充電器的分類：
用有、無工頻（50赫茲）變壓器區分，可分為兩大類。貨運三輪充電器一般使用帶工頻變壓器的充電機，體積大、重量大，費電，但是可靠，便宜；電動自行車和電摩則使用所謂開關電源式充電器，省電，效率高，但是易壞。 常用的開關電源式充電器又分半橋式和(he)單(dan)激式兩(liang)大類(lei)，單(dan)激類(lei)又分為(wei)正激式和(he)反激式兩(liang)類(lei)。半橋式成(cheng)本高(gao)，性能好，常用于帶負(fu)脈沖的充電(dian)器；單(dan)激式成(cheng)本低，市(shi)場占(zhan)有率高(gao)。

鉛酸電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)已經(jing)有100多年的(de)歷史了，開始全(quan)(quan)球普遍(bian)沿引老的(de)觀點和操作規程：充、放電(dian)(dian)率為0.1C（C是(shi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)容量(liang)）壽命較長。美國人麥(mai)斯先生為解(jie)決(jue)快速充電(dian)(dian)問題，1967年向全(quan)(quan)世界公布了他的(de)研究成果，用大于1C率脈(mo)沖電(dian)(dian)流充電(dian)(dian)，充電(dian)(dian)間(jian)歇時(shi)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)放電(dian)(dian)。放電(dian)(dian)有利于消除極化、降低電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液溫度、提高極板(ban)接(jie)受電(dian)(dian)荷的(de)能力。

我國一(yi)(yi)些科技工(gong)作者在(zai)1969年(nian)前(qian)后(hou)，根據麥斯先生的三定律制作成功(gong)了多種品牌的快(kuai)速(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機。充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循環過程是：大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流脈沖(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)→切(qie)斷充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路(lu)→對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池短暫放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)→停止(zhi)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)→接通(tong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路(lu)→大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流脈沖(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)……2000年(nian)前(qian)后(hou)，有人將(jiang)(jiang)這一(yi)(yi)原(yuan)理(li)用到了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)中(zhong)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中(zhong)，不(bu)切(qie)斷充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路(lu)，用小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻將(jiang)(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池短路(lu)瞬間，進(jin)行放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。短路(lu)時由(you)(you)于不(bu)切(qie)斷充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路(lu)，在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路(lu)中(zhong)串(chuan)連了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)。一(yi)(yi)般在(zai)1秒(miao)(miao)內短路(lu)3－5毫(hao)秒(miao)(miao)（1秒(miao)(miao)＝1000毫(hao)秒(miao)(miao)），由(you)(you)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)里的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流不(bu)能跳變，短路(lu)時間短促，可(ke)以保護充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源轉(zhuan)換部(bu)分。如果把充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流方(fang)向(xiang)叫(jiao)正(zheng)，放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)自然為負了，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車業就出現(xian)了名(ming)詞“負脈沖(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)”，而且稱可(ke)以延長電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命等等。

近幾(ji)年，電動車(che)普遍(bian)使用了所謂三段(duan)(duan)(duan)式充電器，第(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)叫恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)叫恒(heng)壓(ya)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)三個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)叫涓流(liu)(liu)(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)。從電子(zi)技術角度針(zhen)對(dui)電池而言：第(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)叫充電限(xian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)叫高恒(heng)壓(ya)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)三個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)叫低(di)恒(heng)壓(ya)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)比較貼切。第(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)和第(di)(di)(di)(di)三階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)時(shi)，面板指示燈(deng)相(xiang)應變(bian)換(huan)，大多數(shu)充電器第(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)、二(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)是紅燈(deng)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)三階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)變(bian)綠燈(deng)。第(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)和第(di)(di)(di)(di)三階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)的相(xiang)互轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)是由充電電流(liu)(liu)(liu)決定的，大于某電流(liu)(liu)(liu)進入第(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)第(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)，小于某電流(liu)(liu)(liu)進入第(di)(di)(di)(di)三階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)。這個(ge)電流(liu)(liu)(liu)叫轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)電流(liu)(liu)(liu)，也叫轉(zhuan)(zhuan)折電流(liu)(liu)(liu)。

買新充電(dian)器(qi)要(yao)檢查(cha)三(san)段式充電(dian)器(qi)的(de)三(san)個(ge)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)參(can)(can)數(shu)(shu)，第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)個(ge)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)參(can)(can)數(shu)(shu)是涓流(liu)階(jie)段的(de)低恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)值，第(di)(di)(di)二個(ge)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)參(can)(can)數(shu)(shu)是第(di)(di)(di)二階(jie)段的(de)高恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)值，第(di)(di)(di)三(san)個(ge)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)參(can)(can)數(shu)(shu)是轉換(huan)電(dian)流(liu)。這三(san)個(ge)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)參(can)(can)數(shu)(shu)與(yu)電(dian)池數(shu)(shu)目有(you)關(guan)，與(yu)電(dian)池的(de)容量Ah有(you)關(guan)，與(yu)溫度有(you)關(guan)，與(yu)電(dian)池種類有(you)關(guan)。用戶一(yi)般(ban)可以自己測得第(di)(di)(di)三(san)階(jie)段的(de)低恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)值。方法是，不接電(dian)池，給充電(dian)器(qi)加市(shi)電(dian)，用數(shu)(shu)字萬用表的(de)200V直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)檔測充電(dian)器(qi)的(de)輸出電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。另兩(liang)個(ge)參(can)(can)數(shu)(shu)高恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)值和轉折(zhe)電(dian)流(liu)一(yi)般(ban)需要(yao)專(zhuan)用工具才能測得。

開關電源式充電器的正確(que)操作(zuo)是(shi)：充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，先插(cha)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，后加(jia)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)；充(chong)(chong)足后，先切斷市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，后拔電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)插(cha)頭。如果在(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)先拔電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)插(cha)頭，特別是(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流大（紅燈）時(shi)，非常容易(yi)損壞充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器。

此(ci)外還需注(zhu)(zhu)意的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)：1，變(bian)綠燈后(hou)再接著充2－3小時。2，原則是(shi)淺(qian)放（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)）勤充（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)），就(jiu)是(shi)騎行不足夠遠，也要及時充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，避免放光再充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。3，長(chang)(chang)期不騎，要定期（2－3個月(yue)）充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一(yi)次。4，長(chang)(chang)期淺(qian)放的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，3個月(yue)左右，作一(yi)次深放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，就(jiu)是(shi)所謂放光再充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，有利于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)深部的(de)(de)(de)長(chang)(chang)期不動的(de)(de)(de)物質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)活化。放光的(de)(de)(de)意思(si)是(shi)，騎到(dao)控制器電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)欠壓(ya)(ya)保護(hu)(hu)動作為(wei)止。5， 一(yi)般新電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)投入使(shi)(shi)用(yong)8－10個月(yue)后(hou)，要對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)進(jin)(jin)行檢(jian)查和維護(hu)(hu)。6，一(yi)般名牌車配(pei)套的(de)(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器是(shi)經過(guo)篩(shai)選的(de)(de)(de)，通常不用(yong)測試，但是(shi)單(dan)獨到(dao)市(shi)(shi)場上采購的(de)(de)(de)非配(pei)套充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器，一(yi)定要進(jin)(jin)行前述三個參數的(de)(de)(de)測試。7，有一(yi)種不帶工頻變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)控硅(gui)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機，直接整流(liu)市(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)可(ke)到(dao)30A，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)12V－80V可(ke)調，未徹底(di)切斷市(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)前，千萬不要摸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，貨運三輪使(shi)(shi)用(yong)這(zhe)類(lei)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)(de)客戶特別要注(zhu)(zhu)意安全。