充電器(Charger)是(shi)一種為蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置提供能(neng)量(liang)的(de)設(she)備(bei)，廣泛(fan)用于手機(ji)、相機(ji)、MP3、MP4等常見數碼(ma)(ma)產品。市場(chang)上的(de)產品都(dou)是(shi)配(pei)售充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，使用市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，但(dan)是(shi)有(you)(you)些沒有(you)(you)市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)場(chang)合或者電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源插座不兼容、偏遠地區、旅(lv)行中，特別(bie)是(shi)沒有(you)(you)任何(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源情(qing)況(kuang)下不方便充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，設(she)計的(de)多源數碼(ma)(ma)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)可以(yi)(yi)在(zai)任何(he)(he)情(qing)況(kuang)下進行充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)：沒有(you)(you)市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可以(yi)(yi)用2節1．5 V干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，沒有(you)(you)干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池也可用3．7 V內(nei)部蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，即(ji)使沒有(you)(you)任何(he)(he)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)，也可以(yi)(yi)用手壓發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)來給數碼(ma)(ma)產品充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。以(yi)(yi)上介紹的(de)就是(shi)本充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)特別(bie)之(zhi)處，也是(shi)該設(she)計的(de)特別(bie)之(zhi)處：即(ji)隨(sui)時(shi)隨(sui)地給數碼(ma)(ma)產品充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

　　1 設計要求

　　參照國家有關標準，移動通信手持機充電器應符合如下要求：

　　1)輸(shu)入電(dian)壓 交流充電(dian)器輸(shu)入額度交流電(dian)壓范圍應為100～240 V，容差為±10％。

　　2)輸(shu)出電壓 充(chong)電器(qi)的(de)額(e)度輸(shu)出電壓應為(wei)直流5 V，容(rong)差(cha)為(wei)±5％。

　　3)輸出電流 充電器(qi)的額度(du)輸出電流范圍(wei)應為(wei)300～1 800 mA。

　　4)輸(shu)出波(bo)(bo)紋 ①輸(shu)出電流波(bo)(bo)紋：輸(shu)入(ru)(ru)電壓(ya)(90～264 V)時(shi)，模(mo)擬(ni)負(fu)載(zai)上的電壓(ya)范圍(wei)(1．50～4．75 V)，輸(shu)出波(bo)(bo)紋極(ji)限小于等于100 mA峰值(zhi)(zhi)。②輸(shu)出電壓(ya)波(bo)(bo)紋：輸(shu)入(ru)(ru)電壓(ya)(90～264 V)時(shi)，模(mo)擬(ni)負(fu)載(zai)上的電壓(ya)范圍(wei)(1．50～4．75 V)，輸(shu)出波(bo)(bo)紋極(ji)限小于等于200 mV峰值(zhi)(zhi)。③短(duan)(duan)路電流：輸(shu)入(ru)(ru)電壓(ya)(90～264V)時(shi)，負(fu)載(zai)短(duan)(duan)路，短(duan)(duan)路電流限值(zhi)(zhi)小于950 mA。

　　5)電(dian)流(liu)倒灌 在任何情況下(xia)，無論充電(dian)器是否插上(shang)電(dian)源(yuan)，由手持機測流(liu)向(xiang)充電(dian)器的電(dian)流(liu)應不大于5 mA。

　　6)無負載能量消(xiao)耗輸入電壓(100～240 V)時，負載開路，輸出波(bo)紋(wen)極限小(xiao)于300 mW。

　　7)充電器(qi)平(ping)均(jun)效率 充電器(qi)平(ping)均(jun)效率應不小(xiao)于50％。

　　8)干(gan)電池充電設計要求 充電電流不高于200 mA。

　　2 系統整體設計

　　充電器分為高壓(ya)、充電管理、升(sheng)壓(ya)、邏輯(ji)控(kong)制照明(ming)燈、內部(bu)蓄電池、干電池、手動按(an)壓(ya)等功能模塊。系統(tong)整體結構框圖如圖1所示。

　　2．1 高壓模(mo)塊

　　該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)接通(tong)(tong)(tong)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)220 V經整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)橋后，形成直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，經C1，C2濾波后，該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)經開關變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器T1的(de)(de)1，2引(yin)腳(jiao)施(shi)加(jia)到(dao)三極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)VQ2的(de)(de)C極(ji)(ji)，同時(shi)該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)三極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)VQ2的(de)(de)基極(ji)(ji)(B)提(ti)供(gong)一個(ge)正向偏置電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，使(shi)(shi)三極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)VQ2導通(tong)(tong)(tong)。R4，無極(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容C4和肖特基二(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)VD3起保護作(zuo)用。此時(shi)振蕩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)開始工作(zuo)，開關變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器T1的(de)(de)l，2腳(jiao)中(zhong)有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)，在變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器T1的(de)(de)3，4腳(jiao)的(de)(de)感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻R12加(jia)到(dao)三極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)VQ2的(de)(de)基極(ji)(ji)，使(shi)(shi)VQ2的(de)(de)基極(ji)(ji)導通(tong)(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)加(jia)大，迅速進入飽(bao)和區(qu)。當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)大于0．5 A，U2導通(tong)(tong)(tong)，把VQ2的(de)(de)基極(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)拉低，集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(C)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)開始減少(shao)，變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器T1的(de)(de)1，2引(yin)腳(jiao)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)磁通(tong)(tong)(tong)量(liang)也開始減少(shao)。VQ3部分為(wei)(wei)(wei)限流(liu)(liu)(liu)作(zuo)用，當(dang)R23，R24增(zeng)大時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)減少(shao)，減少(shao)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)增(zeng)大。TL431為(wei)(wei)(wei)恒流(liu)(liu)(liu)源，輸出穩定的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)5 V，使(shi)(shi)光(guang)耦工作(zuo)，這樣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)才不(bu)斷的(de)(de)產(chan)生(sheng)振蕩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，在變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器Tl的(de)(de)6引(yin)腳(jiao)感應出一個(ge)5 V的(de)(de)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，經二(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)VD4整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容C4，C5濾波后，通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)標準USB為(wei)(wei)(wei)外部數碼產(chan)品充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。圖2為(wei)(wei)(wei)高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)模塊電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)圖。

　　2．2 充電(dian)管理器(qi)件BQ2057

　　此充電(dian)器(qi)中(zhong)，接通市電(dian)后為(wei)內部(bu)蓄電(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)的同時，此器(qi)件(jian)的輸出電(dian)壓為(wei)4．2 V，從而通過SMT插座(zuo)為(wei)外(wai)部(bu)數碼產品充電(dian)。在充電(dian)過程中(zhong)，電(dian)流開始恒(heng)流并(bing)且(qie)逐漸下(xia)降，而電(dian)壓逐漸上(shang)升最后恒(heng)壓。電(dian)流接近(jin)零時，充電(dian)完成。

　　2．3 邏輯控(kong)制照明燈模塊(kuai)

　　當接入干電(dian)池時，按(an)一下(xia)開關燈(deng)亮，再按(an)一下(xia)燈(deng)滅。這個模塊(kuai)里的(de)燈(deng)為(wei)手電(dian)筒用于照明，其(qi)電(dian)流不超過200 mA。

　　3 PCB設計

　　通常的充電器都為單面板，并且體積比較小，而研制的充電器為雙面板，考慮到充電器(qi)外殼的形狀(zhuang)和大(da)小，所(suo)以(yi)元(yuan)器(qi)件貼片的較(jiao)多；因為有手壓(ya)裝置(zhi)，所(suo)以(yi)要注(zhu)意元(yuan)器(qi)件的擺放位置(zhi)。

　　4 數據測量

　　根據國家標準的要求，在實驗中：1)當輸入電壓范圍在90～264 V之間時，空載時輸出直流電壓在4．77～4．96 V，輸出電流在O．31～0．32 A；2)在測試電流波紋時，噪聲很少，輸入電壓90～260 V時模擬負載上電壓為1．49～4．75 V，輸出電流波紋限值150 mA／5．6 Ω～160 mA／11 Ω；3)在測試電壓波紋時，輸入電壓90～260 V時模擬負載上電壓為1．49～4．75 V，輸出電壓波紋限值150～160 mV；4)當輸入電壓9～260 V負載短路時，短路電流限值540～800 mA：5)當輸入電壓100～260 V空載時功率消耗限值為2．9 mA×100 V～1 mAx240 V；6)當輸入電壓220 V，輸入電流12 mA時輸入功率為640 mW。輸出電壓5．1 V，輸出電流0．3 A時輸出功率為1 530 mW：7)平均效率為57％；8)測量過程中電流無倒灌現象。此測試結果表明本充電器完全符合國家標準。

　　利用高壓(ya)模塊(kuai)和充(chong)(chong)電管理模塊(kuai)為(wei)外部數(shu)碼(ma)產品充(chong)(chong)電，并且給出充(chong)(chong)電過程(cheng)中電壓(ya)和電流的測試數(shu)據及(ji)其變化(hua)趨勢。

　　1)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)市電(dian)(dian)利用標準(zhun)USB給(gei)外部數碼產品充電(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)池為910mAh，每隔l min記一次電(dian)(dian)壓和電(dian)(dian)流的變化，此實驗的數據如表1。充電(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程電(dian)(dian)壓電(dian)(dian)流變化趨勢如圖(tu)3所示，從圖(tu)3中可明顯(xian)看出(chu)，充電(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程的電(dian)(dian)壓由(you)開始5．28 V逐漸