充電器的分類：用有、無工頻（50赫茲）變壓器區分，可分為兩大類。貨運三輪充電器一般使(shi)用帶工頻變壓器的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機，體積大、重量大，費電(dian)(dian)(dian)，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)可靠，便宜(yi)；電(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行車和電(dian)(dian)(dian)摩則使(shi)用所謂開關電(dian)(dian)(dian)源式充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器，省電(dian)(dian)(dian)，效率(lv)高(gao)，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)易壞。

     開(kai)關(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源式充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器的正確操作是(shi)：充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時，先插電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，后加市電(dian)(dian)(dian)；充(chong)(chong)足(zu)后，先切斷(duan)市電(dian)(dian)(dian)，后拔(ba)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)插頭。如果在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時先拔(ba)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)插頭，特(te)別是(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大（紅燈(deng)）時，非(fei)常容易(yi)損壞充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器。

       常用的開關電源式充電器又分半橋式和單激式兩大類，單激類又分為正激式和反激式兩類。半橋式成本高，性能好，常用于帶負脈沖的充電器；單(dan)激式成本(ben)低，市(shi)場占有率(lv)高。

       關于負脈沖充電器

       鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池已經有100多年的(de)歷史了(le)，開始全(quan)球普遍沿引老(lao)的(de)觀點和操(cao)作規(gui)程：充、放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)為(wei)0.1C(C是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池容量(liang))壽(shou)命較長。美國人麥(mai)斯先(xian)生為(wei)解決(jue)快(kuai)速充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)問(wen)題(ti)，1967年向(xiang)全(quan)世界公布了(le)他(ta)的(de)研究(jiu)成果(guo)，用大(da)于(yu)1C率(lv)脈沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)間歇時(shi)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)有利于(yu)消除極化(hua)、降低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)溫度、提高極板(ban)接受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷的(de)能力。

       我國一些科技工作者在(zai)1969年前后，根據麥斯先生的(de)(de)三(san)定律(lv)制作成功了多種品牌(pai)的(de)(de)快速(su)充(chong)電機。充(chong)電循環過程是(shi)：大(da)電流脈沖(chong)充(chong)電→切斷充(chong)電通(tong)路→對(dui)電池短暫放電→停止放電→接通(tong)充(chong)電通(tong)路→大(da)電流脈沖(chong)充(chong)電……

       2000年前后，有人將這一原理用到了電動車充電器中，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)中，不切(qie)斷充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)通路(lu)，用小電(dian)(dian)阻將電(dian)(dian)池(chi)短(duan)(duan)路(lu)瞬間，進行放(fang)電(dian)(dian)。短(duan)(duan)路(lu)時(shi)由(you)于(yu)不切(qie)斷充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)通路(lu)，在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)通路(lu)中串連了(le)電(dian)(dian)感。一(yi)般在1秒內(nei)短(duan)(duan)路(lu)3－5毫秒（1秒＝1000毫秒），由(you)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)感里的(de)電(dian)(dian)流不能跳變(bian)，短(duan)(duan)路(lu)時(shi)間短(duan)(duan)促，可以(yi)保(bao)護充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器的(de)電(dian)(dian)源轉換部(bu)分。如果把(ba)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流方向叫正，放(fang)電(dian)(dian)自然為負了(le)，電(dian)(dian)動車業就出現了(le)名詞“負脈沖充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器”，而且稱可以(yi)延(yan)長電(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽命等等。

       關于三段式充電器

       近幾年(nian)，電(dian)(dian)動車普遍(bian)使用了所謂(wei)三(san)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)式充電(dian)(dian)器，第(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)恒(heng)流階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)恒(heng)壓階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)涓流階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)。從電(dian)(dian)子(zi)技術(shu)角(jiao)度針對(dui)電(dian)(dian)池而言：第(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)充電(dian)(dian)限(xian)流階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高恒(heng)壓階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)低(di)恒(heng)壓階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)比(bi)較貼切。第(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)和第(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)轉(zhuan)換時，面板(ban)指示燈相應變換，大多數(shu)充電(dian)(dian)器第(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)、二(er)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)是紅燈，第(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)變綠燈。第(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)和第(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)的相互(hu)轉(zhuan)換是由充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流決定的，大于某(mou)電(dian)(dian)流進(jin)入第(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)第(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，小于某(mou)電(dian)(dian)流進(jin)入第(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)。這個(ge)電(dian)(dian)流叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)轉(zhuan)換電(dian)(dian)流，也叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)轉(zhuan)折電(dian)(dian)流。

       早(zao)期充電器，包括名牌車配套的(de)充電器，雖然也變燈，但(dan)實際是恒壓限流(liu)充電器，并不(bu)是三階段(duan)充電器。一般這類(lei)就一個(ge)穩定電壓值，44.2V左(zuo)右，對(dui)當時的(de)高比(bi)重硫酸的(de)電池還湊合。

       關于三段式充電器的(de)三個關鍵(jian)參數(shu)

       第(di)一個重(zhong)要參數是(shi)(shi)涓流(liu)(liu)階(jie)段的低恒壓(ya)值，第(di)二個重(zhong)要參數是(shi)(shi)第(di)二階(jie)段的高恒壓(ya)值，第(di)三(san)個重(zhong)要參數是(shi)(shi)轉換(huan)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)。這(zhe)三(san)個重(zhong)要參數與(yu)電(dian)(dian)池數目有(you)(you)關，與(yu)電(dian)(dian)池的容(rong)量Ah有(you)(you)關，與(yu)溫度有(you)(you)關，與(yu)電(dian)(dian)池種(zhong)類有(you)(you)關。為(wei)(wei)了方便大家(jia)記憶，下(xia)面(mian)以最(zui)常見的電(dian)(dian)動自行車充電(dian)(dian)器（三(san)塊(kuai)12V串(chuan)聯(lian)的10Ah電(dian)(dian)池）所用的三(san)段式(shi)充電(dian)(dian)器為(wei)(wei)例簡(jian)單介紹一下(xia)：

       首先討論(lun)涓流階(jie)段的(de)低恒壓值(zhi)，參(can)(can)考電壓為42.5V左(zuo)右。此值(zhi)高將使電池(chi)失水，容易(yi)使電池(chi)發熱變形；此值(zhi)低不利(li)于電池(chi)充足電。此值(zhi)在(zai)(zai)南方要低于41.5V；膠體電池(chi)要低于41.5V，如在(zai)(zai)南方還要低一點(dian)兒。這個參(can)(can)數是相對嚴格的(de)，不可(ke)以大于參(can)(can)考值(zhi)。

       其次討論第(di)二階(jie)段(duan)的高(gao)恒(heng)壓值，參考電壓為44.5V左右。此(ci)(ci)值高(gao)有利于快速充足電，但(dan)是(shi)容易(yi)使(shi)電池(chi)失水，充電后(hou)期(qi)電流下不來(lai)，結果使(shi)電池(chi)發熱變形(xing)；此(ci)(ci)值低不利于電池(chi)快速充足電，有利于向涓流階(jie)段(duan)轉換。這個(ge)值雖然(ran)沒有第(di)一個(ge)值那樣嚴(yan)格，但(dan)是(shi)也不要過高(gao)。

       最后討論轉換電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，參考(kao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流為300毫(hao)(hao)安(an)左(zuo)右。此(ci)值(zhi)(zhi)高(gao)有利(li)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命(ming)，不(bu)容易發熱變形(xing)，但不(bu)利(li)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池快速充足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)；此(ci)值(zhi)(zhi)低（對(dui)外(wai)行(xing)）有利(li)于(yu)充足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，但是(shi)由(you)于(yu)較(jiao)長(chang)時間高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，容易使電(dian)(dian)(dian)池失水，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)池發熱變形(xing)。特別個別電(dian)(dian)(dian)池出現問題(ti)時，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流降(jiang)不(bu)到(dao)轉折電(dian)(dian)(dian)流以下時，會連累好電(dian)(dian)(dian)池也被充壞(huai)。給出的參考(kao)值(zhi)(zhi)有一(yi)定范圍，正負50毫(hao)(hao)安(an)甚至100毫(hao)(hao)安(an)都是(shi)允許(xu)的，但是(shi)不(bu)允許(xu)小于(yu)200毫(hao)(hao)安(an)。

       目前，市場上出現了很多高(gao)恒(heng)壓值為46.5V、低(di)恒(heng)壓值為41.5V、轉(zhuan)折電(dian)流大于(yu)500毫安(an)的反激式廉價充電(dian)器。

       如果是四塊12V電池的充電器即48V充電器，前兩個參數為(wei)前述電壓參考(kao)值除(chu)以三乘以四(si)。高(gao)恒(heng)(heng)壓值為(wei)59.5V左右、低恒(heng)(heng)壓值為(wei)56.5V左右。

       電(dian)池(chi)如(ru)果比10Ah大，將第(di)三個(ge)參(can)數(shu)電(dian)流值適當增大，例如(ru)17Ah電(dian)池(chi)可大到500毫安(an)。

       買新充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)要檢查三段式(shi)充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)三個重要參數，用戶(hu)一般(ban)可以自(zi)己測得(de)第三階段的(de)(de)低恒壓(ya)值。方法是，不接電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，給(gei)充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)加(jia)市電(dian)(dian)，用數字(zi)萬用表的(de)(de)200V直流電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)檔測充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)輸出電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。另兩個參數高恒壓(ya)值和(he)轉(zhuan)折電(dian)(dian)流一般(ban)需要專用工具才能測得(de)。

       再補充(chong)一些正確的(de)充(chong)電(dian)方法：1，變綠燈后再接著(zhu)充(chong)2－3小時。2，原則是(shi)淺放(fang)(fang)(fang)（電(dian)）勤充(chong)（電(dian)），就是(shi)騎(qi)行不足夠(gou)遠，也要及時充(chong)電(dian)，避免放(fang)(fang)(fang)光(guang)再充(chong)電(dian)。3，長期不騎(qi)，要定期（2－3個月）充(chong)電(dian)一次。4，長期淺放(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)電(dian)池，3個月左右，作一次深(shen)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)，就是(shi)所謂放(fang)(fang)(fang)光(guang)再充(chong)電(dian)，有利(li)于電(dian)池深(shen)部的(de)長期不動的(de)物質的(de)活化。放(fang)(fang)(fang)光(guang)的(de)意思是(shi)，騎(qi)到控制(zhi)器電(dian)池欠壓保護動作為(wei)止(zhi)。

       需要(yao)(yao)提醒客(ke)戶幾點(dian)：1，一般新電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池投入使用(yong)8－10個月(yue)后，要(yao)(yao)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池進行檢查和維護。2，一般名牌車(che)配(pei)套的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)是經(jing)過(guo)篩選的，通常不(bu)用(yong)測試，但是單獨到市(shi)(shi)場上采購的非配(pei)套充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，一定要(yao)(yao)進行前(qian)述三個參數(shu)的測試。3，有一種不(bu)帶(dai)工頻變壓器(qi)的可(ke)控硅充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)，直(zhi)接(jie)整流市(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流可(ke)到30A，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓12V－80V可(ke)調，未徹底切斷市(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)前(qian)，千萬不(bu)要(yao)(yao)摸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，貨(huo)運三輪使用(yong)這類充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的客(ke)戶特別要(yao)(yao)注意安全。