應用比較(jiao)廣泛快(kuai)速(su)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)管理芯片(pian)基本上有(you)兩(liang)種(zhong)類型。一種(zhong)是單片(pian)機，另一種(zhong)是快(kuai)速(su)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)管理專(zhuan)用集成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路。成(cheng)都國騰微電(dian)(dian)子有(you)限公司成(cheng)功(gong)開發出(chu)一款(kuan)鎳(nie)氫/鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)(dian)池(chi)快(kuai)速(su)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)智(zhi)能管理芯片(pian)――GM6801。該芯片(pian)外(wai)部管腳控(kong)制功(gong)能可編程(cheng)，無需(xu)外(wai)部控(kong)制器支持，使(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)檢測(ce)控(kong)制完全自動(dong)化，所需(xu)外(wai)圍器件少，應用設計簡單。

GM6801應用方(fang)案優勢(shi)

   GM6801是(shi)快(kuai)速充電管(guan)理(li)專(zhuan)(zhuan)用集成電路。與單片(pian)機相比(bi)，由專(zhuan)(zhuan)用集成電路實現快(kuai)速充電管(guan)理(li)優(you)勢主要體現在幾個方面：

1. 專用集成電(dian)路在硬件中(zhong)集成了對快速(su)充電(dian)管理(li)全部算法，無需開發控(kong)制軟件，從而有(you)效縮(suo)短產品設(she)計(ji)周期，簡化設(she)計(ji)流程，所需外(wai)圍器件少(shao)，使應用設(she)計(ji)變(bian)得(de)簡單(dan)；

2. 采用單片機實現中高端快速充電器時，對單片機有較高要(yao)(yao)求，比(bi)如(ru)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)較多I/O口，需(xu)要(yao)(yao)自帶AD等，還要(yao)(yao)開發相關(guan)軟(ruan)件，這樣采用單片機所需(xu)成本往往較高；

3. 專用集(ji)成電(dian)(dian)路可以實現對快(kuai)速充(chong)電(dian)(dian)過(guo)程精確控制，比如GM6801就采用了帶瞬間放電(dian)(dian)過(guo)程脈沖充(chong)電(dian)(dian)形式。這樣可以在快(kuai)速充(chong)電(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中及時(shi)消(xiao)除(chu)大電(dian)(dian)流造成電(dian)(dian)極化效應，使電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)效果更佳；

4. 由于快速充電器涉及(ji)安全問題，專用(yong)集成電路良好一致性和穩定性相(xiang)對普通單(dan)片(pian)機來(lai)說(shuo)更具優勢。

   此外，GM6801本身采用一些(xie)個(ge)性化(hua)設計：GM6801內置10位AD轉換(huan)器，可(ke)以實時采集(ji)每(mei)節(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和(he)溫(wen)度信息，自帶(dai)“Condition fit”功能能夠(gou)避(bi)免環境變(bian)化(hua)帶(dai)來干擾，保(bao)證對快速充電(dian)(dian)(dian)/放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程檢測判斷(duan)準確可(ke)靠(kao)。GM6801對每(mei)節(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)(dian)/放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程檢測判斷(duan)方(fang)法有電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)負增長(chang)(-ΔV)、最大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、最大(da)(da)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時間(jian)、最高溫(wen)度四種方(fang)式，通過(guo)(guo)多參數評估來進行綜合(he)判斷(duan)，以確保(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池被最大(da)(da)化(hua)充滿，同時避(bi)免過(guo)(guo)充，從而延長(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池使用壽命。

   GM6801自動(dong)判斷(duan)電(dian)池(chi)有效性(xing)、自動(dong)識(shi)別電(dian)池(chi)種類，具備(bei)超溫保護和最大充(chong)電(dian)時間保護，保證了充(chong)電(dian)過程安全(quan)性(xing)。更完善功能包括：可直(zhi)(zhi)接驅動(dong)4個(ge)雙色LED顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)各個(ge)電(dian)池(chi)狀態；可對充(chong)電(dian)/放(fang)電(dian)狀態進行聲音提示(shi)；在高(gao)溫情(qing)況下可以自動(dong)啟(qi)動(dong)風扇；具備(bei)充(chong)電(dian)/放(fang)電(dian)狀態數據輸出功能，可直(zhi)(zhi)觀顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)各個(ge)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)量。

GM6801解決方案設計

   GM6801應用方案如圖1所示，設計第(di)一步需要確定(ding)智能快(kuai)速(su)(su)充(chong)電(dian)器電(dian)源電(dian)流。根據充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)池容量以(yi)及想(xiang)要達到充(chong)電(dian)速(su)(su)度，可以(yi)計算出快(kuai)速(su)(su)充(chong)電(dian)器電(dian)源電(dian)流值。

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圖1：GM6801應用方案示意圖

   例如，設計一個針對2,000mAh充電電池充電器，若需要把充滿兩節電池最大時間控制在90分鐘以內，那么根據GM6801數據手冊中相關參數可以確定充電時間為1C，由此確定平均充電電流I_C=2,000mA。放電電流I_dischg由放電回路電阻值確定，假定放電電流I_DISCHG≈1,000mA，再根(gen)據(ju)GM6801數據(ju)手冊中計算公式可以推算出充電器電源(yuan)實際電流值(zhi)為：

I_CHG＝(I_C I_DISCHG/32)×(64/31)＝(2,000mA 1,000mA/32)×(64/31)≈4,200mA。

   即設計充電器時，充電器電源(yuan)電流(liu)值應該(gai)設計成等于(yu)或(huo)略大于(yu)4,200mA。另外需要強(qiang)調是，選擇(ze)熱(re)敏電阻(zu)非常重要。

   熱(re)(re)敏(min)(min)(min)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)是GM6801應用(yong)系統中(zhong)采(cai)集溫(wen)度關鍵元件。在GM6801應用(yong)電(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)，熱(re)(re)敏(min)(min)(min)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)必須直接(jie)或通過導熱(re)(re)材(cai)料與被測電(dian)池(chi)緊密接(jie)觸。熱(re)(re)敏(min)(min)(min)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)B值(zhi)=3,300K，熱(re)(re)敏(min)(min)(min)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)值(zhi)根據(ju)應用(yong)電(dian)路(lu)確(que)定，按照(zhao)GM6801數據(ju)手冊中(zhong)提供應用(yong)電(dian)路(lu)(如圖2所示)，熱(re)(re)敏(min)(min)(min)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(RT)與一(yi)個電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(R)串(chuan)聯，電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)另一(yi)端連接(jie) 5V電(dian)源(Vi)，熱(re)(re)敏(min)(min)(min)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)另一(yi)端接(jie)地，熱(re)(re)敏(min)(min)(min)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)與電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)連接(jie)點引出反應溫(wen)度變化電(dian)壓采(cai)樣信息(Vt)。

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圖2：GM6801應用方案中熱敏電阻應用電路示意圖

   要求在(zai)不同溫度點(dian)采(cai)集到電(dian)(dian)壓Vt值(zhi)與GM6801數(shu)據手(shou)冊中提供數(shu)據基本(ben)一致(zhi)，這樣才能保證由該熱敏電(dian)(dian)阻網(wang)絡采(cai)集到電(dian)(dian)池溫度信息與設(she)計(ji)中溫度刻度一致(zhi)。推薦RT和(he)R標稱值(zhi)都采(cai)用27kΩ(25℃時)。

   接下來(lai)，需要完成(cheng)一些控制引(yin)腳和(he)輸(shu)入輸(shu)出(chu)引(yin)腳設定(ding)。

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圖3：GM6801控制部分應用電路圖

   如圖3所示，在GM6801應用電路中，鎳氫/鎳鎘電池選擇引腳(NH/ND)與一個外部開關連接，通過開關選擇該引腳接高電平或低電平來決定充電電池類型，低電平為鎳氫，高電平為鎳鎘，當該引腳狀態改變時，同時具有復位功能；充電/放電選擇引腳(CHG/DISCHG)與一個外部開關連接，通過開關選擇該引腳接高電平或低電平來決定充電或放電，低電平為充電，高電平為放電；充電時間選擇引腳(CHGTIME0/CHGTIME1)分別與外部電路連接，通過設定該引腳接高電平或低電平，由CHGTIME0/CHGTIME1兩個引腳狀態決定充電時間(即C值)。 
  

   GM6801系列(lie)QFP44封裝(zhuang)芯片采用(yong)四路(lu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)/放電(dian)(dian)回路(lu)獨立控制(zhi)，可對最多4節不同型(xing)號、容(rong)量接近鎳氫(qing)/鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)池任(ren)意組合進行并聯充(chong)電(dian)(dian)/放電(dian)(dian)管理(li)。如圖4所示，在(zai)應用(yong)于四路(lu)并聯充(chong)電(dian)(dian)/放電(dian)(dian)控制(zhi)方式時，GM6801VCC和Vref通常接 5V，其中Vref要求(qiu)加(jia)10uF旁(pang)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)增加(jia)穩定性。工作時鐘選(xuan)用(yong)32.768kHz無源晶振。

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圖4：GM6801應用于四路并聯充電/放電管理方案輸入輸出部分電路圖

   GM6801分(fen)別(bie)(bie)提供充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)、放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓采(cai)集(ji)(ji)輸(shu)(shu)入、風扇(shan)驅(qu)動(dong)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)、蜂鳴(ming)器(qi)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)、雙色(se)(se)LED控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)以(yi)及串行數據(ju)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)，這(zhe)些(xie)功(gong)能管腳(jiao)定義和功(gong)能分(fen)別(bie)(bie)為(wei)：充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(CHGCTRL1~4)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)有效(xiao)(xiao)，控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)對應充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)回(hui)路(lu)開(kai)關(guan)打(da)開(kai)或關(guan)閉；放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(DISCHG1~4)低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)有效(xiao)(xiao)，控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)對應放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)回(hui)路(lu)開(kai)關(guan)打(da)開(kai)或關(guan)閉；電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓采(cai)集(ji)(ji)輸(shu)(shu)入口(CELVOLT1~4)分(fen)別(bie)(bie)與(yu)(yu)(yu)四路(lu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)回(hui)路(lu)中(zhong)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)正極(ji)相(xiang)連(lian)(lian)，用(yong)于(yu)采(cai)集(ji)(ji)每節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓值(zhi)；電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)溫(wen)度采(cai)集(ji)(ji)輸(shu)(shu)入口(CELTMP1~4)分(fen)別(bie)(bie)與(yu)(yu)(yu)四個(ge)(ge)(ge)溫(wen)度傳感器(qi)中(zhong)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)相(xiang)連(lian)(lian)，采(cai)集(ji)(ji)相(xiang)應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)溫(wen)度信息；風扇(shan)驅(qu)動(dong)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(FANDRV)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)有效(xiao)(xiao)，與(yu)(yu)(yu)風扇(shan)正輸(shu)(shu)入腳(jiao)相(xiang)連(lian)(lian)，在一(yi)定條(tiao)件(jian)下可(ke)直接驅(qu)動(dong)風扇(shan)；蜂鳴(ming)器(qi)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(BUZZER)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)有效(xiao)(xiao)，與(yu)(yu)(yu)蜂鳴(ming)器(qi)正輸(shu)(shu)入腳(jiao)相(xiang)連(lian)(lian)，在一(yi)定條(tiao)件(jian)下可(ke)直接驅(qu)動(dong)蜂鳴(ming)器(qi)；顯(xian)示電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)/放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態(tai)雙色(se)(se)LED控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(LED1A/LED1B~LED4A/LED4B)低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)有效(xiao)(xiao)，其中(zhong)LED1A~4A分(fen)別(bie)(bie)與(yu)(yu)(yu)四個(ge)(ge)(ge)雙色(se)(se)LED紅(hong)色(se)(se)極(ji)陰極(ji)相(xiang)連(lian)(lian)，LED1B~4B分(fen)別(bie)(bie)與(yu)(yu)(yu)四個(ge)(ge)(ge)雙色(se)(se)LED綠色(se)(se)極(ji)陰極(ji)相(xiang)連(lian)(lian)，這(zhe)四個(ge)(ge)(ge)雙色(se)(se)LED采(cai)用(yong)共陽極(ji)方(fang)式(shi)；串行數據(ju)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)引腳(jiao)(SERIES_OUT)以(yi)串行數據(ju)方(fang)式(shi)實時送出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)信息，用(yong)于(yu)直觀顯(xian)示電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)。

   GM6801系列QFP44封裝芯片(pian)也(ye)可以對串聯電(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)充電(dian)/放電(dian)管理(li)。在針對串聯電(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)充電(dian)/放電(dian)控制(zhi)時(shi)，只需要GM6801其中(zhong)一路(lu)充電(dian)/放電(dian)控制(zhi)回路(lu)即可實現。

   例如：設定對一個四節電(dian)(dian)池串聯電(dian)(dian)池組(zu)進行充電(dian)(dian)/放電(dian)(dian)，采(cai)用GM6801第一個控制回(hui)路進行充電(dian)(dian)/放電(dian)(dian)管(guan)理。

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圖5：GM6801應用于串聯電池組充電/放電管理方案輸入輸出部分電路圖

   應用(yong)方(fang)案(an)如(ru)圖5所(suo)示，在針對串(chuan)(chuan)聯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)(zu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)/放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)理(li)方(fang)案(an)中，GM6801控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)引(yin)(yin)腳和輸(shu)(shu)入輸(shu)(shu)出引(yin)(yin)腳設定與(yu)并聯充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)/放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)理(li)不同之(zhi)處為：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)采集(ji)輸(shu)(shu)入口(kou)(這(zhe)里(li)取CELVOLT1)通(tong)過(guo)一(yi)個分壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)與(yu)串(chuan)(chuan)聯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)(zu)正極(ji)相(xiang)連，串(chuan)(chuan)聯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)值經過(guo)分壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)把相(xiang)當(dang)于一(yi)節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)值送到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)采集(ji)輸(shu)(shu)入口(kou)(CELVOLT1)；原(yuan)來(lai)為了實(shi)現自動(dong)判斷充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)/放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)回路(lu)是(shi)否有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)而(er)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)采集(ji)輸(shu)(shu)入口(kou)(CELVOLT1)之(zhi)前加 5V上(shang)拉電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)不再適用(yong)，去掉該(gai)上(shang)拉電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)后，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)/放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)(kai)始由芯(xin)片使能開(kai)(kai)關控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)，當(dang)芯(xin)片使能開(kai)(kai)關接通(tong)地電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(GND)時，開(kai)(kai)始充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)/放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)/放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程管(guan)理(li)及控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)由GM6801自動(dong)完成。當(dang)芯(xin)片使能開(kai)(kai)關接通(tong) 5V時，芯(xin)片停止工(gong)作。