,“我認為這能夠有效(xiao)幫助(zhu)CHAdeMO在(zai)(zai)(zai)全球(qiu)范圍內擴張。現在(zai)(zai)(zai),CHAdeMO不僅是一個(ge)充電系(xi)統(tong)(tong),還是一個(ge)發(fa)電系(xi)統(tong)(tong)。這使得汽車(che)和家的關系(xi)得到(dao)了(le)進一步升(sheng)華(hua),現在(zai)(zai)(zai)汽車(che)也能為家庭住宅反(fan)哺電力了(le)。”
自(zi)2010年開始,日(ri)本(ben)汽車(che)制造商(shang)、零部件(jian)供應商(shang)和(he)電(dian)(dian)力(li)公司合作推出CHAdeMO標準。參與的(de)汽車(che)廠商(shang)包括日(ri)產、豐田、斯巴魯、本(ben)田和(he)三菱。目(mu)前,CHAdeMO已經(jing)成為日(ri)本(ben)國內電(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)快充接口(kou)標準。CHAdeMO在全球(qiu)分布最廣,目(mu)前全球(qiu)共擁有(you)8760個CHAdeMO充電(dian)(dian)樁,其中(zhong)日(ri)本(ben)5400個。2012年,世界上(shang)還(huan)只有(you)1400個CHAdeMO充電(dian)(dian)樁。
CHAdeMO充電樁在一個半小時內可以為一輛電動汽車充大約80%電量。目前,CHAdeMO受到由日本各充電器廠商加盟組成的EVPOS-SA(電動汽車用電力供給系統商討會)的大力支持,這些充電器廠商包括松下、東芝、日立和優利系統等(deng)。到2016年(nian)(nian)4月(yue),美國CHAdeMO充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁的(de)數量將達到1700個(ge)。自2010年(nian)(nian)末(mo),日產開始在美銷(xiao)(xiao)售聆(ling)風電(dian)動車,并推(tui)出(chu)各(ge)種計劃(hua)以便讓充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)變(bian)得(de)更便捷。去(qu)年(nian)(nian)夏天,日產在美國發起了“免費(fei)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)”計劃(hua),聆(ling)風車主(zhu)在公(gong)共充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)站可享受免費(fei)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)2年(nian)(nian)時間(jian),該舉措使得(de)聆(ling)風去(qu)年(nian)(nian)在美銷(xiao)(xiao)量上漲34%。
■歐美(mei)CCS異(yi)軍突起
為(wei)了(le)改(gai)變混亂的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)接(jie)口(kou)(kou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)現狀,2012年(nian)(nian)美(mei)系和(he)德系的(de)八大(da)廠商(shang)福(fu)特、通用、克萊斯勒、奧(ao)迪、寶馬(ma)、奔馳、大(da)眾(zhong)和(he)保時(shi)捷發布(bu)CCS充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)接(jie)口(kou)(kou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)。這(zhe)是一(yi)個(ge)新(xin)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun),是北美(mei)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)Combo 1的(de)升(sheng)級。CCS可將多(duo)種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)接(jie)口(kou)(kou)統一(yi)起(qi)來,用一(yi)種(zhong)接(jie)口(kou)(kou)就能夠完成單相(xiang)(xiang)交流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、快速(su)(su)三相(xiang)(xiang)交流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、家用直流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)超速(su)(su)直流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)四種(zhong)模式(shi)。雪佛(fo)蘭(lan)Spark電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車、寶馬(ma)i3、大(da)眾(zhong)高(gao)(gao)爾夫電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車等車型都使(shi)用該接(jie)口(kou)(kou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)。由于起(qi)步(bu)較晚(wan),目(mu)前(qian)歐洲大(da)約擁有435個(ge)CCS充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan),在美(mei)國數量不多(duo);不過這(zhe)種(zhong)狀況(kuang)很快就會(hui)(hui)改(gai)變,CCS標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)有歐美(mei)汽車車企巨頭作(zuo)為(wei)后盾。寶馬(ma)與美(mei)國能源(yuan)NRG公(gong)司達成協(xie)議,計劃在今年(nian)(nian)年(nian)(nian)底(di)之前(qian)在加(jia)州安(an)裝100座CCS充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)。隨著大(da)眾(zhong)開始在美(mei)國本土(tu)銷售(shou)高(gao)(gao)爾夫電(dian)(dian)(dian)動版,將進一(yi)步(bu)加(jia)速(su)(su)CCS充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)在美(mei)布(bu)局。此外,美(mei)國機(ji)動車工程師學會(hui)(hui)(SAE)和(he)歐洲汽車制造商(shang)協(xie)會(hui)(hui)都將CCS作(zuo)為(wei)快速(su)(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)首選標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)。
根據全球市場分析機構IHS Au-tomotive的(de)數據,2010~2014年間,全球只有7%的(de)電動車(che)(che)使用Combo標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun),65%采(cai)(cai)用CHAdeMO標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)。不過(guo),該(gai)機構認(ren)為(wei)CHAdeMO的(de)領(ling)先優勢會(hui)(hui)(hui)逐漸削弱。“從中短期來(lai)看,這種局面會(hui)(hui)(hui)有所改變(bian),未(wei)來(lai)更多電動汽(qi)車(che)(che)將(jiang)(jiang)會(hui)(hui)(hui)采(cai)(cai)用CCS 接口標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)。”IHS Automotive在最(zui)近(jin)的(de)一(yi)(yi)份報(bao)告中指出。就(jiu)連CHAdeMO 聯盟(meng)內(nei)的(de)企業人士也認(ren)為(wei),盡管(guan)幾年之內(nei)CHAdeMO標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)在歐(ou)美還將(jiang)(jiang)保持領(ling)先地位,不過(guo)最(zui)終統一(yi)(yi)的(de)快充標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)將(jiang)(jiang)是歐(ou)美聯盟(meng)支持的(de)CCS。
■特斯拉自成一體
特(te)斯(si)拉(la)為其Model S車(che)型(xing)專門建立了快速(su)(su)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站網(wang)絡(luo),特(te)斯(si)拉(la)車(che)主可以通過其超級充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)絡(luo)免費快速(su)(su)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。目(mu)前,特(te)斯(si)拉(la)在全(quan)球建有350多個充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站,大(da)約(yue)2000個充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁。特(te)斯(si)拉(la)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)插座最(zui)高(gao)容(rong)量(liang)可達120kW,最(zui)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流80A,在30 分鐘(zhong)內可充滿能跑300 公里以上的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)。
特斯拉汽車的充電接口與超級充電站自成一體,這也給特斯拉在全球范圍內打開市場帶來不小難度。因此,特斯拉決定順應各國標準推出相應的適配器。此外,特(te)斯拉還在歐(ou)洲建(jian)設兼容(rong)特(te)斯拉超級充(chong)電(dian)、CCS以(yi)及CHAdeMO三種(zhong)標(biao)準的超級充(chong)電(dian)站(zhan)。
自從(cong)去年(nian)進(jin)入中(zhong)國(guo)市場之后,特(te)(te)斯(si)(si)(si)(si)拉(la)的銷(xiao)量(liang)(liang)表現始終不(bu)盡如人意。為了(le)促進(jin)在(zai)華(hua)銷(xiao)量(liang)(liang)增(zeng)長,特(te)(te)斯(si)(si)(si)(si)拉(la)在(zai)中(zhong)國(guo)也(ye)變得越(yue)來越(yue)“接(jie)地(di)氣”。近日,特(te)(te)斯(si)(si)(si)(si)拉(la)在(zai)其中(zhong)國(guo)官網上表示,正在(zai)積(ji)極參與中(zhong)國(guo)新(xin)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)標(biao)準(zhun)的制定,同(tong)時將(jiang)對旗(qi)下(xia)車輛進(jin)行改動以(yi)適應(ying)中(zhong)國(guo)市場的電(dian)(dian)動汽車充(chong)電(dian)(dian)標(biao)準(zhun)。6月11日,特(te)(te)斯(si)(si)(si)(si)拉(la)公布了(le)2015年(nian)在(zai)華(hua)超級充(chong)電(dian)(dian)建設(she)整體規劃,預計在(zai)今年(nian)第(di)三(san)季度和第(di)四季度,特(te)(te)斯(si)(si)(si)(si)拉(la)將(jiang)繼(ji)續重點打造以(yi)城市群為核心的七大重點區域超級充(chong)電(dian)(dian)網絡(luo)和超級充(chong)電(dian)(dian)旅行線路,以(yi)推動在(zai)華(hua)銷(xiao)量(liang)(liang)增(zeng)長。