核心提示： 近日，日本汽車制造商召開CHAdeMO年會，并發起汽車移動發電站計劃，希望能推動電動汽車充電接口標準CHAdeMO在全球范圍內推廣

近日(ri)，日(ri)本汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)制造商召開(kai)CHAdeMO年會，并發起(qi)“汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)移動(dong)(dong)(dong)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站”計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)，希望能(neng)推(tui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接口(kou)標(biao)準(zhun)CHAdeMO在(zai)全球范圍內推(tui)廣(guang)。CHAdeMO 是CHArge de Move 的縮(suo)寫(xie)，從日(ri)語翻(fan)譯過來意思是“充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間短(duan)如(ru)茶歇”，是日(ri)本汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)制造商支持的快速充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接口(kou)。通(tong)過CHAdeMO，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)可(ke)以向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)，日(ri)本車(che)(che)(che)企希望這樣(yang)可(ke)以增加消費者的購(gou)車(che)(che)(che)興趣，并且(qie)進一步擴(kuo)大CHAdeMO充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接口(kou)標(biao)準(zhun)的影(ying)響(xiang)力(li)(li)。這項計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)將使(shi)大量汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)未來能(neng)為(wei)建筑物、外部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池和日(ri)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

目前，在(zai)全球范圍內，跨(kua)國車(che)企(qi)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)快速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)標(biao)準上主要劃分(fen)為(wei)三大陣營。CHAdeMO是全球分(fen)布最廣(guang)泛的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)技術，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁數量(liang)最多；誕生于2012年(nian)的“聯合充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)系統”(Combined Charging System)，即CCS接(jie)(jie)口(kou)標(biao)準(也(ye)稱Combo)兼容性強(qiang)，潛(qian)力巨大；此(ci)外，特(te)斯拉汽(qi)車(che)則(ze)擁有一套自(zi)己的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)接(jie)(jie)口(kou)標(biao)準和超(chao)(chao)級充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)網絡(luo)，超(chao)(chao)級充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)端口(kou)采用專利(li)設計，只適(shi)用于特(te)斯拉車(che)輛。

■日系CHAdeMO獨(du)占(zhan)鰲頭

CHAdeMO協會會長(chang)、日產副董(dong)事長(chang)賀俊(jun)之(zhi)在該組織(zhi)年會上公布了“汽(qi)(qi)車(che)移(yi)動發電站”計(ji)劃。他(ta)說，“我(wo)認為這能夠有效(xiao)幫(bang)助CHAdeMO在全球范圍內擴張。現在，CHAdeMO不僅是一個充電系(xi)統，還是一個發電系(xi)統。這使得(de)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)和家的關(guan)系(xi)得(de)到了進一步升華(hua)，現在汽(qi)(qi)車(che)也能為家庭住宅反哺電力了。”

自2010年(nian)開始，日(ri)本汽車(che)制造商、零(ling)部件供應商和電(dian)(dian)(dian)力公司合作推出CHAdeMO標準(zhun)。參與的(de)汽車(che)廠(chang)商包括(kuo)日(ri)產(chan)、豐田、斯巴魯(lu)、本田和三菱。目(mu)前，CHAdeMO已經成為日(ri)本國內電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)快充接(jie)口標準(zhun)。CHAdeMO在(zai)全球(qiu)分布最廣，目(mu)前全球(qiu)共擁有8760個CHAdeMO充電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)，其中日(ri)本5400個。2012年(nian)，世界上還只(zhi)有1400個CHAdeMO充電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)。

CHAdeMO充電樁在一個半小時內可以為一輛電動汽車充大約80%電量。目前，CHAdeMO受到由日本各充電器廠商加盟組成的EVPOS-SA(電動汽車用電力供給系統商討會)的大力支持，這些充電器廠商包括松下、東芝、日立和優(you)利系統(tong)等。到(dao)2016年4月，美(mei)國CHAdeMO充(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁的數量(liang)將達到(dao)1700個。自(zi)2010年末，日產開始在美(mei)銷(xiao)售聆風(feng)電(dian)(dian)動車，并(bing)推出(chu)各種計劃以便讓(rang)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)變得(de)更便捷。去年夏天，日產在美(mei)國發起了“免費(fei)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)”計劃，聆風(feng)車主在公共充(chong)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)可享受免費(fei)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)2年時(shi)間，該舉措使(shi)得(de)聆風(feng)去年在美(mei)銷(xiao)量(liang)上漲34%。

■歐美CCS異軍(jun)突起

為(wei)了改變混(hun)亂(luan)的充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接(jie)口標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)現狀，2012年(nian)美(mei)系和(he)(he)德系的八大(da)廠商福(fu)特、通(tong)用、克萊斯勒、奧迪、寶馬(ma)(ma)、奔馳、大(da)眾和(he)(he)保(bao)時捷發(fa)布CCS充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接(jie)口標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)。這是一(yi)(yi)個新(xin)的充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)，是北美(mei)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)Combo 1的升(sheng)級。CCS可將(jiang)多(duo)種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接(jie)口統一(yi)(yi)起來，用一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)接(jie)口就(jiu)能(neng)夠完成單相(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、快速三相(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、家用直流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)(he)超速直流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)四(si)種(zhong)模式(shi)。雪佛蘭Spark電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)、寶馬(ma)(ma)i3、大(da)眾高爾夫(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)等(deng)車(che)型都(dou)使(shi)用該接(jie)口標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)。由于起步(bu)較晚，目前(qian)歐(ou)洲(zhou)(zhou)大(da)約擁有435個CCS充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)，在(zai)美(mei)國(guo)數量不(bu)多(duo);不(bu)過(guo)這種(zhong)狀況很快就(jiu)會(hui)改變，CCS標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)有歐(ou)美(mei)汽車(che)車(che)企巨(ju)頭作為(wei)后盾。寶馬(ma)(ma)與(yu)美(mei)國(guo)能(neng)源NRG公司達成協(xie)議，計劃在(zai)今年(nian)年(nian)底之前(qian)在(zai)加州安裝100座CCS充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)。隨(sui)著大(da)眾開始在(zai)美(mei)國(guo)本(ben)土銷售高爾夫(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)版，將(jiang)進(jin)一(yi)(yi)步(bu)加速CCS充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)在(zai)美(mei)布局。此外，美(mei)國(guo)機動(dong)車(che)工程(cheng)師學(xue)會(hui)(SAE)和(he)(he)歐(ou)洲(zhou)(zhou)汽車(che)制造商協(xie)會(hui)都(dou)將(jiang)CCS作為(wei)快速充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的首選(xuan)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)。

根據(ju)全球(qiu)市場分(fen)析機構(gou)IHS Au-tomotive的(de)(de)數據(ju)，2010~2014年間，全球(qiu)只有7%的(de)(de)電動(dong)車使用Combo標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)，65%采(cai)用CHAdeMO標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)。不(bu)過，該機構(gou)認為CHAdeMO的(de)(de)領(ling)先(xian)優勢會逐漸削弱。“從中短期來看，這種(zhong)局面會有所改變，未來更多電動(dong)汽車將會采(cai)用CCS 接口標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)。”IHS Automotive在最近(jin)的(de)(de)一份報告中指出。就連CHAdeMO 聯(lian)盟(meng)內的(de)(de)企業人士也認為，盡管幾年之內CHAdeMO標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)在歐美(mei)還(huan)將保(bao)持(chi)領(ling)先(xian)地位，不(bu)過最終統一的(de)(de)快(kuai)充標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)將是歐美(mei)聯(lian)盟(meng)支持(chi)的(de)(de)CCS。

■特斯拉自成一體

特(te)斯(si)(si)拉(la)為其Model S車型(xing)專門建立了(le)快(kuai)(kuai)速(su)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站網(wang)絡，特(te)斯(si)(si)拉(la)車主可以通過(guo)其超級充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)絡免費(fei)快(kuai)(kuai)速(su)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。目前，特(te)斯(si)(si)拉(la)在全球建有350多個(ge)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站，大約(yue)2000個(ge)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁。特(te)斯(si)(si)拉(la)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)插座最高容量可達(da)120kW，最高電(dian)(dian)(dian)流80A，在30 分鐘內可充(chong)滿能跑300 公里以上(shang)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)量。

特斯拉汽車的充電接口與超級充電站自成一體，這也給特斯拉在全球范圍內打開市場帶來不小難度。因此，特斯拉決定順應各國標準推出相應的適配器。此外，特(te)斯拉(la)還(huan)在歐(ou)洲建設(she)兼容特(te)斯拉(la)超級充(chong)電、CCS以及(ji)CHAdeMO三種(zhong)標準的(de)超級充(chong)電站(zhan)。

自(zi)從去(qu)年進入中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)市(shi)場之(zhi)后，特(te)(te)斯(si)拉(la)的(de)銷量表(biao)現始(shi)終不盡如人意。為(wei)了(le)促進在(zai)(zai)華銷量增長(chang)(chang)，特(te)(te)斯(si)拉(la)在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)也變得越來越“接地氣”。近日，特(te)(te)斯(si)拉(la)在(zai)(zai)其中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)官網上表(biao)示，正在(zai)(zai)積極參與(yu)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)新充(chong)電(dian)標(biao)準的(de)制(zhi)定，同時將對旗下車輛(liang)進行改動(dong)以(yi)(yi)適(shi)應(ying)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)市(shi)場的(de)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車充(chong)電(dian)標(biao)準。6月11日，特(te)(te)斯(si)拉(la)公布(bu)了(le)2015年在(zai)(zai)華超級充(chong)電(dian)建設整體規(gui)劃，預(yu)計在(zai)(zai)今年第(di)三季度和第(di)四季度，特(te)(te)斯(si)拉(la)將繼續(xu)重(zhong)點打造(zao)以(yi)(yi)城市(shi)群(qun)為(wei)核心的(de)七大重(zhong)點區域超級充(chong)電(dian)網絡和超級充(chong)電(dian)旅行線路(lu)，以(yi)(yi)推動(dong)在(zai)(zai)華銷量增長(chang)(chang)。