特(te)(te)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源即特(te)(te)殊種類(lei)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源。所謂特(te)(te)殊主要(yao)(yao)(yao)是(shi)由于(yu)衡量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)技術指標要(yao)(yao)(yao)求不(bu)同于(yu)常用的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源，其(qi)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)是(shi)輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓特(te)(te)別(bie)高(gao)，輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流特(te)(te)別(bie)大(da)，或者對穩定度、動態響應及(ji)(ji)紋波要(yao)(yao)(yao)求特(te)(te)別(bie)高(gao)，或者要(yao)(yao)(yao)求電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源輸(shu)出(chu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流是(shi)脈沖或其(qi)它(ta)一(yi)些要(yao)(yao)(yao)求。這就使得在設(she)計(ji)及(ji)(ji)生產此類(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源時有比(bi)普通(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源有更(geng)特(te)(te)殊甚至更(geng)嚴格的(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求。特(te)(te)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源一(yi)般是(shi)為特(te)(te)殊負載(zai)或場合要(yao)(yao)(yao)求而設(she)計(ji)的(de)，它(ta)的(de)應用十分廣泛。主要(yao)(yao)(yao)有：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鍍電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解、陽極氧化(hua)、感應加熱(re)、醫療設(she)備、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)操(cao)作(zuo)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)試驗、環保除塵、空氣凈(jing)化(hua)、食品(pin)滅菌、激光(guang)紅外(wai)、光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)顯(xian)示(shi)等(deng)。而在國防及(ji)(ji)軍(jun)事上(shang)，特(te)(te)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源更(geng)有普通(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源不(bu)可取代的(de)用途，主要(yao)(yao)(yao)用于(yu)：雷達導航、高(gao)能物(wu)理、等(deng)離子體物(wu)理及(ji)(ji)核技術研究等(deng)。

　　特種電源的幾種類型

　　1)雷達發射機用的高壓電源

　　在現代雷(lei)(lei)達發(fa)射機(ji)中，用(yong)行波管(guan)(TWT)作(zuo)為微(wei)波功率放大(da)器(qi)件(jian)占有(you)(you)很大(da)的(de)(de)比(bi)例,作(zuo)為高(gao)(gao)功率部分，它的(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)靠性與技(ji)術(shu)指標如何，對雷(lei)(lei)達發(fa)射機(ji)乃至整(zheng)個雷(lei)(lei)達有(you)(you)著直接的(de)(de)影響。而(er)支撐著行波管(guan)的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(系統)更(geng)顯得至為重要。開(kai)關(guan)(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)技(ji)術(shu)作(zuo)為一種高(gao)(gao)頻、高(gao)(gao)效電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)子技(ji)術(shu)，隨著電(dian)(dian)(dian)子元(yuan)器(qi)件(jian)、產品的(de)(de)不斷更(geng)新(xin)，大(da)功率器(qi)件(jian)的(de)(de)更(geng)新(xin)換代，大(da)功率開(kai)關(guan)(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)技(ji)術(shu)得到了發(fa)展。本文(wen)所介紹的(de)(de)雷(lei)(lei)達行波管(guan)用(yong)高(gao)(gao)壓開(kai)關(guan)(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，可(ke)(ke)采用(yong)全橋諧振PWM調制方式(shi)，大(da)功率開(kai)關(guan)(guan)器(qi)件(jian)采用(yong)先(xian)進(jin)的(de)(de)IGBT模塊及先(xian)進(jin)可(ke)(ke)靠的(de)(de)驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)路，使得電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)整(zheng)體性能良好，穩定度(du)好，并且(qie)具有(you)(you)各種保護功能。

　　電源電路(lu)由以(yi)下(xia)幾部分組成：(1)電網(wang)濾(lv)(lv)波器，(2)整(zheng)流濾(lv)(lv)波，(3)全橋變換(huan)器，(4)高(gao)壓(ya)變壓(ya)器，(5)高(gao)壓(ya)整(zheng)流濾(lv)(lv)波，(6)脈寬調制與(yu)控(kong)制電路(lu)，(7)驅動電路(lu)，(8)保護電路(lu)等(deng)。

　　工(gong)作原理：將50Hz三相(xiang)(xiang)380V通過電(dian)網濾(lv)波器，經(jing)整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)及濾(lv)波得到500多伏的直流(liu)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya),供(gong)給串聯諧振變換器。由(you)于本電(dian)源輸(shu)出(chu)高達(da)20kV，為(wei)了(le)減輕變壓(ya)(ya)器的設計(ji)難(nan)度(du)以及減小高壓(ya)(ya)整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)二極管(guan)的耐壓(ya)(ya)值(zhi)、提高電(dian)源的可(ke)靠性(xing)，我們采(cai)用變壓(ya)(ya)器兩個(ge)次級分別全(quan)(quan)橋(qiao)整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu),然后(hou)疊加輸(shu)出(chu)。全(quan)(quan)橋(qiao)變換器由(you)四個(ge)IGBT、一個(ge)高頻變壓(ya)(ya)器及整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)電(dian)路組成(cheng)。控(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)路提供(gong)兩對(dui)彼(bi)此絕緣、相(xiang)(xiang)位(wei)相(xiang)(xiang)差180°的脈(mo)沖輸(shu)入(ru)到IGBT驅動電(dian)路，控(kong)制(zhi)IGBT的通斷。將直流(liu)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)變換成(cheng)為(wei)交(jiao)變的20kHz脈(mo)沖電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，經(jing)變壓(ya)(ya)器及全(quan)(quan)橋(qiao)整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)和濾(lv)波電(dian)路，得到幾十kV的電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。

　　2)電子束焊機用大功率高壓電源

　　電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)束焊(han)接因具有(you)不用焊(han)條、不易(yi)氧化(hua)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝重復(fu)性(xing)好及熱變形量(liang)(liang)小的(de)(de)優(you)點而(er)廣泛應用于航空航天(tian)、原子(zi)能(neng)(neng)、國(guo)防及軍工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、汽車和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)儀表等眾多行(xing)業。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)束焊(han)接的(de)(de)基本原理是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)槍中的(de)(de)陰(yin)極(ji)由于直(zhi)接或間(jian)接加熱而(er)發(fa)射電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)，該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)在高壓靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場的(de)(de)加速下通(tong)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁場的(de)(de)聚焦就可以形成能(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)密度(du)極(ji)高的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)束，用此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)束去轟擊工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)(jian)，巨大的(de)(de)動能(neng)(neng)轉化(hua)為熱量(liang)(liang)，使(shi)焊(han)接處工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)(jian)熔化(hua)，形成熔池(chi)，從而(er)實現(xian)對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)焊(han)接。

　　高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源是設備(bei)的關鍵技術之一，它(ta)(ta)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)槍(qiang)提(ti)供加速電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，其(qi)性(xing)能好壞直接(jie)(jie)決定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)束焊(han)接(jie)(jie)工藝和焊(han)接(jie)(jie)質量。電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)束焊(han)機(ji)用高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源與其(qi)它(ta)(ta)類(lei)型的高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源相(xiang)比，具(ju)(ju)有(you)不同的技術特性(xing),技術要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)為(wei)紋波(bo)系(xi)數和穩(wen)定(ding)度(du)，紋波(bo)系(xi)數要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)小(xiao)于1%，穩(wen)定(ding)度(du)為(wei)±1%，甚(shen)至紋波(bo)系(xi)數小(xiao)于0.5%，穩(wen)定(ding)度(du)為(wei)±0.5%，同時重(zhong)復性(xing)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)小(xiao)于0.5%。以上要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)均根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)束斑和焊(han)接(jie)(jie)工藝所決定(ding)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)束焊(han)機(ji)用高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的操(cao)作是必須與有(you)關系(xi)統進(jin)行連鎖保護，主要(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)真空連鎖、陰極連鎖、閘閥連鎖、聚焦連鎖等，以確保設備(bei)和人身安全。高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源必須符合(he)EMC標(biao)準，具(ju)(ju)有(you)軟起動功(gong)能，防止突(tu)然合(he)閘對電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的沖擊。

　　這種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源由于功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)大(達30kW)，輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓高(gao)(150kV)，工作(zuo)頻率(lv)(lv)(lv)較(jiao)高(gao)(20kHz)，而對(dui)穩(wen)定精度、紋波(bo)及(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓調節率(lv)(lv)(lv)均有較(jiao)高(gao)的要(yao)求。選用先進的三(san)相全控可控整流技(ji)術(shu)、大功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)高(gao)頻逆變(bian)(bian)器(qi)，用新型功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)器(qi)件IGBT作(zuo)為功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)開關。三(san)相全控可控整流和逆變(bian)(bian)器(qi)各自采用獨立的控制板(ban)，IGBT驅動采用進口(kou)厚膜(mo)驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)路，加上輸入電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)濾波(bo)器(qi)和平波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)抗器(qi)及(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容組成的濾波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路。使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)變(bian)(bian)換(huan)(huan)部分具(ju)有較(jiao)好的技(ji)術(shu)先進性(xing)和良好的功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)變(bian)(bian)換(huan)(huan)性(xing)。

　　高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)部(bu)分：高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)變壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器磁芯采(cai)用最新的非晶態材料，采(cai)用獨特的高(gao)頻高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)繞(rao)制工(gong)藝，雙高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)變壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器疊加工(gong)作。先進(jin)的整流和合(he)理的倍壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)路(lu)以及(ji)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)均壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)技(ji)術(shu)保證高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)源(yuan)的高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)部(bu)分穩定可靠，反饋(kui)及(ji)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)指示信號用精密的分壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器，由(you)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)輸出端(duan)直接采(cai)樣，保證電(dian)源(yuan)有(you)很高(gao)的穩壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)精度、電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)調整率和準確(que)可信的高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)測量精度。采(cai)用合(he)理的高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)濾波(bo)技(ji)術(shu)，保證電(dian)源(yuan)有(you)良好的紋(wen)波(bo)。高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)部(bu)分放在(zai)一(yi)個油箱內。

　　3)高壓脈沖電源

　　在雷達導(dao)航(hang)設備中，其發射部分一(yi)般(ban)都需(xu)要一(yi)高(gao)(gao)電壓(ya)、窄脈沖(chong)、不同重復頻率的(de)強功(gong)率脈沖(chong)源。這種強功(gong)率脈沖(chong)源一(yi)般(ban)通過一(yi)個高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電源將市(shi)電升為幾(ji)千伏至幾(ji)十(shi)千伏直流高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)，然后由(you)一(yi)個調制器將直流高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)調制為所需(xu)脈寬及頻率的(de)脈沖(chong)源以供(gong)發射管(guan)使用(yong)。

　　脈沖源(yuan)(yuan)主要由高壓電源(yuan)(yuan)及調制器部分組成，高壓電源(yuan)(yuan)采(cai)用開關穩(wen)壓電源(yuan)(yuan)，調制器采(cai)用半導(dao)體器件的固態調制器。

　　使(shi)用(yong)方給(gei)出的(de)觸發(fa)脈沖是TTL電(dian)(dian)(dian)平的(de)信號(hao)，應(ying)在輸入隔離變壓器前增加接口(kou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)，此接口(kou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)一是為(wei)了(le)預(yu)放(fang)大TTL脈沖信號(hao)，二(er)是為(wei)了(le)與隔離變壓器匹配。為(wei)了(le)達到(dao)隔離的(de)目的(de)，使(shi)用(yong)方可提供此接口(kou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源，制造方只需提出電(dian)(dian)(dian)源需求并在電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中設計相(xiang)應(ying)的(de)變換(huan)、濾波電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)即可。

　　觸發脈(mo)沖經(jing)過(guo)脈(mo)沖變(bian)壓器隔離(li)后經(jing)過(guo)預(yu)調(diao)器脈(mo)沖整形(xing)，功(gong)率(lv)放大后去(qu)觸發調(diao)制板(ban)和截尾板(ban)工作。由預(yu)調(diao)器產生(sheng)的(de)激勵脈(mo)沖經(jing)過(guo)變(bian)壓器隔離(li)去(qu)驅動調(diao)制板(ban)的(de)每一(yi)只場(chang)效應管，此(ci)時調(diao)制板(ban)導(dao)通高壓電源送到微波(bo)三極(ji)管的(de)陽極(ji)，微波(bo)三極(ji)管的(de)陰(yin)極(ji)電子開始發射，微波(bo)三極(ji)管將(jiang)送入輸入端的(de)小功(gong)率(lv)高頻信(xin)號(hao)放大成大功(gong)率(lv)的(de)高頻信(xin)號(hao)。

　　當脈沖結(jie)束時，由預(yu)調器產生的(de)截(jie)(jie)(jie)尾(wei)脈沖去觸發截(jie)(jie)(jie)尾(wei)板(ban)，截(jie)(jie)(jie)尾(wei)板(ban)導通后將(jiang)微波(bo)三極管的(de)分布電容釋(shi)放(fang)，所以可以得到(dao)很好的(de)脈沖后沿。