電動自行車（以下簡稱“EB”）產業的興起，對充電器提出了高要求。目前EB所配置的充電器，多(duo)屬(shu)于傳統(tong)的三(san)段(duan)式(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器，三(san)段(duan)式(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器的充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)式(shi)是將(jiang)(jiang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)分(fen)為(wei)恒流(liu)、恒壓、浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)三(san)個充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)階(jie)段(duan)，以(yi)我國EB采用較(jiao)多(duo)的36V12Ah鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組為(wei)例(li)，第(di)一階(jie)段(duan)以(yi)1.8A的恒定電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)將(jiang)(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)到約44.4V；第(di)二(er)階(jie)段(duan)將(jiang)(jiang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)減(jian)小至(zhi)(zhi)約0.3A，再次將(jiang)(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓充(chong)(chong)(chong)到44.4V；第(di)三(san)階(jie)段(duan)將(jiang)(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓降至(zhi)(zhi)約41.4V，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)減(jian)至(zhi)(zhi)約50MA對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)進行(xing)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)。

　　從幾年來的使用情況看，三段式充電器暴露了一些(xie)問題。以下仍以36V12Ah鉛酸蓄電池組為例，談談三(san)段式充電器(qi)的缺陷和解決方案。

　　三段式充電器忽(hu)略(lve)了電池的負溫度特性(xing)

　　三段式充電(dian)器充電(dian)參數的設定除(chu)受所配電(dian)池單體極(ji)板面積大小、電(dian)極(ji)特(te)性、電(dian)解液密度等因素(su)影響(xiang)外，還受蓄電(dian)池的環(huan)境溫度的影響(xiang)。

　　雖然一直以(yi)來，人(ren)(ren)們都明白電(dian)(dian)化學的(de)溫(wen)度效應是不(bu)能回避的(de)，但(dan)卻在充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)問(wen)題上忽略了。原因可以(yi)有(you)很多，但(dan)特別應在此指出的(de)是：過去人(ren)(ren)們對蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)容(rong)量、壽命與(yu)溫(wen)度之間關系的(de)感觸(chu)和認(ren)識(shi)從來沒(mei)有(you)象今天這樣(yang)直接和具體，須知，這是千萬個EB用戶參與(yu)了“實(shi)驗”的(de)結果。

　　在我(wo)國幾乎所有(you)的(de)地區，使用無溫(wen)度(du)補償的(de)充(chong)電器，都會(hui)對電池造(zao)成損害。夏季(ji)過充(chong)，冬季(ji)欠充(chong)，過充(chong)和(he)欠充(chong)容(rong)易(yi)造(zao)成電池失(shi)水和(he)硫(liu)酸鹽(yan)化，電池失(shi)水后，硫(liu)酸濃度(du)提高(gao)，加劇了板極腐(fu)蝕，就(jiu)更容(rong)易(yi)產生硫(liu)酸鹽(yan)化，硫(liu)酸鹽(yan)化的(de)電池表(biao)現為更容(rong)易(yi)失(shi)水。這是(shi)一種(zhong)連(lian)鎖(suo)反應。鉛酸電池硫(liu)酸鹽(yan)化是(shi)影響EB續(xu)駛里程和(he)電池壽命的(de)重要因素。

　　無溫度補嘗的充電(dian)器究竟對(dui)電(dian)池(chi)的損(sun)害有(you)多(duo)大，目前還缺少實驗數(shu)據，對(dui)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)進行定(ding)量分析要比定(ding)性分析復(fu)雜困難得多(duo)，但(dan)(dan)以下的數(shu)據可(ke)以參考：EB標準規定(ding)，鉛酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)的循環次數(shu)不得不少于350次，但(dan)(dan)實際(ji)上有(you)相(xiang)當多(duo)的電(dian)池(chi)使用時間不到8個月(yue)，即(ji)循還次數(shu)不足240次。

　　充電(dian)(dian)器增加溫度(du)補償功能并(bing)不困難(nan)，如(ru)只要將原基(ji)準電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)改為具有負溫度(du)系(xi)數(shu)特性的基(ji)準電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，一般就(jiu)可以了。

　　三段式充電模(mo)式缺少修補性充電環節(jie)

　　三(san)(san)段(duan)(duan)式充(chong)電(dian)模式的(de)恒流――恒壓――浮(fu)充(chong)三(san)(san)個充(chong)電(dian)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)，都是圍繞(rao)怎(zen)樣充(chong)滿電(dian)池來設(she)(she)計(ji)的(de)，因此，這三(san)(san)個充(chong)電(dian)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)占用了(le)全部充(chong)電(dian)時間，如36V12Ah電(dian)池組的(de)充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流通常(chang)被(bei)設(she)(she)定為18A，有公式：12(安時）×1.2（效率）÷8（小時）=1.8A。恰好(hao)能在(zai)標準規定的(de)8h內將電(dian)池充(chong)滿，設(she)(she)計(ji)時就沒打算(suan)留出修補電(dian)池的(de)時間，更何(he)況三(san)(san)段(duan)(duan)式充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)一(yi)般也(ye)不具備修補電(dian)池的(de)功能。

　　產(chan)業界(jie)(jie)向來(lai)有人認為：我國(guo)的(de)(de)EB以(yi)采用鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)為主，并且(qie)采取的(de)(de)是全動(dong)力模式，如(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)長期不能(neng)達(da)標(biao)，我國(guo)的(de)(de)EB產(chan)業將(jiang)可能(neng)有再(zai)次夭(yao)折的(de)(de)危(wei)險(xian)。但技術(shu)界(jie)(jie)對(dui)此(ci)問題的(de)(de)認識是：要想鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)達(da)標(biao)，除有待于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)本(ben)身的(de)(de)技術(shu)進(jin)步外(wai)，采用充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與修補(bu)功(gong)能(neng)兼備的(de)(de)多功(gong)能(neng)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器是解決(jue)問題的(de)(de)有效途徑。因(yin)此(ci)，我們(men)建(jian)議立即從以(yi)下(xia)兩方面(mian)入手(shou)對(dui)EB充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器進(jin)行(xing)(xing)技術(shu)改造。一(yi)是將(jiang)36V12Ah電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)從1.8A提高到3A以(yi)上，用約4h的(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)常規(gui)性(xing)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，留出4h以(yi)上時(shi)間(jian)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)修補(bu)性(xing)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)；二是給充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器增加(jia)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)修補(bu)性(xing)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)功(gong)能(neng)。

　　關(guan)于(yu)充電的波(bo)形(xing)和頻率(lv)

　　充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器賴以對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)產生影響(xiang)的(de)(de)是(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)及其(qi)波(bo)(bo)形和(he)頻率，其(qi)中，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓主要(yao)(yao)與(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)得(de)(de)滿(man)不(bu)滿(man)有(you)(you)關(guan)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)主要(yao)(yao)與(yu)(yu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)得(de)(de)快(kuai)不(bu)快(kuai)有(you)(you)關(guan)，而(er)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)波(bo)(bo)形和(he)頻率則主要(yao)(yao)與(yu)(yu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)得(de)(de)好(hao)(hao)好(hao)(hao)不(bu)好(hao)(hao)有(you)(you)關(guan)，這里的(de)(de)“好(hao)(hao)不(bu)好(hao)(hao)”指得(de)(de)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)容量(liang)和(he)壽命。實(shi)踐(jian)證明，以上(shang)三者雖各(ge)有(you)(you)側(ce)重，但其(qi)關(guan)系是(shi)相輔相成、不(bu)可忽略的(de)(de)。

　　充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)屬于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)技(ji)術領域，在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中(zhong)強調波形和頻率的作用是開關電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)出現(xian)(xian)以后的事，而三段(duan)式充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式出現(xian)(xian)在(zai)線(xian)性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)時期(qi)，因此(ci)，三段(duan)式充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式偏重于充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，缺少充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)波形和頻率方面的內容是情有可原(yuan)的。現(xian)(xian)在(zai)，EB配置的充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)全都(dou)是用開關電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)技(ji)術設計的，但卻仍采用三段(duan)式充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式，這顯然是不(bu)相宜的，據我(wo)們調查和檢測，目前的EB充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)還不(bu)同程度地存(cun)在(zai)以下問題：

　　（1）輸出紋(wen)波(bo)太小。有的(de)竟(jing)只有50mV，顯然這是(shi)將充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器當(dang)成穩壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源來(lai)做了，也許(xu)這種紋(wen)波(bo)可以用來(lai)給鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，但(dan)對于36V鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池來(lai)說，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)脈沖(chong)的(de)幅值應(ying)以1-2V為好。

　　（2）輸出連續三(san)角(jiao)波(bo)。這通(tong)常是(shi)正(zheng)激(ji)式(shi)開關電(dian)源充(chong)電(dian)器才有的(de)(de)(de)波(bo)形，由于(yu)極化(hua)現(xian)象(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)存在(zai)，蓄電(dian)池忌(ji)諱用直(zhi)流充(chong)電(dian)，包(bao)括連續三(san)角(jiao)波(bo)。常規性充(chong)電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)好波(bo)形是(shi)單端反激(ji)式(shi)開關電(dian)源通(tong)常所(suo)輸出的(de)(de)(de)下降型脈沖，尤(you)其是(shi)緊接脈沖之后存在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)一段(duan)休(xiu)止時間，還可(ke)以消除鉛酸蓄電(dian)池因充(chong)電(dian)而(er)產生的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)化(hua)學極化(hua)；比(bi)(bi)較而(er)言，正(zheng)激(ji)式(shi)開關電(dian)源充(chong)電(dian)器的(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)升雖然可(ke)以做(zuo)得(de)低一些(xie)，但(dan)其輸出波(bo)形不如反激(ji)式(shi)電(dian)源，不過這可(ke)以通(tong)過調整其輸出三(san)角(jiao)波(bo)的(de)(de)(de)占(zhan)空比(bi)(bi)來加以彌補。

　　（3）在(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器與(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)之間串聯有(you)一二極(ji)管(guan)。其目的(de)可能是(shi)為(wei)了防止電(dian)(dian)池(chi)通過充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器放電(dian)(dian)，但這(zhe)樣(yang)做是(shi)錯(cuo)誤(wu)的(de)。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)就是(shi)需(xu)要(yao)又充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)又放，邊充(chong)(chong)邊放，充(chong)(chong)多放少，哪怕放電(dian)(dian)只有(you)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)百分之一，也將會對抑制電(dian)(dian)池(chi)氣化(hua)和(he)抬(tai)高氣化(hua)電(dian)(dian)壓等(deng)產(chan)生(sheng)不可替代的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)。應(ying)該認識(shi)到，如能在(zai)每一常(chang)規性充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)周(zhou)(zhou)期留出幾微(wei)秒(miao)和(he)在(zai)修(xiu)補性充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)周(zhou)(zhou)期留出幾秒(miao)鐘用(yong)來放電(dian)(dian)，對消除鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)電(dian)(dian)化(hua)學極(ji)化(hua)和(he)濃差(cha)極(ji)化(hua)，從而(er)增加和(he)延長電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)容量和(he)壽命將會有(you)決定性意義。

（4）充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)頻(pin)率單調。一個優秀(xiu)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)必須(xu)具(ju)有(you)多種(zhong)(zhong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式：脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、負脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖激(ji)活、變頻(pin)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等模式，只有(you)具(ju)備這(zhe)些技(ji)術的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)才能(neng)有(you)效地(di)去(qu)除電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液濃度極差、板柵(zha)硫酸鹽化和極化現象。脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、高頻(pin)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以及變頻(pin)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)術，正在被越來越多地(di)應用在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)上(shang)，可以預(yu)期，一種(zhong)(zhong)兼有(you)常(chang)規性充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)能(neng)和修補性充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)能(neng)的(de)多功(gong)能(neng)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)必將替代功(gong)能(neng)單一的(de)三段式充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)而(er)成為EB的(de)主(zhu)流。

　　一種(zhong)實用的EB多(duo)功能充電器的充電模式和參數

　　如將(jiang)凡包(bao)含常規性(xing)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)功能(neng)(neng)和修(xiu)補性(xing)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)功能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器統(tong)稱為(wei)多(duo)功能(neng)(neng)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器，那么根(gen)據以(yi)(yi)兩種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)功能(neng)(neng)結合方式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)不同，可以(yi)(yi)設計出多(duo)種(zhong)模(mo)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)多(duo)功能(neng)(neng)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器，但從EB的(de)(de)(de)適用(yong)角(jiao)度考慮，還是(shi)將(jiang)以(yi)(yi)上兩種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)功能(neng)(neng)分開來設計好，即將(jiang)有限的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時間(jian)劃分為(wei)兩個充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時間(jian)段，前段時間(jian)用(yong)來完成常規性(xing)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，后段時間(jian)用(yong)來進(jin)行修(xiu)補性(xing)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)。以(yi)(yi)下仍以(yi)(yi)36V 12Ah鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)池組為(wei)例(li)，介(jie)紹一(yi)種(zhong)實用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)多(duo)功能(neng)(neng)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)模(mo)式(shi)和參數(shu)。

　　4.1常規性充電階段

　　（1）電源(yuan)類型：單端反(fan)激式開關電源(yuan)；

　　（2）滿輸出充電頻(pin)率：25kHz，即充電電源3A時(shi)的電源工作頻(pin)率；

　　（3）充電波形：下降型三(san)角脈(mo)沖；

　　（4）脈沖幅度：約1.6V；

　　（5）脈(mo)沖最大寬度：約25μs；

　　（6）充電休止時間：約15μs；

　　（7）放電電流(liu)：約50mA；

　　（8）充(chong)電平(ping)均(jun)電流：3A；

　　（9）充電峰值電流：約10A；

　　（10）充電(dian)時間：約4h，即充電(dian)4h后，電(dian)池電(dian)壓(ya)應上升到43.2V（常溫），容量已達75%以(yi)上；

　　（11）減流轉折(zhe)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)：常(chang)溫下(xia)43.2V，該(gai)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為“氣化點(dian)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)”，即(ji)在用直流充電(dian)的情況下(xia)，此時鉛酸電(dian)池的電(dian)解液已開始大量氣化。以(yi)下(xia)轉入修補性(xing)充電(dian)階(jie)段。

　　4.2修補性充電階(jie)段

　　（1）線性(xing)減流(liu)(liu)及范圍：電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓上升到(dao)43.2V（常溫）時，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)開始減小，減小的速率呈線性(xing)，平均充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)從3A最終減為不(bu)小于0.3A，或峰值充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)從約10A減為1A；

　　（2）充電(dian)頻率變(bian)化范圍(wei)：線性減流(liu)時，隨(sui)著充電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)的減小，充電(dian)頻率開始上升，其變(bian)化范圍(wei)為25-100kHz；

　　（3）充(chong)電(dian)(dian)終止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)：該(gai)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)相當于“氣(qi)化(hua)點電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)”加約(yue)1.2V，當電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)上升至該(gai)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)時，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器終止(zhi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)；

　　（4）重(zhong)起動電(dian)(dian)壓：終止(zhi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)后(hou)，電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)壓下(xia)(xia)降，當降至重(zhong)起動電(dian)(dian)壓時，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器將再次起動將電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)到充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)終止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)壓，而后(hou)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)終止(zhi)，電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)壓再次下(xia)(xia)降，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)將循環反重(zhong)地進行下(xia)(xia)去；

　　（5）充電(dian)(dian)終(zhong)止時(shi)間(jian)(jian)：終(zhong)止充電(dian)(dian)后，電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)壓下降(jiang)的時(shi)間(jian)(jian)起先較(jiao)快(kuai)，約(yue)幾秒鐘，隨著時(shi)間(jian)(jian)推(tui)移，終(zhong)止充電(dian)(dian)的時(shi)間(jian)(jian)會(hui)越來越長，可達幾分鐘以(yi)上；

　　（6）修補性充電(dian)的延續時間：4h以上不限

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