充電器的種類：分用有、無工頻（50赫茲）變壓器區分，可分為兩大類。貨運三輪充電器一般使用帶工頻變壓器的充電機，體積大、重量大，費電，但是可靠，便宜；電動自行車和電摩則使用所謂開關電源式充電器，省電，效率高，但是易壞。 常用的開關電源式充電器又分半橋式和單激式兩大類，單激類又分為正激式和反激式兩類。半橋式成本高，性能好，常用于帶負脈沖的充電器；單激式成本低，市(shi)場占(zhan)有率(lv)高。

       鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)已經有100多(duo)年(nian)的(de)歷史了(le)，開始全球(qiu)普遍沿引老的(de)觀點(dian)和操(cao)作規程：充(chong)、放電(dian)(dian)(dian)率為0.1C（C是電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量）壽命較長。美國人麥斯(si)先生為解決(jue)快速充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)問題，1967年(nian)向全世界公布了(le)他的(de)研究成(cheng)果(guo)，用大于(yu)1C率脈沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)間歇時(shi)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)。放電(dian)(dian)(dian)有利于(yu)消(xiao)除(chu)極化、降(jiang)低電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液溫度、提高極板接受電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷的(de)能力。

我國一(yi)些科技工(gong)作(zuo)者在(zai)1969年前(qian)后，根據麥斯先生(sheng)的(de)三(san)定律制作(zuo)成功了(le)(le)(le)多種品牌的(de)快速(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循環過程是(shi)：大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流脈(mo)沖(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)→切(qie)斷(duan)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)→對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池短暫放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)→停止(zhi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)→接通(tong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)→大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流脈(mo)沖(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)……2000年前(qian)后，有(you)人將(jiang)這一(yi)原理用(yong)(yong)到了(le)(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)中，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中，不切(qie)斷(duan)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)，用(yong)(yong)小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池短路(lu)(lu)(lu)瞬間(jian)，進(jin)行放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。短路(lu)(lu)(lu)時(shi)由(you)于不切(qie)斷(duan)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)，在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)中串連了(le)(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感。一(yi)般在(zai)1秒內短路(lu)(lu)(lu)3－5毫秒（1秒＝1000毫秒），由(you)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感里的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流不能跳變，短路(lu)(lu)(lu)時(shi)間(jian)短促，可以保護充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)轉換部分。如(ru)果把充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流方(fang)向叫正，放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)自(zi)然為負了(le)(le)(le)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車業就出現了(le)(le)(le)名詞“負脈(mo)沖(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)”，而且稱可以延長電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽(shou)命等等。

近幾年(nian)，電(dian)動(dong)車普遍使用(yong)了所謂三(san)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)式充(chong)電(dian)器，第(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)恒(heng)流(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)個(ge)(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)恒(heng)壓(ya)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)個(ge)(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)涓(juan)流(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)。從電(dian)子技術角度針對電(dian)池而言(yan)：第(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)充(chong)電(dian)限(xian)流(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)個(ge)(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)高恒(heng)壓(ya)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)個(ge)(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)低恒(heng)壓(ya)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)比較貼切。第(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)和(he)第(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)轉換(huan)時，面板指(zhi)示(shi)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)相(xiang)應變換(huan)，大(da)多數充(chong)電(dian)器第(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)、二(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)是紅燈(deng)(deng)(deng)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)變綠燈(deng)(deng)(deng)。第(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)和(he)第(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)的相(xiang)互轉換(huan)是由充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)決定的，大(da)于某電(dian)流(liu)進(jin)入(ru)第(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)第(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，小于某電(dian)流(liu)進(jin)入(ru)第(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)。這個(ge)(ge)電(dian)流(liu)叫(jiao)(jiao)轉換(huan)電(dian)流(liu)，也叫(jiao)(jiao)轉折電(dian)流(liu)。

買新充電器要檢查三(san)(san)段(duan)(duan)式充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)三(san)(san)個(ge)(ge)重要參(can)數(shu)(shu)，第(di)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)重要參(can)數(shu)(shu)是涓流階段(duan)(duan)的(de)低恒壓(ya)值(zhi)(zhi)，第(di)二個(ge)(ge)重要參(can)數(shu)(shu)是第(di)二階段(duan)(duan)的(de)高恒壓(ya)值(zhi)(zhi)，第(di)三(san)(san)個(ge)(ge)重要參(can)數(shu)(shu)是轉換電(dian)(dian)流。這(zhe)三(san)(san)個(ge)(ge)重要參(can)數(shu)(shu)與電(dian)(dian)池(chi)數(shu)(shu)目(mu)有(you)(you)關(guan)，與電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)容量Ah有(you)(you)關(guan)，與溫(wen)度有(you)(you)關(guan)，與電(dian)(dian)池(chi)種類有(you)(you)關(guan)。用(yong)戶一(yi)般(ban)可以自己測(ce)得(de)第(di)三(san)(san)階段(duan)(duan)的(de)低恒壓(ya)值(zhi)(zhi)。方法是，不接電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，給充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)加(jia)市電(dian)(dian)，用(yong)數(shu)(shu)字萬用(yong)表的(de)200V直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)檔測(ce)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)輸出電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。另兩個(ge)(ge)參(can)數(shu)(shu)高恒壓(ya)值(zhi)(zhi)和轉折(zhe)電(dian)(dian)流一(yi)般(ban)需要專(zhuan)用(yong)工具才能測(ce)得(de)。

開關電源式充電器的(de)正確(que)操作是：充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時，先(xian)插(cha)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，后(hou)加市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)；充足后(hou)，先(xian)切斷(duan)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，后(hou)拔(ba)(ba)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)插(cha)頭。如果在充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時先(xian)拔(ba)(ba)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)插(cha)頭，特別是充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大（紅燈）時，非常容易(yi)損壞(huai)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)。

此外還需注意的是：1，變綠燈后再接著充2－3小時。2，原則是淺放（電）勤充（電），就是騎行不足夠遠，也要及時充電，避免放光再充電。3，長期不騎，要定期（2－3個月）充電一次。4，長期淺放的電池，3個月左右，作一次深放電，就是所謂放光再充電，有利于電池深部的長期不動的物質的活化。放光的意思是，騎到控制器電池欠壓保護動作為止。5， 一般新電池投入使用8－10個月后，要對電池進行檢查和維護。6，一般名牌車配套的充電器是經過篩選的，通常不用測試，但是單獨到市場上采購的非配套充電器，一(yi)定要(yao)進行前述三個參(can)數的(de)測試(shi)。7，有一(yi)種不帶(dai)工(gong)頻變壓器的(de)可(ke)控硅充電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，直接整流市(shi)電(dian)(dian)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)流可(ke)到30A，電(dian)(dian)壓12V－80V可(ke)調，未徹底切斷市(shi)電(dian)(dian)前，千萬不要(yao)摸(mo)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，貨(huo)運(yun)三輪使(shi)用這類充電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)客(ke)戶特別要(yao)注意安全。