充電器的分類：
用有、無工頻（50赫茲）變壓器區分，可分為兩大類。貨運三輪充電器一般使用帶工頻變壓器的充電機，體積大、重量大，費電，但是可靠，便宜；電動自行車和電摩則使用所謂開關電源式充電器，省電，效率高，但是易壞。 常用的開關電源式充電器又分半(ban)橋(qiao)式和單激式兩(liang)大類(lei)，單激類(lei)又分為正激式和反激式兩(liang)類(lei)。半(ban)橋(qiao)式成(cheng)本(ben)高(gao)，性能好(hao)，常(chang)用于(yu)帶負(fu)脈沖(chong)的充電器；單激式成(cheng)本(ben)低(di)，市場占(zhan)有(you)率(lv)高(gao)。

鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)已(yi)經(jing)有100多年(nian)的歷(li)史了(le)，開始全球普遍沿引(yin)老的觀點和(he)操作(zuo)規程：充、放電(dian)(dian)(dian)率為0.1C（C是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)容(rong)量）壽命較長。美國人麥斯先生(sheng)為解決(jue)快速充電(dian)(dian)(dian)問題，1967年(nian)向全世界公(gong)布了(le)他的研究成果，用大于1C率脈沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)流充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)間(jian)歇(xie)時對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)。放電(dian)(dian)(dian)有利于消(xiao)除(chu)極化、降低電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)溫度、提高極板(ban)接受電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷的能力(li)。

我國(guo)一(yi)些(xie)科(ke)技工作者(zhe)在1969年(nian)前后(hou)，根據麥(mai)斯先生的(de)三定律制作成功了(le)(le)多(duo)種品牌的(de)快速充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循環過程(cheng)是：大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流脈(mo)沖充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)→切斷充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)(tong)路(lu)→對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池短(duan)暫放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)→停止放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)→接(jie)通(tong)(tong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)(tong)路(lu)→大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流脈(mo)沖充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)……2000年(nian)前后(hou)，有人將(jiang)這一(yi)原理(li)用(yong)到了(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中(zhong)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，不切斷充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)(tong)路(lu)，用(yong)小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池短(duan)路(lu)瞬間，進行(xing)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。短(duan)路(lu)時由于不切斷充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)(tong)路(lu)，在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)(tong)路(lu)中(zhong)串連了(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感。一(yi)般在1秒(miao)內(nei)短(duan)路(lu)3－5毫(hao)秒(miao)（1秒(miao)＝1000毫(hao)秒(miao)），由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感里的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流不能跳變，短(duan)路(lu)時間短(duan)促，可以保(bao)護充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)轉換部分。如果把充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流方向叫正(zheng)，放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)自然為負了(le)(le)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車業就出(chu)現了(le)(le)名詞“負脈(mo)沖充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器”，而且稱可以延長電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命等(deng)等(deng)。

近幾年，電(dian)動車普遍使用了所謂三(san)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)式充(chong)電(dian)器，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)恒流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)個(ge)(ge)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)恒壓階(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)個(ge)(ge)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)涓(juan)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)。從電(dian)子技術角度針(zhen)對電(dian)池(chi)而言(yan)：第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)充(chong)電(dian)限流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)個(ge)(ge)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)高(gao)恒壓階(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)個(ge)(ge)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)低恒壓階(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)比較貼切。第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)和(he)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)(huan)時，面(mian)板(ban)指(zhi)示燈(deng)(deng)相(xiang)應變(bian)換(huan)(huan)(huan)，大多數充(chong)電(dian)器第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)、二(er)(er)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)是(shi)紅(hong)燈(deng)(deng)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)變(bian)綠(lv)燈(deng)(deng)。第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)和(he)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)的相(xiang)互轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)(huan)是(shi)由(you)充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)決定的，大于某(mou)(mou)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)進入第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，小于某(mou)(mou)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)進入第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)。這個(ge)(ge)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)叫(jiao)轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)(huan)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，也叫(jiao)轉(zhuan)折(zhe)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)。

買新充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)檢查(cha)三段(duan)式充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)三個(ge)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)參(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，第(di)一個(ge)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)參(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)是涓(juan)流階(jie)段(duan)的(de)低(di)恒壓(ya)值，第(di)二個(ge)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)參(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)是第(di)二階(jie)段(duan)的(de)高(gao)恒壓(ya)值，第(di)三個(ge)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)參(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)是轉(zhuan)換電(dian)(dian)流。這三個(ge)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)參(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)目(mu)有(you)關(guan)，與(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)容量Ah有(you)關(guan)，與(yu)溫度有(you)關(guan)，與(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)種類有(you)關(guan)。用(yong)(yong)戶一般可(ke)以自己測(ce)得(de)第(di)三階(jie)段(duan)的(de)低(di)恒壓(ya)值。方法是，不接電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，給(gei)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)加(jia)市電(dian)(dian)，用(yong)(yong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)字萬(wan)用(yong)(yong)表的(de)200V直流電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)檔測(ce)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。另兩個(ge)參(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)高(gao)恒壓(ya)值和(he)轉(zhuan)折電(dian)(dian)流一般需要(yao)(yao)(yao)專用(yong)(yong)工具才(cai)能測(ce)得(de)。

開關電源式充電器的正確操作是(shi)：充(chong)(chong)電(dian)時，先(xian)插電(dian)池，后加市(shi)電(dian)；充(chong)(chong)足后，先(xian)切斷市(shi)電(dian)，后拔電(dian)池插頭(tou)。如果在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)時先(xian)拔電(dian)池插頭(tou)，特別是(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流大（紅(hong)燈）時，非常容易(yi)損(sun)壞充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器(qi)。

此外(wai)還需注意的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)：1，變(bian)綠燈后再接著(zhu)充(chong)2－3小時。2，原則是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)淺放(fang)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)）勤充(chong)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)），就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)騎(qi)行不(bu)(bu)足夠(gou)遠，也要(yao)及時充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，避(bi)免放(fang)光再充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。3，長期(qi)(qi)不(bu)(bu)騎(qi)，要(yao)定(ding)期(qi)(qi)（2－3個(ge)月）充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一(yi)次。4，長期(qi)(qi)淺放(fang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，3個(ge)月左右，作一(yi)次深(shen)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)所謂放(fang)光再充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，有利于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)深(shen)部的(de)(de)長期(qi)(qi)不(bu)(bu)動的(de)(de)物質(zhi)的(de)(de)活化。放(fang)光的(de)(de)意思是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，騎(qi)到控制器(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)欠壓保護動作為止。5， 一(yi)般(ban)新電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)投入使(shi)用8－10個(ge)月后，要(yao)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)進行檢查和(he)維護。6，一(yi)般(ban)名牌車配套的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)經過篩選的(de)(de)，通常不(bu)(bu)用測試(shi)，但是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)單獨到市(shi)(shi)場上(shang)采購的(de)(de)非配套充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)，一(yi)定(ding)要(yao)進行前(qian)(qian)述三個(ge)參數的(de)(de)測試(shi)。7，有一(yi)種不(bu)(bu)帶工頻變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)可(ke)控硅充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機，直接整流市(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流可(ke)到30A，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓12V－80V可(ke)調，未(wei)徹底(di)切斷市(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)前(qian)(qian)，千萬不(bu)(bu)要(yao)摸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，貨運三輪使(shi)用這類充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)客(ke)戶特別要(yao)注意安全。