應用(yong)比較廣泛(fan)快(kuai)(kuai)速充電(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)芯片基本上有兩種類(lei)型。一種是單片機，另一種是快(kuai)(kuai)速充電(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)專用(yong)集成電(dian)(dian)(dian)路。成都(dou)國騰微電(dian)(dian)(dian)子有限公(gong)司(si)成功開(kai)發出一款鎳(nie)(nie)氫(qing)/鎳(nie)(nie)鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)快(kuai)(kuai)速充電(dian)(dian)(dian)智能管(guan)(guan)理(li)芯片――GM6801。該芯片外部(bu)管(guan)(guan)腳控制(zhi)功能可(ke)編程(cheng)，無(wu)需外部(bu)控制(zhi)器(qi)支持，使充電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)檢測控制(zhi)完全自動化，所(suo)需外圍器(qi)件少，應用(yong)設(she)計簡(jian)單。

GM6801應用方案優勢

   GM6801是快速(su)(su)充電管理專用(yong)集成(cheng)電路(lu)(lu)。與單(dan)片機相比，由專用(yong)集成(cheng)電路(lu)(lu)實(shi)現(xian)快速(su)(su)充電管理優勢(shi)主(zhu)要體現(xian)在幾個方面：

1. 專用集(ji)成(cheng)電路(lu)在硬件(jian)中(zhong)集(ji)成(cheng)了對快速充電管理全部(bu)算法，無(wu)需(xu)開(kai)發控制(zhi)軟件(jian)，從而有效縮短(duan)產品(pin)設計周期，簡(jian)化設計流程(cheng)，所(suo)需(xu)外(wai)圍器(qi)件(jian)少(shao)，使應(ying)用設計變得簡(jian)單；

2. 采用單片機實現中高端快速充電器時，對單片機(ji)有較(jiao)高要(yao)(yao)求，比如需要(yao)(yao)較(jiao)多I/O口，需要(yao)(yao)自帶AD等(deng)，還要(yao)(yao)開發相(xiang)關軟(ruan)件，這樣采用單片機(ji)所需成本往(wang)往(wang)較(jiao)高；

3. 專用(yong)集成電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)可以實現對快(kuai)速充電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)精確控制，比如GM6801就采(cai)用(yong)了帶瞬間放電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)脈沖充電(dian)(dian)(dian)形式。這樣可以在快(kuai)速充電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)中及時(shi)消除大電(dian)(dian)(dian)流造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)極化效應，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)效果(guo)更佳；

4. 由于快速充電器涉及安全問(wen)題，專用集(ji)成電路良好一致性和穩(wen)定性相對普通單片機來說更具優勢。

   此外，GM6801本身采用一(yi)些個性化(hua)(hua)設計：GM6801內置10位AD轉換器，可以實時(shi)采集每節電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)壓和溫度信息，自帶(dai)“Condition fit”功能能夠(gou)避免環境(jing)變化(hua)(hua)帶(dai)來(lai)干(gan)擾，保證對快速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)/放(fang)電(dian)過(guo)程檢(jian)測判(pan)斷(duan)準確(que)可靠。GM6801對每節電(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)/放(fang)電(dian)過(guo)程檢(jian)測判(pan)斷(duan)方(fang)法有電(dian)壓負增長(chang)(-ΔV)、最大電(dian)壓、最大充(chong)(chong)電(dian)時(shi)間、最高溫度四種方(fang)式，通過(guo)多參(can)數評估來(lai)進(jin)行綜合判(pan)斷(duan)，以確(que)保電(dian)池(chi)被最大化(hua)(hua)充(chong)(chong)滿，同(tong)時(shi)避免過(guo)充(chong)(chong)，從而延長(chang)電(dian)池(chi)使用壽命(ming)。

   GM6801自(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)判斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)有效性(xing)、自(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)識(shi)別電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)種類(lei)，具備超溫保(bao)護和(he)最大充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時間保(bao)護，保(bao)證了充電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)安全性(xing)。更完善(shan)功(gong)能(neng)包括：可(ke)直接驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)4個(ge)雙(shuang)色LED顯示(shi)各個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)狀態(tai)；可(ke)對充電(dian)(dian)(dian)/放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態(tai)進行聲音(yin)提示(shi)；在高溫情況下可(ke)以(yi)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)風扇(shan)；具備充電(dian)(dian)(dian)/放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態(tai)數據(ju)輸出(chu)功(gong)能(neng)，可(ke)直觀(guan)顯示(shi)各個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量。

GM6801解決方(fang)案設計

   GM6801應用方案如圖1所示，設計第一步需(xu)要(yao)確定(ding)智能快速(su)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流。根據充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池容量以及想要(yao)達到充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)度，可(ke)以計算出快速(su)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流值。

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圖1：GM6801應用方案示意圖

   例如，設計一個針對2,000mAh充電電池充電器，若需要把充滿兩節電池最大時間控制在90分鐘以內，那么根據GM6801數據手冊中相關參數可以確定充電時間為1C，由此確定平均充電電流I_C=2,000mA。放電電流I_dischg由放電回路電阻值確定，假定放電電流I_DISCHG≈1,000mA，再(zai)根據GM6801數據手冊(ce)中計算公式可以推算出充電(dian)器電(dian)源實際電(dian)流值為(wei)：

I_CHG＝(I_C I_DISCHG/32)×(64/31)＝(2,000mA 1,000mA/32)×(64/31)≈4,200mA。

   即設(she)計充電(dian)器(qi)時(shi)，充電(dian)器(qi)電(dian)源電(dian)流(liu)值(zhi)應該設(she)計成等于(yu)(yu)或略大(da)于(yu)(yu)4,200mA。另外需要強調是，選擇熱敏電(dian)阻非常重(zhong)要。

   熱(re)(re)(re)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)是GM6801應(ying)用(yong)(yong)系統(tong)中采集溫度關(guan)鍵元件(jian)。在GM6801應(ying)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中，熱(re)(re)(re)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)必須(xu)直接(jie)或通過導熱(re)(re)(re)材(cai)料與被測電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)緊(jin)密接(jie)觸。熱(re)(re)(re)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)B值(zhi)=3,300K，熱(re)(re)(re)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)值(zhi)根據應(ying)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)確(que)定，按照GM6801數據手冊中提供應(ying)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(如圖(tu)2所示)，熱(re)(re)(re)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(RT)與一個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(R)串聯，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)另一端(duan)連接(jie) 5V電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(Vi)，熱(re)(re)(re)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)另一端(duan)接(jie)地，熱(re)(re)(re)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)連接(jie)點引出反應(ying)溫度變(bian)化(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓采樣信息(Vt)。

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圖2：GM6801應用方案中熱敏電阻應用電路示意圖

   要(yao)求(qiu)在不同溫度(du)(du)(du)點采(cai)集到(dao)電壓Vt值與GM6801數(shu)據手冊中提供數(shu)據基本一(yi)致，這(zhe)樣才能保(bao)證由該熱敏電阻網絡采(cai)集到(dao)電池溫度(du)(du)(du)信息(xi)與設計(ji)中溫度(du)(du)(du)刻(ke)度(du)(du)(du)一(yi)致。推薦RT和R標稱值都采(cai)用27kΩ(25℃時)。

   接下來，需要完成一些控制引腳和輸(shu)入輸(shu)出引腳設定。

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圖3：GM6801控制部分應用電路圖

   如圖3所示，在GM6801應用電路中，鎳氫/鎳鎘電池選擇引腳(NH/ND)與一個外部開關連接，通過開關選擇該引腳接高電平或低電平來決定充電電池類型，低電平為鎳氫，高電平為鎳鎘，當該引腳狀態改變時，同時具有復位功能；充電/放電選擇引腳(CHG/DISCHG)與一個外部開關連接，通過開關選擇該引腳接高電平或低電平來決定充電或放電，低電平為充電，高電平為放電；充電時間選擇引腳(CHGTIME0/CHGTIME1)分別與外部電路連接，通過設定該引腳接高電平或低電平，由CHGTIME0/CHGTIME1兩個引腳狀態決定充電時間(即C值)。 
  

   GM6801系列QFP44封裝(zhuang)芯(xin)片采用四路(lu)(lu)充(chong)電(dian)/放電(dian)回路(lu)(lu)獨立(li)控制，可對最(zui)多4節不同型(xing)號、容量接近鎳氫(qing)/鎳鎘電(dian)池(chi)任意組合進行并(bing)聯充(chong)電(dian)/放電(dian)管(guan)理。如圖(tu)4所示，在應用于四路(lu)(lu)并(bing)聯充(chong)電(dian)/放電(dian)控制方式時，GM6801VCC和(he)Vref通常接 5V，其中Vref要求加10uF旁(pang)路(lu)(lu)電(dian)容增加穩定性(xing)。工作時鐘選用32.768kHz無源晶振(zhen)。

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圖4：GM6801應用于四路并聯充電/放電管理方案輸入輸出部分電路圖

   GM6801分別(bie)提(ti)供充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)控(kong)制輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)、放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)控(kong)制輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)采(cai)集(ji)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)入、風(feng)扇(shan)驅動(dong)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)、蜂鳴(ming)(ming)器(qi)(qi)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)、雙色(se)LED控(kong)制輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)以(yi)及(ji)串行數(shu)據輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)，這些功能(neng)管腳(jiao)定(ding)義(yi)和功能(neng)分別(bie)為：充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)控(kong)制輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(CHGCTRL1~4)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)(ping)有(you)效，控(kong)制對應充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)回(hui)(hui)路開關打開或(huo)關閉；放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)控(kong)制輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(DISCHG1~4)低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)(ping)有(you)效，控(kong)制對應放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)回(hui)(hui)路開關打開或(huo)關閉；電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)采(cai)集(ji)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)入口(kou)(CELVOLT1~4)分別(bie)與(yu)(yu)(yu)四(si)路充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)回(hui)(hui)路中(zhong)一(yi)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)相(xiang)(xiang)連(lian)(lian)，用(yong)于(yu)采(cai)集(ji)每(mei)節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)值；電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)溫度采(cai)集(ji)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)入口(kou)(CELTMP1~4)分別(bie)與(yu)(yu)(yu)四(si)個溫度傳感器(qi)(qi)中(zhong)一(yi)個相(xiang)(xiang)連(lian)(lian)，采(cai)集(ji)相(xiang)(xiang)應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)溫度信息(xi)；風(feng)扇(shan)驅動(dong)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(FANDRV)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)(ping)有(you)效，與(yu)(yu)(yu)風(feng)扇(shan)正(zheng)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)入腳(jiao)相(xiang)(xiang)連(lian)(lian)，在一(yi)定(ding)條件下可(ke)直接驅動(dong)風(feng)扇(shan)；蜂鳴(ming)(ming)器(qi)(qi)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(BUZZER)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)(ping)有(you)效，與(yu)(yu)(yu)蜂鳴(ming)(ming)器(qi)(qi)正(zheng)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)入腳(jiao)相(xiang)(xiang)連(lian)(lian)，在一(yi)定(ding)條件下可(ke)直接驅動(dong)蜂鳴(ming)(ming)器(qi)(qi)；顯(xian)示電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)/放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態(tai)雙色(se)LED控(kong)制輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(LED1A/LED1B~LED4A/LED4B)低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)(ping)有(you)效，其中(zhong)LED1A~4A分別(bie)與(yu)(yu)(yu)四(si)個雙色(se)LED紅色(se)極(ji)(ji)陰極(ji)(ji)相(xiang)(xiang)連(lian)(lian)，LED1B~4B分別(bie)與(yu)(yu)(yu)四(si)個雙色(se)LED綠色(se)極(ji)(ji)陰極(ji)(ji)相(xiang)(xiang)連(lian)(lian)，這四(si)個雙色(se)LED采(cai)用(yong)共陽極(ji)(ji)方式(shi)；串行數(shu)據輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)引(yin)腳(jiao)(SERIES_OUT)以(yi)串行數(shu)據方式(shi)實時送出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量信息(xi)，用(yong)于(yu)直觀顯(xian)示電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量。

   GM6801系(xi)列QFP44封裝芯片也可以對(dui)串(chuan)聯(lian)(lian)電(dian)(dian)池組進行(xing)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)/放電(dian)(dian)管(guan)理。在(zai)針對(dui)串(chuan)聯(lian)(lian)電(dian)(dian)池組進行(xing)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)/放電(dian)(dian)控制時，只需(xu)要GM6801其中一路(lu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)/放電(dian)(dian)控制回路(lu)即(ji)可實現。

   例如：設定(ding)對一(yi)個四節電(dian)池串(chuan)聯電(dian)池組進行充電(dian)/放電(dian)，采用GM6801第一(yi)個控制回路進行充電(dian)/放電(dian)管理(li)。

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圖5：GM6801應用于串聯電池組充電/放電管理方案輸入輸出部分電路圖

   應用(yong)(yong)方(fang)案如圖(tu)5所示，在針對串(chuan)聯電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)/放電(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)理方(fang)案中，GM6801控制引腳和輸(shu)入輸(shu)出引腳設定與(yu)并聯充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)/放電(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)理不(bu)同之處(chu)為(wei)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)采集(ji)輸(shu)入口(這里(li)取CELVOLT1)通(tong)(tong)過一個分壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)與(yu)串(chuan)聯電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)正(zheng)極相連(lian)，串(chuan)聯電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)值(zhi)經過分壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)把(ba)相當(dang)于一節電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)值(zhi)送(song)到電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)采集(ji)輸(shu)入口(CELVOLT1)；原來為(wei)了實現(xian)自(zi)動判斷充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)/放電(dian)(dian)(dian)回路(lu)是否有電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)而在電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)采集(ji)輸(shu)入口(CELVOLT1)之前加(jia) 5V上拉電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)不(bu)再適用(yong)(yong)，去掉該上拉電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)后(hou)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)/放電(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)始由芯片(pian)使能(neng)開(kai)關控制，當(dang)芯片(pian)使能(neng)開(kai)關接通(tong)(tong)地電(dian)(dian)(dian)位(GND)時，開(kai)始充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)/放電(dian)(dian)(dian)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)/放電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程管(guan)理及控制由GM6801自(zi)動完成。當(dang)芯片(pian)使能(neng)開(kai)關接通(tong)(tong) 5V時，芯片(pian)停止工(gong)作。