電(dian)(dian)(dian)動自(zi)行車（以(yi)下簡(jian)稱“EB”）產(chan)業(ye)的(de)(de)興起(qi)，對充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)提出了(le)高要求。目前EB所(suo)配置的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，多屬于(yu)傳統(tong)的(de)(de)三(san)(san)(san)段式充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，三(san)(san)(san)段式充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)式是將充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程分為恒流、恒壓、浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)三(san)(san)(san)個充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)階段，以(yi)我國EB采用(yong)較多的(de)(de)36V12Ah鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組為例，第(di)一階段以(yi)1.8A的(de)(de)恒定電(dian)(dian)(dian)流將電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)到約(yue)44.4V；第(di)二階段將充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流減(jian)小(xiao)至(zhi)約(yue)0.3A，再次將電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓充(chong)(chong)到44.4V；第(di)三(san)(san)(san)階段將電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓降至(zhi)約(yue)41.4V，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流減(jian)至(zhi)約(yue)50MA對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)進行浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)。

從(cong)幾(ji)年來的使用情況看(kan)，三段式(shi)充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)暴(bao)露了一(yi)些(xie)問題。以下仍以36V12Ah鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組為例，談談三段式(shi)充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)的缺(que)陷和解決方案。

1、三段式充電器忽略了電池的負溫度特性

       三(san)段式(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器充(chong)電(dian)(dian)參數的(de)設定除受所配電(dian)(dian)池單體極板面(mian)積大小、電(dian)(dian)極特(te)性、電(dian)(dian)解液密(mi)度(du)等因(yin)素影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)外，還受蓄電(dian)(dian)池的(de)環境溫度(du)的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)。

雖(sui)然一(yi)直以來，人們都明白電(dian)化學的(de)(de)溫度效應(ying)是不能(neng)回避的(de)(de)，但(dan)卻在(zai)充電(dian)器問(wen)題上忽略了。原因可以有(you)很多，但(dan)特別應(ying)在(zai)此(ci)指(zhi)出的(de)(de)是：過(guo)去人們對蓄電(dian)池容(rong)量、壽命與(yu)溫度之間關系(xi)的(de)(de)感觸和認識從來沒有(you)象(xiang)今天這(zhe)樣直接和具體，須知，這(zhe)是千萬個EB用戶(hu)參與(yu)了“實驗”的(de)(de)結果。

在(zai)我國幾乎(hu)所有的(de)(de)地區，使用(yong)無溫(wen)度補償的(de)(de)充電(dian)器，都會對電(dian)池(chi)(chi)造成(cheng)損害。夏季過充，冬季欠充，過充和欠充容(rong)易造成(cheng)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)失水(shui)和硫酸(suan)鹽化(hua)，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)失水(shui)后(hou)，硫酸(suan)濃度提(ti)高，加劇了板極腐蝕，就更容(rong)易產(chan)生硫酸(suan)鹽化(hua)，硫酸(suan)鹽化(hua)的(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)表現(xian)為更容(rong)易失水(shui)。這是一(yi)種連鎖反(fan)應。鉛酸(suan)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)硫酸(suan)鹽化(hua)是影響(xiang)EB續(xu)駛里程和電(dian)池(chi)(chi)壽命的(de)(de)重要因(yin)素。

無溫度補嘗的(de)充電器究竟對電池的(de)損害(hai)有(you)(you)多(duo)大，目前還缺少實(shi)驗(yan)數據，對蓄電池進(jin)行定(ding)量分(fen)析要比定(ding)性分(fen)析復雜困難得多(duo)，但以下的(de)數據可以參考：EB標準規(gui)定(ding)，鉛(qian)酸蓄電池的(de)循環(huan)次(ci)數不得不少于350次(ci)，但實(shi)際上有(you)(you)相(xiang)當多(duo)的(de)電池使用時間不到8個月，即循還次(ci)數不足240次(ci)。

充電器增加溫度補償功能并不困難，如只要將原基準電壓改為具有負溫度系數特性的基準電壓，一般就可以了。
2、三段式充電模式缺少修補性充電環節

      三段(duan)式(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)模式(shi)的恒(heng)流――恒(heng)壓――浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)三個充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)階段(duan)，都(dou)是圍繞(rao)怎樣(yang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿(man)電(dian)池來設計(ji)的，因此，這三個充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)階段(duan)占(zhan)用了全部充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)時間，如(ru)36V12Ah電(dian)池組的充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流通常被設定(ding)為18A，有公式(shi)：12(安時）×1.2（效率）÷8（小時）=1.8A。恰好能在標(biao)準規定(ding)的8h內將電(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿(man)，設計(ji)時就沒打算留出修(xiu)補(bu)電(dian)池的時間，更何況三段(duan)式(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)器一般也不具備修(xiu)補(bu)電(dian)池的功能。

       產業(ye)界向來有(you)(you)人認為：我國的(de)(de)EB以采用(yong)鉛(qian)酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)為主(zhu)，并(bing)且采取(qu)的(de)(de)是全動(dong)力模式，如電(dian)(dian)池(chi)長期不能(neng)達(da)(da)標，我國的(de)(de)EB產業(ye)將可能(neng)有(you)(you)再次夭折(zhe)的(de)(de)危(wei)險。但技術(shu)(shu)界對(dui)此(ci)問題(ti)的(de)(de)認識是：要想鉛(qian)酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)達(da)(da)標，除有(you)(you)待于(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)本身的(de)(de)技術(shu)(shu)進(jin)步外，采用(yong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)與(yu)修補(bu)功能(neng)兼備的(de)(de)多功能(neng)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)是解決問題(ti)的(de)(de)有(you)(you)效(xiao)途徑。因此(ci)，我們建議立即從(cong)以下兩(liang)方面入手對(dui)EB充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)技術(shu)(shu)改造(zao)。一是將36V12Ah電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流從(cong)1.8A提高到3A以上(shang)，用(yong)約4h的(de)(de)時間對(dui)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)常規性充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，留出(chu)4h以上(shang)時間對(dui)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)修補(bu)性充(chong)電(dian)(dian)；二是給充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)增(zeng)加對(dui)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)修補(bu)性充(chong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)功能(neng)。

3、關于充電的波形和頻率

       充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器賴(lai)以對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)產生影響的(de)是(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)及其波形(xing)和(he)頻(pin)率(lv)，其中，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓主要與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)得滿(man)不(bu)滿(man)有關(guan)(guan)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)主要與(yu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)得快不(bu)快有關(guan)(guan)，而充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)波形(xing)和(he)頻(pin)率(lv)則主要與(yu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)得好(hao)好(hao)不(bu)好(hao)有關(guan)(guan)，這里的(de)“好(hao)不(bu)好(hao)”指得是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)容量和(he)壽(shou)命。實踐證(zheng)明，以上三者(zhe)雖各有側重，但其關(guan)(guan)系(xi)是(shi)相輔相成、不(bu)可忽(hu)略(lve)的(de)。

充(chong)電器(qi)(qi)屬于電源(yuan)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)領(ling)域，在充(chong)電過(guo)程(cheng)中強調(diao)波形(xing)和(he)(he)頻率的(de)(de)作用是開關電源(yuan)出現(xian)以后的(de)(de)事(shi)，而三段式充(chong)電模式出現(xian)在線(xian)性(xing)電源(yuan)時期，因此，三段式充(chong)電模式偏重于充(chong)電電壓和(he)(he)電流，缺少充(chong)電波形(xing)和(he)(he)頻率方面的(de)(de)內容是情(qing)有可(ke)原的(de)(de)。現(xian)在，EB配(pei)置的(de)(de)充(chong)電器(qi)(qi)全都是用開關電源(yuan)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)設計的(de)(de)，但卻仍采用三段式充(chong)電模式，這(zhe)顯然是不(bu)相宜(yi)的(de)(de)，據我們調(diao)查和(he)(he)檢測，目(mu)前的(de)(de)EB充(chong)電器(qi)(qi)還不(bu)同(tong)程(cheng)度地(di)存在以下問題：

（1）輸出紋(wen)(wen)波太(tai)小。有的竟只有50mV，顯然這(zhe)是將充電器當(dang)成穩壓電源來做了，也許這(zhe)種紋(wen)(wen)波可(ke)以(yi)用來給鋰離子電池充電，但對于36V鉛(qian)酸蓄電池來說，充電脈沖(chong)的幅值應以(yi)1-2V為好(hao)。

（2）輸出(chu)連(lian)續三角(jiao)波。這通(tong)常是正激(ji)式(shi)開(kai)(kai)關電(dian)(dian)(dian)源充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器才(cai)有的(de)(de)(de)波形，由于極化(hua)現象的(de)(de)(de)存在，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池忌(ji)諱用(yong)直(zhi)流充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，包(bao)括(kuo)連(lian)續三角(jiao)波。常規性充電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)最好波形是單端(duan)反(fan)激(ji)式(shi)開(kai)(kai)關電(dian)(dian)(dian)源通(tong)常所輸出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)下降型脈(mo)沖(chong)，尤其是緊(jin)接脈(mo)沖(chong)之后(hou)存在的(de)(de)(de)一段休止時間，還(huan)可以(yi)消(xiao)除鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池因充電(dian)(dian)(dian)而產生的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)極化(hua)；比較(jiao)而言，正激(ji)式(shi)開(kai)(kai)關電(dian)(dian)(dian)源充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)(de)溫升雖然可以(yi)做得低一些，但其輸出(chu)波形不如反(fan)激(ji)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源，不過這可以(yi)通(tong)過調整其輸出(chu)三角(jiao)波的(de)(de)(de)占空比來加以(yi)彌補。

（3）在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)與電(dian)(dian)池(chi)之間串(chuan)聯有一二極(ji)管。其目(mu)的(de)可能是為了(le)防止電(dian)(dian)池(chi)通過充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)，但這樣做是錯誤(wu)的(de)。充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)就是需要又充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)又放(fang)(fang)，邊充(chong)(chong)(chong)邊放(fang)(fang)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)多放(fang)(fang)少，哪(na)怕放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)只(zhi)有充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)百(bai)分之一，也將(jiang)會(hui)對(dui)(dui)抑(yi)制電(dian)(dian)池(chi)氣(qi)化(hua)和抬高氣(qi)化(hua)電(dian)(dian)壓等產(chan)生(sheng)不(bu)可替代的(de)作用。應該(gai)認識(shi)到，如能在(zai)每一常規(gui)性充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)周(zhou)(zhou)期留出幾(ji)微秒和在(zai)修補性充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)周(zhou)(zhou)期留出幾(ji)秒鐘(zhong)用來放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)，對(dui)(dui)消除鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)電(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)極(ji)化(hua)和濃差極(ji)化(hua)，從(cong)而增加和延長電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)容量和壽命將(jiang)會(hui)有決定性意義。

（4）充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)頻(pin)率單調(diao)。一(yi)(yi)個優秀的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)必(bi)須具有(you)多種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)式：脈沖充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、負脈沖激活、變頻(pin)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等模(mo)式，只有(you)具備這些技(ji)術的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)才能(neng)有(you)效地去除電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液濃度(du)極差、板柵硫酸鹽化和極化現象。脈沖充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、高頻(pin)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以(yi)及變頻(pin)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)術，正在(zai)被(bei)越(yue)來越(yue)多地應用(yong)在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)上，可以(yi)預(yu)期，一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)兼有(you)常(chang)規(gui)性(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功能(neng)和修補性(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功能(neng)的(de)(de)多功能(neng)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)必(bi)將替代功能(neng)單一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)三段式充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)而成為EB的(de)(de)主流。

4、一種實用的EB多功能充電器的充電模式和參數

       如將(jiang)凡包含常(chang)(chang)規性充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)和(he)修補性充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器統(tong)稱為多(duo)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器，那么根據以(yi)兩種(zhong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)結(jie)合方式(shi)的(de)不同，可以(yi)設計出多(duo)種(zhong)模式(shi)的(de)多(duo)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器，但從EB的(de)適用(yong)角度考慮，還是(shi)將(jiang)以(yi)上(shang)兩種(zhong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)分(fen)開來設計好，即將(jiang)有限的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)劃分(fen)為兩個充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)段，前段時(shi)間(jian)用(yong)來完成常(chang)(chang)規性充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，后段時(shi)間(jian)用(yong)來進行修補性充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。以(yi)下仍以(yi)36V 12Ah鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組為例，介(jie)紹一種(zhong)實用(yong)的(de)多(duo)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式(shi)和(he)參數。

4、1常(chang)規性充電(dian)階段

（1）電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)類型(xing)：單(dan)端反激式開關電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)；（2）滿輸出充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)頻率(lv)：25kHz，即充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)3A時(shi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)工作(zuo)頻率(lv)；（3）充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)波(bo)形：下降型(xing)三角脈(mo)沖；（4）脈(mo)沖幅(fu)度：約(yue)(yue)(yue)1.6V；（5）脈(mo)沖最(zui)大寬度：約(yue)(yue)(yue)25μs；（6）充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)休止時(shi)間(jian)：約(yue)(yue)(yue)15μs；（7）放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流：約(yue)(yue)(yue)50mA；（8）充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平均電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流：3A；（9）充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)峰值電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流：約(yue)(yue)(yue)10A；（10）充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)：約(yue)(yue)(yue)4h，即充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)4h后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓應上(shang)升到43.2V（常溫），容量(liang)已(yi)達(da)75%以上(shang)；（11）減流轉折(zhe)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓：常溫下43.2V，該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為“氣化(hua)點電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓”，即在用直流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的情況下，此時(shi)鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液已(yi)開始大量(liang)氣化(hua)。以下轉入修補性充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階段。

4.2修補(bu)性充電階段(duan)

（1）線性減流(liu)及(ji)范圍：電(dian)池電(dian)壓(ya)上升(sheng)到43.2V（常溫）時，充電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)開始減小(xiao)，減小(xiao)的速率呈線性，平均充電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)從(cong)3A最終減為不小(xiao)于0.3A，或峰(feng)值(zhi)充電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)從(cong)約10A減為1A；

（2）充(chong)電(dian)頻(pin)率變化范(fan)圍：線(xian)性減(jian)流時，隨著(zhu)充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流的減(jian)小，充(chong)電(dian)頻(pin)率開始(shi)上升，其變化范(fan)圍為25-100kHz；

（3）充電終止電壓：參見表1列出的“恒壓充電電壓”，該電壓相當于“氣化點電壓”加約1.2V，當電池電壓上升至該電壓時，充電器終止充電；

（4）重(zhong)起動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)：參見表1列出的“浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)”，終(zhong)止充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)，當(dang)降(jiang)(jiang)至(zhi)重(zhong)起動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)時，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器將再(zai)次(ci)起動將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)到充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終(zhong)止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，而后(hou)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終(zhong)止，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)再(zai)次(ci)下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)將循環(huan)反重(zhong)地進行下(xia)(xia)去；

（5）, , 充(chong)(chong)電(dian)終(zhong)止(zhi)時(shi)間(jian)：終(zhong)止(zhi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)后，電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)壓下降(jiang)的時(shi)間(jian)起先(xian)較快，約幾秒鐘，隨著(zhu)時(shi)間(jian)推移，終(zhong)止(zhi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)的時(shi)間(jian)會(hui)越來(lai)越長，可(ke)達幾分鐘以(yi)上；

（6）修(xiu)補性(xing)充電的延續時(shi)間：4h以上不限(xian)。