充電器(Charger)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種為蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)置提供能量(liang)的(de)(de)設(she)(she)備，廣泛用于手機(ji)、相機(ji)、MP3、MP4等常見數(shu)(shu)碼(ma)(ma)產品。市(shi)場上的(de)(de)產品都是(shi)(shi)配(pei)售充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器，使用市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，但是(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)些沒有(you)(you)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)場合或者電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)插座(zuo)不兼容、偏遠地區、旅行中(zhong)，特(te)別(bie)是(shi)(shi)沒有(you)(you)任(ren)何電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)情況下不方便充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時，設(she)(she)計的(de)(de)多源(yuan)數(shu)(shu)碼(ma)(ma)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器可以(yi)在任(ren)何情況下進行充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)：沒有(you)(you)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，可以(yi)用2節(jie)1．5 V干(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，沒有(you)(you)干(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)也可用3．7 V內部蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，即(ji)使沒有(you)(you)任(ren)何充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)備，也可以(yi)用手壓(ya)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)來給(gei)數(shu)(shu)碼(ma)(ma)產品充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。以(yi)上介紹的(de)(de)就是(shi)(shi)本(ben)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)特(te)別(bie)之處(chu)，也是(shi)(shi)該設(she)(she)計的(de)(de)特(te)別(bie)之處(chu)：即(ji)隨時隨地給(gei)數(shu)(shu)碼(ma)(ma)產品充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

　　1 設計要求

　　參照國家有關標準，移動通信手持機充電器應符合如下要求：

　　1)輸(shu)入(ru)電壓 交(jiao)流充電器輸(shu)入(ru)額度交(jiao)流電壓范圍(wei)應為100～240 V，容差為±10％。

　　2)輸出電(dian)壓 充電(dian)器的額度輸出電(dian)壓應為(wei)直(zhi)流5 V，容差為(wei)±5％。

　　3)輸出電(dian)(dian)流 充電(dian)(dian)器的額度輸出電(dian)(dian)流范圍應(ying)為(wei)300～1 800 mA。

　　4)輸(shu)出(chu)波(bo)紋 ①輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)流波(bo)紋：輸(shu)入電(dian)壓(90～264 V)時，模擬負載(zai)上的電(dian)壓范(fan)圍(wei)(1．50～4．75 V)，輸(shu)出(chu)波(bo)紋極限(xian)小(xiao)于(yu)等于(yu)100 mA峰值(zhi)。②輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)壓波(bo)紋：輸(shu)入電(dian)壓(90～264 V)時，模擬負載(zai)上的電(dian)壓范(fan)圍(wei)(1．50～4．75 V)，輸(shu)出(chu)波(bo)紋極限(xian)小(xiao)于(yu)等于(yu)200 mV峰值(zhi)。③短路電(dian)流：輸(shu)入電(dian)壓(90～264V)時，負載(zai)短路，短路電(dian)流限(xian)值(zhi)小(xiao)于(yu)950 mA。

　　5)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)倒灌 在任何情(qing)況下，無論充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)是否插上電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，由手(shou)持機(ji)測流(liu)向充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)的電(dian)(dian)流(liu)應不大于5 mA。

　　6)無(wu)負載(zai)能量消(xiao)耗輸(shu)入電壓(100～240 V)時(shi)，負載(zai)開路，輸(shu)出波(bo)紋極限小于300 mW。

　　7)充電器平均(jun)效率 充電器平均(jun)效率應不(bu)小于(yu)50％。

　　8)干電池充(chong)電設計要(yao)求 充(chong)電電流不(bu)高于200 mA。

　　2 系統(tong)整體(ti)設計(ji)

　　充電器分為(wei)高壓(ya)、充電管理、升壓(ya)、邏輯控制(zhi)照明燈、內部蓄電池(chi)、干電池(chi)、手動按壓(ya)等功能(neng)模塊(kuai)。系統整(zheng)體結構框圖如圖1所(suo)示。

　　2．1 高壓模(mo)塊

　　該(gai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路接(jie)通(tong)(tong)交流(liu)220 V經(jing)整流(liu)橋后，形成直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，經(jing)C1，C2濾波后，該(gai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓經(jing)開(kai)(kai)關變壓器(qi)(qi)T1的(de)(de)(de)1，2引腳施(shi)加(jia)到(dao)三極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管VQ2的(de)(de)(de)C極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，同時(shi)該(gai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為三極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管VQ2的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(B)提供一個正向(xiang)偏置電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，使(shi)三極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管VQ2導通(tong)(tong)。R4，無極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)C4和肖(xiao)特基(ji)(ji)(ji)二極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管VD3起保護作(zuo)用。此時(shi)振蕩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路開(kai)(kai)始(shi)工(gong)作(zuo)，開(kai)(kai)關變壓器(qi)(qi)T1的(de)(de)(de)l，2腳中有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)通(tong)(tong)過，在(zai)變壓器(qi)(qi)T1的(de)(de)(de)3，4腳的(de)(de)(de)感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓通(tong)(tong)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)R12加(jia)到(dao)三極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管VQ2的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，使(shi)VQ2的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)導通(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)加(jia)大，迅速進入飽和區。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大于0．5 A，U2導通(tong)(tong)，把VQ2的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓拉低，集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(C)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)開(kai)(kai)始(shi)減(jian)少(shao)(shao)，變壓器(qi)(qi)T1的(de)(de)(de)1，2引腳產(chan)(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)磁通(tong)(tong)量也開(kai)(kai)始(shi)減(jian)少(shao)(shao)。VQ3部(bu)(bu)分為限(xian)流(liu)作(zuo)用，當R23，R24增大時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)減(jian)少(shao)(shao)，減(jian)少(shao)(shao)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)增大。TL431為恒流(liu)源(yuan)，輸出穩定的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓5 V，使(shi)光耦工(gong)作(zuo)，這樣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中才不斷的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)生振蕩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，在(zai)變壓器(qi)(qi)Tl的(de)(de)(de)6引腳感(gan)應出一個5 V的(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，經(jing)二極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管VD4整流(liu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)C4，C5濾波后，通(tong)(tong)過標準USB為外部(bu)(bu)數碼產(chan)(chan)品(pin)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。圖2為高壓模塊電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路圖。

　　2．2 充電管理(li)器(qi)件BQ2057

　　此(ci)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)中，接(jie)通市電(dian)(dian)后為(wei)內部(bu)蓄電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)同(tong)時，此(ci)器(qi)(qi)件的(de)輸出電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)4．2 V，從(cong)而(er)通過SMT插座為(wei)外(wai)部(bu)數碼產品充(chong)電(dian)(dian)。在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程中，電(dian)(dian)流(liu)開(kai)始恒(heng)流(liu)并且(qie)逐漸(jian)下降，而(er)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)逐漸(jian)上(shang)升最后恒(heng)壓(ya)。電(dian)(dian)流(liu)接(jie)近零時，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)完成。

　　2．3 邏輯(ji)控制照明燈模塊

　　當接入干(gan)電(dian)池時(shi)，按一下(xia)(xia)開關燈亮，再按一下(xia)(xia)燈滅(mie)。這個模(mo)塊里的燈為手電(dian)筒(tong)用于照明，其電(dian)流(liu)不(bu)超過200 mA。

　　3 PCB設計

　　通常的充電器都為單面板，并且體積比較小，而研制的充電器為雙面板，考慮(lv)到充電器外殼(ke)的形狀和大小，所以元器件(jian)貼(tie)片的較多；因為有手(shou)壓裝置，所以要注意元器件(jian)的擺(bai)放位(wei)置。

　　4 數據測量

　　根據國家標準的要求，在實驗中：1)當輸入電壓范圍在90～264 V之間時，空載時輸出直流電壓在4．77～4．96 V，輸出電流在O．31～0．32 A；2)在測試電流波紋時，噪聲很少，輸入電壓90～260 V時模擬負載上電壓為1．49～4．75 V，輸出電流波紋限值150 mA／5．6 Ω～160 mA／11 Ω；3)在測試電壓波紋時，輸入電壓90～260 V時模擬負載上電壓為1．49～4．75 V，輸出電壓波紋限值150～160 mV；4)當輸入電壓9～260 V負載短路時，短路電流限值540～800 mA：5)當輸入電壓100～260 V空載時功率消耗限值為2．9 mA×100 V～1 mAx240 V；6)當輸入電壓220 V，輸入電流12 mA時輸入功率為640 mW。輸出電壓5．1 V，輸出電流0．3 A時輸出功率為1 530 mW：7)平均效率為57％；8)測量過程中電流無倒灌現象。此測試結果表明本充電器完全符合國家標準。

　　利用高壓模塊(kuai)和(he)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)管理(li)模塊(kuai)為外部(bu)數碼產品充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，并且(qie)給出充電(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的測試數據(ju)及其變化趨勢。

　　1)通(tong)過市電(dian)利用標準USB給外部數碼產品充電(dian)，電(dian)池為(wei)910mAh，每隔l min記一次電(dian)壓和電(dian)流的變化(hua)(hua)，此(ci)實驗的數據如表1。充電(dian)過程(cheng)電(dian)壓電(dian)流變化(hua)(hua)趨勢如圖(tu)3所示，從(cong)圖(tu)3中可明顯看(kan)出(chu)，充電(dian)過程(cheng)的電(dian)壓由開始5．28 V逐(zhu)漸