充電器的分類：用有、無工頻（50赫茲）變壓器區分，可分為兩大類。貨運三輪充電器一般使(shi)用帶工(gong)頻(pin)變壓器(qi)的充(chong)電(dian)機，體積大(da)(da)、重量大(da)(da)，費電(dian)，但(dan)(dan)是可靠，便宜；電(dian)動自行車和電(dian)摩則使(shi)用所謂開關電(dian)源式充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)，省(sheng)電(dian)，效率高，但(dan)(dan)是易壞。

     開關電(dian)(dian)(dian)源式充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器的正確操(cao)作是(shi)：充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時，先插電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，后加市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)；充(chong)足后，先切斷市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，后拔電(dian)(dian)(dian)池插頭(tou)。如果在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時先拔電(dian)(dian)(dian)池插頭(tou)，特別是(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流大（紅(hong)燈(deng)）時，非常容易損(sun)壞充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器。

       常用的開關電源式充電器又分半橋式和單激式兩大類，單激類又分為正激式和反激式兩類。半橋式成本高，性能好，常用于帶負脈沖的充電器；單激式成本(ben)低，市場(chang)占有率高(gao)。

       關于負脈沖充電器

       鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池已經(jing)有100多年(nian)的(de)歷(li)史了，開始全(quan)(quan)球(qiu)普遍沿引(yin)老的(de)觀點和操作規(gui)程：充、放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)為(wei)(wei)0.1C(C是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池容量(liang))壽命較(jiao)長(chang)。美國人麥斯先生(sheng)為(wei)(wei)解(jie)決(jue)快速充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)問題(ti)，1967年(nian)向(xiang)全(quan)(quan)世界公布(bu)了他的(de)研究(jiu)成(cheng)果，用大于1C率(lv)脈(mo)沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)間歇(xie)時對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)有利于消除極(ji)化、降(jiang)低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)溫度、提高極(ji)板接(jie)受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷的(de)能力。

       我國一(yi)些科技工作者在1969年(nian)前后，根據(ju)麥斯先生(sheng)的(de)三定律(lv)制作成(cheng)功了多種品牌的(de)快速充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)機。充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)循環過(guo)程(cheng)是：大(da)電(dian)流脈(mo)沖(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)→切斷充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)通路(lu)→對電(dian)池短暫放電(dian)→停止放電(dian)→接通充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)通路(lu)→大(da)電(dian)流脈(mo)沖(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)……

       2000年前后，有人將這一原理用到了電動車充電器中(zhong)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程中(zhong)，不切斷充(chong)電(dian)(dian)通路，用小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)阻將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)池短(duan)路瞬(shun)間(jian)，進行放電(dian)(dian)。短(duan)路時(shi)由于不切斷充(chong)電(dian)(dian)通路，在(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)通路中(zhong)串連了電(dian)(dian)感(gan)。一般在(zai)1秒內短(duan)路3－5毫(hao)秒（1秒＝1000毫(hao)秒），由于電(dian)(dian)感(gan)里(li)的電(dian)(dian)流不能跳(tiao)變，短(duan)路時(shi)間(jian)短(duan)促，可以(yi)保護充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)的電(dian)(dian)源轉(zhuan)換部分。如果把(ba)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流方向(xiang)叫正(zheng)，放電(dian)(dian)自然(ran)為負了，電(dian)(dian)動車業(ye)就(jiu)出現了名(ming)詞“負脈(mo)沖充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)”，而且稱可以(yi)延長電(dian)(dian)池壽(shou)命等等。

       關于三段式充電器

       近幾年，電(dian)(dian)動車普遍使用了(le)所謂三段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)式(shi)充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)恒流(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)(er)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)恒壓(ya)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)涓流(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)。從電(dian)(dian)子技(ji)術角度針對電(dian)(dian)池而言(yan)：第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)充電(dian)(dian)限流(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)(er)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)高恒壓(ya)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)低恒壓(ya)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)比較貼(tie)切(qie)。第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)和第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換時，面板指示燈相應(ying)變換，大多(duo)數充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一、二(er)(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)是(shi)紅燈，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)變綠(lv)燈。第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)和第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)的相互轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換是(shi)由充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)決定的，大于某電(dian)(dian)流(liu)進入第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，小于某電(dian)(dian)流(liu)進入第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)。這(zhe)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)叫(jiao)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換電(dian)(dian)流(liu)，也(ye)叫(jiao)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)折(zhe)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)。

       早期充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)，包括名牌(pai)車配套的充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)，雖(sui)然也(ye)變燈，但實(shi)際是(shi)恒壓限流充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)，并不是(shi)三階段(duan)充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)。一(yi)般這類(lei)就一(yi)個穩定電(dian)壓值，44.2V左右，對(dui)當時的高比重硫酸(suan)的電(dian)池(chi)還湊(cou)合(he)。

       關于(yu)三段式充(chong)電器的三個關鍵(jian)參(can)數

       第(di)一個(ge)(ge)重要(yao)(yao)參數(shu)是涓流階段(duan)的(de)低恒壓(ya)值，第(di)二(er)(er)個(ge)(ge)重要(yao)(yao)參數(shu)是第(di)二(er)(er)階段(duan)的(de)高恒壓(ya)值，第(di)三(san)(san)個(ge)(ge)重要(yao)(yao)參數(shu)是轉換電流。這三(san)(san)個(ge)(ge)重要(yao)(yao)參數(shu)與電池數(shu)目有關，與電池的(de)容量(liang)Ah有關，與溫度有關，與電池種類有關。為了方便(bian)大家記憶，下面以最常見的(de)電動(dong)自行車充電器（三(san)(san)塊12V串聯的(de)10Ah電池）所用(yong)的(de)三(san)(san)段(duan)式充電器為例簡單(dan)介紹一下：

       首先討論涓流階(jie)段的(de)低恒壓值，參考電壓為42.5V左右(you)。此(ci)值高將(jiang)使(shi)電池(chi)(chi)失水，容易使(shi)電池(chi)(chi)發(fa)熱(re)變形；此(ci)值低不利于(yu)(yu)電池(chi)(chi)充(chong)足電。此(ci)值在(zai)南方要(yao)低于(yu)(yu)41.5V；膠體電池(chi)(chi)要(yao)低于(yu)(yu)41.5V，如在(zai)南方還要(yao)低一點(dian)兒。這個參數是相對嚴格(ge)的(de)，不可(ke)以(yi)大于(yu)(yu)參考值。

       其次討(tao)論第二階段的(de)高恒(heng)壓(ya)值，參考電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為44.5V左右。此值高有(you)利于快(kuai)速充足電(dian)(dian)，但是容易使電(dian)(dian)池失(shi)水(shui)，充電(dian)(dian)后(hou)期電(dian)(dian)流(liu)下(xia)不(bu)(bu)來(lai)，結果使電(dian)(dian)池發熱變形；此值低(di)不(bu)(bu)利于電(dian)(dian)池快(kuai)速充足電(dian)(dian)，有(you)利于向涓流(liu)階段轉換(huan)。這個值雖(sui)然(ran)沒有(you)第一個值那(nei)樣嚴(yan)格，但是也不(bu)(bu)要過高。

       最后討論轉換電(dian)(dian)流(liu)，參考電(dian)(dian)流(liu)為300毫(hao)安左右。此(ci)值高有利于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)壽命，不容易發熱變形，但(dan)不利于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)快速(su)充(chong)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)；此(ci)值低（對外行）有利于(yu)(yu)充(chong)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)，但(dan)是由于(yu)(yu)較長時間高電(dian)(dian)壓充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，容易使電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)失水，使電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)發熱變形。特別個別電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)出現問題時，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)降不到轉折電(dian)(dian)流(liu)以下時，會(hui)連累好電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)也被充(chong)壞。給出的參考值有一定范圍(wei)，正負(fu)50毫(hao)安甚至100毫(hao)安都是允許(xu)的，但(dan)是不允許(xu)小于(yu)(yu)200毫(hao)安。

       目(mu)前(qian)，市場上出現了很多高(gao)恒壓值(zhi)為(wei)46.5V、低(di)恒壓值(zhi)為(wei)41.5V、轉折電流大于500毫安(an)的反(fan)激式廉價(jia)充(chong)電器。

       如果是四塊12V電池的充電器即48V充電器，前(qian)兩個參(can)數為前(qian)述電(dian)壓參(can)考值除以三乘以四。高恒壓值為59.5V左右(you)、低恒壓值為56.5V左右(you)。

       電(dian)池如果比10Ah大(da)，將(jiang)第三(san)個參數(shu)電(dian)流值適當增大(da)，例如17Ah電(dian)池可(ke)大(da)到500毫安。

       買新充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)要檢查三段(duan)式(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的三個重要參(can)數(shu)，用戶一般可以自己測得第三階段(duan)的低恒壓值。方法(fa)是，不接(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，給充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)加市電(dian)(dian)(dian)，用數(shu)字萬用表的200V直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓檔測充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。另兩個參(can)數(shu)高(gao)恒壓值和(he)轉折電(dian)(dian)(dian)流一般需(xu)要專用工具才(cai)能測得。

       再(zai)補(bu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)一些正確的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)方法：1，變綠燈后(hou)再(zai)接(jie)著充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)2－3小時(shi)。2，原則是(shi)淺放(fang)（電(dian)(dian)）勤充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)（電(dian)(dian)），就(jiu)是(shi)騎行(xing)不(bu)(bu)足夠遠，也要及時(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，避(bi)免放(fang)光(guang)(guang)再(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)。3，長期(qi)不(bu)(bu)騎，要定期(qi)（2－3個月）充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)一次(ci)。4，長期(qi)淺放(fang)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池，3個月左右，作一次(ci)深(shen)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)，就(jiu)是(shi)所謂放(fang)光(guang)(guang)再(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，有利于(yu)電(dian)(dian)池深(shen)部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)長期(qi)不(bu)(bu)動的(de)(de)(de)物質的(de)(de)(de)活化。放(fang)光(guang)(guang)的(de)(de)(de)意思(si)是(shi)，騎到控制器電(dian)(dian)池欠壓保護動作為止。

       需要提醒客戶幾點：1，一(yi)般(ban)新(xin)電(dian)池(chi)投入(ru)使(shi)(shi)用8－10個月后，要對電(dian)池(chi)進行(xing)檢查和(he)維護。2，一(yi)般(ban)名(ming)牌車配套的(de)充電(dian)器(qi)是(shi)經過篩(shai)選的(de)，通常不用測試(shi)(shi)，但是(shi)單獨到市(shi)場上采(cai)購(gou)的(de)非配套充電(dian)器(qi)，一(yi)定(ding)要進行(xing)前述三個參數的(de)測試(shi)(shi)。3，有一(yi)種不帶(dai)工頻(pin)變壓(ya)器(qi)的(de)可(ke)(ke)控硅充電(dian)機(ji)，直(zhi)接整(zheng)流(liu)市(shi)電(dian)為電(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)，電(dian)流(liu)可(ke)(ke)到30A，電(dian)壓(ya)12V－80V可(ke)(ke)調，未徹底切斷市(shi)電(dian)前，千萬(wan)不要摸電(dian)池(chi)，貨運(yun)三輪使(shi)(shi)用這類充電(dian)機(ji)的(de)客戶特別要注意(yi)安全。