充電器(Charger)是(shi)(shi)一種(zhong)為蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)置提供能量的(de)設備，廣泛用(yong)于手(shou)(shou)機(ji)、相機(ji)、MP3、MP4等常見數碼(ma)(ma)產(chan)品(pin)。市(shi)(shi)場(chang)上(shang)的(de)產(chan)品(pin)都是(shi)(shi)配售充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，使(shi)用(yong)市(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，但是(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)些沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)市(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)場(chang)合(he)或者電(dian)(dian)(dian)源插座不兼容、偏遠地區、旅行中，特別(bie)是(shi)(shi)沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)任何電(dian)(dian)(dian)源情(qing)況下不方便充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時，設計的(de)多源數碼(ma)(ma)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)可以在任何情(qing)況下進(jin)行充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)：沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)市(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，可以用(yong)2節(jie)1．5 V干(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)干(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)也可用(yong)3．7 V內(nei)部蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，即使(shi)沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)任何充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設備，也可以用(yong)手(shou)(shou)壓發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)來給數碼(ma)(ma)產(chan)品(pin)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。以上(shang)介紹的(de)就是(shi)(shi)本充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)特別(bie)之處，也是(shi)(shi)該設計的(de)特別(bie)之處：即隨(sui)時隨(sui)地給數碼(ma)(ma)產(chan)品(pin)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

　　1 設計要求

　　參照國家有關標準，移動通信手持機充電器應符合如下要求：

　　1)輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)電(dian)壓 交流充(chong)電(dian)器輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)額度交流電(dian)壓范圍(wei)應為(wei)(wei)100～240 V，容差為(wei)(wei)±10％。

　　2)輸出電壓 充電器的額度輸出電壓應為直流5 V，容差為±5％。

　　3)輸出電(dian)(dian)流(liu) 充電(dian)(dian)器的額度輸出電(dian)(dian)流(liu)范圍應為300～1 800 mA。

　　4)輸(shu)出(chu)波紋(wen)(wen) ①輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)流(liu)波紋(wen)(wen)：輸(shu)入(ru)電(dian)壓(90～264 V)時，模擬負(fu)載上的(de)電(dian)壓范(fan)圍(1．50～4．75 V)，輸(shu)出(chu)波紋(wen)(wen)極限小(xiao)于(yu)等于(yu)100 mA峰值。②輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)壓波紋(wen)(wen)：輸(shu)入(ru)電(dian)壓(90～264 V)時，模擬負(fu)載上的(de)電(dian)壓范(fan)圍(1．50～4．75 V)，輸(shu)出(chu)波紋(wen)(wen)極限小(xiao)于(yu)等于(yu)200 mV峰值。③短(duan)(duan)路電(dian)流(liu)：輸(shu)入(ru)電(dian)壓(90～264V)時，負(fu)載短(duan)(duan)路，短(duan)(duan)路電(dian)流(liu)限值小(xiao)于(yu)950 mA。

　　5)電流倒灌 在(zai)任(ren)何情況下，無論充電器是否插(cha)上電源，由手持機(ji)測流向(xiang)充電器的電流應(ying)不(bu)大于5 mA。

　　6)無負載能量消耗(hao)輸(shu)入電壓(ya)(100～240 V)時，負載開路，輸(shu)出波(bo)紋(wen)極限小(xiao)于300 mW。

　　7)充電(dian)器平均效率(lv) 充電(dian)器平均效率(lv)應不小于50％。

　　8)干電池(chi)充電設計(ji)要求 充電電流不高于200 mA。

　　2 系統整(zheng)體設(she)計

　　充電器分為高壓、充電(dian)(dian)管理、升壓、邏輯(ji)控(kong)制照(zhao)明燈、內部蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池、干電(dian)(dian)池、手(shou)動按壓等功(gong)能模塊。系統整(zheng)體結構(gou)框圖(tu)如(ru)圖(tu)1所(suo)示。

　　2．1 高壓模塊

　　該(gai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)接(jie)通(tong)交流(liu)(liu)220 V經(jing)(jing)整流(liu)(liu)橋后(hou)，形成直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，經(jing)(jing)C1，C2濾波(bo)后(hou)，該(gai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)經(jing)(jing)開關(guan)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)T1的(de)1，2引(yin)腳(jiao)施加(jia)到(dao)三(san)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)VQ2的(de)C極(ji)(ji)(ji)，同(tong)時該(gai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)三(san)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)VQ2的(de)基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(B)提(ti)供一(yi)個正向(xiang)偏置電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，使(shi)三(san)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)VQ2導(dao)(dao)通(tong)。R4，無極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容C4和肖(xiao)特基(ji)二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)VD3起保護作用。此時振蕩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)開始(shi)工(gong)作，開關(guan)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)T1的(de)l，2腳(jiao)中有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)，在(zai)(zai)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)T1的(de)3，4腳(jiao)的(de)感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻R12加(jia)到(dao)三(san)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)VQ2的(de)基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)，使(shi)VQ2的(de)基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)導(dao)(dao)通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)加(jia)大(da)(da)，迅速進入(ru)飽和區。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)大(da)(da)于(yu)0．5 A，U2導(dao)(dao)通(tong)，把VQ2的(de)基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)拉低，集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(C)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)開始(shi)減(jian)少(shao)，變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)T1的(de)1，2引(yin)腳(jiao)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)磁通(tong)量也開始(shi)減(jian)少(shao)。VQ3部分為(wei)(wei)限流(liu)(liu)作用，當R23，R24增大(da)(da)時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)減(jian)少(shao)，減(jian)少(shao)時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)增大(da)(da)。TL431為(wei)(wei)恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)源，輸出(chu)穩(wen)定的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)5 V，使(shi)光(guang)耦(ou)工(gong)作，這樣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中才(cai)不斷的(de)產(chan)生(sheng)振蕩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，在(zai)(zai)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)Tl的(de)6引(yin)腳(jiao)感(gan)應出(chu)一(yi)個5 V的(de)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，經(jing)(jing)二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)VD4整流(liu)(liu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容C4，C5濾波(bo)后(hou)，通(tong)過(guo)(guo)標準(zhun)USB為(wei)(wei)外部數碼產(chan)品充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。圖(tu)(tu)2為(wei)(wei)高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)模(mo)塊(kuai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)圖(tu)(tu)。

　　2．2 充電管理器件BQ2057

　　此(ci)充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)中，接(jie)通市電(dian)(dian)后(hou)(hou)為(wei)(wei)內(nei)部蓄電(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)的(de)同時，此(ci)器(qi)件的(de)輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)(wei)4．2 V，從而通過(guo)SMT插座為(wei)(wei)外部數(shu)碼產品充電(dian)(dian)。在充電(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中，電(dian)(dian)流(liu)開(kai)始恒流(liu)并(bing)且逐(zhu)漸(jian)下降，而電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)逐(zhu)漸(jian)上升(sheng)最后(hou)(hou)恒壓(ya)。電(dian)(dian)流(liu)接(jie)近零(ling)時，充電(dian)(dian)完成。

　　2．3 邏輯(ji)控制照明(ming)燈模(mo)塊

　　當接(jie)入干電池時，按(an)一(yi)下開關燈(deng)(deng)亮，再(zai)按(an)一(yi)下燈(deng)(deng)滅。這個(ge)模塊里的燈(deng)(deng)為手電筒用于照明，其電流(liu)不超過200 mA。

　　3 PCB設計

　　通常的充電器都為單面板，并且體積比較小，而研制的充電器為雙面板，考慮(lv)到充電(dian)器外殼的(de)形狀和大小(xiao)，所以(yi)元器件(jian)貼(tie)片的(de)較多；因(yin)為有(you)手壓裝置，所以(yi)要注(zhu)意元器件(jian)的(de)擺放位(wei)置。

　　4 數據測量

　　根據國家標準的要求，在實驗中：1)當輸入電壓范圍在90～264 V之間時，空載時輸出直流電壓在4．77～4．96 V，輸出電流在O．31～0．32 A；2)在測試電流波紋時，噪聲很少，輸入電壓90～260 V時模擬負載上電壓為1．49～4．75 V，輸出電流波紋限值150 mA／5．6 Ω～160 mA／11 Ω；3)在測試電壓波紋時，輸入電壓90～260 V時模擬負載上電壓為1．49～4．75 V，輸出電壓波紋限值150～160 mV；4)當輸入電壓9～260 V負載短路時，短路電流限值540～800 mA：5)當輸入電壓100～260 V空載時功率消耗限值為2．9 mA×100 V～1 mAx240 V；6)當輸入電壓220 V，輸入電流12 mA時輸入功率為640 mW。輸出電壓5．1 V，輸出電流0．3 A時輸出功率為1 530 mW：7)平均效率為57％；8)測量過程中電流無倒灌現象。此測試結果表明本充電器完全符合國家標準。

　　利用高壓(ya)模塊和充(chong)電(dian)管理(li)模塊為(wei)外部數碼(ma)產(chan)品充(chong)電(dian)，并且(qie)給(gei)出充(chong)電(dian)過程中電(dian)壓(ya)和電(dian)流的(de)測(ce)試數據(ju)及(ji)其變化趨(qu)勢。

　　1)通過(guo)(guo)市電(dian)(dian)(dian)利用標準USB給外部數碼產品(pin)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池為910mAh，每隔(ge)l min記一次電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)變化，此實驗的(de)(de)數據如表1。充電(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)變化趨(qu)勢如圖3所示(shi)，從圖3中可明顯看出，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)由開始5．28 V逐漸