特(te)(te)(te)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)即特(te)(te)(te)殊(shu)種(zhong)類的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。所(suo)謂特(te)(te)(te)殊(shu)主要(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)由于(yu)衡量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)指(zhi)標要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)不(bu)同于(yu)常用的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，其主要(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)輸(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)特(te)(te)(te)別(bie)高(gao)，輸(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流特(te)(te)(te)別(bie)大，或(huo)(huo)者對穩(wen)定度、動態(tai)響(xiang)應(ying)及紋波要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)特(te)(te)(te)別(bie)高(gao)，或(huo)(huo)者要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)輸(shu)(shu)出的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)或(huo)(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流是(shi)(shi)脈沖或(huo)(huo)其它一些(xie)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)。這就(jiu)使得在設(she)計及生產(chan)此類電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)時有(you)(you)比(bi)普通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)有(you)(you)更特(te)(te)(te)殊(shu)甚至更嚴格的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)。特(te)(te)(te)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)一般(ban)是(shi)(shi)為特(te)(te)(te)殊(shu)負載或(huo)(huo)場合要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)而設(she)計的(de)(de)(de)，它的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用十(shi)分廣泛。主要(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鍍電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)、陽(yang)極氧化、感應(ying)加熱(re)、醫療(liao)設(she)備、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)操(cao)作(zuo)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)試驗、環保除塵、空氣凈(jing)化、食(shi)品滅菌(jun)、激光紅外、光電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)顯示等(deng)。而在國防及軍事上(shang)，特(te)(te)(te)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)更有(you)(you)普通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)不(bu)可(ke)取代的(de)(de)(de)用途(tu)，主要(yao)(yao)用于(yu)：雷(lei)達導航、高(gao)能(neng)物理(li)、等(deng)離子體物理(li)及核技(ji)術(shu)(shu)研究等(deng)。

　　特種電源的幾種類型

　　1)雷達發射機用的高壓電源

　　在現代雷達(da)發射(she)機(ji)中，用(yong)行(xing)波(bo)管(guan)(TWT)作(zuo)為微波(bo)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)放大(da)(da)器件(jian)占(zhan)有(you)(you)很大(da)(da)的(de)比例(li),作(zuo)為高(gao)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)部(bu)分，它的(de)可(ke)(ke)靠性與技術(shu)指(zhi)標(biao)如何，對(dui)雷達(da)發射(she)機(ji)乃至整個雷達(da)有(you)(you)著(zhu)直接(jie)的(de)影響。而支撐著(zhu)行(xing)波(bo)管(guan)的(de)高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(系(xi)統)更(geng)顯得至為重要。開(kai)關電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)技術(shu)作(zuo)為一種高(gao)頻、高(gao)效電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子技術(shu)，隨著(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子元器件(jian)、產品(pin)的(de)不斷更(geng)新(xin)，大(da)(da)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)器件(jian)的(de)更(geng)新(xin)換代，大(da)(da)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)開(kai)關電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)技術(shu)得到(dao)了發展。本文(wen)所介紹的(de)雷達(da)行(xing)波(bo)管(guan)用(yong)高(gao)壓開(kai)關電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)，可(ke)(ke)采(cai)用(yong)全橋諧(xie)振PWM調制方(fang)式，大(da)(da)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)開(kai)關器件(jian)采(cai)用(yong)先進的(de)IGBT模塊及先進可(ke)(ke)靠的(de)驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路，使得電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)整體性能良(liang)好，穩(wen)定(ding)度好，并且具有(you)(you)各(ge)種保護功(gong)(gong)能。

　　電源電路由以下幾(ji)部分組成：(1)電網濾波器，(2)整流濾波，(3)全橋變(bian)換器，(4)高壓(ya)變(bian)壓(ya)器，(5)高壓(ya)整流濾波，(6)脈(mo)寬調制與控(kong)制電路，(7)驅動電路，(8)保護電路等。

　　工作原理：將50Hz三相(xiang)380V通過電網濾波器(qi)(qi)，經整流(liu)及(ji)濾波得到500多伏的(de)(de)直流(liu)電壓(ya)(ya)(ya),供給串聯諧(xie)振變(bian)(bian)(bian)換器(qi)(qi)。由于本電源輸(shu)出(chu)高達20kV，為了減輕變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)設計難度以(yi)及(ji)減小(xiao)高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)整流(liu)二(er)極管的(de)(de)耐壓(ya)(ya)(ya)值、提高電源的(de)(de)可靠性，我(wo)們采用變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)兩個(ge)次級分別全橋整流(liu),然后疊(die)加輸(shu)出(chu)。全橋變(bian)(bian)(bian)換器(qi)(qi)由四(si)個(ge)IGBT、一個(ge)高頻(pin)變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)及(ji)整流(liu)電路(lu)(lu)組成(cheng)。控制(zhi)電路(lu)(lu)提供兩對彼此絕緣、相(xiang)位相(xiang)差180°的(de)(de)脈沖輸(shu)入到IGBT驅動電路(lu)(lu)，控制(zhi)IGBT的(de)(de)通斷(duan)。將直流(liu)電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)變(bian)(bian)(bian)換成(cheng)為交變(bian)(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)20kHz脈沖電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，經變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)及(ji)全橋整流(liu)和濾波電路(lu)(lu)，得到幾十kV的(de)(de)電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)。

　　2)電子束焊機用大功率高壓電源

　　電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)束焊(han)(han)(han)接因具有不用焊(han)(han)(han)條、不易氧(yang)化、工藝(yi)重復性好及(ji)熱(re)變形量小的優點而(er)廣泛應用于(yu)航(hang)空航(hang)天、原子(zi)(zi)能、國防及(ji)軍工、汽(qi)車和電(dian)(dian)氣電(dian)(dian)工儀(yi)表(biao)等眾多(duo)行業。電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)束焊(han)(han)(han)接的基本原理是電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)槍中的陰極由(you)于(yu)直接或間接加(jia)熱(re)而(er)發射電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)，該電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)在高(gao)壓(ya)靜電(dian)(dian)場的加(jia)速(su)下通過電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)場的聚焦就可以形成能量密度極高(gao)的電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)束，用此(ci)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)束去轟擊工件，巨大(da)的動能轉化為(wei)熱(re)量，使焊(han)(han)(han)接處工件熔(rong)化，形成熔(rong)池(chi)，從而(er)實(shi)現(xian)對工件的焊(han)(han)(han)接。

　　高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)是(shi)設(she)備的關鍵技術(shu)之(zhi)一，它主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子槍(qiang)提供加速電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，其性能好壞直接(jie)決(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子束(shu)焊(han)接(jie)工藝和(he)焊(han)接(jie)質(zhi)量。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子束(shu)焊(han)機用高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)與(yu)其它類型(xing)的高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)相(xiang)比，具有(you)不同(tong)的技術(shu)特性,技術(shu)要(yao)(yao)求主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)為紋(wen)波系(xi)(xi)(xi)數(shu)(shu)和(he)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)度，紋(wen)波系(xi)(xi)(xi)數(shu)(shu)要(yao)(yao)求小(xiao)于1%，穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)度為±1%，甚至(zhi)紋(wen)波系(xi)(xi)(xi)數(shu)(shu)小(xiao)于0.5%，穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)度為±0.5%，同(tong)時重復性要(yao)(yao)求小(xiao)于0.5%。以上要(yao)(yao)求均(jun)根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子束(shu)斑和(he)焊(han)接(jie)工藝所決(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子束(shu)焊(han)機用高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的操作是(shi)必須與(yu)有(you)關系(xi)(xi)(xi)統進行連(lian)(lian)(lian)鎖(suo)保(bao)護，主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)有(you)真空連(lian)(lian)(lian)鎖(suo)、陰極(ji)連(lian)(lian)(lian)鎖(suo)、閘閥(fa)連(lian)(lian)(lian)鎖(suo)、聚焦連(lian)(lian)(lian)鎖(suo)等，以確保(bao)設(she)備和(he)人(ren)身安全(quan)。高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)必須符合(he)EMC標準，具有(you)軟起動功能，防止(zhi)突然合(he)閘對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的沖(chong)擊(ji)。

　　這種電(dian)(dian)源由(you)于(yu)功率(lv)(lv)大(達(da)30kW)，輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)壓高(gao)(150kV)，工作(zuo)(zuo)頻率(lv)(lv)較高(gao)(20kHz)，而對(dui)穩定(ding)精度、紋波及電(dian)(dian)壓調節率(lv)(lv)均有較高(gao)的(de)(de)要(yao)求。選用先進(jin)的(de)(de)三(san)相全控(kong)可控(kong)整流技(ji)術、大功率(lv)(lv)高(gao)頻逆(ni)變器，用新型功率(lv)(lv)器件IGBT作(zuo)(zuo)為功率(lv)(lv)開關。三(san)相全控(kong)可控(kong)整流和(he)逆(ni)變器各自(zi)采用獨(du)立的(de)(de)控(kong)制板(ban)，IGBT驅動(dong)采用進(jin)口厚膜(mo)驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)路，加上(shang)輸(shu)入電(dian)(dian)網濾(lv)波器和(he)平波電(dian)(dian)抗器及電(dian)(dian)容組成的(de)(de)濾(lv)波電(dian)(dian)路。使(shi)電(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)功率(lv)(lv)變換(huan)部分具有較好的(de)(de)技(ji)術先進(jin)性和(he)良好的(de)(de)功率(lv)(lv)變換(huan)性。

　　高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)部分：高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)磁芯采用(yong)最新的(de)非晶(jing)態(tai)材料，采用(yong)獨(du)特的(de)高(gao)(gao)頻高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)繞制(zhi)工藝，雙高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)疊加工作。先進的(de)整流和合(he)理(li)(li)的(de)倍(bei)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電路(lu)以及高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)均壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)技術保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電源(yuan)的(de)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)部分穩定可靠，反饋及高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)指示信號用(yong)精密(mi)的(de)分壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)，由高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)輸出端(duan)直接采樣，保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)電源(yuan)有很高(gao)(gao)的(de)穩壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)精度(du)(du)、電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)調(diao)整率和準確可信的(de)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)測量精度(du)(du)。采用(yong)合(he)理(li)(li)的(de)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)濾波(bo)技術，保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)電源(yuan)有良好(hao)的(de)紋波(bo)。高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)部分放(fang)在一(yi)個油箱內。

　　3)高壓脈沖電源

　　在雷達導航(hang)設備中(zhong)，其發(fa)射(she)部分一(yi)般都(dou)需要一(yi)高電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)、窄脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖、不(bu)同重復頻(pin)率的(de)強功率脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖源(yuan)。這(zhe)種強功率脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖源(yuan)一(yi)般通過一(yi)個(ge)高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電源(yuan)將市電升為幾千(qian)伏至幾十千(qian)伏直流高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，然后由(you)一(yi)個(ge)調制器將直流高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)調制為所需脈(mo)(mo)(mo)寬及(ji)頻(pin)率的(de)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖源(yuan)以(yi)供發(fa)射(she)管使用。

　　脈(mo)沖源主要由高壓電(dian)源及調制(zhi)器(qi)部分組成，高壓電(dian)源采(cai)用開關穩(wen)壓電(dian)源，調制(zhi)器(qi)采(cai)用半(ban)導體器(qi)件的固態調制(zhi)器(qi)。

　　使(shi)(shi)用方(fang)給(gei)出的觸發脈沖(chong)是TTL電(dian)平的信(xin)號(hao)，應在輸入隔(ge)(ge)離變(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)前增加(jia)接(jie)口(kou)電(dian)路，此(ci)接(jie)口(kou)電(dian)路一是為了預放大TTL脈沖(chong)信(xin)號(hao)，二是為了與隔(ge)(ge)離變(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)匹(pi)配(pei)。為了達到(dao)隔(ge)(ge)離的目(mu)的，使(shi)(shi)用方(fang)可(ke)提(ti)供此(ci)接(jie)口(kou)電(dian)路的電(dian)源，制造方(fang)只需(xu)提(ti)出電(dian)源需(xu)求并(bing)在電(dian)路中設計(ji)相(xiang)應的變(bian)(bian)換、濾波電(dian)路即可(ke)。

　　觸(chu)發(fa)脈沖(chong)(chong)經過(guo)脈沖(chong)(chong)變(bian)壓器隔(ge)離后(hou)經過(guo)預調器脈沖(chong)(chong)整形，功(gong)(gong)率(lv)放大后(hou)去(qu)觸(chu)發(fa)調制(zhi)板(ban)和截尾板(ban)工(gong)作(zuo)。由預調器產(chan)生的(de)激勵脈沖(chong)(chong)經過(guo)變(bian)壓器隔(ge)離去(qu)驅動(dong)調制(zhi)板(ban)的(de)每一只(zhi)場效應管，此時調制(zhi)板(ban)導通(tong)高壓電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)送到微(wei)(wei)波三極(ji)管的(de)陽極(ji)，微(wei)(wei)波三極(ji)管的(de)陰極(ji)電(dian)(dian)子開(kai)始發(fa)射，微(wei)(wei)波三極(ji)管將(jiang)送入輸入端的(de)小功(gong)(gong)率(lv)高頻信(xin)號放大成大功(gong)(gong)率(lv)的(de)高頻信(xin)號。

　　當(dang)脈沖結束時，由預調(diao)器產(chan)生的截尾(wei)脈沖去觸發截尾(wei)板，截尾(wei)板導通后將(jiang)微波三極管的分布(bu)電容釋放，所以(yi)可以(yi)得到很好的脈沖后沿。