應用(yong)比較廣泛快速(su)充(chong)(chong)電管(guan)理(li)芯片(pian)基(ji)本上有(you)兩種類型。一(yi)種是單片(pian)機，另一(yi)種是快速(su)充(chong)(chong)電管(guan)理(li)專用(yong)集成電路。成都國(guo)騰微電子有(you)限(xian)公司成功開發出一(yi)款鎳(nie)氫/鎳(nie)鎘電池快速(su)充(chong)(chong)電智能(neng)管(guan)理(li)芯片(pian)――GM6801。該芯片(pian)外部管(guan)腳控制(zhi)功能(neng)可編程，無需(xu)外部控制(zhi)器支持(chi)，使充(chong)(chong)電過程檢測(ce)控制(zhi)完全自動化，所需(xu)外圍器件少(shao)，應用(yong)設(she)計(ji)簡單。

GM6801應用方案(an)優勢

   GM6801是快速充電管理專(zhuan)用集成電路。與(yu)單(dan)片(pian)機(ji)相(xiang)比(bi)，由(you)專(zhuan)用集成電路實現快速充電管理優勢主(zhu)要體(ti)現在幾個方面：

1. 專用集成電路在硬(ying)件中集成了對快(kuai)速充電管理全部算法，無(wu)需(xu)開發(fa)控制(zhi)軟件，從(cong)而有效縮(suo)短(duan)產品設計周期，簡(jian)(jian)化(hua)設計流程，所需(xu)外圍器件少，使應用設計變得簡(jian)(jian)單；

2. 采用單片機實現中高端快速充電器時，對單片機有較(jiao)高(gao)要求，比如需要較(jiao)多I/O口(kou)，需要自(zi)帶(dai)AD等，還要開發相關軟(ruan)件(jian)，這樣(yang)采用單片機所需成本往往較(jiao)高(gao)；

3. 專用集成電(dian)路可(ke)以實(shi)現對(dui)快速充電(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)精確(que)控制，比如GM6801就采用了帶瞬間放電(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)脈沖充電(dian)形式。這樣(yang)可(ke)以在快速充電(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)及時(shi)消除大(da)電(dian)流(liu)造成電(dian)極(ji)化效(xiao)應，使電(dian)池充電(dian)效(xiao)果更佳；

4. 由于快速充電器涉(she)及安全(quan)問題，專(zhuan)用集成(cheng)電路(lu)良好一(yi)致性和穩定性相(xiang)對普通單片機(ji)來說更具(ju)優勢。

   此外(wai)，GM6801本身采用一些個性化設計：GM6801內(nei)置10位AD轉換器(qi)，可以(yi)(yi)實(shi)時采集每節電(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)壓(ya)和溫度信息，自帶“Condition fit”功能能夠避(bi)免環境變化帶來干擾(rao)，保(bao)證對快速充電(dian)/放電(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)檢(jian)測判(pan)斷準確(que)可靠。GM6801對每節電(dian)池(chi)(chi)充電(dian)/放電(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)檢(jian)測判(pan)斷方法有電(dian)壓(ya)負增長(-ΔV)、最大(da)電(dian)壓(ya)、最大(da)充電(dian)時間、最高溫度四種(zhong)方式，通過(guo)多參數評估來進行綜合判(pan)斷，以(yi)(yi)確(que)保(bao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)被最大(da)化充滿，同時避(bi)免過(guo)充，從而延(yan)長電(dian)池(chi)(chi)使用壽命。

   GM6801自(zi)動判斷電(dian)池有效(xiao)性、自(zi)動識別電(dian)池種類(lei)，具備超(chao)溫保護(hu)和最大(da)充電(dian)時間保護(hu)，保證了(le)充電(dian)過(guo)程安全性。更完善功(gong)(gong)能(neng)包括(kuo)：可(ke)直(zhi)(zhi)接驅(qu)動4個雙色LED顯(xian)示各個電(dian)池狀態；可(ke)對充電(dian)/放電(dian)狀態進行聲音(yin)提示；在高溫情況下可(ke)以自(zi)動啟(qi)動風(feng)扇；具備充電(dian)/放電(dian)狀態數(shu)據輸出(chu)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)，可(ke)直(zhi)(zhi)觀顯(xian)示各個電(dian)池電(dian)量。

GM6801解決方(fang)案設計

   GM6801應用方案如(ru)圖1所(suo)示，設計第一步需要(yao)確定智能快速充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)器電(dian)源電(dian)流。根(gen)據充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)池(chi)容量以及想要(yao)達到充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)速度，可(ke)以計算出快速充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)器電(dian)源電(dian)流值。

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圖1：GM6801應用方案示意圖

   例如，設計一個針對2,000mAh充電電池充電器，若需要把充滿兩節電池最大時間控制在90分鐘以內，那么根據GM6801數據手冊中相關參數可以確定充電時間為1C，由此確定平均充電電流I_C=2,000mA。放電電流I_dischg由放電回路電阻值確定，假定放電電流I_DISCHG≈1,000mA，再根(gen)據GM6801數據手冊中計算(suan)公(gong)式可以(yi)推算(suan)出充電(dian)器(qi)電(dian)源實(shi)際電(dian)流(liu)值(zhi)為：

I_CHG＝(I_C I_DISCHG/32)×(64/31)＝(2,000mA 1,000mA/32)×(64/31)≈4,200mA。

   即設(she)計充電器(qi)時，充電器(qi)電源電流值(zhi)應該設(she)計成等于或略(lve)大于4,200mA。另外需(xu)要強調是，選擇熱敏電阻(zu)非常重(zhong)要。

   熱敏(min)(min)(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)是GM6801應用(yong)(yong)系統(tong)中采集溫(wen)度(du)關鍵元件。在GM6801應用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中，熱敏(min)(min)(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)必須(xu)直接(jie)(jie)或通(tong)過導(dao)熱材(cai)料(liao)與(yu)被測電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池緊密接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)。熱敏(min)(min)(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)B值=3,300K，熱敏(min)(min)(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)值根據應用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)確定(ding)，按照GM6801數據手冊中提供應用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(如圖(tu)2所示)，熱敏(min)(min)(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(RT)與(yu)一個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(R)串聯，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)另一端連(lian)接(jie)(jie) 5V電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(Vi)，熱敏(min)(min)(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)另一端接(jie)(jie)地(di)，熱敏(min)(min)(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)點引出(chu)反(fan)應溫(wen)度(du)變化電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓采樣信息(Vt)。

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圖2：GM6801應用方案中熱敏電阻應用電路示意圖

   要求在不同溫(wen)度點采集(ji)到電(dian)(dian)壓Vt值(zhi)與(yu)GM6801數(shu)(shu)據手冊中提供數(shu)(shu)據基(ji)本一致，這(zhe)樣(yang)才能保證由該熱(re)敏電(dian)(dian)阻網絡采集(ji)到電(dian)(dian)池溫(wen)度信息(xi)與(yu)設計(ji)中溫(wen)度刻度一致。推薦RT和R標(biao)稱值(zhi)都采用27kΩ(25℃時(shi))。

   接下來(lai)，需要(yao)完成(cheng)一(yi)些控(kong)制引腳和(he)輸入輸出(chu)引腳設定。

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圖3：GM6801控制部分應用電路圖

   如圖3所示，在GM6801應用電路中，鎳氫/鎳鎘電池選擇引腳(NH/ND)與一個外部開關連接，通過開關選擇該引腳接高電平或低電平來決定充電電池類型，低電平為鎳氫，高電平為鎳鎘，當該引腳狀態改變時，同時具有復位功能；充電/放電選擇引腳(CHG/DISCHG)與一個外部開關連接，通過開關選擇該引腳接高電平或低電平來決定充電或放電，低電平為充電，高電平為放電；充電時間選擇引腳(CHGTIME0/CHGTIME1)分別與外部電路連接，通過設定該引腳接高電平或低電平，由CHGTIME0/CHGTIME1兩個引腳狀態決定充電時間(即C值)。 
  

   GM6801系(xi)列QFP44封裝(zhuang)芯(xin)片采用四(si)路(lu)(lu)(lu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)/放電(dian)(dian)(dian)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)獨立控制(zhi)(zhi)，可對最多4節不同型號(hao)、容量(liang)接(jie)近鎳氫/鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)池任(ren)意組合進行并聯(lian)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)/放電(dian)(dian)(dian)管理。如圖(tu)4所(suo)示，在應用于四(si)路(lu)(lu)(lu)并聯(lian)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)/放電(dian)(dian)(dian)控制(zhi)(zhi)方式(shi)時，GM6801VCC和Vref通常接(jie) 5V，其(qi)中Vref要(yao)求加(jia)10uF旁路(lu)(lu)(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容增加(jia)穩定(ding)性。工作(zuo)時鐘選用32.768kHz無源晶(jing)振。

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圖4：GM6801應用于四路并聯充電/放電管理方案輸入輸出部分電路圖

   GM6801分別(bie)提供充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)控(kong)制(zhi)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)、放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)控(kong)制(zhi)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓采(cai)集輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)入、風(feng)(feng)扇驅(qu)動輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)、蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)鳴(ming)器輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)、雙(shuang)(shuang)色(se)LED控(kong)制(zhi)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)以(yi)及(ji)串(chuan)行數據(ju)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)，這些(xie)功(gong)能(neng)管腳定(ding)義和功(gong)能(neng)分別(bie)為(wei)：充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)控(kong)制(zhi)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(CHGCTRL1~4)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)(ping)有(you)(you)效，控(kong)制(zhi)對應(ying)(ying)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)回路(lu)開(kai)關(guan)打(da)(da)開(kai)或(huo)(huo)關(guan)閉；放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)控(kong)制(zhi)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(DISCHG1~4)低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)(ping)有(you)(you)效，控(kong)制(zhi)對應(ying)(ying)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)回路(lu)開(kai)關(guan)打(da)(da)開(kai)或(huo)(huo)關(guan)閉；電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓采(cai)集輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)入口(CELVOLT1~4)分別(bie)與(yu)(yu)(yu)四(si)路(lu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)回路(lu)中一(yi)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)正極相(xiang)(xiang)連(lian)，用于采(cai)集每節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓值；電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)溫度采(cai)集輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)入口(CELTMP1~4)分別(bie)與(yu)(yu)(yu)四(si)個(ge)溫度傳感器中一(yi)個(ge)相(xiang)(xiang)連(lian)，采(cai)集相(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)溫度信(xin)息；風(feng)(feng)扇驅(qu)動輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(FANDRV)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)(ping)有(you)(you)效，與(yu)(yu)(yu)風(feng)(feng)扇正輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)入腳相(xiang)(xiang)連(lian)，在(zai)一(yi)定(ding)條(tiao)件下可直接驅(qu)動風(feng)(feng)扇；蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)鳴(ming)器輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(BUZZER)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)(ping)有(you)(you)效，與(yu)(yu)(yu)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)鳴(ming)器正輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)入腳相(xiang)(xiang)連(lian)，在(zai)一(yi)定(ding)條(tiao)件下可直接驅(qu)動蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)鳴(ming)器；顯示(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)/放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態雙(shuang)(shuang)色(se)LED控(kong)制(zhi)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(LED1A/LED1B~LED4A/LED4B)低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)(ping)有(you)(you)效，其中LED1A~4A分別(bie)與(yu)(yu)(yu)四(si)個(ge)雙(shuang)(shuang)色(se)LED紅色(se)極陰極相(xiang)(xiang)連(lian)，LED1B~4B分別(bie)與(yu)(yu)(yu)四(si)個(ge)雙(shuang)(shuang)色(se)LED綠色(se)極陰極相(xiang)(xiang)連(lian)，這四(si)個(ge)雙(shuang)(shuang)色(se)LED采(cai)用共(gong)陽極方(fang)式；串(chuan)行數據(ju)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)引腳(SERIES_OUT)以(yi)串(chuan)行數據(ju)方(fang)式實時送出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)信(xin)息，用于直觀顯示(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)。

   GM6801系列QFP44封裝芯片也(ye)可以對串(chuan)聯電(dian)池(chi)組進(jin)行充電(dian)/放(fang)電(dian)管理。在針(zhen)對串(chuan)聯電(dian)池(chi)組進(jin)行充電(dian)/放(fang)電(dian)控(kong)制(zhi)時，只需(xu)要GM6801其中一(yi)路充電(dian)/放(fang)電(dian)控(kong)制(zhi)回路即可實現。

   例如：設定對一個(ge)四節電(dian)池(chi)串聯電(dian)池(chi)組進行(xing)充(chong)電(dian)/放(fang)電(dian)，采用GM6801第(di)一個(ge)控制回(hui)路進行(xing)充(chong)電(dian)/放(fang)電(dian)管理。

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圖5：GM6801應用于串聯電池組充電/放電管理方案輸入輸出部分電路圖

   應用方(fang)案如(ru)圖5所示，在針(zhen)對串(chuan)(chuan)聯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組(zu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)/放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)(guan)理方(fang)案中，GM6801控(kong)制(zhi)引腳(jiao)和輸(shu)入輸(shu)出引腳(jiao)設(she)定與(yu)并聯充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)/放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)(guan)理不(bu)同之(zhi)處為(wei)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓采集輸(shu)入口(這里(li)取CELVOLT1)通過一個分壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路與(yu)串(chuan)(chuan)聯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組(zu)正極相連，串(chuan)(chuan)聯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓值(zhi)經過分壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路把相當(dang)于一節(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓值(zhi)送到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓采集輸(shu)入口(CELVOLT1)；原來為(wei)了實(shi)現自動判斷充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)/放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)回路是否有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池而在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓采集輸(shu)入口(CELVOLT1)之(zhi)前加 5V上(shang)拉電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路不(bu)再適用，去(qu)掉該上(shang)拉電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路后，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)/放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)始(shi)由芯片(pian)使(shi)能開(kai)關控(kong)制(zhi)，當(dang)芯片(pian)使(shi)能開(kai)關接(jie)通地電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(GND)時，開(kai)始(shi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)/放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)/放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程管(guan)(guan)理及(ji)控(kong)制(zhi)由GM6801自動完成。當(dang)芯片(pian)使(shi)能開(kai)關接(jie)通 5V時，芯片(pian)停止工作。