充電器(Charger)是(shi)一種為蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)置提(ti)供能量(liang)的(de)設(she)(she)(she)備，廣泛用(yong)于(yu)手(shou)(shou)機(ji)、相機(ji)、MP3、MP4等常見數碼產(chan)品。市(shi)場(chang)上(shang)的(de)產(chan)品都是(shi)配售充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，使用(yong)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，但是(shi)有(you)些沒有(you)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)場(chang)合(he)或者電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)插座不兼容(rong)、偏遠地(di)區、旅行(xing)中，特別(bie)是(shi)沒有(you)任(ren)(ren)(ren)何(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)下不方便(bian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，設(she)(she)(she)計的(de)多源(yuan)(yuan)數碼充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)可以(yi)(yi)在任(ren)(ren)(ren)何(he)情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)下進行(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)：沒有(you)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可以(yi)(yi)用(yong)2節1．5 V干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，沒有(you)干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池也可用(yong)3．7 V內部蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，即(ji)(ji)使沒有(you)任(ren)(ren)(ren)何(he)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)(she)備，也可以(yi)(yi)用(yong)手(shou)(shou)壓發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)來給數碼產(chan)品充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。以(yi)(yi)上(shang)介紹的(de)就(jiu)是(shi)本充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)特別(bie)之處，也是(shi)該設(she)(she)(she)計的(de)特別(bie)之處：即(ji)(ji)隨(sui)時隨(sui)地(di)給數碼產(chan)品充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

　　1 設計要求

　　參照國家有關標準，移動通信手持機充電器應符合如下要求：

　　1)輸入電壓(ya) 交(jiao)流(liu)充電器輸入額度交(jiao)流(liu)電壓(ya)范圍(wei)應為100～240 V，容差(cha)為±10％。

　　2)輸出(chu)電(dian)壓(ya) 充電(dian)器的額度輸出(chu)電(dian)壓(ya)應為直流5 V，容差為±5％。

　　3)輸出電(dian)流 充電(dian)器的額度輸出電(dian)流范(fan)圍應為300～1 800 mA。

　　4)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)波紋 ①輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)電流波紋：輸(shu)(shu)入電壓(90～264 V)時，模擬負(fu)載上的電壓范(fan)圍(wei)(1．50～4．75 V)，輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)波紋極限(xian)(xian)小于(yu)(yu)等于(yu)(yu)100 mA峰值(zhi)(zhi)。②輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)電壓波紋：輸(shu)(shu)入電壓(90～264 V)時，模擬負(fu)載上的電壓范(fan)圍(wei)(1．50～4．75 V)，輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)波紋極限(xian)(xian)小于(yu)(yu)等于(yu)(yu)200 mV峰值(zhi)(zhi)。③短(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)電流：輸(shu)(shu)入電壓(90～264V)時，負(fu)載短(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)，短(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)電流限(xian)(xian)值(zhi)(zhi)小于(yu)(yu)950 mA。

　　5)電(dian)流倒灌 在任何情況(kuang)下，無論充電(dian)器是(shi)否插上電(dian)源，由手(shou)持機測流向充電(dian)器的(de)電(dian)流應不大于5 mA。

　　6)無(wu)負載能(neng)量消耗(hao)輸入電壓(100～240 V)時，負載開(kai)路，輸出波紋極限小于300 mW。

　　7)充(chong)電(dian)器平均(jun)效(xiao)率 充(chong)電(dian)器平均(jun)效(xiao)率應(ying)不小于50％。

　　8)干(gan)電池(chi)充電設(she)計要求(qiu) 充電電流不高于200 mA。

　　2 系統整體設計

　　充電器分為高壓、充電管理、升壓、邏輯控(kong)制照(zhao)明燈(deng)、內部蓄電池、干電池、手(shou)動按壓等功能模塊。系(xi)統整(zheng)體結構框圖如圖1所示。

　　2．1 高壓模塊

　　該(gai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)接通(tong)(tong)(tong)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)220 V經整流(liu)(liu)(liu)橋后，形成直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，經C1，C2濾波后，該(gai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)經開(kai)關變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)T1的(de)(de)(de)(de)1，2引(yin)腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)施加到(dao)三極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)VQ2的(de)(de)(de)(de)C極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，同時(shi)該(gai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)三極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)VQ2的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(B)提供一個(ge)正向偏置(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，使(shi)(shi)三極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)VQ2導(dao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)。R4，無極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容C4和肖特基(ji)二極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)VD3起(qi)保(bao)護作(zuo)用。此(ci)時(shi)振蕩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)開(kai)始(shi)工(gong)作(zuo)，開(kai)關變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)T1的(de)(de)(de)(de)l，2腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)中(zhong)有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)，在變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)T1的(de)(de)(de)(de)3，4腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻R12加到(dao)三極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)VQ2的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，使(shi)(shi)VQ2的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)導(dao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)加大，迅速進入飽(bao)和區。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)大于0．5 A，U2導(dao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)，把VQ2的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)拉(la)低，集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(C)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)開(kai)始(shi)減少(shao)，變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)T1的(de)(de)(de)(de)1，2引(yin)腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)磁通(tong)(tong)(tong)量(liang)也開(kai)始(shi)減少(shao)。VQ3部分(fen)為(wei)限(xian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)作(zuo)用，當R23，R24增大時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)減少(shao)，減少(shao)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)增大。TL431為(wei)恒流(liu)(liu)(liu)源，輸(shu)出(chu)穩(wen)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)5 V，使(shi)(shi)光(guang)耦工(gong)作(zuo)，這(zhe)樣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)才(cai)不斷的(de)(de)(de)(de)產生振蕩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，在變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)Tl的(de)(de)(de)(de)6引(yin)腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)感(gan)應出(chu)一個(ge)5 V的(de)(de)(de)(de)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，經二極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)VD4整流(liu)(liu)(liu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容C4，C5濾波后，通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)標準USB為(wei)外部數(shu)碼產品充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。圖2為(wei)高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)模塊電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)圖。

　　2．2 充(chong)電管理(li)器(qi)件BQ2057

　　此充電(dian)器(qi)中，接(jie)通(tong)市(shi)電(dian)后為(wei)內部(bu)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)的(de)同時(shi)，此器(qi)件(jian)的(de)輸出(chu)電(dian)壓為(wei)4．2 V，從(cong)而(er)通(tong)過SMT插座為(wei)外部(bu)數碼產(chan)品(pin)充電(dian)。在充電(dian)過程(cheng)中，電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)開始恒流(liu)(liu)(liu)并(bing)且逐漸(jian)下降，而(er)電(dian)壓逐漸(jian)上升(sheng)最(zui)后恒壓。電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)接(jie)近零時(shi)，充電(dian)完成。

　　2．3 邏輯控制照(zhao)明燈模塊

　　當接入干電(dian)池時，按(an)(an)一下開(kai)關燈亮，再按(an)(an)一下燈滅。這個模(mo)塊里的燈為手電(dian)筒(tong)用于照(zhao)明，其電(dian)流不(bu)超過200 mA。

　　3 PCB設計

　　通常的充電器都為單面板，并且體積比較小，而研制的充電器為(wei)雙面板，考慮(lv)到充電器外殼的形狀和(he)大小，所以元器件(jian)貼(tie)片的較多；因為(wei)有手(shou)壓裝置(zhi)，所以要(yao)注意(yi)元器件(jian)的擺放位置(zhi)。

　　4 數據測量

　　根據國家標準的要求，在實驗中：1)當輸入電壓范圍在90～264 V之間時，空載時輸出直流電壓在4．77～4．96 V，輸出電流在O．31～0．32 A；2)在測試電流波紋時，噪聲很少，輸入電壓90～260 V時模擬負載上電壓為1．49～4．75 V，輸出電流波紋限值150 mA／5．6 Ω～160 mA／11 Ω；3)在測試電壓波紋時，輸入電壓90～260 V時模擬負載上電壓為1．49～4．75 V，輸出電壓波紋限值150～160 mV；4)當輸入電壓9～260 V負載短路時，短路電流限值540～800 mA：5)當輸入電壓100～260 V空載時功率消耗限值為2．9 mA×100 V～1 mAx240 V；6)當輸入電壓220 V，輸入電流12 mA時輸入功率為640 mW。輸出電壓5．1 V，輸出電流0．3 A時輸出功率為1 530 mW：7)平均效率為57％；8)測量過程中電流無倒灌現象。此測試結果表明本充電器完全符合國家標準。

　　利用(yong)高壓(ya)模塊和(he)充電(dian)(dian)管理(li)模塊為外(wai)部數碼產品充電(dian)(dian)，并且給出充電(dian)(dian)過程中電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和(he)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的測試數據及其變(bian)化(hua)趨勢。

　　1)通過市電(dian)(dian)(dian)利用(yong)標(biao)準USB給外部數碼產品充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池為910mAh，每隔(ge)l min記一次電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的變化，此實驗的數據(ju)如表1。充電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流變化趨勢如圖3所示，從圖3中可明顯看出(chu)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程的電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)由(you)開始(shi)5．28 V逐漸(jian)