充電器的分類：
用有、無工頻（50赫茲）變壓器區分，可分為兩大類。貨運三輪充電器一般使用帶工頻變壓器的充電機，體積大、重量大，費電，但是可靠，便宜；電動自行車和電摩則使用所謂開關電源式充電器，省電，效率高，但是易壞。 常用的開關電源式充電器又分半(ban)橋式(shi)(shi)和單激式(shi)(shi)兩大類，單激類又分為(wei)正激式(shi)(shi)和反激式(shi)(shi)兩類。半(ban)橋式(shi)(shi)成本(ben)高(gao)，性能好，常用于帶負脈(mo)沖的充電(dian)器(qi)；單激式(shi)(shi)成本(ben)低，市場占(zhan)有率(lv)高(gao)。

鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)池已(yi)經(jing)有(you)100多年(nian)的(de)歷史了(le)，開(kai)始(shi)全球普遍沿引老的(de)觀點(dian)和(he)操作規程：充(chong)、放電(dian)(dian)(dian)率為0.1C（C是電(dian)(dian)(dian)池容量）壽命較(jiao)長。美國人麥斯先(xian)生為解(jie)決快速充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)問(wen)題，1967年(nian)向全世界公布了(le)他的(de)研究成果(guo)，用大于1C率脈沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)間歇(xie)時對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池放電(dian)(dian)(dian)。放電(dian)(dian)(dian)有(you)利于消除極(ji)化、降低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液溫度、提高極(ji)板接受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷的(de)能(neng)力。

我(wo)國一(yi)些科技工作(zuo)者(zhe)在1969年前(qian)(qian)后，根據(ju)麥斯先生的三定律制(zhi)作(zuo)成功(gong)了(le)多(duo)種品牌(pai)的快速充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)循環(huan)過程(cheng)是：大電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)脈(mo)沖(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)→切(qie)斷充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路→對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池短暫放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)→停止放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)→接通(tong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路→大電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)脈(mo)沖(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)……2000年前(qian)(qian)后，有人(ren)將(jiang)這一(yi)原理用到了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)中，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)中，不切(qie)斷充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路，用小電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池短路瞬間(jian)，進行(xing)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。短路時由于(yu)(yu)不切(qie)斷充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路，在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路中串連了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)感。一(yi)般在1秒(miao)(miao)內(nei)短路3－5毫秒(miao)(miao)（1秒(miao)(miao)＝1000毫秒(miao)(miao)），由于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)感里(li)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)不能跳變，短路時間(jian)短促，可(ke)以(yi)保護充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)轉換部分。如果(guo)把充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)方向叫正，放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)自然為負了(le)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車業就出(chu)現(xian)了(le)名詞(ci)“負脈(mo)沖(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)”，而且稱可(ke)以(yi)延長電(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命等等。

近(jin)幾年(nian)，電(dian)(dian)動車(che)普(pu)遍使(shi)用了所謂(wei)三段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)式充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一個(ge)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)恒流階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)恒壓階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三個(ge)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)涓流階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)。從(cong)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)技術角度針對電(dian)(dian)池而言：第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一個(ge)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)限流階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)高恒壓階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三個(ge)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)低恒壓階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)比較貼(tie)切。第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)和第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)時，面板指示燈(deng)相應變換(huan)(huan)，大多數充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一、二(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)是紅燈(deng)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)變綠燈(deng)。第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)和第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)的相互轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)是由(you)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流決定的，大于某電(dian)(dian)流進入第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，小(xiao)于某電(dian)(dian)流進入第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)。這個(ge)電(dian)(dian)流叫(jiao)轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)電(dian)(dian)流，也(ye)叫(jiao)轉(zhuan)折電(dian)(dian)流。

買新充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)要(yao)(yao)檢查三段式充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)三個(ge)(ge)(ge)重要(yao)(yao)參(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)，第(di)一個(ge)(ge)(ge)重要(yao)(yao)參(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)是(shi)涓流(liu)(liu)階段的(de)(de)(de)(de)低恒壓(ya)(ya)值，第(di)二個(ge)(ge)(ge)重要(yao)(yao)參(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)是(shi)第(di)二階段的(de)(de)(de)(de)高恒壓(ya)(ya)值，第(di)三個(ge)(ge)(ge)重要(yao)(yao)參(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)是(shi)轉換電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)。這(zhe)三個(ge)(ge)(ge)重要(yao)(yao)參(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)與(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)目有(you)關(guan)，與(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)容量Ah有(you)關(guan)，與(yu)(yu)溫度有(you)關(guan)，與(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)種(zhong)類有(you)關(guan)。用戶一般可以自己(ji)測得(de)第(di)三階段的(de)(de)(de)(de)低恒壓(ya)(ya)值。方法是(shi)，不接電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，給充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)加(jia)市電(dian)(dian)，用數(shu)(shu)(shu)字萬(wan)用表(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)200V直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)檔(dang)測充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。另兩個(ge)(ge)(ge)參(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)高恒壓(ya)(ya)值和轉折電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)一般需要(yao)(yao)專用工具(ju)才能測得(de)。

開關電源式充電器的正(zheng)確操作是(shi)：充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時，先插電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，后加市電(dian)(dian)(dian)；充(chong)足后，先切(qie)斷市電(dian)(dian)(dian)，后拔電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)插頭。如果在(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時先拔電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)插頭，特(te)別是(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流大（紅燈）時，非常容易(yi)損壞充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器。

此外還需注(zhu)意的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)：1，變(bian)綠燈后(hou)再接(jie)著充(chong)(chong)2－3小時(shi)。2，原(yuan)則是(shi)(shi)淺放(fang)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)）勤(qin)充(chong)(chong)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)），就是(shi)(shi)騎行(xing)不(bu)(bu)足(zu)夠遠，也要(yao)及時(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，避免放(fang)光(guang)再充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。3，長(chang)期不(bu)(bu)騎，要(yao)定期（2－3個(ge)月(yue)）充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)一(yi)次。4，長(chang)期淺放(fang)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，3個(ge)月(yue)左右，作一(yi)次深(shen)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，就是(shi)(shi)所謂(wei)放(fang)光(guang)再充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，有利于電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)深(shen)部的(de)(de)(de)長(chang)期不(bu)(bu)動的(de)(de)(de)物質的(de)(de)(de)活化。放(fang)光(guang)的(de)(de)(de)意思是(shi)(shi)，騎到(dao)控(kong)制器(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)欠壓(ya)保護(hu)(hu)動作為止。5， 一(yi)般(ban)(ban)新電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)投(tou)入(ru)使用(yong)8－10個(ge)月(yue)后(hou)，要(yao)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)進行(xing)檢查和維護(hu)(hu)。6，一(yi)般(ban)(ban)名牌車配(pei)套的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)經(jing)過篩選的(de)(de)(de)，通常不(bu)(bu)用(yong)測(ce)試(shi)，但是(shi)(shi)單(dan)獨到(dao)市(shi)場上采(cai)購的(de)(de)(de)非(fei)配(pei)套充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)，一(yi)定要(yao)進行(xing)前述三(san)個(ge)參(can)數的(de)(de)(de)測(ce)試(shi)。7，有一(yi)種(zhong)不(bu)(bu)帶(dai)工頻變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)可控(kong)硅(gui)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)，直接(jie)整流(liu)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)可到(dao)30A，電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)12V－80V可調，未徹底切斷市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)前，千萬(wan)不(bu)(bu)要(yao)摸(mo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，貨運三(san)輪使用(yong)這(zhe)類充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)客(ke)戶特別要(yao)注(zhu)意安全(quan)。