電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自(zi)行車（以下簡稱“EB”）產業的(de)興起，對(dui)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器提出(chu)了高要求。目前EB所配(pei)置的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器，多(duo)屬于(yu)傳統的(de)三(san)段式充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器，三(san)段式充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式是將(jiang)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程分為(wei)恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)、恒(heng)壓、浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)三(san)個充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階段，以我(wo)國(guo)EB采用較(jiao)多(duo)的(de)36V12Ah鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組為(wei)例(li)，第一階段以1.8A的(de)恒(heng)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)到(dao)約(yue)44.4V；第二階段將(jiang)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)減小至約(yue)0.3A，再次將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓充(chong)(chong)到(dao)44.4V；第三(san)階段將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓降至約(yue)41.4V，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)減至約(yue)50MA對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池進行浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)。

從幾年來的(de)使用情況看(kan)，三段式充(chong)(chong)電器暴露了一些問題。以下(xia)仍以36V12Ah鉛酸(suan)蓄(xu)電池組(zu)為(wei)例(li)，談談三段式充(chong)(chong)電器的(de)缺陷和(he)解(jie)決(jue)方案(an)。

1、三段式充電器忽略了電池的負溫度特性

       三段式充電(dian)器(qi)充電(dian)參數的設定除受所配電(dian)池單體極板面積大小、電(dian)極特性、電(dian)解液(ye)密度(du)等因素影響外，還(huan)受蓄電(dian)池的環(huan)境溫度(du)的影響。

雖然一直(zhi)以來(lai)，人(ren)們都明(ming)白電化(hua)學的(de)(de)溫度(du)效應是(shi)不(bu)能回(hui)避的(de)(de)，但(dan)卻在充電器問題(ti)上忽(hu)略(lve)了。原因(yin)可以有很多，但(dan)特別應在此(ci)指出(chu)的(de)(de)是(shi)：過(guo)去人(ren)們對蓄(xu)電池容量、壽命與溫度(du)之間關系的(de)(de)感觸和(he)認識(shi)從來(lai)沒有象今天(tian)這樣直(zhi)接和(he)具體，須知(zhi)，這是(shi)千萬個(ge)EB用戶參與了“實驗”的(de)(de)結果。

在我國幾(ji)乎所有的(de)(de)地區，使(shi)用無溫(wen)度補償(chang)的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器，都會對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池造成(cheng)損(sun)害。夏季過充(chong)，冬(dong)季欠充(chong)，過充(chong)和欠充(chong)容(rong)易(yi)造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池失(shi)水和硫酸(suan)(suan)鹽(yan)化，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池失(shi)水后，硫酸(suan)(suan)濃度提高，加劇(ju)了板極腐蝕，就更容(rong)易(yi)產(chan)生硫酸(suan)(suan)鹽(yan)化，硫酸(suan)(suan)鹽(yan)化的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池表(biao)現為(wei)更容(rong)易(yi)失(shi)水。這是一種連鎖反應。鉛酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池硫酸(suan)(suan)鹽(yan)化是影響EB續駛里程和電(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命的(de)(de)重要因素。

無(wu)溫度補嘗的(de)充(chong)電器究竟(jing)對電池的(de)損害有多(duo)大，目前(qian)還缺(que)少實驗數(shu)據(ju)(ju)，對蓄電池進行定量(liang)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)要比定性分(fen)(fen)析(xi)復雜(za)困(kun)難得(de)多(duo)，但以下的(de)數(shu)據(ju)(ju)可以參(can)考：EB標(biao)準規定，鉛酸(suan)蓄電池的(de)循環次(ci)數(shu)不(bu)得(de)不(bu)少于350次(ci)，但實際(ji)上有相(xiang)當多(duo)的(de)電池使用時間不(bu)到8個月，即(ji)循還次(ci)數(shu)不(bu)足240次(ci)。

充電器增加溫度補償功能并不困難，如只要將原基準電壓改為具有負溫度系數特性的基準電壓，一般就可以了。
2、三段式充電模式缺少修補性充電環節

      三(san)(san)段(duan)(duan)式充電(dian)模(mo)式的恒流――恒壓――浮充三(san)(san)個充電(dian)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)，都是圍繞怎樣充滿電(dian)池(chi)來設計(ji)的，因此，這(zhe)三(san)(san)個充電(dian)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)占用了全(quan)部充電(dian)時(shi)間，如36V12Ah電(dian)池(chi)組的充電(dian)電(dian)流通常(chang)被設定為18A，有公(gong)式：12(安時(shi)）×1.2（效(xiao)率）÷8（小(xiao)時(shi)）=1.8A。恰好能在標準(zhun)規定的8h內將電(dian)池(chi)充滿，設計(ji)時(shi)就沒打算留出(chu)修補(bu)電(dian)池(chi)的時(shi)間，更何況三(san)(san)段(duan)(duan)式充電(dian)器一(yi)般(ban)也不(bu)具(ju)備(bei)修補(bu)電(dian)池(chi)的功(gong)能。

       產業界(jie)向來有人(ren)認為：我(wo)國的(de)EB以采用鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)池為主，并且采取(qu)的(de)是(shi)(shi)全(quan)動力模式，如電(dian)(dian)池長(chang)期不(bu)能達(da)標，我(wo)國的(de)EB產業將可能有再次夭折(zhe)的(de)危險。但(dan)技術界(jie)對此問題的(de)認識是(shi)(shi)：要想(xiang)鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)池達(da)標，除有待于電(dian)(dian)池本身的(de)技術進(jin)(jin)步外，采用充(chong)電(dian)(dian)與修補(bu)功(gong)能兼備的(de)多功(gong)能充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器是(shi)(shi)解決問題的(de)有效途徑。因此，我(wo)們建(jian)議立即從(cong)以下(xia)兩方面入(ru)手對EB充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器進(jin)(jin)行(xing)技術改造。一(yi)是(shi)(shi)將36V12Ah電(dian)(dian)池組的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流從(cong)1.8A提高到3A以上，用約(yue)4h的(de)時間對電(dian)(dian)池進(jin)(jin)行(xing)常規性充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，留出(chu)4h以上時間對電(dian)(dian)池進(jin)(jin)行(xing)修補(bu)性充(chong)電(dian)(dian)；二是(shi)(shi)給充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器增加對電(dian)(dian)池進(jin)(jin)行(xing)修補(bu)性充(chong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)功(gong)能。

3、關于充電的波形和頻率

       充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器賴以(yi)對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)產生影響的(de)是(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、電(dian)(dian)流及其(qi)波形(xing)和頻率，其(qi)中，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)主要(yao)與電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)得滿不(bu)(bu)(bu)滿有(you)(you)關(guan)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流主要(yao)與充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)得快不(bu)(bu)(bu)快有(you)(you)關(guan)，而充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)波形(xing)和頻率則主要(yao)與充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)得好好不(bu)(bu)(bu)好有(you)(you)關(guan)，這里的(de)“好不(bu)(bu)(bu)好”指(zhi)得是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)容量和壽命(ming)。實踐證明(ming)，以(yi)上(shang)三者(zhe)雖各(ge)有(you)(you)側重，但(dan)其(qi)關(guan)系是(shi)(shi)相(xiang)(xiang)輔相(xiang)(xiang)成、不(bu)(bu)(bu)可忽略的(de)。

充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)屬于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)技術領域，在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中強調(diao)波形和頻(pin)率的(de)(de)作用是(shi)(shi)開關電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)出現(xian)以(yi)后(hou)的(de)(de)事，而三(san)段式(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式(shi)(shi)出現(xian)在(zai)線性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)時(shi)期(qi)，因此(ci)，三(san)段式(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式(shi)(shi)偏(pian)重于充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，缺少充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)波形和頻(pin)率方(fang)面的(de)(de)內容是(shi)(shi)情有(you)可原的(de)(de)。現(xian)在(zai)，EB配置(zhi)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)全都是(shi)(shi)用開關電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)技術設計的(de)(de)，但卻仍(reng)采用三(san)段式(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式(shi)(shi)，這顯然是(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)相宜的(de)(de)，據我(wo)們調(diao)查和檢測，目前的(de)(de)EB充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)還(huan)不(bu)(bu)同程度地存在(zai)以(yi)下問(wen)題：

（1）輸出紋(wen)波太小。有(you)的竟只有(you)50mV，顯(xian)然這(zhe)是將充電器當成穩壓電源(yuan)來做了(le)，也(ye)許這(zhe)種紋(wen)波可以(yi)用來給鋰離子電池充電，但對(dui)于36V鉛酸蓄電池來說，充電脈(mo)沖的幅值應以(yi)1-2V為好(hao)。

（2）輸(shu)出(chu)連續三(san)角波(bo)。這通(tong)常是正(zheng)激(ji)(ji)式(shi)開(kai)關電(dian)(dian)(dian)源充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器才有的(de)(de)波(bo)形，由于極化現象(xiang)的(de)(de)存在，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)忌諱用直(zhi)流充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，包括連續三(san)角波(bo)。常規性充電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)最好波(bo)形是單端反激(ji)(ji)式(shi)開(kai)關電(dian)(dian)(dian)源通(tong)常所輸(shu)出(chu)的(de)(de)下(xia)降型脈沖，尤其是緊接脈沖之后存在的(de)(de)一(yi)段休(xiu)止時間，還(huan)可以(yi)消除(chu)鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)因充電(dian)(dian)(dian)而(er)產生的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)化學極化；比較而(er)言，正(zheng)激(ji)(ji)式(shi)開(kai)關電(dian)(dian)(dian)源充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)溫升(sheng)雖(sui)然可以(yi)做得(de)低一(yi)些，但其輸(shu)出(chu)波(bo)形不如反激(ji)(ji)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源，不過(guo)這可以(yi)通(tong)過(guo)調整其輸(shu)出(chu)三(san)角波(bo)的(de)(de)占(zhan)空比來加(jia)以(yi)彌補。

（3）在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器與電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)之間串(chuan)聯有一二極管(guan)。其目(mu)的可能是為了防(fang)止電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)通(tong)過(guo)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，但這樣做是錯誤的。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)就是需(xu)要又充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)又放(fang)，邊充(chong)(chong)邊放(fang)，充(chong)(chong)多放(fang)少，哪怕放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)只(zhi)有充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的百分之一，也將會對抑制電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)氣化和抬高氣化電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等產(chan)生不可替代的作(zuo)用(yong)。應該認(ren)識到，如能在每一常規性(xing)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)周(zhou)期留出幾微秒和在修補性(xing)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)周(zhou)期留出幾秒鐘用(yong)來放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，對消(xiao)除鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時產(chan)生的電(dian)(dian)(dian)化學極化和濃差極化，從而增加和延(yan)長電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的容量和壽命將會有決(jue)定性(xing)意義(yi)。

（4）充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)頻(pin)率單調。一個優秀的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)必(bi)(bi)須具(ju)有(you)多(duo)種充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式(shi)：脈(mo)沖(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、負脈(mo)沖(chong)激活、變(bian)頻(pin)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等模式(shi)，只有(you)具(ju)備(bei)這些(xie)技術(shu)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)才能(neng)有(you)效地去除電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液濃(nong)度極(ji)差、板(ban)柵硫酸(suan)鹽化和極(ji)化現象。脈(mo)沖(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、高頻(pin)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以及變(bian)頻(pin)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技術(shu)，正在被越來越多(duo)地應用在充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)上，可(ke)以預期，一種兼有(you)常規性充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)和修補性充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)的(de)(de)多(duo)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)必(bi)(bi)將替代功(gong)(gong)能(neng)單一的(de)(de)三段(duan)式(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)而成為EB的(de)(de)主流。

4、一種實用的EB多功能充電器的充電模式和參數

       如將(jiang)凡(fan)包含(han)常(chang)規性(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)功(gong)(gong)能和修(xiu)補性(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)功(gong)(gong)能的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)統稱為(wei)多(duo)功(gong)(gong)能充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)，那(nei)么根(gen)據以(yi)(yi)兩(liang)種充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)功(gong)(gong)能結合方式(shi)的(de)(de)不同，可以(yi)(yi)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)出多(duo)種模(mo)式(shi)的(de)(de)多(duo)功(gong)(gong)能充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)，但(dan)從EB的(de)(de)適用角度考慮，還是將(jiang)以(yi)(yi)上兩(liang)種充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)功(gong)(gong)能分開(kai)來(lai)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)好(hao)，即將(jiang)有限的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)間劃分為(wei)兩(liang)個充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)間段(duan)，前(qian)段(duan)時(shi)間用來(lai)完成常(chang)規性(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，后段(duan)時(shi)間用來(lai)進行修(xiu)補性(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)。以(yi)(yi)下仍以(yi)(yi)36V 12Ah鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)為(wei)例，介紹一(yi)種實(shi)用的(de)(de)多(duo)功(gong)(gong)能充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)模(mo)式(shi)和參數。

4、1常規性充電階段(duan)

（1）電(dian)源(yuan)類型(xing)：單端反激式開(kai)關電(dian)源(yuan)；（2）滿輸出充(chong)電(dian)頻率：25kHz，即(ji)充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)源(yuan)3A時(shi)的電(dian)源(yuan)工作頻率；（3）充(chong)電(dian)波形(xing)：下降型(xing)三角脈(mo)沖；（4）脈(mo)沖幅度：約1.6V；（5）脈(mo)沖最大(da)寬(kuan)度：約25μs；（6）充(chong)電(dian)休止時(shi)間：約15μs；（7）放電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)：約50mA；（8）充(chong)電(dian)平均(jun)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)：3A；（9）充(chong)電(dian)峰值電(dian)流(liu)(liu)：約10A；（10）充(chong)電(dian)時(shi)間：約4h，即(ji)充(chong)電(dian)4h后，電(dian)池電(dian)壓應上升到43.2V（常(chang)溫），容量已達(da)75%以上；（11）減流(liu)(liu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)折電(dian)壓：常(chang)溫下43.2V，該電(dian)壓為“氣化點電(dian)壓”，即(ji)在(zai)用直流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)的情況下，此時(shi)鉛酸電(dian)池的電(dian)解液已開(kai)始大(da)量氣化。以下轉(zhuan)(zhuan)入(ru)修(xiu)補性充(chong)電(dian)階段。

4.2修補性充電階段

（1）線性減(jian)(jian)流(liu)及范圍(wei)：電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)壓上升到(dao)43.2V（常(chang)溫）時，充電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)開始減(jian)(jian)小，減(jian)(jian)小的速(su)率(lv)呈線性，平均充電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)從3A最終減(jian)(jian)為不(bu)小于(yu)0.3A，或(huo)峰值充電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)從約(yue)10A減(jian)(jian)為1A；

（2）充(chong)電(dian)(dian)頻率變化范圍：線性減流(liu)時，隨著充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)減小，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)頻率開始上升，其(qi)變化范圍為25-100kHz；

（3）充電終止電壓：參見表1列出的“恒壓充電電壓”，該電壓相當于“氣化點電壓”加約1.2V，當電池電壓上升至該電壓時，充電器終止充電；

（4）重起(qi)動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)：參見表1列出(chu)的“浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)”，終止充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)下(xia)(xia)降，當降至(zhi)重起(qi)動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)時，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器將(jiang)(jiang)再(zai)次起(qi)動將(jiang)(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)到充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，而(er)后充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終止，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)再(zai)次下(xia)(xia)降，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)將(jiang)(jiang)循環反重地進行(xing)下(xia)(xia)去；

（5）, , 充電(dian)(dian)(dian)終(zhong)止時(shi)(shi)間：終(zhong)止充電(dian)(dian)(dian)后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓下降的時(shi)(shi)間起先較快，約(yue)幾秒鐘(zhong)(zhong)，隨(sui)著時(shi)(shi)間推移，終(zhong)止充電(dian)(dian)(dian)的時(shi)(shi)間會越來越長(chang)，可達幾分鐘(zhong)(zhong)以上；

（6）修補性充電的延續時間：4h以上(shang)不限。