充電器的分類：用有、無工頻（50赫茲）變壓器區分，可分為兩大類。貨運三輪充電器一般使(shi)用帶工(gong)頻變(bian)壓器的充(chong)電(dian)機，體積(ji)大、重量大，費電(dian)，但是可靠(kao)，便(bian)宜；電(dian)動(dong)自行車和(he)電(dian)摩則使(shi)用所謂開關電(dian)源式充(chong)電(dian)器，省(sheng)電(dian)，效率高，但是易壞。

     開(kai)關電(dian)(dian)(dian)源式充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的正確操作是(shi)：充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時，先(xian)插(cha)(cha)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，后加(jia)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)；充(chong)足后，先(xian)切斷市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，后拔電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)插(cha)(cha)頭。如(ru)果在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時先(xian)拔電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)插(cha)(cha)頭，特(te)別是(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流大（紅燈(deng)）時，非常容易(yi)損(sun)壞充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)。

       常用的開關電源式充電器又分半橋式和單激式兩大類，單激類又分為正激式和反激式兩類。半橋式成本高，性能好，常用于帶負脈沖的充電器；單激式成(cheng)本低，市(shi)場占有率(lv)高。

       關于負脈沖充電器

       鉛(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)池已經有100多年的歷(li)史(shi)了(le)，開(kai)始全球普遍(bian)沿引老的觀(guan)點和(he)操作規程(cheng)：充(chong)、放電(dian)(dian)率為0.1C(C是電(dian)(dian)池容量)壽命較長。美國人麥(mai)斯先生(sheng)為解(jie)決快速(su)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)問題，1967年向(xiang)全世界公布(bu)了(le)他的研究成果，用大于1C率脈沖(chong)電(dian)(dian)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)間(jian)歇時對(dui)電(dian)(dian)池放電(dian)(dian)。放電(dian)(dian)有利于消除(chu)極(ji)化、降(jiang)低電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)溫度、提高極(ji)板接受電(dian)(dian)荷的能力。

       我國一些科技工作(zuo)者在1969年(nian)前后，根(gen)據麥(mai)斯先生的(de)三定律制作(zuo)成功了多種品牌(pai)的(de)快速充(chong)電(dian)機。充(chong)電(dian)循環過程是：大電(dian)流脈沖充(chong)電(dian)→切斷充(chong)電(dian)通(tong)路→對電(dian)池短(duan)暫放電(dian)→停(ting)止放電(dian)→接通(tong)充(chong)電(dian)通(tong)路→大電(dian)流脈沖充(chong)電(dian)……

       2000年前后，有人將這一原理用到了電動車充電器中，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)中，不(bu)切斷充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路，用小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池短路瞬間，進行放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。短路時由于不(bu)切斷充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路，在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路中串連了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)。一(yi)般在1秒內短路3－5毫秒（1秒＝1000毫秒），由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)里的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流不(bu)能跳變，短路時間短促，可以(yi)保護充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源轉換部(bu)分。如(ru)果把充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流方向叫正，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)自然為負了，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車業就(jiu)出(chu)現了名詞“負脈沖充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器”，而且稱(cheng)可以(yi)延長電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命(ming)等(deng)等(deng)。

       關于三段式充電器

       近幾年(nian)，電(dian)(dian)動車(che)普遍使(shi)用了所謂三段(duan)(duan)(duan)式充電(dian)(dian)器，第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)個階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)叫恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)二個階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)叫恒(heng)(heng)壓階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)三個階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)叫涓流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)。從電(dian)(dian)子技術角度(du)針對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)而言：第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)個階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)叫充電(dian)(dian)限流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)二個階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)叫高(gao)恒(heng)(heng)壓階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)三個階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)叫低恒(heng)(heng)壓階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)比較(jiao)貼(tie)切。第(di)(di)(di)二階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)和第(di)(di)(di)三階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)轉換時，面板指(zhi)示燈相(xiang)應(ying)變(bian)換，大多(duo)數充電(dian)(dian)器第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)、二階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)是紅(hong)燈，第(di)(di)(di)三階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)變(bian)綠燈。第(di)(di)(di)二階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)和第(di)(di)(di)三階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)的相(xiang)互轉換是由充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)決(jue)定的，大于某電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)進(jin)入(ru)第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)第(di)(di)(di)二階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)，小于某電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)進(jin)入(ru)第(di)(di)(di)三階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)。這(zhe)個電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)叫轉換電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，也(ye)叫轉折電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)。

       早期充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器，包括名牌車配套(tao)的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器，雖然也(ye)變燈，但實際(ji)是恒壓限(xian)流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器，并不(bu)是三階段充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器。一般這類(lei)就一個穩定電(dian)(dian)壓值(zhi)，44.2V左右(you)，對當(dang)時(shi)的(de)高(gao)比重(zhong)硫酸的(de)電(dian)(dian)池還湊合。

       關于三段式充(chong)電(dian)器的三個關鍵參數

       第(di)一(yi)個(ge)重(zhong)要(yao)參(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)是涓流(liu)階(jie)段的(de)(de)低恒壓值，第(di)二個(ge)重(zhong)要(yao)參(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)是第(di)二階(jie)段的(de)(de)高(gao)恒壓值，第(di)三個(ge)重(zhong)要(yao)參(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)是轉換電流(liu)。這(zhe)三個(ge)重(zhong)要(yao)參(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)與(yu)電池(chi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)目有(you)關(guan)(guan)，與(yu)電池(chi)的(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)Ah有(you)關(guan)(guan)，與(yu)溫度有(you)關(guan)(guan)，與(yu)電池(chi)種類有(you)關(guan)(guan)。為了方便大(da)家記憶，下面以最常見(jian)的(de)(de)電動自行車充(chong)電器（三塊12V串聯(lian)的(de)(de)10Ah電池(chi)）所用的(de)(de)三段式充(chong)電器為例簡(jian)單介紹一(yi)下：

       首先討論涓流階段(duan)的(de)低(di)恒壓值(zhi)，參考電(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)42.5V左右。此值(zhi)高(gao)將(jiang)使電(dian)(dian)池(chi)失(shi)水，容易使電(dian)(dian)池(chi)發熱變形；此值(zhi)低(di)不(bu)利于(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充足電(dian)(dian)。此值(zhi)在南(nan)方(fang)要低(di)于(yu)41.5V；膠體電(dian)(dian)池(chi)要低(di)于(yu)41.5V，如(ru)在南(nan)方(fang)還要低(di)一點兒。這個參數是相對嚴格(ge)的(de)，不(bu)可以大于(yu)參考值(zhi)。

       其次討論第二(er)階段(duan)的高恒(heng)壓(ya)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，參考(kao)電(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)44.5V左(zuo)右。此值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)高有(you)利(li)于快速充足電(dian)，但是容易使電(dian)池(chi)失水，充電(dian)后期電(dian)流下不(bu)(bu)來，結(jie)果使電(dian)池(chi)發熱變形；此值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)低不(bu)(bu)利(li)于電(dian)池(chi)快速充足電(dian)，有(you)利(li)于向涓(juan)流階段(duan)轉換。這個值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)雖然(ran)沒有(you)第一(yi)個值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)那(nei)樣嚴格，但是也不(bu)(bu)要(yao)過高。

       最后討論轉換(huan)電(dian)(dian)流，參考(kao)電(dian)(dian)流為(wei)300毫(hao)安左右。此(ci)值高(gao)有(you)(you)利(li)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽(shou)命，不(bu)容(rong)易發熱變形(xing)，但不(bu)利(li)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)快速充足電(dian)(dian)；此(ci)值低(di)（對外行）有(you)(you)利(li)于(yu)充足電(dian)(dian)，但是由于(yu)較長時(shi)間高(gao)電(dian)(dian)壓充電(dian)(dian)，容(rong)易使電(dian)(dian)池(chi)失水(shui)，使電(dian)(dian)池(chi)發熱變形(xing)。特(te)別個(ge)別電(dian)(dian)池(chi)出(chu)現問題時(shi)，充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流降不(bu)到轉折電(dian)(dian)流以下時(shi)，會連累好電(dian)(dian)池(chi)也被(bei)充壞。給出(chu)的參考(kao)值有(you)(you)一定范圍，正負50毫(hao)安甚至100毫(hao)安都是允許(xu)的，但是不(bu)允許(xu)小于(yu)200毫(hao)安。

       目前，市場(chang)上出現了(le)很多高(gao)恒壓值(zhi)為46.5V、低恒壓值(zhi)為41.5V、轉折電流大于500毫安的反激式廉價(jia)充電器。

       如果是四塊12V電池的充電器即48V充電器，前兩個參數為前述電壓(ya)參考值(zhi)除以三(san)乘以四(si)。高恒壓(ya)值(zhi)為59.5V左右、低恒壓(ya)值(zhi)為56.5V左右。

       電(dian)池如果比10Ah大，將第三個參數電(dian)流值適當增大，例如17Ah電(dian)池可大到(dao)500毫安。

       買新充電器(qi)(qi)要(yao)檢查(cha)三(san)段式充電器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)三(san)個重要(yao)參數(shu)，用(yong)戶(hu)一般(ban)可以自己測(ce)得第三(san)階段的(de)(de)低恒(heng)壓(ya)值。方(fang)法是，不接電池，給充電器(qi)(qi)加市(shi)電，用(yong)數(shu)字萬用(yong)表(biao)的(de)(de)200V直流(liu)電壓(ya)檔測(ce)充電器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)輸出電壓(ya)。另兩個參數(shu)高恒(heng)壓(ya)值和轉折電流(liu)一般(ban)需要(yao)專(zhuan)用(yong)工(gong)具才能測(ce)得。

       再(zai)補充(chong)(chong)一些正確的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方法(fa)：1，變綠燈后再(zai)接著充(chong)(chong)2－3小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)。2，原則是淺(qian)放（電(dian)(dian)(dian)）勤充(chong)(chong)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)），就(jiu)是騎行(xing)不足(zu)夠(gou)遠，也(ye)要及(ji)時(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，避免放光再(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。3，長期(qi)(qi)不騎，要定期(qi)(qi)（2－3個月(yue)）充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)一次。4，長期(qi)(qi)淺(qian)放的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，3個月(yue)左右，作一次深放電(dian)(dian)(dian)，就(jiu)是所謂放光再(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，有利于電(dian)(dian)(dian)池深部的(de)長期(qi)(qi)不動的(de)物質(zhi)的(de)活化。放光的(de)意思是，騎到(dao)控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池欠(qian)壓(ya)保護動作為止。

       需要(yao)(yao)提醒客(ke)戶(hu)幾(ji)點：1，一般新電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池投(tou)入使用8－10個月(yue)后，要(yao)(yao)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池進行(xing)檢查和(he)維護。2，一般名牌車配(pei)(pei)套的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)是(shi)經過篩(shai)選的(de)，通(tong)常不(bu)用測(ce)試(shi)，但是(shi)單獨(du)到市(shi)場上采(cai)購的(de)非配(pei)(pei)套充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，一定要(yao)(yao)進行(xing)前述三(san)(san)個參數的(de)測(ce)試(shi)。3，有一種不(bu)帶工頻變壓器(qi)的(de)可(ke)控硅(gui)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機，直(zhi)接整流(liu)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)可(ke)到30A，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓12V－80V可(ke)調(diao)，未(wei)徹底切斷市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)前，千萬不(bu)要(yao)(yao)摸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，貨運(yun)三(san)(san)輪使用這(zhe)類充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)客(ke)戶(hu)特別要(yao)(yao)注意(yi)安全。