特(te)(te)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)即特(te)(te)殊(shu)種類(lei)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。所謂特(te)(te)殊(shu)主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)(shi)由于(yu)衡量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)技術指(zhi)標要(yao)求(qiu)不同(tong)于(yu)常用(yong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，其主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)(shi)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓特(te)(te)別(bie)(bie)(bie)高(gao)，輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流特(te)(te)別(bie)(bie)(bie)大，或(huo)(huo)者(zhe)對穩定度、動態(tai)響(xiang)應及(ji)紋波要(yao)求(qiu)特(te)(te)別(bie)(bie)(bie)高(gao)，或(huo)(huo)者(zhe)要(yao)求(qiu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)輸出的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓或(huo)(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流是(shi)(shi)脈沖(chong)或(huo)(huo)其它一(yi)些(xie)要(yao)求(qiu)。這就使得(de)在設(she)(she)計(ji)及(ji)生(sheng)產此類(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)時有(you)比普(pu)通(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)有(you)更特(te)(te)殊(shu)甚(shen)至更嚴格的(de)要(yao)求(qiu)。特(te)(te)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)一(yi)般是(shi)(shi)為特(te)(te)殊(shu)負(fu)載(zai)或(huo)(huo)場合要(yao)求(qiu)而(er)設(she)(she)計(ji)的(de)，它的(de)應用(yong)十分廣泛。主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鍍電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解、陽(yang)極氧(yang)化、感應加熱、醫療設(she)(she)備(bei)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)操作(zuo)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)試驗、環保除(chu)塵、空氣凈化、食(shi)品滅菌、激光(guang)紅外(wai)、光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)顯示等。而(er)在國防及(ji)軍事上，特(te)(te)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)更有(you)普(pu)通(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)不可取代的(de)用(yong)途(tu)，主(zhu)要(yao)用(yong)于(yu)：雷(lei)達(da)導航(hang)、高(gao)能(neng)物(wu)理、等離子體(ti)物(wu)理及(ji)核技術研究(jiu)等。

　　特種電源的幾種類型

　　1)雷達發射機用的高壓電源

　　在現(xian)代(dai)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)達(da)(da)發射(she)(she)機中，用(yong)行波(bo)管(TWT)作為(wei)微波(bo)功(gong)率(lv)放大器件(jian)占有很大的(de)(de)(de)比例,作為(wei)高(gao)功(gong)率(lv)部分，它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)可靠性與技(ji)(ji)術指標(biao)如何，對雷(lei)(lei)(lei)達(da)(da)發射(she)(she)機乃至整個雷(lei)(lei)(lei)達(da)(da)有著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)直接的(de)(de)(de)影響。而(er)支撐著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)行波(bo)管的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)壓電(dian)源(yuan)(系統)更顯得至為(wei)重要。開關(guan)(guan)電(dian)源(yuan)技(ji)(ji)術作為(wei)一種高(gao)頻、高(gao)效電(dian)力電(dian)子(zi)技(ji)(ji)術，隨(sui)著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)電(dian)子(zi)元器件(jian)、產品的(de)(de)(de)不斷更新(xin)，大功(gong)率(lv)器件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)更新(xin)換代(dai)，大功(gong)率(lv)開關(guan)(guan)電(dian)源(yuan)技(ji)(ji)術得到了發展。本文所介紹的(de)(de)(de)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)達(da)(da)行波(bo)管用(yong)高(gao)壓開關(guan)(guan)電(dian)源(yuan)，可采用(yong)全橋諧振PWM調(diao)制方式，大功(gong)率(lv)開關(guan)(guan)器件(jian)采用(yong)先(xian)(xian)進的(de)(de)(de)IGBT模塊及先(xian)(xian)進可靠的(de)(de)(de)驅動電(dian)路，使得電(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)整體性能良好，穩定度好，并且具(ju)有各種保護功(gong)能。

　　電源電(dian)路(lu)(lu)由以下幾部分(fen)組成：(1)電(dian)網濾波器，(2)整流濾波，(3)全橋(qiao)變(bian)換(huan)器，(4)高(gao)壓(ya)變(bian)壓(ya)器，(5)高(gao)壓(ya)整流濾波，(6)脈寬調制(zhi)與控制(zhi)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)，(7)驅動(dong)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)，(8)保(bao)護電(dian)路(lu)(lu)等。

　　工(gong)作(zuo)原理：將50Hz三相380V通過電網濾(lv)波(bo)(bo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，經整(zheng)流及(ji)濾(lv)波(bo)(bo)得到500多(duo)伏(fu)的(de)(de)直流電壓(ya)(ya)(ya),供(gong)給串聯諧振變(bian)(bian)換器(qi)(qi)(qi)。由(you)于(yu)本電源輸出高達20kV，為(wei)了減(jian)輕變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)設計(ji)難(nan)度以及(ji)減(jian)小高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)整(zheng)流二極管的(de)(de)耐(nai)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)值、提高電源的(de)(de)可靠性，我們(men)采用變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)兩(liang)個(ge)次級分別全橋整(zheng)流,然后疊加輸出。全橋變(bian)(bian)換器(qi)(qi)(qi)由(you)四個(ge)IGBT、一個(ge)高頻變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)及(ji)整(zheng)流電路(lu)組(zu)成。控(kong)制電路(lu)提供(gong)兩(liang)對彼此絕(jue)緣、相位相差180°的(de)(de)脈(mo)沖輸入到IGBT驅動電路(lu)，控(kong)制IGBT的(de)(de)通斷。將直流電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)變(bian)(bian)換成為(wei)交變(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)20kHz脈(mo)沖電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，經變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)及(ji)全橋整(zheng)流和濾(lv)波(bo)(bo)電路(lu)，得到幾十kV的(de)(de)電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)。

　　2)電子束焊機用大功率高壓電源

　　電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)束(shu)(shu)(shu)焊(han)接(jie)因(yin)具有不用(yong)焊(han)條、不易(yi)氧化、工(gong)藝(yi)重復性好(hao)及(ji)(ji)熱變形量(liang)小的(de)(de)優點而(er)廣泛應用(yong)于航(hang)(hang)空航(hang)(hang)天、原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)能(neng)、國防及(ji)(ji)軍工(gong)、汽車和電(dian)氣電(dian)工(gong)儀表等眾多(duo)行業。電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)束(shu)(shu)(shu)焊(han)接(jie)的(de)(de)基本(ben)原(yuan)理是電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)槍(qiang)中的(de)(de)陰(yin)極由于直接(jie)或間接(jie)加熱而(er)發射電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)，該電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)在高壓靜(jing)電(dian)場的(de)(de)加速下通過電(dian)磁場的(de)(de)聚焦就可(ke)以形成(cheng)(cheng)能(neng)量(liang)密度極高的(de)(de)電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)束(shu)(shu)(shu)，用(yong)此電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)束(shu)(shu)(shu)去(qu)轟擊工(gong)件(jian)，巨大的(de)(de)動能(neng)轉化為熱量(liang)，使焊(han)接(jie)處工(gong)件(jian)熔化，形成(cheng)(cheng)熔池(chi)，從而(er)實現(xian)對工(gong)件(jian)的(de)(de)焊(han)接(jie)。

　　高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)是(shi)設(she)備的(de)關鍵(jian)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)之一，它主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)槍提供加速電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，其性能好壞直接決定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)束(shu)焊接工藝和(he)焊接質量。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)束(shu)焊機(ji)用(yong)高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)與其它類型(xing)的(de)高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)相比，具有(you)不同(tong)的(de)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)特性,技(ji)術(shu)(shu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)紋(wen)波系(xi)數(shu)和(he)穩定度(du)，紋(wen)波系(xi)數(shu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)小于1%，穩定度(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)±1%，甚至紋(wen)波系(xi)數(shu)小于0.5%，穩定度(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)±0.5%，同(tong)時重復性要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)小于0.5%。以(yi)上要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)均根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)束(shu)斑和(he)焊接工藝所決定。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)束(shu)焊機(ji)用(yong)高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)操作是(shi)必(bi)須(xu)與有(you)關系(xi)統進(jin)行連鎖保護，主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)真空連鎖、陰極連鎖、閘閥連鎖、聚焦連鎖等，以(yi)確保設(she)備和(he)人身安全。高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)必(bi)須(xu)符合(he)EMC標準，具有(you)軟(ruan)起動功(gong)能，防(fang)止突然(ran)合(he)閘對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)沖擊。

　　這種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)由于功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)大(達(da)30kW)，輸出電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)高(150kV)，工作頻率(lv)(lv)較(jiao)(jiao)高(20kHz)，而(er)對穩定精度(du)、紋波及電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)調節率(lv)(lv)均有較(jiao)(jiao)高的(de)要求。選用(yong)(yong)先(xian)進的(de)三(san)相全控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)可(ke)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)整流技術(shu)、大功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)高頻逆(ni)變(bian)器(qi)，用(yong)(yong)新型功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)器(qi)件IGBT作為(wei)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)開關。三(san)相全控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)可(ke)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)整流和逆(ni)變(bian)器(qi)各自采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)獨立的(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制板，IGBT驅(qu)(qu)動采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)進口厚膜(mo)驅(qu)(qu)動電(dian)(dian)路，加上輸入電(dian)(dian)網濾波器(qi)和平波電(dian)(dian)抗器(qi)及電(dian)(dian)容(rong)組成的(de)濾波電(dian)(dian)路。使電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)變(bian)換部(bu)分具有較(jiao)(jiao)好(hao)的(de)技術(shu)先(xian)進性和良(liang)好(hao)的(de)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)變(bian)換性。

　　高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)部(bu)分(fen)：高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器磁芯采用(yong)(yong)最新的(de)(de)(de)(de)非晶態材(cai)料，采用(yong)(yong)獨特(te)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)頻高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)繞制工藝，雙高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器疊(die)加工作。先(xian)進的(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)流和(he)合(he)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)倍壓(ya)(ya)電路以及高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)均壓(ya)(ya)技術保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電源的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)部(bu)分(fen)穩定可靠，反(fan)饋及高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)指示信號用(yong)(yong)精密的(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)壓(ya)(ya)器，由(you)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)輸出端直接采樣，保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)電源有很高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)穩壓(ya)(ya)精度(du)(du)、電壓(ya)(ya)調整(zheng)率和(he)準確可信的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)測(ce)量精度(du)(du)。采用(yong)(yong)合(he)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)濾(lv)波技術，保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)電源有良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)紋(wen)波。高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)部(bu)分(fen)放在一個油箱(xiang)內。

　　3)高壓脈沖電源

　　在雷達(da)導航(hang)設(she)備中(zhong)，其(qi)發射部分一般(ban)都需要一高(gao)電壓、窄脈(mo)沖(chong)、不同(tong)重復頻率(lv)的(de)強功率(lv)脈(mo)沖(chong)源(yuan)。這種強功率(lv)脈(mo)沖(chong)源(yuan)一般(ban)通過一個(ge)高(gao)壓電源(yuan)將(jiang)市電升為(wei)幾千(qian)伏至(zhi)幾十千(qian)伏直流(liu)高(gao)壓，然后(hou)由一個(ge)調(diao)制(zhi)器將(jiang)直流(liu)高(gao)壓調(diao)制(zhi)為(wei)所需脈(mo)寬及頻率(lv)的(de)脈(mo)沖(chong)源(yuan)以供發射管使用(yong)。

　　脈沖源主要由高壓電源及(ji)調(diao)制器(qi)部分組成，高壓電源采用(yong)開關穩壓電源，調(diao)制器(qi)采用(yong)半(ban)導體器(qi)件的固態調(diao)制器(qi)。

　　使(shi)用(yong)方(fang)給出(chu)的(de)觸(chu)發(fa)脈沖是(shi)TTL電(dian)(dian)平的(de)信(xin)號，應在輸入隔(ge)離變(bian)壓器(qi)前增加接(jie)口電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)，此(ci)接(jie)口電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)一(yi)是(shi)為了預放大(da)TTL脈沖信(xin)號，二是(shi)為了與隔(ge)離變(bian)壓器(qi)匹配。為了達到隔(ge)離的(de)目的(de)，使(shi)用(yong)方(fang)可(ke)提供此(ci)接(jie)口電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，制造方(fang)只需提出(chu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)需求并在電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中設計相應的(de)變(bian)換(huan)、濾波電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)即可(ke)。

　　觸發(fa)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)經過(guo)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)隔離后經過(guo)預調(diao)(diao)(diao)器(qi)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)整形，功(gong)率(lv)放大后去(qu)觸發(fa)調(diao)(diao)(diao)制板(ban)和截尾板(ban)工(gong)作(zuo)。由(you)預調(diao)(diao)(diao)器(qi)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)激勵脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)經過(guo)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)隔離去(qu)驅(qu)動調(diao)(diao)(diao)制板(ban)的(de)(de)每一只場效應管(guan)，此時調(diao)(diao)(diao)制板(ban)導通高壓(ya)(ya)電源送(song)到微(wei)(wei)波三(san)極管(guan)的(de)(de)陽(yang)極，微(wei)(wei)波三(san)極管(guan)的(de)(de)陰(yin)極電子開始發(fa)射，微(wei)(wei)波三(san)極管(guan)將送(song)入(ru)輸(shu)入(ru)端的(de)(de)小功(gong)率(lv)高頻信(xin)號(hao)放大成大功(gong)率(lv)的(de)(de)高頻信(xin)號(hao)。

　　當(dang)脈沖結(jie)束時(shi)，由預(yu)調器產(chan)生的截尾(wei)(wei)脈沖去觸發截尾(wei)(wei)板，截尾(wei)(wei)板導通后將微波三極(ji)管的分布電容釋放，所以可以得(de)到很(hen)好(hao)的脈沖后沿(yan)。