特(te)種電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)即特(te)殊種類的(de)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)。所謂(wei)特(te)殊主(zhu)要(yao)是由于衡量(liang)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)技(ji)術(shu)指標要(yao)求不同于常(chang)用的(de)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)，其(qi)主(zhu)要(yao)是輸出電(dian)壓特(te)別(bie)高(gao)，輸出電(dian)流特(te)別(bie)大，或者對(dui)穩定度、動態響應(ying)(ying)及紋波(bo)要(yao)求特(te)別(bie)高(gao)，或者要(yao)求電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)輸出的(de)電(dian)壓或電(dian)流是脈沖或其(qi)它一些要(yao)求。這就使得在設計(ji)及生(sheng)產此類電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)時(shi)有比普通(tong)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)有更(geng)特(te)殊甚至更(geng)嚴格的(de)要(yao)求。特(te)種電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)一般是為特(te)殊負載(zai)或場合要(yao)求而設計(ji)的(de)，它的(de)應(ying)(ying)用十(shi)分廣泛。主(zhu)要(yao)有：電(dian)鍍電(dian)解、陽(yang)極氧化、感(gan)應(ying)(ying)加(jia)熱(re)、醫療設備、電(dian)力(li)操作、電(dian)力(li)試驗、環保除(chu)塵(chen)、空氣凈化、食品滅菌(jun)、激光紅(hong)外(wai)、光電(dian)顯示等。而在國防及軍事(shi)上，特(te)種電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)更(geng)有普通(tong)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)不可取代的(de)用途，主(zhu)要(yao)用于：雷達導航(hang)、高(gao)能物(wu)理、等離(li)子體(ti)物(wu)理及核(he)技(ji)術(shu)研究等。

　　特種電源的幾種類型

　　1)雷達發射機用的高壓電源

　　在現代(dai)雷(lei)(lei)達(da)(da)發(fa)射(she)機(ji)中，用(yong)行波(bo)管(guan)(TWT)作為微(wei)波(bo)功(gong)率放(fang)大(da)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)占(zhan)有很(hen)大(da)的(de)比例,作為高(gao)功(gong)率部分(fen)，它的(de)可靠性與(yu)技(ji)術(shu)指標(biao)如何，對雷(lei)(lei)達(da)(da)發(fa)射(she)機(ji)乃(nai)至整個雷(lei)(lei)達(da)(da)有著直(zhi)接的(de)影響。而支(zhi)撐(cheng)著行波(bo)管(guan)的(de)高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(系(xi)統)更顯得(de)至為重要。開關(guan)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)技(ji)術(shu)作為一種高(gao)頻、高(gao)效電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)子(zi)技(ji)術(shu)，隨著電(dian)(dian)子(zi)元器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)、產品的(de)不斷更新(xin)(xin)，大(da)功(gong)率器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)的(de)更新(xin)(xin)換代(dai)，大(da)功(gong)率開關(guan)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)技(ji)術(shu)得(de)到(dao)了發(fa)展(zhan)。本文所介紹的(de)雷(lei)(lei)達(da)(da)行波(bo)管(guan)用(yong)高(gao)壓開關(guan)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，可采用(yong)全橋諧(xie)振PWM調制方式，大(da)功(gong)率開關(guan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)采用(yong)先進的(de)IGBT模(mo)塊及先進可靠的(de)驅動電(dian)(dian)路，使得(de)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)整體(ti)性能(neng)良好，穩定度好，并且具有各種保(bao)護功(gong)能(neng)。

　　電源電路(lu)由以下幾部(bu)分組成：(1)電網(wang)濾(lv)波(bo)(bo)器，(2)整流濾(lv)波(bo)(bo)，(3)全橋變換器，(4)高(gao)壓(ya)變壓(ya)器，(5)高(gao)壓(ya)整流濾(lv)波(bo)(bo)，(6)脈寬(kuan)調制與控制電路(lu)，(7)驅動電路(lu)，(8)保(bao)護電路(lu)等(deng)。

　　工作原理：將50Hz三相(xiang)380V通過電(dian)網(wang)濾(lv)波器(qi)，經整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)及(ji)濾(lv)波得到500多伏的(de)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)壓,供給(gei)串聯諧振變(bian)(bian)換器(qi)。由于本(ben)電(dian)源(yuan)輸(shu)出高(gao)達20kV，為(wei)了減輕變(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)的(de)設(she)計難(nan)度以及(ji)減小高(gao)壓整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)二極管的(de)耐壓值(zhi)、提高(gao)電(dian)源(yuan)的(de)可(ke)靠(kao)性(xing)，我(wo)們采用(yong)變(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)兩個次級分別(bie)全(quan)橋(qiao)整(zheng)流(liu)(liu),然后疊加輸(shu)出。全(quan)橋(qiao)變(bian)(bian)換器(qi)由四個IGBT、一(yi)個高(gao)頻(pin)變(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)及(ji)整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)組成。控制(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)提供兩對彼此絕緣、相(xiang)位相(xiang)差180°的(de)脈(mo)沖輸(shu)入到IGBT驅動電(dian)路(lu)(lu)，控制(zhi)(zhi)IGBT的(de)通斷。將直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)壓變(bian)(bian)換成為(wei)交變(bian)(bian)的(de)20kHz脈(mo)沖電(dian)壓，經變(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)及(ji)全(quan)橋(qiao)整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)和濾(lv)波電(dian)路(lu)(lu)，得到幾十kV的(de)電(dian)壓。

　　2)電子束焊機用大功率高壓電源

　　電(dian)子(zi)束焊(han)接(jie)(jie)因具有不用焊(han)條、不易氧化、工藝重復性好及(ji)熱(re)變形(xing)量小(xiao)的(de)優點而(er)(er)廣泛應用于航空航天、原子(zi)能、國防及(ji)軍工、汽車和電(dian)氣電(dian)工儀表等眾(zhong)多行(xing)業。電(dian)子(zi)束焊(han)接(jie)(jie)的(de)基(ji)本原理是電(dian)子(zi)槍中的(de)陰極由于直接(jie)(jie)或間接(jie)(jie)加熱(re)而(er)(er)發射電(dian)子(zi)，該電(dian)子(zi)在高壓靜電(dian)場的(de)加速(su)下通過電(dian)磁場的(de)聚焦就可以形(xing)成(cheng)能量密度(du)極高的(de)電(dian)子(zi)束，用此電(dian)子(zi)束去轟擊工件(jian)(jian)，巨大的(de)動能轉化為熱(re)量，使焊(han)接(jie)(jie)處(chu)工件(jian)(jian)熔化，形(xing)成(cheng)熔池，從而(er)(er)實現(xian)對工件(jian)(jian)的(de)焊(han)接(jie)(jie)。

　　高壓(ya)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)是設備的關鍵(jian)技(ji)(ji)術之一，它(ta)主要為電(dian)子(zi)槍提供加速電(dian)壓(ya)，其性能好壞直(zhi)接(jie)決(jue)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)子(zi)束焊接(jie)工藝和(he)焊接(jie)質量。電(dian)子(zi)束焊機(ji)用高壓(ya)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)與其它(ta)類型的高壓(ya)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)相比，具有不同的技(ji)(ji)術特性,技(ji)(ji)術要求(qiu)主要為紋波(bo)系數(shu)(shu)(shu)和(he)穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)度，紋波(bo)系數(shu)(shu)(shu)要求(qiu)小(xiao)于1%，穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)度為±1%，甚至紋波(bo)系數(shu)(shu)(shu)小(xiao)于0.5%，穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)度為±0.5%，同時(shi)重復性要求(qiu)小(xiao)于0.5%。以(yi)上要求(qiu)均根(gen)據電(dian)子(zi)束斑和(he)焊接(jie)工藝所決(jue)定(ding)(ding)。電(dian)子(zi)束焊機(ji)用高壓(ya)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的操作是必須與有關系統(tong)進行(xing)連(lian)鎖保護，主要有真空連(lian)鎖、陰極(ji)連(lian)鎖、閘(zha)閥連(lian)鎖、聚焦連(lian)鎖等，以(yi)確保設備和(he)人身安(an)全。高壓(ya)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)必須符合EMC標準，具有軟起動功能，防(fang)止突然合閘(zha)對(dui)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的沖擊(ji)。

　　這(zhe)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源由于(yu)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)大(da)(達30kW)，輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)高(gao)(gao)(150kV)，工作頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)較高(gao)(gao)(20kHz)，而對穩(wen)定精度(du)、紋波及(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)調節率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)均有(you)較高(gao)(gao)的要求。選用(yong)先進(jin)的三(san)(san)相全控(kong)(kong)可(ke)控(kong)(kong)整(zheng)流技術、大(da)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)(pin)逆變(bian)(bian)器(qi)，用(yong)新(xin)型功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)器(qi)件IGBT作為功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)開關。三(san)(san)相全控(kong)(kong)可(ke)控(kong)(kong)整(zheng)流和(he)(he)逆變(bian)(bian)器(qi)各自采用(yong)獨立的控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)板，IGBT驅(qu)動(dong)采用(yong)進(jin)口厚膜驅(qu)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路，加上輸入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網濾波器(qi)和(he)(he)平(ping)波電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)器(qi)及(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容組(zu)成的濾波電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路。使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)變(bian)(bian)換(huan)部分(fen)具有(you)較好的技術先進(jin)性和(he)(he)良好的功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)變(bian)(bian)換(huan)性。

　　高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)：高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)變壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)磁芯(xin)采(cai)用最新(xin)的(de)非晶態材料，采(cai)用獨特的(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)頻高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)繞(rao)制工藝，雙(shuang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)變壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)疊加(jia)工作。先進的(de)整流和(he)合理(li)(li)的(de)倍壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)路以及高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)均壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)技(ji)術(shu)保(bao)證(zheng)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)源的(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)穩(wen)定(ding)可(ke)靠，反饋及高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)指(zhi)示(shi)信號(hao)用精(jing)密的(de)分(fen)(fen)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)，由(you)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)輸出(chu)端直接采(cai)樣，保(bao)證(zheng)電(dian)(dian)源有(you)很高(gao)(gao)(gao)的(de)穩(wen)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)精(jing)度、電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)調(diao)整率和(he)準確可(ke)信的(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)測(ce)量(liang)精(jing)度。采(cai)用合理(li)(li)的(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)濾(lv)波技(ji)術(shu)，保(bao)證(zheng)電(dian)(dian)源有(you)良好(hao)的(de)紋波。高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)放在(zai)一(yi)個油箱(xiang)內(nei)。

　　3)高壓脈沖電源

　　在雷達導(dao)航設備(bei)中，其發射(she)部分一般(ban)都需(xu)要一高(gao)(gao)電壓(ya)(ya)、窄(zhai)脈(mo)(mo)沖、不(bu)同重復(fu)頻率的強(qiang)(qiang)功率脈(mo)(mo)沖源(yuan)(yuan)。這(zhe)種強(qiang)(qiang)功率脈(mo)(mo)沖源(yuan)(yuan)一般(ban)通過(guo)一個高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電源(yuan)(yuan)將市電升為幾千伏(fu)至(zhi)幾十千伏(fu)直(zhi)流高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)，然(ran)后由(you)一個調(diao)制器(qi)將直(zhi)流高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)調(diao)制為所需(xu)脈(mo)(mo)寬及頻率的脈(mo)(mo)沖源(yuan)(yuan)以供發射(she)管使用(yong)。

　　脈(mo)沖(chong)源主要由高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)源及調(diao)制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)部分組成，高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)源采(cai)用(yong)開關穩壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)源，調(diao)制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)采(cai)用(yong)半導體器(qi)(qi)件的固態調(diao)制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)。

　　使用方(fang)(fang)給出的(de)(de)觸發脈(mo)(mo)沖是(shi)TTL電(dian)平的(de)(de)信號，應在輸(shu)入隔(ge)離變壓(ya)器(qi)前(qian)增加(jia)接口(kou)電(dian)路，此(ci)(ci)接口(kou)電(dian)路一是(shi)為(wei)(wei)了(le)預(yu)放(fang)大TTL脈(mo)(mo)沖信號，二是(shi)為(wei)(wei)了(le)與隔(ge)離變壓(ya)器(qi)匹配。為(wei)(wei)了(le)達到隔(ge)離的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)，使用方(fang)(fang)可提供此(ci)(ci)接口(kou)電(dian)路的(de)(de)電(dian)源，制(zhi)造(zao)方(fang)(fang)只(zhi)需提出電(dian)源需求(qiu)并(bing)在電(dian)路中設計相應的(de)(de)變換(huan)、濾波電(dian)路即(ji)可。

　　觸發脈沖(chong)經(jing)過(guo)脈沖(chong)變壓器(qi)隔離后(hou)經(jing)過(guo)預調器(qi)脈沖(chong)整形，功(gong)率放大后(hou)去觸發調制(zhi)(zhi)板(ban)和截尾板(ban)工作。由(you)預調器(qi)產生(sheng)的(de)激勵脈沖(chong)經(jing)過(guo)變壓器(qi)隔離去驅動調制(zhi)(zhi)板(ban)的(de)每(mei)一只場效應管(guan)(guan)，此時調制(zhi)(zhi)板(ban)導通高壓電(dian)源送(song)到微波三極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)的(de)陽極(ji)(ji)，微波三極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)的(de)陰極(ji)(ji)電(dian)子開始發射(she)，微波三極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)將送(song)入輸入端的(de)小功(gong)率高頻信(xin)號放大成大功(gong)率的(de)高頻信(xin)號。

　　當(dang)脈(mo)沖(chong)結束時，由預調器產生的(de)截(jie)尾脈(mo)沖(chong)去(qu)觸發截(jie)尾板，截(jie)尾板導(dao)通后將微波(bo)三極管的(de)分布(bu)電容釋(shi)放，所以(yi)可以(yi)得到很好的(de)脈(mo)沖(chong)后沿。