電(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行(xing)車(che)（以下簡稱“EB”）產(chan)業的(de)(de)興起，對充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)提(ti)出了高要(yao)求。目前EB所配置(zhi)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，多屬于傳統的(de)(de)三(san)段(duan)式充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，三(san)段(duan)式充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)模式是(shi)將充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程分為(wei)恒流(liu)(liu)、恒壓(ya)、浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)三(san)個充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)，以我國EB采(cai)用(yong)較多的(de)(de)36V12Ah鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池組為(wei)例，第(di)(di)一階(jie)(jie)段(duan)以1.8A的(de)(de)恒定電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)到約(yue)44.4V；第(di)(di)二階(jie)(jie)段(duan)將充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)減小至約(yue)0.3A，再次將電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)到44.4V；第(di)(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)降至約(yue)41.4V，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)減至約(yue)50MA對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池進(jin)行(xing)浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。

從幾年來的使用(yong)情況看，三段式充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)暴露了一(yi)些(xie)問題。以下仍以36V12Ah鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)為例，談談三段式充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)的缺陷和解決方案(an)。

1、三段式充電器忽略了電池的負溫度特性

       三段式充電器充電參數的(de)設定除受所配電池單體(ti)極板面積大(da)小(xiao)、電極特性、電解液密度(du)等因素影(ying)響外，還受蓄電池的(de)環境溫度(du)的(de)影(ying)響。

雖然(ran)一直(zhi)以來，人(ren)們都(dou)明白(bai)電化(hua)學的(de)溫度(du)效(xiao)應是不能(neng)回避的(de)，但(dan)卻在(zai)(zai)充電器問(wen)題(ti)上忽(hu)略(lve)了。原(yuan)因可以有(you)很多(duo)，但(dan)特別應在(zai)(zai)此指出的(de)是：過去人(ren)們對蓄電池容(rong)量、壽命(ming)與溫度(du)之(zhi)間關系的(de)感觸(chu)和認識從來沒(mei)有(you)象今天這(zhe)樣直(zhi)接和具體，須(xu)知，這(zhe)是千萬個EB用戶參與了“實驗”的(de)結果。

在我國幾(ji)乎所有的(de)地區，使用無(wu)溫度補償的(de)充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)，都會對(dui)電(dian)池造成損害(hai)。夏(xia)季過充(chong)，冬季欠(qian)充(chong)，過充(chong)和(he)(he)欠(qian)充(chong)容(rong)易(yi)造成電(dian)池失(shi)水(shui)和(he)(he)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鹽化，電(dian)池失(shi)水(shui)后，硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)濃度提(ti)高，加劇(ju)了板極腐蝕，就更容(rong)易(yi)產生(sheng)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鹽化，硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鹽化的(de)電(dian)池表現為更容(rong)易(yi)失(shi)水(shui)。這(zhe)是一種連(lian)鎖反應。鉛酸(suan)電(dian)池硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鹽化是影響(xiang)EB續(xu)駛里程和(he)(he)電(dian)池壽命(ming)的(de)重要因(yin)素。

無溫度補(bu)嘗的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器究(jiu)竟(jing)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)損害有多(duo)大，目前(qian)還缺(que)少實驗(yan)數據(ju)，對(dui)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池進(jin)行定量分析(xi)要(yao)比(bi)定性(xing)分析(xi)復雜困(kun)難得(de)多(duo)，但(dan)以下的(de)數據(ju)可以參考：EB標(biao)準(zhun)規(gui)定，鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)循環次數不得(de)不少于350次，但(dan)實際上(shang)有相當多(duo)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池使用(yong)時間不到8個(ge)月，即(ji)循還次數不足240次。

充電器增加溫度補償功能并不困難，如只要將原基準電壓改為具有負溫度系數特性的基準電壓，一般就可以了。
2、三段式充電模式缺少修補性充電環節

      三(san)段式充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)模式的(de)(de)恒(heng)流――恒(heng)壓(ya)――浮充(chong)(chong)三(san)個充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)階段，都是圍(wei)繞(rao)怎樣充(chong)(chong)滿電(dian)(dian)池(chi)來(lai)設(she)計(ji)的(de)(de)，因此，這(zhe)三(san)個充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)階段占用了全部(bu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時間(jian)(jian)，如36V12Ah電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流通常被設(she)定為18A，有(you)公(gong)式：12(安時）×1.2（效率）÷8（小時）=1.8A。恰(qia)好能在標(biao)準規定的(de)(de)8h內(nei)將電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)滿，設(she)計(ji)時就沒打(da)算留出修(xiu)補(bu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)時間(jian)(jian)，更何況(kuang)三(san)段式充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器一般也(ye)不(bu)具備(bei)修(xiu)補(bu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)功能。

       產(chan)業界向來有人認為(wei)：我(wo)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)EB以采用(yong)鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)為(wei)主，并(bing)且采取的(de)(de)(de)(de)是全動力模式，如電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)長(chang)期不能(neng)達標(biao)，我(wo)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)EB產(chan)業將可(ke)能(neng)有再次夭折的(de)(de)(de)(de)危險(xian)。但(dan)技術(shu)(shu)界對(dui)(dui)此(ci)問題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)認識是：要想鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)達標(biao)，除(chu)有待(dai)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)本身的(de)(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)(shu)進(jin)步外，采用(yong)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)修(xiu)補功能(neng)兼(jian)備的(de)(de)(de)(de)多功能(neng)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器是解決(jue)問題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有效途徑(jing)。因此(ci)，我(wo)們建議立(li)即從以下(xia)兩方(fang)面入手(shou)對(dui)(dui)EB充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器進(jin)行(xing)技術(shu)(shu)改造。一是將36V12Ah電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組的(de)(de)(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流從1.8A提高到3A以上，用(yong)約4h的(de)(de)(de)(de)時間對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)進(jin)行(xing)常規性(xing)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，留(liu)出(chu)4h以上時間對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)進(jin)行(xing)修(xiu)補性(xing)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)；二(er)是給充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器增加(jia)對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)進(jin)行(xing)修(xiu)補性(xing)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功能(neng)。

3、關于充電的波形和頻率

       充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器賴以(yi)對電(dian)池產生影(ying)響(xiang)的(de)是充(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)壓、電(dian)流及其(qi)波形和頻率，其(qi)中(zhong)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)壓主要與電(dian)池充(chong)(chong)得(de)(de)滿(man)不(bu)滿(man)有關(guan)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流主要與充(chong)(chong)電(dian)充(chong)(chong)得(de)(de)快不(bu)快有關(guan)，而(er)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)的(de)波形和頻率則主要與充(chong)(chong)電(dian)充(chong)(chong)得(de)(de)好好不(bu)好有關(guan)，這里的(de)“好不(bu)好”指(zhi)得(de)(de)是電(dian)池的(de)容量和壽命。實踐證明(ming)，以(yi)上三者雖各有側(ce)重，但其(qi)關(guan)系(xi)是相(xiang)(xiang)輔相(xiang)(xiang)成、不(bu)可忽略的(de)。

充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)屬于電(dian)(dian)源技術領域(yu)，在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程中(zhong)強調(diao)波(bo)形(xing)和頻(pin)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)是(shi)(shi)開關電(dian)(dian)源出現以后的(de)(de)(de)事，而(er)三段(duan)(duan)式充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)模(mo)式出現在線性(xing)電(dian)(dian)源時期(qi)，因此，三段(duan)(duan)式充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)模(mo)式偏(pian)重于充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和電(dian)(dian)流，缺少充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)波(bo)形(xing)和頻(pin)率(lv)方面的(de)(de)(de)內容是(shi)(shi)情有可原的(de)(de)(de)。現在，EB配置的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)全都是(shi)(shi)用(yong)開關電(dian)(dian)源技術設(she)計的(de)(de)(de)，但卻仍采用(yong)三段(duan)(duan)式充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)模(mo)式，這顯然是(shi)(shi)不相宜的(de)(de)(de)，據(ju)我們調(diao)查和檢測，目前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)EB充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)還不同程度(du)地(di)存(cun)在以下(xia)問題：

（1）輸(shu)出紋波太小(xiao)。有(you)的竟只有(you)50mV，顯(xian)然這(zhe)是將充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器當成穩(wen)壓電(dian)(dian)源來(lai)做了，也許這(zhe)種紋波可以用來(lai)給鋰離子電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，但對于(yu)36V鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)池來(lai)說，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)脈沖的幅值應以1-2V為好。

（2）輸出(chu)(chu)連(lian)續(xu)三角波。這(zhe)通(tong)常是(shi)(shi)正激(ji)(ji)式(shi)開關電(dian)源充(chong)電(dian)器才(cai)有的(de)波形，由于(yu)極化(hua)現象的(de)存在(zai)，蓄(xu)電(dian)池忌諱(hui)用直流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)，包括連(lian)續(xu)三角波。常規性充(chong)電(dian)的(de)最好波形是(shi)(shi)單(dan)端反激(ji)(ji)式(shi)開關電(dian)源通(tong)常所輸出(chu)(chu)的(de)下降(jiang)型脈(mo)沖，尤(you)其(qi)是(shi)(shi)緊接脈(mo)沖之(zhi)后存在(zai)的(de)一段(duan)休(xiu)止時間(jian)，還可以(yi)消除(chu)鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)池因充(chong)電(dian)而產生的(de)電(dian)化(hua)學(xue)極化(hua)；比(bi)較而言，正激(ji)(ji)式(shi)開關電(dian)源充(chong)電(dian)器的(de)溫升雖然可以(yi)做得低一些，但(dan)其(qi)輸出(chu)(chu)波形不如反激(ji)(ji)式(shi)電(dian)源，不過這(zhe)可以(yi)通(tong)過調整其(qi)輸出(chu)(chu)三角波的(de)占空(kong)比(bi)來(lai)加以(yi)彌補。

（3）在充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)之(zhi)間串聯(lian)有一二極管。其目的(de)(de)可(ke)能(neng)是(shi)為(wei)了防止電(dian)(dian)池(chi)通過充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)，但這樣做是(shi)錯(cuo)誤的(de)(de)。充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)就是(shi)需要又充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)又放(fang)，邊(bian)(bian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)邊(bian)(bian)放(fang)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)多放(fang)少，哪怕放(fang)電(dian)(dian)只有充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)百分之(zhi)一，也將會(hui)對抑(yi)制電(dian)(dian)池(chi)氣化(hua)(hua)和(he)抬高氣化(hua)(hua)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等產生(sheng)不可(ke)替代的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)。應該(gai)認識(shi)到，如能(neng)在每一常規性(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)周(zhou)期留出(chu)幾微(wei)秒和(he)在修(xiu)補性(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)周(zhou)期留出(chu)幾秒鐘用(yong)來放(fang)電(dian)(dian)，對消除(chu)鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)在充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時產生(sheng)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)極化(hua)(hua)和(he)濃(nong)差極化(hua)(hua)，從而增加和(he)延長電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)容量(liang)和(he)壽命將會(hui)有決定性(xing)意義。

（4）充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)頻(pin)率單調。一個優秀的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)必(bi)須具有多種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式(shi)：脈沖(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、負脈沖(chong)(chong)(chong)激(ji)活、變頻(pin)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)(deng)模式(shi)，只(zhi)有具備這些技術的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)才能(neng)(neng)有效地去除電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液濃(nong)度極差、板柵硫酸鹽化(hua)和極化(hua)現象。脈沖(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、高頻(pin)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以及變頻(pin)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)(deng)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技術，正在被越來越多地應用在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)上，可(ke)以預期(qi)，一種(zhong)兼有常規性充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)和修補性充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)的(de)多功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)必(bi)將替(ti)代功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)單一的(de)三段式(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)而成為EB的(de)主流。

4、一種實用的EB多功能充電器的充電模式和參數

       如將凡包(bao)含常規性充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)能(neng)和修(xiu)(xiu)補(bu)性充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)能(neng)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)統(tong)稱(cheng)為(wei)多(duo)功(gong)能(neng)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，那么(me)根據以兩(liang)(liang)種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)能(neng)結合方(fang)式的(de)(de)不同，可以設計出(chu)多(duo)種(zhong)模(mo)式的(de)(de)多(duo)功(gong)能(neng)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，但從(cong)EB的(de)(de)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)角(jiao)度考慮，還是將以上(shang)兩(liang)(liang)種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)能(neng)分開來設計好，即將有限的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時間劃分為(wei)兩(liang)(liang)個(ge)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時間段，前段時間用(yong)(yong)來完成常規性充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，后段時間用(yong)(yong)來進行修(xiu)(xiu)補(bu)性充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。以下仍以36V 12Ah鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組為(wei)例，介紹一種(zhong)實(shi)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)多(duo)功(gong)能(neng)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)式和參(can)數。

4、1常(chang)規性充電階段

（1）電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)類型：單端反激式開關電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)；（2）滿輸(shu)出充(chong)電(dian)(dian)頻(pin)率：25kHz，即(ji)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)3A時(shi)的電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)工(gong)作頻(pin)率；（3）充(chong)電(dian)(dian)波形：下(xia)降型三角(jiao)脈沖(chong)(chong)；（4）脈沖(chong)(chong)幅度(du)：約(yue)(yue)1.6V；（5）脈沖(chong)(chong)最大寬度(du)：約(yue)(yue)25μs；（6）充(chong)電(dian)(dian)休止時(shi)間(jian)：約(yue)(yue)15μs；（7）放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)：約(yue)(yue)50mA；（8）充(chong)電(dian)(dian)平(ping)均電(dian)(dian)流(liu)：3A；（9）充(chong)電(dian)(dian)峰值(zhi)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)：約(yue)(yue)10A；（10）充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)：約(yue)(yue)4h，即(ji)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)4h后，電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)應上升到43.2V（常溫(wen)），容量(liang)已(yi)(yi)達(da)75%以上；（11）減流(liu)轉(zhuan)折電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)：常溫(wen)下(xia)43.2V，該電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為“氣化點電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)”，即(ji)在用直流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)的情況下(xia)，此時(shi)鉛酸電(dian)(dian)池的電(dian)(dian)解液(ye)已(yi)(yi)開始大量(liang)氣化。以下(xia)轉(zhuan)入修補性充(chong)電(dian)(dian)階段(duan)。

4.2修補(bu)性充(chong)電(dian)階段

（1）線性減(jian)流(liu)及范圍：電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)上升到43.2V（常溫）時，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)開始減(jian)小(xiao)，減(jian)小(xiao)的(de)速率(lv)呈線性，平(ping)均充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)從3A最終減(jian)為不小(xiao)于0.3A，或峰值充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)從約10A減(jian)為1A；

（2）充(chong)電頻率變化(hua)范(fan)圍：線性減流時，隨著充(chong)電電流的減小，充(chong)電頻率開(kai)始上升(sheng)，其變化(hua)范(fan)圍為(wei)25-100kHz；

（3）充電終止電壓：參見表1列出的“恒壓充電電壓”，該電壓相當于“氣化點電壓”加約1.2V，當電池電壓上升至該電壓時，充電器終止充電；

（4）重起(qi)動電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)：參見表(biao)1列出(chu)的(de)“浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)”，終止充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)后，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)下(xia)降，當降至重起(qi)動電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)時(shi)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)將(jiang)再(zai)(zai)次起(qi)動將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)到充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)終止電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，而后充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)終止，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)再(zai)(zai)次下(xia)降，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)將(jiang)循環反重地(di)進(jin)行下(xia)去；

（5）, , 充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)終(zhong)止(zhi)時間(jian)：終(zhong)止(zhi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓下降的(de)時間(jian)起先較快，約幾(ji)秒鐘，隨著時間(jian)推移，終(zhong)止(zhi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)時間(jian)會越來越長，可(ke)達幾(ji)分(fen)鐘以上；

（6）修補性充電的延續時間(jian)：4h以上不限(xian)。