特種電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)即(ji)特殊(shu)(shu)(shu)種類(lei)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。所(suo)謂(wei)特殊(shu)(shu)(shu)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)由于衡量電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)技術(shu)指標(biao)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)不同于常用(yong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，其主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)輸出電(dian)(dian)壓特別(bie)高(gao)，輸出電(dian)(dian)流特別(bie)大，或(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)對穩定度、動(dong)態響應(ying)及紋波要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)特別(bie)高(gao)，或(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)輸出的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓或(huo)電(dian)(dian)流是(shi)(shi)(shi)脈沖或(huo)其它一些要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)。這就使得在設(she)(she)計及生產(chan)此(ci)類(lei)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)時有(you)比普通電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)有(you)更(geng)(geng)特殊(shu)(shu)(shu)甚至(zhi)更(geng)(geng)嚴(yan)格的(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)。特種電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)一般是(shi)(shi)(shi)為特殊(shu)(shu)(shu)負載或(huo)場合(he)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)而設(she)(she)計的(de)(de)，它的(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)十分(fen)廣泛。主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)：電(dian)(dian)鍍電(dian)(dian)解(jie)、陽極氧化、感應(ying)加(jia)熱、醫(yi)療設(she)(she)備(bei)、電(dian)(dian)力(li)操(cao)作、電(dian)(dian)力(li)試(shi)驗、環(huan)保除塵(chen)、空氣凈(jing)化、食品滅菌、激(ji)光(guang)紅外(wai)、光(guang)電(dian)(dian)顯示等。而在國防及軍事上，特種電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)更(geng)(geng)有(you)普通電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)不可取代的(de)(de)用(yong)途，主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)于：雷達導(dao)航、高(gao)能物理(li)、等離子(zi)體物理(li)及核(he)技術(shu)研究等。

　　特種電源的幾種類型

　　1)雷達發射機用的高壓電源

　　在現代雷達(da)(da)發射機(ji)中，用行波(bo)管(guan)(TWT)作(zuo)為(wei)微波(bo)功(gong)率放大(da)器件(jian)占有很(hen)大(da)的比例,作(zuo)為(wei)高功(gong)率部分，它的可(ke)靠性與技術指標如何，對雷達(da)(da)發射機(ji)乃至(zhi)整個雷達(da)(da)有著直接的影響。而支撐著行波(bo)管(guan)的高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(系(xi)統)更(geng)顯得至(zhi)為(wei)重要。開關電(dian)(dian)(dian)源技術作(zuo)為(wei)一(yi)種(zhong)高頻(pin)、高效電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)子技術，隨著電(dian)(dian)(dian)子元器件(jian)、產品的不斷更(geng)新，大(da)功(gong)率器件(jian)的更(geng)新換代，大(da)功(gong)率開關電(dian)(dian)(dian)源技術得到了發展。本文所介紹的雷達(da)(da)行波(bo)管(guan)用高壓開關電(dian)(dian)(dian)源，可(ke)采用全橋諧振PWM調(diao)制方式，大(da)功(gong)率開關器件(jian)采用先進(jin)的IGBT模塊及先進(jin)可(ke)靠的驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)路，使得電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的整體性能良好，穩(wen)定度好，并且具有各種(zhong)保護功(gong)能。

　　電源電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)由(you)以(yi)下幾部分組成：(1)電(dian)(dian)網濾(lv)波器，(2)整流(liu)濾(lv)波，(3)全橋(qiao)變(bian)換器，(4)高壓(ya)變(bian)壓(ya)器，(5)高壓(ya)整流(liu)濾(lv)波，(6)脈寬調制(zhi)與控制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)，(7)驅動電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)，(8)保護(hu)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)等(deng)。

　　工作(zuo)原理：將50Hz三相380V通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)網濾波(bo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，經(jing)整(zheng)流(liu)及(ji)濾波(bo)得(de)到500多伏的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya),供給串聯諧振變(bian)(bian)(bian)換器(qi)(qi)(qi)。由于本電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)輸出(chu)高(gao)達20kV，為(wei)了減輕變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設計難度以(yi)及(ji)減小高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)整(zheng)流(liu)二(er)極管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)耐壓(ya)(ya)(ya)值、提高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可靠性，我們(men)采用變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)兩個(ge)次級分(fen)別全(quan)橋(qiao)整(zheng)流(liu),然后疊加輸出(chu)。全(quan)橋(qiao)變(bian)(bian)(bian)換器(qi)(qi)(qi)由四個(ge)IGBT、一(yi)個(ge)高(gao)頻變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)及(ji)整(zheng)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路組(zu)成。控(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路提供兩對彼此絕緣、相位相差(cha)180°的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脈沖輸入到IGBT驅(qu)動電(dian)(dian)(dian)路，控(kong)制(zhi)IGBT的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通斷。將直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)變(bian)(bian)(bian)換成為(wei)交變(bian)(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)20kHz脈沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，經(jing)變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)及(ji)全(quan)橋(qiao)整(zheng)流(liu)和濾波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路，得(de)到幾十kV的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)。

　　2)電子束焊機用大功率高壓電源

　　電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)束焊(han)(han)(han)(han)接(jie)因具有不用(yong)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)條、不易(yi)氧(yang)化(hua)、工(gong)藝重復性好(hao)及熱(re)(re)變形量小的(de)優(you)點而(er)(er)廣(guang)泛應用(yong)于航空航天、原子(zi)(zi)能、國防(fang)及軍工(gong)、汽(qi)車和電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)工(gong)儀表(biao)等眾(zhong)多行(xing)業(ye)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)束焊(han)(han)(han)(han)接(jie)的(de)基本原理是電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)槍中的(de)陰極由于直接(jie)或間(jian)接(jie)加(jia)熱(re)(re)而(er)(er)發射電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)，該(gai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)在高(gao)壓靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)場的(de)加(jia)速下通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁場的(de)聚焦就可以形成能量密度極高(gao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)束，用(yong)此(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)束去轟擊(ji)工(gong)件(jian)，巨大(da)的(de)動能轉(zhuan)化(hua)為(wei)熱(re)(re)量，使焊(han)(han)(han)(han)接(jie)處(chu)工(gong)件(jian)熔化(hua)，形成熔池，從而(er)(er)實現對工(gong)件(jian)的(de)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)接(jie)。

　　高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)是(shi)設備(bei)的關鍵技術之一，它(ta)主(zhu)要(yao)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)槍提供加速電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，其(qi)(qi)性能好壞直接(jie)決定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)束焊(han)接(jie)工(gong)藝和焊(han)接(jie)質量。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)束焊(han)機(ji)用高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)與(yu)其(qi)(qi)它(ta)類型的高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)相比(bi)，具(ju)有不同的技術特性,技術要(yao)求主(zhu)要(yao)為紋波(bo)系數(shu)和穩定(ding)度(du)，紋波(bo)系數(shu)要(yao)求小于1%，穩定(ding)度(du)為±1%，甚至(zhi)紋波(bo)系數(shu)小于0.5%，穩定(ding)度(du)為±0.5%，同時重(zhong)復性要(yao)求小于0.5%。以上要(yao)求均根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)束斑(ban)和焊(han)接(jie)工(gong)藝所決定(ding)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)束焊(han)機(ji)用高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的操作是(shi)必須(xu)(xu)與(yu)有關系統(tong)進行連鎖(suo)(suo)保護，主(zhu)要(yao)有真空(kong)連鎖(suo)(suo)、陰極連鎖(suo)(suo)、閘閥連鎖(suo)(suo)、聚(ju)焦(jiao)連鎖(suo)(suo)等，以確(que)保設備(bei)和人(ren)身安全。高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)必須(xu)(xu)符合EMC標準，具(ju)有軟起動(dong)功能，防止突(tu)然(ran)合閘對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的沖擊。

　　這(zhe)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)源由于(yu)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)大(達(da)30kW)，輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓高(gao)(150kV)，工(gong)作頻(pin)率(lv)較高(gao)(20kHz)，而(er)對穩定精度、紋波及電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓調節(jie)率(lv)均有較高(gao)的要求。選用先進的三相(xiang)(xiang)全控可控整流(liu)技(ji)術、大功(gong)(gong)率(lv)高(gao)頻(pin)逆變(bian)器(qi)(qi)，用新(xin)型功(gong)(gong)率(lv)器(qi)(qi)件IGBT作為功(gong)(gong)率(lv)開關。三相(xiang)(xiang)全控可控整流(liu)和(he)逆變(bian)器(qi)(qi)各自(zi)采用獨立的控制板(ban)，IGBT驅動采用進口(kou)厚膜驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)路，加(jia)上輸(shu)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)網濾波器(qi)(qi)和(he)平波電(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)器(qi)(qi)及電(dian)(dian)(dian)容組成的濾波電(dian)(dian)(dian)路。使電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的功(gong)(gong)率(lv)變(bian)換(huan)部分(fen)具(ju)有較好的技(ji)術先進性(xing)和(he)良好的功(gong)(gong)率(lv)變(bian)換(huan)性(xing)。

　　高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)部(bu)分：高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)變壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器磁芯采(cai)(cai)(cai)用最(zui)新(xin)的(de)(de)非(fei)晶態材料，采(cai)(cai)(cai)用獨特的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)頻高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)繞制工藝，雙(shuang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)變壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器疊加工作。先進的(de)(de)整流和(he)合(he)理(li)的(de)(de)倍壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電路以及(ji)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)均壓(ya)(ya)(ya)技術保證(zheng)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電源(yuan)的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)部(bu)分穩(wen)定(ding)可靠(kao)，反(fan)饋及(ji)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)指(zhi)示信號用精密的(de)(de)分壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器，由(you)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)輸(shu)出端(duan)直接采(cai)(cai)(cai)樣，保證(zheng)電源(yuan)有(you)很高(gao)(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)穩(wen)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)精度、電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)調(diao)整率(lv)和(he)準確可信的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)測量精度。采(cai)(cai)(cai)用合(he)理(li)的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)濾(lv)波(bo)技術，保證(zheng)電源(yuan)有(you)良好的(de)(de)紋波(bo)。高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)部(bu)分放在一個(ge)油(you)箱內。

　　3)高壓脈沖電源

　　在雷達導航(hang)設備(bei)中，其(qi)發(fa)射部分一(yi)(yi)般都(dou)需要一(yi)(yi)高電壓、窄脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong)、不(bu)同重復頻(pin)率(lv)的強(qiang)功率(lv)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong)源。這(zhe)種強(qiang)功率(lv)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong)源一(yi)(yi)般通過一(yi)(yi)個高壓電源將市(shi)電升為幾千伏至(zhi)幾十千伏直流高壓，然(ran)后由一(yi)(yi)個調(diao)制(zhi)器將直流高壓調(diao)制(zhi)為所需脈(mo)(mo)(mo)寬及頻(pin)率(lv)的脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong)源以(yi)供發(fa)射管使用(yong)。

　　脈(mo)沖源(yuan)主要由(you)高壓(ya)電源(yuan)及調制器(qi)部分(fen)組(zu)成，高壓(ya)電源(yuan)采用(yong)(yong)開關(guan)穩(wen)壓(ya)電源(yuan)，調制器(qi)采用(yong)(yong)半導體器(qi)件(jian)的固態調制器(qi)。

　　使(shi)用方給出的觸(chu)發脈沖是(shi)TTL電(dian)(dian)平的信(xin)號，應在輸(shu)入(ru)隔(ge)(ge)離變(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)前增加接口(kou)電(dian)(dian)路，此接口(kou)電(dian)(dian)路一是(shi)為了預(yu)放大(da)TTL脈沖信(xin)號，二(er)是(shi)為了與隔(ge)(ge)離變(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)匹(pi)配。為了達到隔(ge)(ge)離的目的，使(shi)用方可提供此接口(kou)電(dian)(dian)路的電(dian)(dian)源，制造方只需(xu)提出電(dian)(dian)源需(xu)求并在電(dian)(dian)路中設計相(xiang)應的變(bian)(bian)換(huan)、濾波(bo)電(dian)(dian)路即可。

　　觸發(fa)(fa)脈沖經(jing)過脈沖變壓器隔離后經(jing)過預調(diao)器脈沖整形，功(gong)率放大(da)后去觸發(fa)(fa)調(diao)制板(ban)和截尾板(ban)工作。由預調(diao)器產生的(de)(de)激勵脈沖經(jing)過變壓器隔離去驅動(dong)調(diao)制板(ban)的(de)(de)每(mei)一只場效(xiao)應管，此時(shi)調(diao)制板(ban)導通高壓電源送(song)到微(wei)波(bo)三(san)極(ji)管的(de)(de)陽極(ji)，微(wei)波(bo)三(san)極(ji)管的(de)(de)陰極(ji)電子(zi)開始(shi)發(fa)(fa)射，微(wei)波(bo)三(san)極(ji)管將(jiang)送(song)入(ru)輸(shu)入(ru)端(duan)的(de)(de)小功(gong)率高頻信號放大(da)成大(da)功(gong)率的(de)(de)高頻信號。

　　當脈沖(chong)(chong)結束時，由預調器產生的(de)截(jie)尾脈沖(chong)(chong)去觸發(fa)截(jie)尾板，截(jie)尾板導通后將微(wei)波(bo)三極管的(de)分布電容釋放(fang)，所以可以得(de)到(dao)很好的(de)脈沖(chong)(chong)后沿。