充電器的分類：用有、無工頻（50赫茲）變壓器區分，可分為兩大類。貨運三輪充電器一般使用帶工頻變壓器的充電(dian)(dian)機，體積(ji)大、重(zhong)量(liang)大，費(fei)電(dian)(dian)，但(dan)是(shi)可靠，便宜(yi)；電(dian)(dian)動自行(xing)車(che)和電(dian)(dian)摩則使用所謂開關(guan)電(dian)(dian)源式充電(dian)(dian)器，省電(dian)(dian)，效率高，但(dan)是(shi)易(yi)壞。

     開關(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源式充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的正確操(cao)作是(shi)：充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，先插電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，后(hou)加(jia)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)；充(chong)足后(hou)，先切斷市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，后(hou)拔(ba)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)插頭(tou)。如(ru)果(guo)在(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)先拔(ba)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)插頭(tou)，特(te)別是(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流大（紅燈）時(shi)，非(fei)常容易損壞充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器。

       常用的開關電源式充電器又分半橋式和單激式兩大類，單激類又分為正激式和反激式兩類。半橋式成本高，性能好，常用于帶負脈沖的充電器；單激式成本(ben)低(di)，市場占有率(lv)高。

       關于負脈沖充電器

       鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)已(yi)經有100多年的歷史(shi)了，開始(shi)全(quan)球(qiu)普遍沿引(yin)老的觀點和(he)操作(zuo)規程：充(chong)(chong)、放電(dian)(dian)(dian)率為(wei)0.1C(C是電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量)壽命(ming)較(jiao)長。美(mei)國人麥(mai)斯先生為(wei)解決快速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)問(wen)題(ti)，1967年向全(quan)世界公布了他(ta)的研究成果，用大于1C率脈(mo)沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)間歇時(shi)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)。放電(dian)(dian)(dian)有利于消除(chu)極化、降(jiang)低電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)溫(wen)度、提(ti)高極板接受電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷的能力(li)。

       我國一(yi)些科技工作(zuo)者在1969年前后，根(gen)據麥斯先(xian)生的三定律制作(zuo)成功了多(duo)種品(pin)牌的快速(su)充電(dian)(dian)機。充電(dian)(dian)循(xun)環(huan)過程是：大電(dian)(dian)流脈沖(chong)充電(dian)(dian)→切斷充電(dian)(dian)通(tong)路→對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)短暫放(fang)電(dian)(dian)→停止放(fang)電(dian)(dian)→接(jie)通(tong)充電(dian)(dian)通(tong)路→大電(dian)(dian)流脈沖(chong)充電(dian)(dian)……

       2000年前后，有人將這一原理用到了電動車充電器中(zhong)(zhong)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)，不切斷(duan)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通路(lu)(lu)(lu)，用小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池短(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)瞬間(jian)，進行放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。短(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)時由于不切斷(duan)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通路(lu)(lu)(lu)，在(zai)(zai)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通路(lu)(lu)(lu)中(zhong)(zhong)串連了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感。一(yi)般在(zai)(zai)1秒(miao)內短(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)3－5毫(hao)秒(miao)（1秒(miao)＝1000毫(hao)秒(miao)），由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感里的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流不能跳(tiao)變，短(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)時間(jian)短(duan)(duan)促，可以保(bao)護充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源轉換部分。如果(guo)把充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流方向(xiang)叫正，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)自然為(wei)負(fu)(fu)了(le)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車業就出現(xian)了(le)名詞“負(fu)(fu)脈沖充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器”，而且(qie)稱可以延長電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命(ming)等(deng)等(deng)。

       關于三段式充電器

       近幾(ji)年，電(dian)(dian)動車(che)普(pu)遍使用了所謂三段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)式充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器，第(di)(di)一(yi)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)恒流(liu)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)二(er)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)恒壓(ya)(ya)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)三個(ge)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)涓流(liu)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)。從電(dian)(dian)子(zi)技術(shu)角(jiao)度針(zhen)對電(dian)(dian)池而(er)言(yan)：第(di)(di)一(yi)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)限流(liu)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)二(er)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)恒壓(ya)(ya)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)三個(ge)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)低(di)恒壓(ya)(ya)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)比較貼切。第(di)(di)二(er)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)和第(di)(di)三階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)轉(zhuan)換時，面板指示燈相應變換，大多數充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器第(di)(di)一(yi)、二(er)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)是(shi)(shi)紅燈，第(di)(di)三階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)變綠燈。第(di)(di)二(er)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)和第(di)(di)三階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)相互(hu)轉(zhuan)換是(shi)(shi)由充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)決定的(de)(de)，大于(yu)某(mou)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)進入第(di)(di)一(yi)第(di)(di)二(er)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，小于(yu)某(mou)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)進入第(di)(di)三階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)。這個(ge)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)叫(jiao)(jiao)轉(zhuan)換電(dian)(dian)流(liu)，也叫(jiao)(jiao)轉(zhuan)折(zhe)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)。

       早期充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)，包括名(ming)牌車配(pei)套的充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)，雖然(ran)也變燈，但實(shi)際(ji)是(shi)恒壓限流充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)，并不是(shi)三階段充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)。一般這類就一個穩定(ding)電(dian)(dian)壓值，44.2V左(zuo)右，對(dui)當時的高比重硫酸的電(dian)(dian)池還湊合。

       關于(yu)三段(duan)式(shi)充電器的三個關鍵參數

       第一個重要(yao)參(can)數(shu)(shu)是涓流階段(duan)的(de)(de)低恒(heng)壓值，第二個重要(yao)參(can)數(shu)(shu)是第二階段(duan)的(de)(de)高恒(heng)壓值，第三個重要(yao)參(can)數(shu)(shu)是轉換電流。這三個重要(yao)參(can)數(shu)(shu)與(yu)電池數(shu)(shu)目有關，與(yu)電池的(de)(de)容(rong)量Ah有關，與(yu)溫度有關，與(yu)電池種類有關。為了方便大家記憶，下(xia)面(mian)以最(zui)常見(jian)的(de)(de)電動自行車充電器(qi)（三塊12V串聯的(de)(de)10Ah電池）所用的(de)(de)三段(duan)式(shi)充電器(qi)為例簡(jian)單介紹一下(xia)：

       首先(xian)討(tao)論涓流階段的低恒(heng)壓值(zhi)(zhi)，參考(kao)電(dian)壓為42.5V左(zuo)右。此值(zhi)(zhi)高將使電(dian)池失水，容易(yi)使電(dian)池發熱變形(xing)；此值(zhi)(zhi)低不利于電(dian)池充足電(dian)。此值(zhi)(zhi)在南方要(yao)低于41.5V；膠體電(dian)池要(yao)低于41.5V，如在南方還(huan)要(yao)低一點兒。這個參數是(shi)相對嚴(yan)格的，不可以大于參考(kao)值(zhi)(zhi)。

       其次討(tao)論第二(er)階段的高(gao)恒壓值，參考(kao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為44.5V左(zuo)右。此值高(gao)有(you)利(li)于快速充足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，但是(shi)(shi)容易使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池失水，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后期(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)下不來，結果(guo)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池發熱變形；此值低(di)不利(li)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池快速充足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，有(you)利(li)于向(xiang)涓流(liu)階段轉換。這個值雖然沒有(you)第一個值那樣嚴(yan)格(ge)，但是(shi)(shi)也不要過高(gao)。

       最后討(tao)論轉換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，參考電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流為300毫(hao)安(an)左右。此(ci)值(zhi)高(gao)有利(li)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命(ming)，不(bu)(bu)容易(yi)發(fa)熱(re)(re)變形，但(dan)不(bu)(bu)利(li)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池快速充(chong)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)；此(ci)值(zhi)低(di)（對外行）有利(li)于(yu)充(chong)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，但(dan)是由于(yu)較長時間高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，容易(yi)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池失水，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池發(fa)熱(re)(re)變形。特別(bie)個別(bie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池出現問題(ti)時，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流降(jiang)不(bu)(bu)到轉折電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流以下時，會連累好電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池也(ye)被充(chong)壞。給出的參考值(zhi)有一定范圍(wei)，正負50毫(hao)安(an)甚至100毫(hao)安(an)都是允許的，但(dan)是不(bu)(bu)允許小于(yu)200毫(hao)安(an)。

       目前，市場上出(chu)現了很(hen)多高恒壓值為46.5V、低恒壓值為41.5V、轉折電(dian)流大于500毫安的反激式廉(lian)價充電(dian)器。

       如果是四塊12V電池的充電器即48V充電器，前(qian)兩(liang)個參數(shu)為(wei)前(qian)述電壓參考值除以(yi)三乘以(yi)四。高恒壓值為(wei)59.5V左右、低恒壓值為(wei)56.5V左右。

       電(dian)池如果(guo)比(bi)10Ah大(da)，將第三(san)個參(can)數電(dian)流(liu)值適當增大(da)，例如17Ah電(dian)池可大(da)到500毫安。

       買新充電器(qi)要檢查三(san)(san)段式充電器(qi)的(de)三(san)(san)個(ge)重要參數(shu)，用戶一般(ban)(ban)可以自己測得第三(san)(san)階段的(de)低恒壓值(zhi)。方法是，不(bu)接電池，給(gei)充電器(qi)加市電，用數(shu)字萬用表的(de)200V直流電壓檔(dang)測充電器(qi)的(de)輸出電壓。另(ling)兩個(ge)參數(shu)高恒壓值(zhi)和轉折電流一般(ban)(ban)需(xu)要專用工具(ju)才(cai)能測得。

       再補充(chong)一(yi)些(xie)正確的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)法：1，變(bian)綠(lv)燈(deng)后再接著(zhu)充(chong)2－3小時(shi)。2，原則是淺(qian)(qian)放(fang)(fang)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)）勤充(chong)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)），就是騎行不(bu)足夠(gou)遠，也要及時(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，避免放(fang)(fang)光再充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。3，長期(qi)不(bu)騎，要定(ding)期(qi)（2－3個(ge)月）充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一(yi)次。4，長期(qi)淺(qian)(qian)放(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，3個(ge)月左右，作一(yi)次深(shen)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，就是所謂放(fang)(fang)光再充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，有利于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池深(shen)部的(de)(de)長期(qi)不(bu)動的(de)(de)物質的(de)(de)活化(hua)。放(fang)(fang)光的(de)(de)意思是，騎到(dao)控制器電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池欠壓(ya)保護動作為(wei)止。

       需要提醒客(ke)戶幾點(dian)：1，一(yi)般新(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池投入使用8－10個(ge)月(yue)后，要對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池進行檢查和維(wei)護。2，一(yi)般名牌車配套的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器是經過篩選的，通常不(bu)(bu)用測試，但是單獨(du)到市(shi)場上采購的非配套充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器，一(yi)定要進行前述(shu)三個(ge)參數的測試。3，有一(yi)種不(bu)(bu)帶工頻變壓器的可控硅充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，直(zhi)接整流市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流可到30A，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓12V－80V可調(diao)，未徹底切斷市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)前，千萬(wan)不(bu)(bu)要摸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，貨運三輪使用這類充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的客(ke)戶特別要注意安全。