充電器的分類：用有、無工頻（50赫茲）變壓器區分，可分為兩大類。貨運三輪充電器一般使(shi)用(yong)帶工頻變(bian)壓器(qi)的(de)充電機，體積大(da)(da)、重量大(da)(da)，費(fei)電，但(dan)是可靠，便宜；電動自(zi)行車和電摩則使(shi)用(yong)所謂開(kai)關電源式充電器(qi)，省電，效率高，但(dan)是易壞。

     開關(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源式充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器的正確(que)操作(zuo)是：充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時，先(xian)插電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，后加市電(dian)(dian)(dian)；充(chong)足后，先(xian)切斷(duan)市電(dian)(dian)(dian)，后拔電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)插頭。如果在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時先(xian)拔電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)插頭，特別是充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流大(da)（紅燈）時，非(fei)常容易(yi)損壞充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器。

       常用的開關電源式充電器又分半橋式和單激式兩大類，單激類又分為正激式和反激式兩類。半橋式成本高，性能好，常用于帶負脈沖的充電器；單激(ji)式成本低，市(shi)場(chang)占有率高。

       關于負脈沖充電器

       鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)池已經(jing)有(you)(you)100多年(nian)的(de)(de)歷史了，開始全球普(pu)遍沿(yan)引老(lao)的(de)(de)觀點和操作規程：充、放電(dian)(dian)率(lv)為0.1C(C是電(dian)(dian)池容量(liang))壽(shou)命較長。美國人麥斯先生為解決快速充電(dian)(dian)問題，1967年(nian)向(xiang)全世界(jie)公(gong)布(bu)了他的(de)(de)研究成果(guo)，用(yong)大于1C率(lv)脈沖(chong)電(dian)(dian)流充電(dian)(dian)，充電(dian)(dian)間歇時(shi)對電(dian)(dian)池放電(dian)(dian)。放電(dian)(dian)有(you)(you)利于消除極(ji)化(hua)、降(jiang)低電(dian)(dian)解液溫度、提高(gao)極(ji)板(ban)接(jie)受(shou)電(dian)(dian)荷的(de)(de)能力。

       我國一些科技工(gong)作者(zhe)在1969年(nian)前后，根據麥斯先生(sheng)的三定(ding)律制(zhi)作成功了多種品牌的快(kuai)速充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)機。充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)循環過程是：大(da)電(dian)流(liu)脈沖充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)→切(qie)斷充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)通(tong)路→對(dui)電(dian)池(chi)短暫放電(dian)→停止放電(dian)→接通(tong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)通(tong)路→大(da)電(dian)流(liu)脈沖充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)……

       2000年前后，有人將這一原理用到了電動車充電器中(zhong)(zhong)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中(zhong)(zhong)，不(bu)切(qie)斷充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)通路，用小電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻將電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)短(duan)路瞬間(jian)，進行放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。短(duan)路時(shi)由(you)于(yu)不(bu)切(qie)斷充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)通路，在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)通路中(zhong)(zhong)串連了電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)。一般在1秒(miao)內短(duan)路3－5毫(hao)秒(miao)（1秒(miao)＝1000毫(hao)秒(miao)），由(you)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)里的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流不(bu)能跳變，短(duan)路時(shi)間(jian)短(duan)促，可(ke)以保護充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源轉(zhuan)換部分。如果把充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流方向叫正(zheng)，放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)自然為負(fu)了，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車業就(jiu)出(chu)現(xian)了名詞(ci)“負(fu)脈沖充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器”，而且稱可(ke)以延(yan)長電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽命等(deng)等(deng)。

       關于三段式充電器

       近幾(ji)年(nian)，電(dian)動車(che)普遍使(shi)用了所謂三段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)式(shi)充電(dian)器(qi)，第(di)一個階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)二(er)個階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫恒(heng)壓階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)三個階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫涓流(liu)(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)。從電(dian)子技術角度針(zhen)對電(dian)池而(er)言：第(di)一個階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫充電(dian)限流(liu)(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)二(er)個階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫高恒(heng)壓階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)三個階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫低恒(heng)壓階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)比較貼切。第(di)二(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)和(he)(he)第(di)三階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)時，面板(ban)指示燈相(xiang)應變換(huan)(huan)，大多數充電(dian)器(qi)第(di)一、二(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)是紅燈，第(di)三階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)變綠燈。第(di)二(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)和(he)(he)第(di)三階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)的相(xiang)互轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)是由充電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)決定(ding)的，大于某(mou)(mou)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)進入第(di)一第(di)二(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，小于某(mou)(mou)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)進入第(di)三階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)。這個電(dian)流(liu)(liu)叫轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)，也叫轉(zhuan)折(zhe)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)。

       早期充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)，包括名牌車配套的(de)充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)，雖然也(ye)變燈，但實際是恒(heng)壓限流充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)，并不是三階段充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)。一(yi)般這類就一(yi)個(ge)穩定電(dian)壓值，44.2V左右，對當時的(de)高比重硫酸的(de)電(dian)池還(huan)湊合(he)。

       關于三段式充電(dian)器的三個關鍵參數

       第(di)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)重(zhong)要(yao)參(can)(can)數(shu)(shu)是(shi)(shi)涓流階段(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)低恒壓(ya)值，第(di)二個(ge)(ge)重(zhong)要(yao)參(can)(can)數(shu)(shu)是(shi)(shi)第(di)二階段(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)高(gao)恒壓(ya)值，第(di)三個(ge)(ge)重(zhong)要(yao)參(can)(can)數(shu)(shu)是(shi)(shi)轉換電(dian)流。這三個(ge)(ge)重(zhong)要(yao)參(can)(can)數(shu)(shu)與電(dian)池(chi)(chi)數(shu)(shu)目有關，與電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)容量Ah有關，與溫度有關，與電(dian)池(chi)(chi)種(zhong)類(lei)有關。為(wei)了方便大家記憶(yi)，下(xia)面以最常見的(de)(de)電(dian)動自行(xing)車充電(dian)器(qi)（三塊12V串(chuan)聯的(de)(de)10Ah電(dian)池(chi)(chi)）所用(yong)的(de)(de)三段(duan)(duan)式充電(dian)器(qi)為(wei)例簡單介(jie)紹(shao)一(yi)下(xia)：

       首(shou)先討(tao)論涓流(liu)階(jie)段(duan)的低(di)(di)恒壓(ya)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，參(can)考電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為42.5V左(zuo)右(you)。此(ci)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)高將使(shi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)失水，容易使(shi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)發熱變形；此(ci)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)低(di)(di)不利(li)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充足(zu)電(dian)(dian)。此(ci)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)南方(fang)要(yao)低(di)(di)于(yu)41.5V；膠體電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)要(yao)低(di)(di)于(yu)41.5V，如在(zai)南方(fang)還要(yao)低(di)(di)一點兒(er)。這個參(can)數是相對嚴格的，不可(ke)以大于(yu)參(can)考值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。

       其次討論第(di)二階段(duan)的高恒壓(ya)值(zhi)(zhi)，參考(kao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)44.5V左(zuo)右。此值(zhi)(zhi)高有(you)(you)利(li)于快速充足電(dian)(dian)(dian)，但是(shi)容易使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)失水(shui)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)期(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流下不(bu)來(lai)，結果使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)發熱(re)變(bian)形；此值(zhi)(zhi)低(di)不(bu)利(li)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)快速充足電(dian)(dian)(dian)，有(you)(you)利(li)于向涓流階段(duan)轉換。這個值(zhi)(zhi)雖(sui)然(ran)沒有(you)(you)第(di)一個值(zhi)(zhi)那樣(yang)嚴(yan)格，但是(shi)也不(bu)要過高。

       最后討論轉換電(dian)(dian)流(liu)，參考電(dian)(dian)流(liu)為300毫安(an)(an)左右。此(ci)值高有利于電(dian)(dian)池壽命，不容易發(fa)熱變(bian)形，但不利于電(dian)(dian)池快速充(chong)足電(dian)(dian)；此(ci)值低（對外行）有利于充(chong)足電(dian)(dian)，但是(shi)由于較長時(shi)(shi)間高電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，容易使電(dian)(dian)池失(shi)水，使電(dian)(dian)池發(fa)熱變(bian)形。特(te)別個別電(dian)(dian)池出(chu)現問(wen)題時(shi)(shi)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)降不到轉折電(dian)(dian)流(liu)以下時(shi)(shi)，會連累好(hao)電(dian)(dian)池也(ye)被充(chong)壞。給出(chu)的參考值有一定范圍，正負50毫安(an)(an)甚至100毫安(an)(an)都是(shi)允許(xu)的，但是(shi)不允許(xu)小(xiao)于200毫安(an)(an)。

       目(mu)前，市場上(shang)出現了(le)很(hen)多高恒壓值(zhi)為46.5V、低恒壓值(zhi)為41.5V、轉(zhuan)折電(dian)流(liu)大于(yu)500毫安(an)的(de)反激式廉價充電(dian)器。

       如果是四塊12V電池的充電器即48V充電器，前兩個參數為前述(shu)電壓參考值(zhi)除以三(san)乘以四。高恒(heng)壓值(zhi)為59.5V左右、低恒(heng)壓值(zhi)為56.5V左右。

       電(dian)池如果比10Ah大，將第三(san)個參數(shu)電(dian)流值適當增大，例(li)如17Ah電(dian)池可大到500毫安。

       買新充(chong)電器(qi)要檢查三(san)段式充(chong)電器(qi)的三(san)個重(zhong)要參(can)數，用戶(hu)一般(ban)可以自己(ji)測得第三(san)階段的低(di)恒(heng)壓值(zhi)。方(fang)法是，不接(jie)電池，給(gei)充(chong)電器(qi)加市電，用數字(zi)萬用表的200V直流電壓檔測充(chong)電器(qi)的輸(shu)出電壓。另兩個參(can)數高恒(heng)壓值(zhi)和轉折(zhe)電流一般(ban)需要專用工(gong)具(ju)才能測得。

       再(zai)補充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)一(yi)些正確的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方法：1，變綠燈(deng)后再(zai)接著充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)2－3小時。2，原則(ze)是(shi)淺(qian)放（電(dian)(dian)(dian)）勤充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)），就(jiu)是(shi)騎行(xing)不足夠遠，也(ye)要及時充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，避免放光(guang)再(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。3，長期不騎，要定期（2－3個月）充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)一(yi)次(ci)。4，長期淺(qian)放的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，3個月左右，作(zuo)一(yi)次(ci)深(shen)(shen)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)，就(jiu)是(shi)所(suo)謂放光(guang)再(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，有利于電(dian)(dian)(dian)池深(shen)(shen)部(bu)的(de)長期不動(dong)(dong)的(de)物(wu)質的(de)活化。放光(guang)的(de)意(yi)思(si)是(shi)，騎到控制(zhi)器電(dian)(dian)(dian)池欠壓保(bao)護(hu)動(dong)(dong)作(zuo)為止。

       需要(yao)(yao)提(ti)醒(xing)客戶(hu)幾點：1，一般新(xin)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)投入(ru)使用8－10個(ge)月(yue)后，要(yao)(yao)對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)進(jin)行檢(jian)查和維護。2，一般名牌車配(pei)套(tao)的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器是經過篩(shai)選的(de)，通(tong)常不用測(ce)試，但是單獨到(dao)市(shi)(shi)場上采購的(de)非配(pei)套(tao)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器，一定要(yao)(yao)進(jin)行前述三(san)個(ge)參數的(de)測(ce)試。3，有一種不帶工頻(pin)變(bian)壓器的(de)可控(kong)硅充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)機，直接整流市(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)為電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)流可到(dao)30A，電(dian)(dian)壓12V－80V可調，未徹底切斷市(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)前，千萬(wan)不要(yao)(yao)摸電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，貨運(yun)三(san)輪使用這(zhe)類(lei)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)機的(de)客戶(hu)特(te)別要(yao)(yao)注意安全。