充電器的分類：
用有、無工頻（50赫茲）變壓器區分，可分為兩大類。貨運三輪充電器一般使用帶工頻變壓器的充電機，體積大、重量大，費電，但是可靠，便宜；電動自行車和電摩則使用所謂開關電源式充電器，省電，效率高，但是易壞。 常用的開關電源式充電器又分半橋式(shi)和單(dan)(dan)激(ji)式(shi)兩大類(lei)，單(dan)(dan)激(ji)類(lei)又分為正激(ji)式(shi)和反激(ji)式(shi)兩類(lei)。半橋式(shi)成(cheng)本高(gao)，性能好(hao)，常用(yong)于帶負脈沖的充電器；單(dan)(dan)激(ji)式(shi)成(cheng)本低，市場占有(you)率高(gao)。

鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)池已經有(you)100多(duo)年的(de)歷史了，開(kai)始全球普遍沿引老(lao)的(de)觀點和操作規程：充(chong)、放電(dian)(dian)(dian)率為(wei)0.1C（C是電(dian)(dian)(dian)池容量）壽命較長。美(mei)國人麥斯先生為(wei)解決快速(su)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)問(wen)題，1967年向全世界公布了他(ta)的(de)研究成果，用大(da)于1C率脈沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)間歇時對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池放電(dian)(dian)(dian)。放電(dian)(dian)(dian)有(you)利于消除極(ji)化、降低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液溫(wen)度、提高極(ji)板接受電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷的(de)能(neng)力。

我國一(yi)些科技工作者在1969年(nian)前(qian)后(hou)，根(gen)據麥斯先(xian)生的(de)三定律制作成(cheng)功了多種(zhong)品牌的(de)快(kuai)速充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循環過(guo)程是(shi)：大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)脈(mo)沖充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)→切斷(duan)(duan)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路(lu)(lu)→對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池短暫放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)→停止放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)→接通(tong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路(lu)(lu)→大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)脈(mo)沖充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)……2000年(nian)前(qian)后(hou)，有人(ren)將這一(yi)原理用(yong)到了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)中，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中，不切斷(duan)(duan)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路(lu)(lu)，用(yong)小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池短路(lu)(lu)瞬間(jian)，進行放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。短路(lu)(lu)時(shi)由于(yu)不切斷(duan)(duan)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路(lu)(lu)，在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路(lu)(lu)中串連了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感。一(yi)般在1秒(miao)(miao)內短路(lu)(lu)3－5毫(hao)秒(miao)(miao)（1秒(miao)(miao)＝1000毫(hao)秒(miao)(miao)），由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感里的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)不能跳變，短路(lu)(lu)時(shi)間(jian)短促，可以(yi)保護充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源轉換部分。如果把充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)方向叫正，放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)自然(ran)為負了，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車業就出現了名詞“負脈(mo)沖充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)”，而且稱可以(yi)延長電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命等(deng)等(deng)。

近幾年，電(dian)(dian)動車普(pu)遍使用了所謂(wei)三(san)(san)(san)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)式(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)個階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫恒(heng)流(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)個階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫恒(heng)壓階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)(san)個階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫涓(juan)流(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)。從(cong)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)技術(shu)角度(du)針對電(dian)(dian)池而(er)言(yan)：第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)個階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫充(chong)電(dian)(dian)限(xian)流(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)個階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫高(gao)恒(heng)壓階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)(san)個階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫低(di)恒(heng)壓階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)比較貼切。第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)和(he)(he)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)轉(zhuan)換時，面(mian)板指示燈相應變換，大(da)多數充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)、二(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)是(shi)紅(hong)燈，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)變綠燈。第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)和(he)(he)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)的相互(hu)轉(zhuan)換是(shi)由(you)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)決定的，大(da)于某電(dian)(dian)流(liu)進(jin)入(ru)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，小(xiao)于某電(dian)(dian)流(liu)進(jin)入(ru)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)。這個電(dian)(dian)流(liu)叫轉(zhuan)換電(dian)(dian)流(liu)，也叫轉(zhuan)折(zhe)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)。

買新充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)要檢查三(san)(san)段式(shi)充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)三(san)(san)個(ge)重(zhong)要參(can)數(shu)(shu)，第一(yi)個(ge)重(zhong)要參(can)數(shu)(shu)是(shi)涓流(liu)(liu)階段的(de)(de)低恒(heng)壓值，第二(er)個(ge)重(zhong)要參(can)數(shu)(shu)是(shi)第二(er)階段的(de)(de)高恒(heng)壓值，第三(san)(san)個(ge)重(zhong)要參(can)數(shu)(shu)是(shi)轉(zhuan)換電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)。這三(san)(san)個(ge)重(zhong)要參(can)數(shu)(shu)與電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)數(shu)(shu)目有(you)關(guan)(guan)，與電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)容量Ah有(you)關(guan)(guan)，與溫度有(you)關(guan)(guan)，與電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)種類有(you)關(guan)(guan)。用戶一(yi)般可以自(zi)己測(ce)得第三(san)(san)階段的(de)(de)低恒(heng)壓值。方法是(shi)，不接電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，給充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)加市(shi)電(dian)(dian)，用數(shu)(shu)字(zi)萬用表(biao)的(de)(de)200V直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓檔測(ce)充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)壓。另兩個(ge)參(can)數(shu)(shu)高恒(heng)壓值和轉(zhuan)折電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)一(yi)般需(xu)要專用工具才能測(ce)得。

開關電源式充電器的正確操作(zuo)是(shi)：充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時，先(xian)插(cha)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，后(hou)加市(shi)電(dian)(dian)；充(chong)(chong)足后(hou)，先(xian)切斷市(shi)電(dian)(dian)，后(hou)拔電(dian)(dian)池(chi)插(cha)頭。如果在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時先(xian)拔電(dian)(dian)池(chi)插(cha)頭，特(te)別是(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流大（紅燈）時，非常容易(yi)損壞充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器。

此外還需注(zhu)意的(de)(de)是(shi)：1，變綠燈后再(zai)(zai)接著充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)2－3小時(shi)。2，原則是(shi)淺放(fang)(fang)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)）勤充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)），就(jiu)是(shi)騎行不足夠遠，也(ye)要及時(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，避免放(fang)(fang)光再(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。3，長(chang)期(qi)(qi)不騎，要定期(qi)(qi)（2－3個(ge)月）充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)次。4，長(chang)期(qi)(qi)淺放(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，3個(ge)月左右，作一(yi)(yi)(yi)次深放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，就(jiu)是(shi)所謂(wei)放(fang)(fang)光再(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，有(you)利(li)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)深部的(de)(de)長(chang)期(qi)(qi)不動的(de)(de)物(wu)質(zhi)的(de)(de)活(huo)化。放(fang)(fang)光的(de)(de)意思是(shi)，騎到(dao)控制器電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)欠壓(ya)(ya)(ya)保護(hu)動作為(wei)止(zhi)。5， 一(yi)(yi)(yi)般新電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)投入使用(yong)8－10個(ge)月后，要對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)進行檢查(cha)和維護(hu)。6，一(yi)(yi)(yi)般名(ming)牌車(che)配套(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器是(shi)經過篩選的(de)(de)，通常不用(yong)測試(shi)，但是(shi)單(dan)獨到(dao)市(shi)場上(shang)采購(gou)的(de)(de)非(fei)配套(tao)(tao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器，一(yi)(yi)(yi)定要進行前述三個(ge)參數的(de)(de)測試(shi)。7，有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)不帶(dai)工頻(pin)變壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器的(de)(de)可控硅充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)，直接整(zheng)流市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流可到(dao)30A，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)12V－80V可調，未徹底切斷(duan)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)前，千萬不要摸(mo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，貨運三輪使用(yong)這類充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)客戶(hu)特別要注(zhu)意安全。