充電器的分類：用有、無工頻（50赫茲）變壓器區分，可分為兩大類。貨運三輪充電器一般(ban)使用帶工(gong)頻變壓器的充電機(ji)，體積大、重量大，費電，但是可靠，便宜(yi)；電動(dong)自行(xing)車和(he)電摩則使用所謂(wei)開(kai)關電源式(shi)充電器，省電，效率(lv)高，但是易壞。

     開關電(dian)源式充(chong)電(dian)器的正確操作是(shi)：充(chong)電(dian)時，先插電(dian)池，后加(jia)市(shi)(shi)電(dian)；充(chong)足后，先切斷市(shi)(shi)電(dian)，后拔電(dian)池插頭(tou)。如果在(zai)充(chong)電(dian)時先拔電(dian)池插頭(tou)，特別是(shi)充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)大（紅燈）時，非常容易損壞(huai)充(chong)電(dian)器。

       常用的開關電源式充電器又分半橋式和單激式兩大類，單激類又分為正激式和反激式兩類。半橋式成本高，性能好，常用于帶負脈沖的充電器；單(dan)激式(shi)成本低，市場占有率高。

       關于負脈沖充電器

       鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)已經有100多(duo)年的(de)歷史了，開始全球普遍沿引(yin)老的(de)觀點和操作(zuo)規程：充、放電(dian)(dian)(dian)率為0.1C(C是電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量)壽(shou)命較長。美國人(ren)麥斯先生為解決快速充電(dian)(dian)(dian)問題，1967年向全世界公(gong)布(bu)了他的(de)研究成果，用大于1C率脈沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)流充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)間歇(xie)時(shi)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)。放電(dian)(dian)(dian)有利于消除極化、降低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液溫(wen)度(du)、提高(gao)極板接受電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷的(de)能力(li)。

       我國(guo)一些(xie)科技工作者在(zai)1969年(nian)前后，根據(ju)麥斯先生的(de)三定律(lv)制作成功了多種品牌的(de)快(kuai)速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)機(ji)。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)循環過程是：大電(dian)流(liu)脈(mo)沖(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)→切斷充(chong)(chong)電(dian)通(tong)路→對電(dian)池短暫放電(dian)→停止放電(dian)→接通(tong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)通(tong)路→大電(dian)流(liu)脈(mo)沖(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)……

       2000年前后，有人將這一原理用到了電動車充電器中，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中，不切斷充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路，用小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池短(duan)路瞬間(jian)，進(jin)行放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。短(duan)路時(shi)由(you)于不切斷充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路，在充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路中串連了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感。一般在1秒內短(duan)路3－5毫秒（1秒＝1000毫秒），由(you)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感里的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流不能跳變，短(duan)路時(shi)間(jian)短(duan)促，可以(yi)保護充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源轉換部分。如果把充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流方向叫正，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)自然為負了(le)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車業就出現了(le)名(ming)詞“負脈沖充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器”，而且稱(cheng)可以(yi)延(yan)長電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命等等。

       關于三段式充電器

       近(jin)幾年，電(dian)(dian)動車(che)普遍使(shi)用(yong)了所(suo)謂三(san)(san)(san)段(duan)(duan)(duan)式充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器，第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)恒(heng)(heng)壓階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)(san)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)涓流(liu)(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)。從電(dian)(dian)子技術角度針對電(dian)(dian)池而言：第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)限(xian)流(liu)(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高恒(heng)(heng)壓階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)(san)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)低恒(heng)(heng)壓階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)比(bi)較貼切。第(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)和第(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)轉換(huan)(huan)時，面板(ban)指示燈(deng)(deng)相應變(bian)換(huan)(huan)，大多數充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)、二(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)是紅燈(deng)(deng)，第(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)變(bian)綠燈(deng)(deng)。第(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)和第(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)的相互轉換(huan)(huan)是由充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)決定(ding)的，大于(yu)(yu)某電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)進入(ru)第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)第(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)，小于(yu)(yu)某電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)進入(ru)第(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)。這個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)轉換(huan)(huan)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，也叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)轉折電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)。

       早期(qi)充(chong)電(dian)器，包括名牌(pai)車配套的充(chong)電(dian)器，雖然也變(bian)燈，但實際是恒壓限流充(chong)電(dian)器，并不是三階(jie)段(duan)充(chong)電(dian)器。一(yi)般(ban)這(zhe)類就一(yi)個穩定電(dian)壓值，44.2V左右，對(dui)當時的高比重(zhong)硫酸的電(dian)池還湊合(he)。

       關于三段式充(chong)電(dian)器的三個關鍵參數

       第(di)(di)一個(ge)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)參數是(shi)涓流階(jie)段的(de)低恒壓值(zhi)(zhi)，第(di)(di)二個(ge)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)參數是(shi)第(di)(di)二階(jie)段的(de)高恒壓值(zhi)(zhi)，第(di)(di)三個(ge)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)參數是(shi)轉換(huan)電(dian)流。這三個(ge)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)參數與(yu)(yu)電(dian)池(chi)數目有(you)關(guan)，與(yu)(yu)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)容量Ah有(you)關(guan)，與(yu)(yu)溫度有(you)關(guan)，與(yu)(yu)電(dian)池(chi)種類有(you)關(guan)。為了方便大家記憶，下面以最常見的(de)電(dian)動自行(xing)車(che)充電(dian)器（三塊12V串聯的(de)10Ah電(dian)池(chi)）所用的(de)三段式(shi)充電(dian)器為例(li)簡單(dan)介紹一下：

       首(shou)先討(tao)論涓流階(jie)段的(de)低恒壓值(zhi)，參(can)考電(dian)(dian)壓為42.5V左(zuo)右(you)。此值(zhi)高(gao)將使電(dian)(dian)池(chi)失(shi)水，容易使電(dian)(dian)池(chi)發熱變(bian)形；此值(zhi)低不(bu)利于電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充足電(dian)(dian)。此值(zhi)在南方(fang)要(yao)(yao)低于41.5V；膠體電(dian)(dian)池(chi)要(yao)(yao)低于41.5V，如在南方(fang)還要(yao)(yao)低一點兒。這個(ge)參(can)數是相對(dui)嚴格的(de)，不(bu)可以大于參(can)考值(zhi)。

       其次(ci)討論第(di)二(er)階段(duan)的高恒壓值(zhi)，參(can)考電(dian)壓為44.5V左右(you)。此值(zhi)高有(you)利(li)于快速(su)充足電(dian)，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)容(rong)易使電(dian)池(chi)失水(shui)，充電(dian)后期(qi)電(dian)流下(xia)不來，結果使電(dian)池(chi)發(fa)熱變形；此值(zhi)低(di)不利(li)于電(dian)池(chi)快速(su)充足電(dian)，有(you)利(li)于向涓流階段(duan)轉(zhuan)換。這個值(zhi)雖然沒有(you)第(di)一個值(zhi)那(nei)樣(yang)嚴格，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)也不要過高。

       最后討論轉換(huan)電(dian)(dian)流，參考電(dian)(dian)流為300毫安(an)左右。此值(zhi)高有(you)利于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽命，不容(rong)(rong)易(yi)發熱變(bian)形，但(dan)不利于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)快速(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)足電(dian)(dian)；此值(zhi)低（對(dui)外行(xing)）有(you)利于(yu)(yu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)足電(dian)(dian)，但(dan)是由于(yu)(yu)較長時間(jian)高電(dian)(dian)壓充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，容(rong)(rong)易(yi)使電(dian)(dian)池(chi)失水，使電(dian)(dian)池(chi)發熱變(bian)形。特(te)別(bie)個別(bie)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)出(chu)現問題時，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流降不到轉折電(dian)(dian)流以下時，會連(lian)累好(hao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)也(ye)被充(chong)(chong)(chong)壞。給出(chu)的參考值(zhi)有(you)一定(ding)范圍，正(zheng)負50毫安(an)甚至100毫安(an)都是允許(xu)(xu)的，但(dan)是不允許(xu)(xu)小于(yu)(yu)200毫安(an)。

       目前，市場上出現了很多高恒(heng)壓(ya)值(zhi)為46.5V、低恒(heng)壓(ya)值(zhi)為41.5V、轉折電流(liu)大于500毫安的反激式廉價充電器。

       如果是四塊12V電池的充電器即48V充電器，前(qian)兩個參數為(wei)前(qian)述電壓(ya)參考值除以三(san)乘(cheng)以四。高(gao)恒壓(ya)值為(wei)59.5V左(zuo)右(you)、低(di)恒壓(ya)值為(wei)56.5V左(zuo)右(you)。

       電(dian)池如果比10Ah大(da)(da)(da)，將第三個參數電(dian)流(liu)值適當增大(da)(da)(da)，例如17Ah電(dian)池可(ke)大(da)(da)(da)到500毫(hao)安。

       買新充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)要(yao)檢查三(san)(san)段式充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)三(san)(san)個重要(yao)參(can)數，用戶一(yi)般可以自己測(ce)得第三(san)(san)階段的(de)低恒(heng)壓(ya)值(zhi)。方法是，不接電(dian)(dian)池，給充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)加市電(dian)(dian)，用數字萬用表的(de)200V直流電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)檔測(ce)充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)輸出電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。另兩(liang)個參(can)數高(gao)恒(heng)壓(ya)值(zhi)和轉折(zhe)電(dian)(dian)流一(yi)般需要(yao)專用工具才能測(ce)得。

       再(zai)補充(chong)一(yi)些正確的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方法(fa)：1，變(bian)綠燈后再(zai)接著充(chong)2－3小(xiao)時(shi)。2，原則是(shi)淺(qian)放(fang)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)）勤充(chong)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)），就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)騎行不(bu)足夠遠，也要及時(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，避免放(fang)光(guang)再(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。3，長(chang)期(qi)(qi)(qi)不(bu)騎，要定期(qi)(qi)(qi)（2－3個月）充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)一(yi)次。4，長(chang)期(qi)(qi)(qi)淺(qian)放(fang)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，3個月左右，作一(yi)次深放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)所謂放(fang)光(guang)再(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，有利于電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)深部的(de)長(chang)期(qi)(qi)(qi)不(bu)動(dong)的(de)物質的(de)活(huo)化。放(fang)光(guang)的(de)意(yi)思是(shi)，騎到控制器(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)欠壓(ya)保護(hu)動(dong)作為止(zhi)。

       需要(yao)(yao)(yao)提醒客戶幾(ji)點：1，一般新電(dian)(dian)(dian)池投入使(shi)用8－10個月(yue)后，要(yao)(yao)(yao)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池進(jin)行檢查和維(wei)護。2，一般名(ming)牌車配套的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)是經(jing)過篩選的，通常(chang)不用測試，但是單獨到市(shi)場上(shang)采購的非配套充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，一定(ding)要(yao)(yao)(yao)進(jin)行前述三(san)個參數的測試。3，有一種(zhong)不帶(dai)工頻變壓器(qi)的可(ke)控硅充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機，直接整流(liu)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)可(ke)到30A，電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓12V－80V可(ke)調，未徹(che)底切斷市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)前，千萬不要(yao)(yao)(yao)摸電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，貨運(yun)三(san)輪使(shi)用這類充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機的客戶特別要(yao)(yao)(yao)注意(yi)安(an)全。