電動自行車（以下簡稱“EB”）產業的興起，對充電器提出了高要求。目前EB所配置的充電器，多屬于(yu)傳統的三(san)段(duan)(duan)(duan)式(shi)(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器，三(san)段(duan)(duan)(duan)式(shi)(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)是將充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程分為恒流、恒壓(ya)、浮充(chong)三(san)個充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階段(duan)(duan)(duan)，以我國EB采用較(jiao)多的36V12Ah鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組為例(li)，第一階段(duan)(duan)(duan)以1.8A的恒定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)到約44.4V；第二階段(duan)(duan)(duan)將充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流減(jian)小(xiao)至約0.3A，再次將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)充(chong)到44.4V；第三(san)階段(duan)(duan)(duan)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)降至約41.4V，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流減(jian)至約50MA對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池進行浮充(chong)。

　　從幾年來的使用情況看，三段式充電器暴露(lu)了一些問題。以(yi)下仍(reng)以(yi)36V12Ah鉛酸蓄電(dian)池組為例，談(tan)談(tan)三(san)段式充電(dian)器(qi)的缺陷和解(jie)決方(fang)案。

　　三段式(shi)充電器忽略(lve)了電池的(de)負(fu)溫度(du)特性

　　三(san)段式充電(dian)器充電(dian)參數(shu)的(de)設(she)定除(chu)受所配電(dian)池(chi)單體極板面積(ji)大小、電(dian)極特性、電(dian)解液密(mi)度(du)等因素(su)影響(xiang)外(wai)，還(huan)受蓄電(dian)池(chi)的(de)環境溫度(du)的(de)影響(xiang)。

　　雖然一直(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)來，人們都明白(bai)電(dian)化學的(de)溫度效應是(shi)不(bu)能回避的(de)，但卻在充(chong)電(dian)器問題上(shang)忽略了。原因可以(yi)有很多，但特(te)別應在此(ci)指(zhi)出的(de)是(shi)：過去(qu)人們對(dui)蓄電(dian)池容量、壽命(ming)與溫度之(zhi)間關(guan)系的(de)感觸和認識從來沒有象(xiang)今天(tian)這樣直(zhi)(zhi)接和具體(ti)，須(xu)知，這是(shi)千萬個EB用戶參與了“實(shi)驗”的(de)結果。

　　在我國幾乎所有的地區，使用無(wu)溫度(du)補償(chang)的充電(dian)器，都會(hui)對(dui)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)造(zao)(zao)成損害。夏季(ji)過(guo)充，冬季(ji)欠充，過(guo)充和欠充容(rong)易(yi)造(zao)(zao)成電(dian)池(chi)(chi)失水(shui)和硫酸(suan)鹽(yan)(yan)化，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)失水(shui)后，硫酸(suan)濃(nong)度(du)提高，加劇了板極腐蝕，就(jiu)更容(rong)易(yi)產生(sheng)硫酸(suan)鹽(yan)(yan)化，硫酸(suan)鹽(yan)(yan)化的電(dian)池(chi)(chi)表現為更容(rong)易(yi)失水(shui)。這是一種連鎖反應(ying)。鉛酸(suan)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)硫酸(suan)鹽(yan)(yan)化是影響EB續駛(shi)里(li)程和電(dian)池(chi)(chi)壽命的重(zhong)要因素。

　　無溫(wen)度補嘗的充電器究竟對電池(chi)的損害有多大，目前還缺(que)少實驗數(shu)據，對蓄電池(chi)進行定(ding)量分析要比定(ding)性分析復雜困難得(de)多，但以下的數(shu)據可以參考：EB標準(zhun)規定(ding)，鉛酸蓄電池(chi)的循環次數(shu)不(bu)得(de)不(bu)少于350次，但實際上有相當多的電池(chi)使用時間不(bu)到8個月，即循還次數(shu)不(bu)足240次。

　　充電(dian)器(qi)增加溫度補(bu)償功(gong)能(neng)并不困難，如(ru)只(zhi)要將原基準(zhun)(zhun)電(dian)壓改為具有負(fu)溫度系數特性的基準(zhun)(zhun)電(dian)壓，一般就可以(yi)了(le)。

　　三(san)段式充電模式缺少修補性充電環節(jie)

　　三(san)段式(shi)(shi)充電(dian)模式(shi)(shi)的(de)恒流――恒壓(ya)――浮充三(san)個(ge)充電(dian)階(jie)段，都是圍(wei)繞怎(zen)樣充滿(man)電(dian)池(chi)來設計的(de)，因此，這三(san)個(ge)充電(dian)階(jie)段占用(yong)了全(quan)部充電(dian)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)，如36V12Ah電(dian)池(chi)組的(de)充電(dian)電(dian)流通(tong)常被設定(ding)(ding)為18A，有公(gong)式(shi)(shi)：12(安時(shi)(shi)）×1.2（效(xiao)率）÷8（小時(shi)(shi)）=1.8A。恰好能在標(biao)準(zhun)規定(ding)(ding)的(de)8h內(nei)將電(dian)池(chi)充滿(man)，設計時(shi)(shi)就沒打算留出修補電(dian)池(chi)的(de)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)，更何(he)況三(san)段式(shi)(shi)充電(dian)器一般(ban)也不具備修補電(dian)池(chi)的(de)功(gong)能。

　　產(chan)業界向(xiang)來有(you)人認為：我國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)EB以(yi)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池為主，并且采(cai)(cai)取的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)全動(dong)力模式(shi)，如電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池長期(qi)不能達標(biao)，我國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)EB產(chan)業將可能有(you)再(zai)次(ci)夭折的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)危(wei)險。但技(ji)(ji)術界對(dui)(dui)此(ci)問題的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認識是(shi)：要想(xiang)鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池達標(biao)，除有(you)待于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池本身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術進(jin)步外(wai)，采(cai)(cai)用(yong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與修補(bu)功(gong)能兼備的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多功(gong)能充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)是(shi)解決問題的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)效(xiao)途徑。因(yin)此(ci)，我們(men)建議立即從以(yi)下兩方面入手對(dui)(dui)EB充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)技(ji)(ji)術改造。一是(shi)將36V12Ah電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流從1.8A提(ti)高到3A以(yi)上，用(yong)約4h的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池進(jin)行(xing)(xing)常(chang)規性充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，留出4h以(yi)上時(shi)間對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池進(jin)行(xing)(xing)修補(bu)性充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)；二是(shi)給充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)增加對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池進(jin)行(xing)(xing)修補(bu)性充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能。

　　關于充電的波形和頻率(lv)

　　充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器賴以對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)產生影響的(de)是(shi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)及其波形和(he)頻率(lv)，其中，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充得(de)滿不滿有(you)關(guan)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)與(yu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)充得(de)快不快有(you)關(guan)，而充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)波形和(he)頻率(lv)則主要(yao)(yao)(yao)與(yu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)充得(de)好(hao)好(hao)不好(hao)有(you)關(guan)，這里的(de)“好(hao)不好(hao)”指得(de)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)容量和(he)壽命。實踐證明，以上三者雖各有(you)側重，但其關(guan)系是(shi)相輔相成、不可忽略的(de)。

　　充(chong)電器(qi)屬于電源(yuan)技(ji)術領域，在(zai)充(chong)電過(guo)程中(zhong)強(qiang)調(diao)波形和(he)頻(pin)率的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用是開關電源(yuan)出現(xian)以后的(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)，而三(san)段(duan)式(shi)(shi)充(chong)電模(mo)式(shi)(shi)出現(xian)在(zai)線性電源(yuan)時期，因此，三(san)段(duan)式(shi)(shi)充(chong)電模(mo)式(shi)(shi)偏重于充(chong)電電壓和(he)電流，缺少充(chong)電波形和(he)頻(pin)率方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)內容是情有(you)可原的(de)(de)(de)(de)。現(xian)在(zai)，EB配置的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)電器(qi)全都是用開關電源(yuan)技(ji)術設計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，但卻仍采用三(san)段(duan)式(shi)(shi)充(chong)電模(mo)式(shi)(shi)，這顯然是不相宜的(de)(de)(de)(de)，據我們調(diao)查和(he)檢測，目前的(de)(de)(de)(de)EB充(chong)電器(qi)還不同程度地(di)存(cun)在(zai)以下問題：

　　（1）輸出紋(wen)波(bo)太小。有的(de)竟只(zhi)有50mV，顯然這是將充電(dian)器當成穩壓(ya)電(dian)源來做了(le)，也許這種紋(wen)波(bo)可以(yi)用來給(gei)鋰離子電(dian)池充電(dian)，但(dan)對(dui)于(yu)36V鉛酸蓄電(dian)池來說，充電(dian)脈沖的(de)幅值(zhi)應以(yi)1-2V為好。

　　（2）輸(shu)出連(lian)續(xu)三角波(bo)。這(zhe)(zhe)通(tong)常是正激式開(kai)關(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器才(cai)有(you)的(de)(de)波(bo)形(xing)(xing)，由(you)于極(ji)化現象(xiang)的(de)(de)存(cun)(cun)在，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)忌諱用直流充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，包(bao)括連(lian)續(xu)三角波(bo)。常規性充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)最好波(bo)形(xing)(xing)是單(dan)端反激式開(kai)關(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)常所輸(shu)出的(de)(de)下降型脈(mo)沖(chong)，尤其(qi)(qi)是緊接脈(mo)沖(chong)之后存(cun)(cun)在的(de)(de)一段休止時間，還可以消(xiao)除鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)因充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)而產生的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學極(ji)化；比(bi)較而言(yan)，正激式開(kai)關(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)溫升雖然(ran)可以做(zuo)得低一些，但其(qi)(qi)輸(shu)出波(bo)形(xing)(xing)不(bu)如反激式電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，不(bu)過(guo)(guo)這(zhe)(zhe)可以通(tong)過(guo)(guo)調整其(qi)(qi)輸(shu)出三角波(bo)的(de)(de)占(zhan)空(kong)比(bi)來(lai)加以彌補(bu)。

　　（3）在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器與電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)之(zhi)間串聯有(you)(you)一(yi)二極(ji)管。其目的(de)(de)可能是(shi)為了防止電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)通過(guo)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，但這樣(yang)做是(shi)錯誤的(de)(de)。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)就是(shi)需要(yao)又充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)又放(fang)，邊(bian)充(chong)邊(bian)放(fang)，充(chong)多(duo)放(fang)少，哪怕放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)只(zhi)有(you)(you)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)百分(fen)之(zhi)一(yi)，也(ye)將會對抑制電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)氣化(hua)和(he)(he)抬高氣化(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等產生不(bu)可替代的(de)(de)作用(yong)。應該認識到，如能在每一(yi)常規性充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)周期留出幾(ji)微秒和(he)(he)在修補性充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)周期留出幾(ji)秒鐘用(yong)來放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，對消除鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時產生的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)極(ji)化(hua)和(he)(he)濃(nong)差極(ji)化(hua)，從而增加和(he)(he)延長(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)容量和(he)(he)壽(shou)命(ming)將會有(you)(you)決定性意義。

（4）充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)頻率單調。一個優秀的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器必須具有(you)多(duo)種充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)模式(shi)：脈沖充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、負(fu)脈沖激活、變(bian)頻充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)等模式(shi)，只(zhi)有(you)具備這些(xie)技術的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器才能(neng)有(you)效地去除電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液濃度極差(cha)、板柵硫(liu)酸鹽化和極化現象(xiang)。脈沖充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、高頻充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)以及變(bian)頻充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)等充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)技術，正在被(bei)越來越多(duo)地應用(yong)在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器上，可以預(yu)期，一種兼有(you)常規性充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)和修(xiu)補(bu)性充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)的多(duo)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器必將替代(dai)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)單一的三段式(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器而成為EB的主流(liu)。

　　一種實(shi)用的EB多(duo)功能充電器的充電模式和參數

　　如將凡包(bao)含常規性充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)功能(neng)(neng)和(he)修補性充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)功能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)統稱為(wei)多(duo)功能(neng)(neng)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)，那(nei)么(me)根據以(yi)(yi)兩(liang)種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)功能(neng)(neng)結合(he)方式(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)不同(tong)，可以(yi)(yi)設計(ji)出多(duo)種(zhong)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)多(duo)功能(neng)(neng)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)，但(dan)從EB的(de)(de)適用角(jiao)度考(kao)慮(lv)，還是將以(yi)(yi)上兩(liang)種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)功能(neng)(neng)分開(kai)來(lai)(lai)設計(ji)好(hao)，即(ji)將有限的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)劃分為(wei)兩(liang)個充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)段，前段時(shi)間(jian)用來(lai)(lai)完成常規性充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，后段時(shi)間(jian)用來(lai)(lai)進行修補性充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)。以(yi)(yi)下仍以(yi)(yi)36V 12Ah鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)池組為(wei)例(li)，介(jie)紹一種(zhong)實用的(de)(de)多(duo)功能(neng)(neng)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)和(he)參(can)數。

　　4.1常規性充電階(jie)段

　　（1）電源類型(xing)：單端反激式(shi)開關電源；

　　（2）滿輸出充電(dian)頻(pin)率：25kHz，即充電(dian)電(dian)源3A時的電(dian)源工作頻(pin)率；

　　（3）充電波(bo)形：下降型三角(jiao)脈沖；

　　（4）脈沖幅度(du)：約1.6V；

　　（5）脈(mo)沖(chong)最大寬度：約25μs；

　　（6）充電休(xiu)止時間：約15μs；

　　（7）放電電流：約50mA；

　　（8）充(chong)電(dian)平均電(dian)流(liu)：3A；

　　（9）充電峰值電流：約10A；

　　（10）充電(dian)(dian)時間：約4h，即充電(dian)(dian)4h后，電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)壓應上升到43.2V（常溫(wen)），容量已(yi)達75%以(yi)上；

　　（11）減流(liu)轉折(zhe)電(dian)壓(ya)：常溫下(xia)43.2V，該電(dian)壓(ya)為“氣(qi)化點電(dian)壓(ya)”，即(ji)在用直流(liu)充電(dian)的情況下(xia)，此時(shi)鉛酸(suan)電(dian)池的電(dian)解液已開始大(da)量氣(qi)化。以下(xia)轉入(ru)修補性充電(dian)階段。

　　4.2修補性充電階段(duan)

　　（1）線(xian)性減(jian)(jian)流及(ji)范(fan)圍：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓上升到43.2V（常溫(wen)）時，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流開始減(jian)(jian)小，減(jian)(jian)小的(de)速率呈線(xian)性，平均(jun)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流從3A最終減(jian)(jian)為不(bu)小于(yu)0.3A，或峰(feng)值(zhi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流從約10A減(jian)(jian)為1A；

　　（2）充(chong)電頻(pin)率變化范圍：線性減流時，隨著充(chong)電電流的減小，充(chong)電頻(pin)率開始(shi)上升(sheng)，其(qi)變化范圍為25-100kHz；

　　（3）充電(dian)(dian)(dian)終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)：該電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)相當于“氣化點(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)”加約1.2V，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)上(shang)升至(zhi)該電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)時(shi)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器終止充電(dian)(dian)(dian)；

　　（4）重起動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)壓：終止充(chong)電(dian)(dian)后，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)壓下降(jiang)，當降(jiang)至重起動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)壓時，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器將再次(ci)起動(dong)(dong)將電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)到(dao)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)終止電(dian)(dian)壓，而(er)后充(chong)電(dian)(dian)終止，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)壓再次(ci)下降(jiang)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)將循環反重地進行下去；

　　（5）充電(dian)終(zhong)止時間(jian)：終(zhong)止充電(dian)后(hou)，電(dian)池電(dian)壓下降的(de)時間(jian)起先(xian)較快(kuai)，約幾秒(miao)鐘，隨著時間(jian)推移，終(zhong)止充電(dian)的(de)時間(jian)會越來越長，可達幾分鐘以上(shang)；

　　（6）修補性充(chong)電(dian)的延續時間：4h以上不限

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