充電器的分類：用有、無工頻（50赫茲）變壓器區分，可分為兩大類。貨運三輪充電器一般(ban)使用(yong)帶工頻(pin)變壓器的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機，體積大、重(zhong)量大，費電(dian)(dian)(dian)，但是(shi)可靠，便宜；電(dian)(dian)(dian)動自(zi)行車和電(dian)(dian)(dian)摩則使用(yong)所謂開關電(dian)(dian)(dian)源式充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器，省電(dian)(dian)(dian)，效率高，但是(shi)易壞(huai)。

     開(kai)關電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源式(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的正確操作是：充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)，先插電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，后加市(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)；充(chong)(chong)足后，先切斷市(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，后拔電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池插頭。如果在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)先拔電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池插頭，特別是充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流大（紅燈）時(shi)(shi)，非常容(rong)易損壞充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器。

       常用的開關電源式充電器又分半橋式和單激式兩大類，單激類又分為正激式和反激式兩類。半橋式成本高，性能好，常用于帶負脈沖的充電器；單激式成本(ben)低，市場占(zhan)有率(lv)高。

       關于負脈沖充電器

       鉛酸電(dian)池(chi)已經(jing)有(you)(you)100多年的(de)(de)歷史了，開始全球普遍(bian)沿(yan)引老的(de)(de)觀點和操作(zuo)規程：充(chong)、放電(dian)率為(wei)0.1C(C是電(dian)池(chi)容量)壽命較長。美國人麥斯(si)先(xian)生(sheng)為(wei)解決快速充(chong)電(dian)問題，1967年向(xiang)全世界公(gong)布了他的(de)(de)研究成果，用大(da)于1C率脈沖電(dian)流充(chong)電(dian)，充(chong)電(dian)間歇時對電(dian)池(chi)放電(dian)。放電(dian)有(you)(you)利于消除極化、降低電(dian)解液溫度、提高(gao)極板接受(shou)電(dian)荷(he)的(de)(de)能力(li)。

       我國一(yi)些科技工(gong)作者在1969年前后(hou)，根據(ju)麥斯先生(sheng)的(de)(de)三定律制(zhi)作成功了多種品(pin)牌的(de)(de)快速充(chong)電(dian)(dian)機。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)循環過程是：大電(dian)(dian)流脈沖充(chong)電(dian)(dian)→切斷充(chong)電(dian)(dian)通路→對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)短暫放電(dian)(dian)→停止放電(dian)(dian)→接通充(chong)電(dian)(dian)通路→大電(dian)(dian)流脈沖充(chong)電(dian)(dian)……

       2000年前后，有人將這一原理用到了電動車充電器中，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中，不(bu)切(qie)斷(duan)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)通路(lu)(lu)，用小電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻將電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)短路(lu)(lu)瞬間，進行(xing)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。短路(lu)(lu)時(shi)(shi)由于(yu)不(bu)切(qie)斷(duan)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)通路(lu)(lu)，在充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)通路(lu)(lu)中串連了電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)。一般在1秒(miao)內短路(lu)(lu)3－5毫(hao)秒(miao)（1秒(miao)＝1000毫(hao)秒(miao)），由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)里的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)不(bu)能跳變，短路(lu)(lu)時(shi)(shi)間短促，可以(yi)保護(hu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源轉換部分。如果把充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)方向叫正，放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)自然(ran)為負(fu)了，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車業就(jiu)出現(xian)了名詞(ci)“負(fu)脈沖充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器”，而(er)且稱可以(yi)延(yan)長電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽(shou)命等等。

       關于三段式充電器

       近幾(ji)年，電(dian)(dian)動車普遍使用了所謂三段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)式充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器，第(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)恒流(liu)(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)二(er)(er)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)恒壓(ya)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)三個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)涓流(liu)(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)。從電(dian)(dian)子技術角度(du)針對電(dian)(dian)池而言：第(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)限流(liu)(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)二(er)(er)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高恒壓(ya)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)三個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)低恒壓(ya)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)比較貼切(qie)。第(di)(di)二(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)和第(di)(di)三階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)轉(zhuan)換(huan)時，面板指示燈(deng)相(xiang)應變(bian)換(huan)，大多數充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器第(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)、二(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)是紅燈(deng)，第(di)(di)三階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)變(bian)綠(lv)燈(deng)。第(di)(di)二(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)和第(di)(di)三階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)的相(xiang)互轉(zhuan)換(huan)是由充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)決定的，大于(yu)某電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)進(jin)入(ru)第(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)第(di)(di)二(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，小于(yu)某電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)進(jin)入(ru)第(di)(di)三階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)。這個(ge)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)轉(zhuan)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，也(ye)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)轉(zhuan)折(zhe)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)。

       早期(qi)充電器(qi)，包(bao)括名(ming)牌(pai)車配套的(de)充電器(qi)，雖(sui)然(ran)也變(bian)燈(deng)，但(dan)實際是恒壓限流充電器(qi)，并不是三(san)階段充電器(qi)。一(yi)(yi)般這(zhe)類就一(yi)(yi)個穩定電壓值，44.2V左(zuo)右，對當時的(de)高比重硫(liu)酸的(de)電池還湊合。

       關于三(san)段式充電器的三(san)個關鍵參數

       第(di)一(yi)個重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)參數是(shi)(shi)涓流階段的(de)(de)低(di)恒壓值，第(di)二個重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)參數是(shi)(shi)第(di)二階段的(de)(de)高恒壓值，第(di)三(san)個重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)參數是(shi)(shi)轉(zhuan)換電(dian)(dian)流。這三(san)個重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)參數與(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)數目(mu)有關，與(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)容量Ah有關，與(yu)溫度有關，與(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)種類有關。為了方便大(da)家(jia)記憶，下(xia)面以最常見的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)動自(zi)行(xing)車充電(dian)(dian)器（三(san)塊12V串聯的(de)(de)10Ah電(dian)(dian)池(chi)）所用(yong)的(de)(de)三(san)段式充電(dian)(dian)器為例簡(jian)單介紹(shao)一(yi)下(xia)：

       首先(xian)討(tao)論涓流階(jie)段(duan)的(de)低(di)恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)值，參(can)考(kao)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為42.5V左右(you)。此(ci)值高(gao)將使(shi)電(dian)(dian)池失水，容易(yi)使(shi)電(dian)(dian)池發熱變形；此(ci)值低(di)不利于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)池充足電(dian)(dian)。此(ci)值在南方要低(di)于(yu)(yu)41.5V；膠體電(dian)(dian)池要低(di)于(yu)(yu)41.5V，如在南方還要低(di)一點兒。這(zhe)個參(can)數(shu)是相對嚴格(ge)的(de)，不可以大于(yu)(yu)參(can)考(kao)值。

       其次討論第二(er)階段的(de)高恒壓值(zhi)，參(can)考電(dian)(dian)壓為44.5V左右。此值(zhi)高有(you)(you)利于(yu)快速充(chong)足電(dian)(dian)，但(dan)是容(rong)易(yi)使電(dian)(dian)池失水，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)后期(qi)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)下不來(lai)，結果使電(dian)(dian)池發(fa)熱(re)變形；此值(zhi)低不利于(yu)電(dian)(dian)池快速充(chong)足電(dian)(dian)，有(you)(you)利于(yu)向涓流(liu)階段轉(zhuan)換。這個值(zhi)雖然沒有(you)(you)第一個值(zhi)那樣嚴格(ge)，但(dan)是也(ye)不要過高。

       最后討論轉換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，參考電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流為300毫(hao)(hao)安(an)左右。此值(zhi)(zhi)高有(you)利于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽(shou)命，不容易發(fa)熱變形(xing)，但(dan)不利于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)快速充(chong)(chong)(chong)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)；此值(zhi)(zhi)低(di)（對外行）有(you)利于(yu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，但(dan)是(shi)由于(yu)較(jiao)長時間高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，容易使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)失水，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)發(fa)熱變形(xing)。特(te)別個別電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)出現問題時，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流降(jiang)不到轉折(zhe)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流以下(xia)時，會(hui)連累好(hao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)也被(bei)充(chong)(chong)(chong)壞。給出的參考值(zhi)(zhi)有(you)一定范圍，正負(fu)50毫(hao)(hao)安(an)甚至100毫(hao)(hao)安(an)都是(shi)允許的，但(dan)是(shi)不允許小于(yu)200毫(hao)(hao)安(an)。

       目前，市場上出現(xian)了很多(duo)高恒(heng)壓值(zhi)為46.5V、低恒(heng)壓值(zhi)為41.5V、轉折電流大于500毫(hao)安的反(fan)激式廉價充電器(qi)。

       如果是四塊12V電池的充電器即48V充電器，前兩個(ge)參數為(wei)前述電壓參考值除(chu)以(yi)三(san)乘以(yi)四。高恒(heng)(heng)壓值為(wei)59.5V左右(you)(you)、低恒(heng)(heng)壓值為(wei)56.5V左右(you)(you)。

       電(dian)池(chi)如(ru)果比10Ah大(da)，將第三個參數電(dian)流值(zhi)適當增大(da)，例如(ru)17Ah電(dian)池(chi)可大(da)到500毫安(an)。

       買新充(chong)電器(qi)要檢查三段(duan)式充(chong)電器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)三個重要參數(shu)，用戶一般(ban)可以自己測得第三階(jie)段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)低(di)恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)值(zhi)。方法(fa)是，不接(jie)電池，給充(chong)電器(qi)加市電，用數(shu)字萬用表(biao)的(de)(de)(de)200V直流電壓(ya)(ya)檔測充(chong)電器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)輸出電壓(ya)(ya)。另(ling)兩個參數(shu)高恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)值(zhi)和轉折(zhe)電流一般(ban)需要專用工(gong)具才(cai)能測得。

       再(zai)(zai)補充(chong)(chong)一(yi)些正確的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)法：1，變綠(lv)燈后再(zai)(zai)接著充(chong)(chong)2－3小時(shi)。2，原則是(shi)淺(qian)放（電(dian)(dian)(dian)）勤(qin)充(chong)(chong)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)），就是(shi)騎行不足夠遠，也要(yao)及時(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，避免放光(guang)再(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。3，長期不騎，要(yao)定期（2－3個月）充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)一(yi)次(ci)(ci)。4，長期淺(qian)放的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，3個月左(zuo)右，作一(yi)次(ci)(ci)深放電(dian)(dian)(dian)，就是(shi)所謂放光(guang)再(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，有利于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池深部的(de)(de)(de)長期不動的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)質的(de)(de)(de)活化。放光(guang)的(de)(de)(de)意思是(shi)，騎到控制器電(dian)(dian)(dian)池欠壓(ya)保護動作為止。

       需(xu)要提醒客(ke)戶(hu)幾點：1，一(yi)(yi)般(ban)新電(dian)(dian)(dian)池投入(ru)使用8－10個(ge)月后，要對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池進行檢查和維護。2，一(yi)(yi)般(ban)名牌車配(pei)套(tao)的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)是(shi)經過篩選(xuan)的(de)，通(tong)常不(bu)用測(ce)試，但是(shi)單(dan)獨(du)到市(shi)場上采購的(de)非配(pei)套(tao)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，一(yi)(yi)定要進行前(qian)述三(san)個(ge)參數的(de)測(ce)試。3，有一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)不(bu)帶(dai)工頻(pin)變(bian)壓器(qi)的(de)可控硅(gui)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)，直接整流市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流可到30A，電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓12V－80V可調，未(wei)徹底切斷市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)前(qian)，千(qian)萬不(bu)要摸電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，貨運三(san)輪(lun)使用這類充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)客(ke)戶(hu)特別(bie)要注意安(an)全。