特種電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)即特殊種類的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。所(suo)謂特殊主要是由于衡(heng)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)技術指(zhi)標要求(qiu)不同于常用(yong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，其(qi)主要是輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)特別高，輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)流特別大(da)，或(huo)者對穩定度、動態響應(ying)及紋(wen)波要求(qiu)特別高，或(huo)者要求(qiu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)輸出的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)或(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流是脈沖或(huo)其(qi)它一(yi)些(xie)要求(qiu)。這就使(shi)得在設計及生產此類電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)時有比普(pu)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)有更特殊甚(shen)至更嚴格的(de)要求(qiu)。特種電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)一(yi)般是為特殊負(fu)載(zai)或(huo)場(chang)合要求(qiu)而設計的(de)，它的(de)應(ying)用(yong)十分廣泛(fan)。主要有：電(dian)(dian)(dian)鍍(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解、陽極氧化、感應(ying)加熱(re)、醫療設備、電(dian)(dian)(dian)力操作、電(dian)(dian)(dian)力試驗、環保除塵、空氣凈化、食品滅菌(jun)、激(ji)光紅外、光電(dian)(dian)(dian)顯示(shi)等(deng)(deng)。而在國防(fang)及軍(jun)事上，特種電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)更有普(pu)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)不可(ke)取代的(de)用(yong)途，主要用(yong)于：雷達導航、高能物理、等(deng)(deng)離(li)子體物理及核(he)技術研究等(deng)(deng)。

　　特種電源的幾種類型

　　1)雷達發射機用的高壓電源

　　在(zai)現代(dai)雷(lei)(lei)達(da)發(fa)射機(ji)(ji)中，用行波(bo)管(guan)(TWT)作(zuo)為(wei)微波(bo)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)放大(da)器件(jian)占有(you)(you)很大(da)的(de)(de)比例,作(zuo)為(wei)高功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)部分，它的(de)(de)可靠(kao)性與技(ji)(ji)術指標如何(he)，對雷(lei)(lei)達(da)發(fa)射機(ji)(ji)乃至(zhi)整個雷(lei)(lei)達(da)有(you)(you)著(zhu)直接的(de)(de)影響。而(er)支撐著(zhu)行波(bo)管(guan)的(de)(de)高壓電源(系統)更顯得至(zhi)為(wei)重要(yao)。開(kai)關(guan)電源技(ji)(ji)術作(zuo)為(wei)一種高頻、高效電力電子技(ji)(ji)術，隨(sui)著(zhu)電子元器件(jian)、產品的(de)(de)不斷更新，大(da)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)器件(jian)的(de)(de)更新換代(dai)，大(da)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)開(kai)關(guan)電源技(ji)(ji)術得到了發(fa)展(zhan)。本文所介(jie)紹的(de)(de)雷(lei)(lei)達(da)行波(bo)管(guan)用高壓開(kai)關(guan)電源，可采用全橋諧振PWM調制(zhi)方式(shi)，大(da)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)開(kai)關(guan)器件(jian)采用先進(jin)的(de)(de)IGBT模(mo)塊及(ji)先進(jin)可靠(kao)的(de)(de)驅動電路，使得電源的(de)(de)整體性能良好，穩定度(du)好，并且具(ju)有(you)(you)各種保護功(gong)(gong)(gong)能。

　　電源電(dian)路由以(yi)下幾部分組成：(1)電(dian)網濾(lv)波器，(2)整流濾(lv)波，(3)全(quan)橋(qiao)變換器，(4)高壓變壓器，(5)高壓整流濾(lv)波，(6)脈寬調制(zhi)與控制(zhi)電(dian)路，(7)驅動電(dian)路，(8)保(bao)護電(dian)路等。

　　工作(zuo)原理：將50Hz三相380V通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網濾波(bo)器，經整(zheng)流及(ji)(ji)濾波(bo)得到(dao)500多伏(fu)的(de)直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya),供給串聯諧振變(bian)換(huan)器。由(you)于本(ben)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)輸(shu)出(chu)高(gao)達20kV，為了減輕變(bian)壓(ya)器的(de)設計(ji)難度以及(ji)(ji)減小高(gao)壓(ya)整(zheng)流二極管的(de)耐(nai)壓(ya)值、提(ti)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)可靠性，我們采用變(bian)壓(ya)器兩(liang)個(ge)次級分別全(quan)橋(qiao)整(zheng)流,然后(hou)疊(die)加輸(shu)出(chu)。全(quan)橋(qiao)變(bian)換(huan)器由(you)四(si)個(ge)IGBT、一(yi)個(ge)高(gao)頻(pin)變(bian)壓(ya)器及(ji)(ji)整(zheng)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路組成。控制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路提(ti)供兩(liang)對彼此(ci)絕緣(yuan)、相位相差180°的(de)脈沖輸(shu)入到(dao)IGBT驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路，控制(zhi)IGBT的(de)通斷。將直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)變(bian)換(huan)成為交變(bian)的(de)20kHz脈沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，經變(bian)壓(ya)器及(ji)(ji)全(quan)橋(qiao)整(zheng)流和濾波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路，得到(dao)幾十kV的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。

　　2)電子束焊機用大功率高壓電源

　　電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)束(shu)焊接(jie)(jie)(jie)因(yin)具有(you)不(bu)用(yong)焊條、不(bu)易氧化(hua)、工(gong)(gong)藝重(zhong)復(fu)性好及熱(re)變形(xing)量(liang)(liang)小的(de)(de)優(you)點而廣(guang)泛(fan)應用(yong)于(yu)(yu)航空航天、原子(zi)(zi)能、國防及軍工(gong)(gong)、汽(qi)車和(he)電(dian)(dian)氣電(dian)(dian)工(gong)(gong)儀(yi)表(biao)等(deng)眾(zhong)多(duo)行業。電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)束(shu)焊接(jie)(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)基本原理是電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)槍中(zhong)的(de)(de)陰極(ji)由于(yu)(yu)直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)(jie)或間接(jie)(jie)(jie)加熱(re)而發射電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)，該電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)在高(gao)壓(ya)靜電(dian)(dian)場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)加速下通過電(dian)(dian)磁場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)聚焦就可以形(xing)成(cheng)能量(liang)(liang)密度極(ji)高(gao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)束(shu)，用(yong)此電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)束(shu)去(qu)轟擊工(gong)(gong)件(jian)，巨大的(de)(de)動能轉化(hua)為(wei)熱(re)量(liang)(liang)，使焊接(jie)(jie)(jie)處工(gong)(gong)件(jian)熔(rong)化(hua)，形(xing)成(cheng)熔(rong)池，從(cong)而實現對工(gong)(gong)件(jian)的(de)(de)焊接(jie)(jie)(jie)。

　　高(gao)壓電(dian)源是設備的(de)(de)關(guan)鍵技術(shu)(shu)之一，它主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)為電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)槍提供(gong)加速電(dian)壓，其性(xing)能好壞直接決定電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)束(shu)(shu)焊(han)接工(gong)(gong)藝和焊(han)接質量。電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)束(shu)(shu)焊(han)機用高(gao)壓電(dian)源與其它類(lei)型的(de)(de)高(gao)壓電(dian)源相(xiang)比(bi)，具有不同(tong)的(de)(de)技術(shu)(shu)特性(xing),技術(shu)(shu)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)為紋(wen)波(bo)系數(shu)和穩(wen)定度(du)，紋(wen)波(bo)系數(shu)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)小(xiao)于(yu)(yu)1%，穩(wen)定度(du)為±1%，甚至紋(wen)波(bo)系數(shu)小(xiao)于(yu)(yu)0.5%，穩(wen)定度(du)為±0.5%，同(tong)時重復性(xing)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)小(xiao)于(yu)(yu)0.5%。以(yi)上要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)均根據電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)束(shu)(shu)斑和焊(han)接工(gong)(gong)藝所決定。電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)束(shu)(shu)焊(han)機用高(gao)壓電(dian)源的(de)(de)操作是必須(xu)與有關(guan)系統進行連(lian)(lian)鎖(suo)保(bao)護(hu)，主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)有真空(kong)連(lian)(lian)鎖(suo)、陰極連(lian)(lian)鎖(suo)、閘閥連(lian)(lian)鎖(suo)、聚焦連(lian)(lian)鎖(suo)等，以(yi)確保(bao)設備和人身安全。高(gao)壓電(dian)源必須(xu)符合EMC標(biao)準，具有軟起動(dong)功能，防止突(tu)然合閘對電(dian)源的(de)(de)沖擊。

　　這種電(dian)源由于功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)大(達30kW)，輸(shu)(shu)出電(dian)壓高(gao)(150kV)，工作頻率(lv)(lv)較高(gao)(20kHz)，而對(dui)穩(wen)定精度、紋波(bo)及電(dian)壓調節率(lv)(lv)均有較高(gao)的(de)要求。選(xuan)用(yong)先進(jin)(jin)的(de)三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)全控可控整(zheng)流技(ji)術、大功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)高(gao)頻逆變(bian)器(qi)，用(yong)新型(xing)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)器(qi)件IGBT作為(wei)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)開(kai)關。三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)全控可控整(zheng)流和(he)逆變(bian)器(qi)各自采用(yong)獨立的(de)控制(zhi)板，IGBT驅(qu)動采用(yong)進(jin)(jin)口厚(hou)膜驅(qu)動電(dian)路(lu)，加(jia)上(shang)輸(shu)(shu)入電(dian)網濾波(bo)器(qi)和(he)平波(bo)電(dian)抗器(qi)及電(dian)容(rong)組成的(de)濾波(bo)電(dian)路(lu)。使電(dian)源的(de)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)變(bian)換部分具(ju)有較好(hao)的(de)技(ji)術先進(jin)(jin)性和(he)良好(hao)的(de)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)變(bian)換性。

　　高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)部(bu)(bu)分：高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)磁芯(xin)采(cai)(cai)用最新的(de)非(fei)晶態(tai)材料，采(cai)(cai)用獨(du)特的(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)頻高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)繞制工藝(yi)，雙高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)疊加工作。先(xian)進的(de)整流和合(he)理的(de)倍(bei)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電路以及高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)均壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)技術(shu)保證(zheng)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電源(yuan)的(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)部(bu)(bu)分穩定可(ke)靠，反(fan)饋及高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)指(zhi)示信號用精密的(de)分壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)，由(you)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)輸出端直(zhi)接采(cai)(cai)樣(yang)，保證(zheng)電源(yuan)有很高(gao)(gao)(gao)的(de)穩壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)精度、電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)調(diao)整率和準確可(ke)信的(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)測量精度。采(cai)(cai)用合(he)理的(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)濾波技術(shu)，保證(zheng)電源(yuan)有良好(hao)的(de)紋波。高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)部(bu)(bu)分放在一個油箱(xiang)內。

　　3)高壓脈沖電源

　　在雷達導航設(she)備中，其發(fa)射部分一(yi)般都(dou)需要一(yi)高(gao)(gao)電壓(ya)、窄(zhai)脈沖(chong)、不同重復頻率的強功率脈沖(chong)源(yuan)。這種強功率脈沖(chong)源(yuan)一(yi)般通過一(yi)個(ge)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電源(yuan)將市電升(sheng)為幾千伏至幾十千伏直流高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)，然后由(you)一(yi)個(ge)調(diao)制(zhi)器將直流高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)調(diao)制(zhi)為所需脈寬及頻率的脈沖(chong)源(yuan)以供發(fa)射管使用(yong)。

　　脈沖(chong)源(yuan)主要由高(gao)壓電源(yuan)及調制(zhi)器(qi)部分組成(cheng)，高(gao)壓電源(yuan)采用開(kai)關穩(wen)壓電源(yuan)，調制(zhi)器(qi)采用半導(dao)體器(qi)件的固態(tai)調制(zhi)器(qi)。

　　使用(yong)方給出(chu)的觸發脈沖是TTL電(dian)平的信(xin)號，應(ying)在輸入隔(ge)(ge)離變壓器前增加接口(kou)(kou)電(dian)路(lu)，此接口(kou)(kou)電(dian)路(lu)一是為了(le)(le)預放大TTL脈沖信(xin)號，二是為了(le)(le)與隔(ge)(ge)離變壓器匹配。為了(le)(le)達到隔(ge)(ge)離的目的，使用(yong)方可提(ti)供此接口(kou)(kou)電(dian)路(lu)的電(dian)源(yuan)，制造方只(zhi)需提(ti)出(chu)電(dian)源(yuan)需求并在電(dian)路(lu)中設(she)計相(xiang)應(ying)的變換、濾波電(dian)路(lu)即可。

　　觸發(fa)脈(mo)(mo)沖經過脈(mo)(mo)沖變壓(ya)器(qi)隔(ge)離(li)后經過預調(diao)器(qi)脈(mo)(mo)沖整形，功率(lv)放(fang)大(da)后去觸發(fa)調(diao)制(zhi)板和截(jie)尾板工作(zuo)。由預調(diao)器(qi)產(chan)生的(de)激勵(li)脈(mo)(mo)沖經過變壓(ya)器(qi)隔(ge)離(li)去驅動調(diao)制(zhi)板的(de)每一只場效應(ying)管(guan)，此(ci)時調(diao)制(zhi)板導通高(gao)壓(ya)電源送(song)到微波三極管(guan)的(de)陽(yang)極，微波三極管(guan)的(de)陰(yin)極電子(zi)開始發(fa)射，微波三極管(guan)將送(song)入輸入端的(de)小功率(lv)高(gao)頻信號放(fang)大(da)成(cheng)大(da)功率(lv)的(de)高(gao)頻信號。

　　當(dang)脈(mo)沖結束(shu)時(shi)，由預調器產(chan)生的(de)截尾(wei)脈(mo)沖去觸發(fa)截尾(wei)板(ban)，截尾(wei)板(ban)導通(tong)后將微波(bo)三極管的(de)分布電容釋放，所以可以得(de)到很好(hao)的(de)脈(mo)沖后沿。