電源技術研究與設計高性能18650型鋰離子蓄電池張澤波，劉秀(xiu)生，薛梅，楊(yang)清欣，汪(wang)繼強（信息產業部電(dian)(dian)(dian)子第十八研究所，天津300381）（LiNi0.8Co0.2O2）為(wei)正(zheng)極(ji)，中間相炭微(wei)珠（MCMB）為(wei)負極(ji)的(de)18650型鋰離(li)子蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量分別大于1 700mAh電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)比能(neng)量達到了(le)130Wh/kg和350Wh/L.在室溫(wen)條件下，0.5C電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)循環壽命1000次時，其容(rong)量仍為(wei)初始容(rong)量的(de)60%.70%.以氧化鈷鋰為(wei)正(zheng)極(ji)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在一40°C.0.2C速率。終止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)2.5V的(de)條件下，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量為(wei)室溫(wen)容(rong)量的(de)60%.實驗結果表明，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)安(an)全可靠。

　　鋰離子蓄電池自1991年(nian)商品化(hua)以來發展(zhan)迅速。目前它(ta)不(bu)但(dan)廣泛(fan)用于攝(she)象機、筆記本電腦(nao)、蜂(feng)窩電話等便攜式電子設(she)施，而且正(zheng)在(zai)成(cheng)為電動車、軍事通訊、航天、航空領域(yu)電子設(she)施的候選電源(yuan)111.這就要求(qiu)電池具有(you)更高的比(bi)能量、更長的工(gong)作壽(shou)命(ming)及良好(hao)的高、低溫放電特性(xing)(xing)。為此我們試(shi)驗了高性(xing)(xing)能的正(zheng)極(ji)材料(liao)氧化(hua)鈷鋰(li)、氧化(hua)鎳鈷鋰(li)和(he)負極(ji)碳(tan)材料(liao)一(yi)中間相炭微珠，對電池設(she)計進(jin)行優化(hua)改進(jin)電極(ji)成(cheng)型工(gong)藝，篩(shai)選不(bu)同組分和(he)配比(bi)的電液體系，研制出(chu)具有(you)高性(xing)(xing)能的18650型鋰(li)離子蓄電池。

　　以金屬鋰為負(fu)極(ji)(ji)，采(cai)用扣式電池(chi)(chi)試驗(yan)了(le)正極(ji)(ji)材料LiCo2和LiNi0.8Co0.O2的(de)充(chong)放電特性。充(chong)放電壓范(fan)圍(wei)3.充(chong)放電流密度0.2mA/cm2.研究(jiu)了(le)負(fu)極(ji)(ji)炭粉MCMB顆粒度及其分(fen)布(bu)與電池(chi)(chi)容(rong)量(liang)及充(chong)放電效率的(de)關系，并試驗(yan)了(le)負(fu)電極(ji)(ji)成型工藝條件。

　　電液體系的篩選(xuan)對(dui)電解質為1mol/LLiPFf以碳(tan)(tan)酸(suan)(suan)乙烯酯（EC）為主(zhu)體的不(bu)同組分〔包括碳(tan)(tan)酸(suan)(suan)二乙酯（DEC）碳(tan)(tan)酸(suan)(suan)二甲酯（DMC）碳(tan)(tan)酸(suan)(suan)乙甲酯（EMC）碳(tan)(tan)酸(suan)(suan)丙烯酯（PC）等(deng)〕和比例的多元電液體系進(jin)行(xing)試(shi)驗。研(yan)究了其(qi)與電極材料(liao)的相容性(xing)和對(dui)電池容量。充放效率(lv)、盾環壽命。倍率(lv)特性(xing)。溫度特性(xing)的影響(xiang)。

　　電(dian)(dian)池(chi)工藝(yi)參數的(de)(de)(de)設(she)計和電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)作根(gen)據材料的(de)(de)(de)試驗結(jie)果，設(she)計了(le)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)負極(ji)(ji)活性物(wu)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)配比及電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)工藝(yi)參數。將正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)極(ji)(ji)活性物(wu)質(zhi)與一定比例(li)的(de)(de)(de)添加(jia)劑均勻混和，加(jia)到聚偏二(er)氟乙烯/N甲(jia)基(ji)吡(bi)咯烷酮（PVDF/NMP）粘結(jie)液中(zhong)，攪拌均勻，制(zhi)成(cheng)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)極(ji)(ji)漿料，均勻涂(tu)于(yu)鋁箔基(ji)體上。經過(guo)烘(hong)干。壓片(pian)。裁片(pian)等工藝(yi)制(zhi)成(cheng)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)。按同樣方法制(zhi)成(cheng)負電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)。

　　負電(dian)極(ji)基體(ti)為銅箔。

　　電池的(de)(de)制作(zuo)及(ji)(ji)實(shi)驗合隔膜卷繞(rao)成(cheng)極芯，電(dian)(dian)液為(wei)1mol/LLiPFf/EC+DEC+DMC，制成(cheng)18650型電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)采(cai)(cai)用恒(heng)流(liu)限壓(ya)、直(zhi)壓(ya)限流(liu)的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)電(dian)(dian)源技(ji)術(shu)(shu)制，充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)范圍(wei)為(wei)2.75~4. 1V.電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)化(hua)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)為(wei)0.2C，循(xun)環(huan)(huan)壽(shou)命試(shi)(shi)驗的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)為(wei)1A.按ICR18650電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)條件，進行了(le)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)倍(bei)率（1 C）、低(di)溫（一(yi)(yi)20C、一(yi)(yi)30C、一(yi)(yi)40C）、循(xun)環(huan)(huan)壽(shou)命試(shi)(shi)驗及(ji)(ji)安全(quan)特(te)性(xing)(xing)試(shi)(shi)驗。其(qi)中安全(quan)特(te)性(xing)(xing)試(shi)(shi)驗包(bao)括過充(chong)（3C充(chong)電(dian)(dian)、限壓(ya)10V）、短(duan)路(lu)（電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)小于(yu)50線路(lu)內短(duan)接）、沖擊（10kg重(zhong)物(wu)、2/3m 5mm尖針刺(ci)透）、熱箱（150°C環(huan)(huan)境下(xia)放(fang)置）等。所有試(shi)(shi)驗數據由(you)計(ji)算(suan)機(ji)自動采(cai)(cai)集，試(shi)(shi)驗現(xian)象遠程可(ke)視化(hua)監控記錄。電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)能試(shi)(shi)驗在(zai)ArbinBT-2401自動充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)儀(yi)上進行。

　　以LiNi2為主體的三方晶系結構。LiNi0.8C0.22材料的第一次充放電比容量分別為180mAh/g和150mAh/g這明顯高于LiC2的比容量。而且它的第一次高的充電容量為電池的設計提供了良好的基礎。因為鋰離子蓄電池的碳電極在第一次充電時(shi)，要在其表面生成(cheng)一(yi)層固體電(dian)解質(zhi)保(bao)護膜，消(xiao)耗一(yi)定量的正(zheng)極(ji)活性物(wu)質(zhi)成(cheng)為不(bu)可逆容量。米(mi)用LiNi0.Co0.O2作正(zheng)極(ji)時(shi)，電(dian)池設計不(bu)必考(kao)慮過多增加正(zheng)極(ji)活性物(wu)質(zhi)量。

　　平均每次循(xun)環容(rong)(rong)降0.04%.電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)以1C、2C速(su)率(lv)(lv)(lv)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)分別為初(chu)始(shi)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)99.4%和98. 9%.電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)具有(you)良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)低溫放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)特(te)性(xing)，在一(yi)MCMLiCoO2電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)倍率(lv)(lv)(lv)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)曲線°以0. 30時，以率(lv)(lv)(lv)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)達(da)(da)到了初(chu)始(shi)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)80%；在一(yi)40時以0.2C速(su)率(lv)(lv)(lv)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)達(da)(da)到了初(chu)始(shi)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)60%.電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)低溫放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)特(te)性(xing)主要是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極材料和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)MCMLiCoO2電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)低溫放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)峨液(ye)(ye)共同作用的(de)(de)(de)(de)結果。尤負極的(de)(de)(de)(de)18650型鋰離子蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)特(te)性(xing)曲線。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)大于1700mAh，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在室(shi)溫、充放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓2.75放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)(lv)由(you)87%提高到90.6%.并且在優(you)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)液(ye)(ye)體系中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)充放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)(lv)可提高到近92%.通(tong)過(guo)改進電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極成型加工(gong)工(gong)藝，提高了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)循(xun)環的(de)(de)(de)(de)穩定(ding)性(xing)。

　　~是以Li-CoO2為正極、MCMB為負(fu)極的18650型鋰離子蓄(xu)電池(chi)的放(fang)電特(te)性曲線。

　　41V、1A放電電流、100%DOD條件下(xia)，循(xun)環壽(shou)(shou)命超(chao)過(guo)1000次(ci)，平均(jun)每次(ci)循(xun)環容(rong)降0.04%.電(dian)(dian)(dian)池良好(hao)的(de)循(xun)環壽(shou)(shou)命主要得益于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液中的(de)穩定性31.電(dian)(dian)(dian)池以1C、2C速率(lv)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)分(fen)別(bie)為初始(shi)(shi)容(rong)量(liang)的(de)945%和(he)89.8%.電(dian)(dian)(dian)池在(zai)一(yi)(yi)由(you)圖(tu)可知(zhi)，放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)大于(yu)1550mAh，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池在(zai)室溫、充放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓2.75~41V、1A放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流、100%DOD條件下(xia)，循(xun)環壽(shou)(shou)命超(chao)過(guo)1000次(ci)，C時以0.2C速率(lv)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)為初始(shi)(shi)容(rong)量(liang)的(de)80. 5%，一(yi)(yi)30C時放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)為初始(shi)(shi)容(rong)量(liang)的(de)57.1%. ~2為電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)安全特性試驗(yan)曲線。

　　電池低溫放電曲線過充、短路、沖擊等項試lowtemperature驗中，電池的(de)取溫度(du)低于(yu)120C無起火(huo)、爆炸(zha)研(yan)究與設(she)計(ji)(ji)現象(xiang)發生，安全可靠。這(zhe)是因(yin)為在電池的(de)設(she)計(ji)(ji)及(ji)制作中，從材(cai)料、結構、安全裝置等多方(fang)面采(cai)取了安全保護措(cuo)施。

　　3結論通過試驗和選擇電(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)材料，改進(jin)電(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)型(xing)工藝(yi)，篩選電(dian)液體系，優化電(dian)池設計和安(an)全設計，研制成(cheng)了(le)為(wei)正極(ji)(ji)(ji)、MCMB為(wei)負極(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)18650型(xing)鋰(li)離(li)子蓄電(dian)池。電(dian)池具(ju)有較高(gao)的(de)放(fang)電(dian)容量和1700mAh）高(gao)的(de)比能量（130Wh/kg和350Wh/L）長的(de)工作(zuo)壽命（1 000次(ci)）和良(liang)好的(de)低溫(wen)放(fang)電(dian)性(xing)能（一40°C）。電(dian)池工作(zuo)安(an)全可(ke)靠，能滿足不同領域對電(dian)池的(de)特殊(shu)要求。

                                                                                                                                  本文摘自于中國鋰(li)電(dian)網(wang)