充電器(Charger)是(shi)一種為蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置提供能量的(de)設(she)(she)備，廣泛用于手(shou)機(ji)、相機(ji)、MP3、MP4等(deng)常見(jian)數(shu)碼(ma)(ma)產(chan)品。市場上(shang)的(de)產(chan)品都(dou)是(shi)配售充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器，使(shi)用市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，但是(shi)有(you)些(xie)沒(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)場合(he)或者電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)插座不兼容、偏遠地(di)區、旅(lv)行中，特別(bie)是(shi)沒(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)任(ren)何電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)情況(kuang)下(xia)不方(fang)便充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，設(she)(she)計的(de)多源(yuan)數(shu)碼(ma)(ma)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器可以(yi)在(zai)任(ren)何情況(kuang)下(xia)進行充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)：沒(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可以(yi)用2節1．5 V干(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，沒(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)干(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池也(ye)可用3．7 V內部蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，即(ji)使(shi)沒(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)任(ren)何充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)備，也(ye)可以(yi)用手(shou)壓發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)來給數(shu)碼(ma)(ma)產(chan)品充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。以(yi)上(shang)介紹的(de)就是(shi)本充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)特別(bie)之處(chu)(chu)，也(ye)是(shi)該(gai)設(she)(she)計的(de)特別(bie)之處(chu)(chu)：即(ji)隨時隨地(di)給數(shu)碼(ma)(ma)產(chan)品充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

　　1 設計要求

　　參照國家有關標準，移動通信手持機充電器應符合如下要求：

　　1)輸(shu)入電壓(ya) 交流(liu)充電器輸(shu)入額度交流(liu)電壓(ya)范圍應為(wei)100～240 V，容差為(wei)±10％。

　　2)輸出電(dian)壓 充(chong)電(dian)器的額度輸出電(dian)壓應為直流5 V，容差為±5％。

　　3)輸出電(dian)流 充電(dian)器的額(e)度輸出電(dian)流范圍應為300～1 800 mA。

　　4)輸出波紋(wen)(wen) ①輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)流波紋(wen)(wen)：輸入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(90～264 V)時，模擬負(fu)載上的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓范(fan)圍(1．50～4．75 V)，輸出波紋(wen)(wen)極(ji)限(xian)小(xiao)于(yu)等(deng)(deng)于(yu)100 mA峰值。②輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓波紋(wen)(wen)：輸入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(90～264 V)時，模擬負(fu)載上的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓范(fan)圍(1．50～4．75 V)，輸出波紋(wen)(wen)極(ji)限(xian)小(xiao)于(yu)等(deng)(deng)于(yu)200 mV峰值。③短(duan)路電(dian)(dian)(dian)流：輸入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(90～264V)時，負(fu)載短(duan)路，短(duan)路電(dian)(dian)(dian)流限(xian)值小(xiao)于(yu)950 mA。

　　5)電(dian)流(liu)倒灌 在任何情(qing)況(kuang)下，無論充(chong)電(dian)器是(shi)否(fou)插上(shang)電(dian)源(yuan)，由手持機測流(liu)向充(chong)電(dian)器的電(dian)流(liu)應不大于5 mA。

　　6)無負載能量消(xiao)耗輸入電(dian)壓(100～240 V)時，負載開路，輸出(chu)波紋極限小于300 mW。

　　7)充電器平均效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv) 充電器平均效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)應不小于50％。

　　8)干電池(chi)充電設(she)計要求 充電電流不高于(yu)200 mA。

　　2 系(xi)統整體設(she)計

　　充電器分為高壓(ya)(ya)、充電管理、升壓(ya)(ya)、邏輯控制照(zhao)明燈、內部蓄電池(chi)、干電池(chi)、手動按壓(ya)(ya)等功能模塊。系統整(zheng)體結構(gou)框圖如圖1所(suo)示。

　　2．1 高壓(ya)模塊

　　該(gai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)接通(tong)(tong)(tong)交流(liu)(liu)220 V經整流(liu)(liu)橋后，形(xing)成直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，經C1，C2濾波(bo)后，該(gai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)經開(kai)關(guan)變壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)T1的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1，2引(yin)腳(jiao)施(shi)加到(dao)三極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管VQ2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)C極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，同時(shi)該(gai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)三極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管VQ2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(B)提供(gong)一個(ge)正向偏(pian)置電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，使三極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管VQ2導(dao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)。R4，無極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)C4和肖特基二極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管VD3起保護作用。此時(shi)振蕩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)開(kai)始工作，開(kai)關(guan)變壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)T1的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)l，2腳(jiao)中有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)過，在(zai)(zai)變壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)T1的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)3，4腳(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)通(tong)(tong)(tong)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻R12加到(dao)三極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管VQ2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，使VQ2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)導(dao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)加大，迅(xun)速進入飽和區。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)大于0．5 A，U2導(dao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)，把VQ2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)拉(la)低，集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(C)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)開(kai)始減(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)，變壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)T1的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1，2引(yin)腳(jiao)產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)磁通(tong)(tong)(tong)量也開(kai)始減(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)。VQ3部分為(wei)(wei)限流(liu)(liu)作用，當R23，R24增大時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)減(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)，減(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)增大。TL431為(wei)(wei)恒流(liu)(liu)源，輸出穩(wen)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)5 V，使光耦工作，這(zhe)樣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中才(cai)不斷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產生振蕩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，在(zai)(zai)變壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)Tl的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)6引(yin)腳(jiao)感應出一個(ge)5 V的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，經二極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管VD4整流(liu)(liu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)C4，C5濾波(bo)后，通(tong)(tong)(tong)過標準USB為(wei)(wei)外部數(shu)碼產品(pin)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。圖(tu)2為(wei)(wei)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)模塊電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)圖(tu)。

　　2．2 充電(dian)管理(li)器(qi)件BQ2057

　　此充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)中，接通(tong)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)后為內部(bu)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)同時，此器(qi)(qi)件的(de)輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為4．2 V，從而通(tong)過SMT插座為外部(bu)數碼產品充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。在充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)開始恒流(liu)并(bing)且逐(zhu)漸下降(jiang)，而電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)逐(zhu)漸上升最后恒壓(ya)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)接近零時，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)完成(cheng)。

　　2．3 邏輯控(kong)制照(zhao)明(ming)燈模塊

　　當接入(ru)干電池時，按一(yi)下開關燈亮，再按一(yi)下燈滅(mie)。這個模塊里(li)的燈為(wei)手電筒用于照明(ming)，其(qi)電流不超過(guo)200 mA。

　　3 PCB設計

　　通常的充電器都為單面板，并且體積比較小，而研制的充電器為雙(shuang)面板，考慮(lv)到(dao)充電器外殼的(de)形狀和(he)大小，所(suo)以元器件(jian)(jian)貼片的(de)較多；因為有手壓裝(zhuang)置，所(suo)以要注意元器件(jian)(jian)的(de)擺放位(wei)置。

　　4 數據測量

　　根據國家標準的要求，在實驗中：1)當輸入電壓范圍在90～264 V之間時，空載時輸出直流電壓在4．77～4．96 V，輸出電流在O．31～0．32 A；2)在測試電流波紋時，噪聲很少，輸入電壓90～260 V時模擬負載上電壓為1．49～4．75 V，輸出電流波紋限值150 mA／5．6 Ω～160 mA／11 Ω；3)在測試電壓波紋時，輸入電壓90～260 V時模擬負載上電壓為1．49～4．75 V，輸出電壓波紋限值150～160 mV；4)當輸入電壓9～260 V負載短路時，短路電流限值540～800 mA：5)當輸入電壓100～260 V空載時功率消耗限值為2．9 mA×100 V～1 mAx240 V；6)當輸入電壓220 V，輸入電流12 mA時輸入功率為640 mW。輸出電壓5．1 V，輸出電流0．3 A時輸出功率為1 530 mW：7)平均效率為57％；8)測量過程中電流無倒灌現象。此測試結果表明本充電器完全符合國家標準。

　　利用(yong)高壓模塊(kuai)和(he)充電(dian)(dian)管理(li)模塊(kuai)為外部數(shu)碼產品(pin)充電(dian)(dian)，并(bing)且(qie)給出充電(dian)(dian)過程中電(dian)(dian)壓和(he)電(dian)(dian)流的測試數(shu)據及其變化趨勢。

　　1)通過(guo)市電(dian)(dian)(dian)利用標準(zhun)USB給外部數碼產品充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池為(wei)910mAh，每隔l min記一次(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的變(bian)化(hua)，此實驗的數據(ju)如表1。充電(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)流變(bian)化(hua)趨勢如圖(tu)(tu)3所(suo)示，從圖(tu)(tu)3中可明顯看出，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程的電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓由開始(shi)5．28 V逐漸