充電器的分類：
用有、無工頻（50赫茲）變壓器區分，可分為兩大類。貨運三輪充電器一般使用帶工頻變壓器的充電機，體積大、重量大，費電，但是可靠，便宜；電動自行車和電摩則使用所謂開關電源式充電器，省電，效率高，但是易壞。 常用的開關電源式充電器又(you)分半橋(qiao)(qiao)式(shi)(shi)和單激式(shi)(shi)兩大(da)類，單激類又(you)分為正激式(shi)(shi)和反(fan)激式(shi)(shi)兩類。半橋(qiao)(qiao)式(shi)(shi)成(cheng)本高，性能好，常用(yong)于帶負(fu)脈沖(chong)的(de)充(chong)電器；單激式(shi)(shi)成(cheng)本低，市場占有率(lv)高。

鉛酸電(dian)(dian)池已經有(you)100多年(nian)的(de)(de)歷史了，開始全(quan)球普(pu)遍沿引老(lao)的(de)(de)觀點和(he)操(cao)作(zuo)規程：充(chong)、放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)率(lv)為0.1C（C是電(dian)(dian)池容量）壽命較長。美(mei)國人麥斯先生(sheng)為解決快速充(chong)電(dian)(dian)問題，1967年(nian)向(xiang)全(quan)世界公布了他的(de)(de)研(yan)究成果(guo)，用大(da)于(yu)1C率(lv)脈沖電(dian)(dian)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)間歇(xie)時對電(dian)(dian)池放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)。放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)有(you)利于(yu)消除極(ji)化(hua)、降低電(dian)(dian)解液溫度、提高極(ji)板接(jie)受電(dian)(dian)荷的(de)(de)能(neng)力。

我(wo)國一(yi)些科技(ji)工作者(zhe)在1969年前后，根據(ju)麥斯先生的(de)三定律制作成功了多(duo)種品(pin)牌的(de)快(kuai)速充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循(xun)環過程是：大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)→切斷(duan)(duan)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)(tong)路(lu)(lu)→對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)短(duan)暫放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)→停(ting)止放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)→接(jie)通(tong)(tong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)(tong)路(lu)(lu)→大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)……2000年前后，有人(ren)將這(zhe)一(yi)原理用到了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)車充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)中，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中，不切斷(duan)(duan)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)(tong)路(lu)(lu)，用小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)短(duan)路(lu)(lu)瞬間，進(jin)行放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。短(duan)路(lu)(lu)時由于不切斷(duan)(duan)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)(tong)路(lu)(lu)，在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)(tong)路(lu)(lu)中串(chuan)連了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感。一(yi)般在1秒(miao)(miao)(miao)內(nei)短(duan)路(lu)(lu)3－5毫秒(miao)(miao)(miao)（1秒(miao)(miao)(miao)＝1000毫秒(miao)(miao)(miao)），由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感里的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)不能跳變，短(duan)路(lu)(lu)時間短(duan)促(cu)，可以保護充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)轉換部分。如果把充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)方向(xiang)叫(jiao)正，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)自然為負(fu)了，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)車業就出現了名詞“負(fu)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)”，而且稱可以延長電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽命等等。

近(jin)幾年，電(dian)(dian)動車(che)普遍使用(yong)了所(suo)謂(wei)三段(duan)(duan)式充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器，第(di)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)恒(heng)流階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)，第(di)二(er)(er)(er)個(ge)(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)恒(heng)壓階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)，第(di)三個(ge)(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)涓流階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)。從(cong)電(dian)(dian)子技術角度針對電(dian)(dian)池而言：第(di)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)限流階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)，第(di)二(er)(er)(er)個(ge)(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高恒(heng)壓階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)，第(di)三個(ge)(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)低恒(heng)壓階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)比(bi)較貼(tie)切。第(di)二(er)(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)和(he)第(di)三階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)轉(zhuan)換時，面板指(zhi)示燈(deng)相(xiang)應(ying)變換，大(da)多數(shu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器第(di)一(yi)、二(er)(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)是(shi)紅燈(deng)，第(di)三階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)變綠燈(deng)。第(di)二(er)(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)和(he)第(di)三階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)的(de)相(xiang)互轉(zhuan)換是(shi)由充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流決定的(de)，大(da)于某電(dian)(dian)流進入第(di)一(yi)第(di)二(er)(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)，小于某電(dian)(dian)流進入第(di)三階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)。這個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)流叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)轉(zhuan)換電(dian)(dian)流，也叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)轉(zhuan)折電(dian)(dian)流。

買新充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)要(yao)(yao)檢查三段式充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的三個(ge)重要(yao)(yao)參(can)數(shu)，第(di)一個(ge)重要(yao)(yao)參(can)數(shu)是涓流(liu)階段的低(di)恒(heng)壓值，第(di)二個(ge)重要(yao)(yao)參(can)數(shu)是第(di)二階段的高(gao)恒(heng)壓值，第(di)三個(ge)重要(yao)(yao)參(can)數(shu)是轉(zhuan)換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。這三個(ge)重要(yao)(yao)參(can)數(shu)與(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池數(shu)目有(you)關，與(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的容量Ah有(you)關，與(yu)(yu)溫度有(you)關，與(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池種類有(you)關。用(yong)戶一般(ban)(ban)可以自(zi)己測得(de)第(di)三階段的低(di)恒(heng)壓值。方法是，不接電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，給充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)加市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，用(yong)數(shu)字萬用(yong)表的200V直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓檔測充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。另兩(liang)個(ge)參(can)數(shu)高(gao)恒(heng)壓值和轉(zhuan)折(zhe)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)一般(ban)(ban)需要(yao)(yao)專(zhuan)用(yong)工具(ju)才能(neng)測得(de)。

開關電源式充電器的(de)正確操作是：充(chong)電時，先(xian)插(cha)電池(chi)，后(hou)加市電；充(chong)足后(hou)，先(xian)切(qie)斷市電，后(hou)拔(ba)電池(chi)插(cha)頭。如果在充(chong)電時先(xian)拔(ba)電池(chi)插(cha)頭，特(te)別是充(chong)電電流大（紅燈）時，非常容易(yi)損壞(huai)充(chong)電器。

此外還(huan)需注(zhu)意(yi)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)：1，變綠燈后(hou)(hou)再接著充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)2－3小時(shi)。2，原則是(shi)淺放（電(dian)(dian)(dian)）勤充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)），就是(shi)騎(qi)行不足夠遠，也要(yao)及時(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，避(bi)免放光(guang)(guang)再充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。3，長期不騎(qi)，要(yao)定期（2－3個(ge)月(yue)）充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)一次。4，長期淺放的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，3個(ge)月(yue)左右，作(zuo)一次深放電(dian)(dian)(dian)，就是(shi)所(suo)謂放光(guang)(guang)再充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，有利于電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)深部的(de)(de)(de)長期不動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)物質的(de)(de)(de)活化(hua)。放光(guang)(guang)的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思是(shi)，騎(qi)到(dao)(dao)控制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)欠壓保護動(dong)作(zuo)為(wei)止。5， 一般(ban)新電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)投入使(shi)用8－10個(ge)月(yue)后(hou)(hou)，要(yao)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)進行檢(jian)查和維(wei)護。6，一般(ban)名(ming)牌(pai)車配套的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)是(shi)經過(guo)篩選的(de)(de)(de)，通常不用測試，但是(shi)單(dan)獨到(dao)(dao)市(shi)場(chang)上采(cai)購的(de)(de)(de)非配套充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)，一定要(yao)進行前述三個(ge)參(can)數的(de)(de)(de)測試。7，有一種不帶工(gong)頻(pin)變壓器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)可控硅(gui)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機，直接整流市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流可到(dao)(dao)30A，電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓12V－80V可調，未(wei)徹底切(qie)斷市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)前，千萬不要(yao)摸電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，貨運三輪使(shi)用這類充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)(de)客戶特別要(yao)注(zhu)意(yi)安(an)全。