充電器(Charger)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一種為蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置提供能量的(de)設(she)備，廣(guang)泛用于手機、相(xiang)機、MP3、MP4等常見數碼產品。市(shi)場上的(de)產品都是(shi)(shi)(shi)配售充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，使(shi)用市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，但是(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)些沒(mei)有(you)(you)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)場合或(huo)者電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)插(cha)座不兼容、偏遠地區、旅行中，特別是(shi)(shi)(shi)沒(mei)有(you)(you)任何(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)情況(kuang)下(xia)不方(fang)便充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，設(she)計的(de)多源(yuan)數碼充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)可(ke)(ke)以在任何(he)情況(kuang)下(xia)進行充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)：沒(mei)有(you)(you)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可(ke)(ke)以用2節1．5 V干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，沒(mei)有(you)(you)干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)也(ye)可(ke)(ke)用3．7 V內(nei)部蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，即使(shi)沒(mei)有(you)(you)任何(he)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備，也(ye)可(ke)(ke)以用手壓發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機來給(gei)數碼產品充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。以上介紹的(de)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)本(ben)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)特別之處，也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)該設(she)計的(de)特別之處：即隨時(shi)隨地給(gei)數碼產品充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

　　1 設計要求

　　參照國家有關標準，移動通信手持機充電器應符合如下要求：

　　1)輸(shu)入(ru)電壓 交流充(chong)電器輸(shu)入(ru)額度(du)交流電壓范(fan)圍應(ying)為100～240 V，容差為±10％。

　　2)輸出電壓 充電器的(de)額度輸出電壓應為直流5 V，容(rong)差為±5％。

　　3)輸出(chu)電流 充電器的額度輸出(chu)電流范(fan)圍應為300～1 800 mA。

　　4)輸出(chu)波(bo)紋 ①輸出(chu)電(dian)流(liu)波(bo)紋：輸入電(dian)壓(ya)(90～264 V)時(shi)(shi)，模擬負(fu)(fu)載(zai)上的電(dian)壓(ya)范(fan)圍(1．50～4．75 V)，輸出(chu)波(bo)紋極限小于(yu)等于(yu)100 mA峰值。②輸出(chu)電(dian)壓(ya)波(bo)紋：輸入電(dian)壓(ya)(90～264 V)時(shi)(shi)，模擬負(fu)(fu)載(zai)上的電(dian)壓(ya)范(fan)圍(1．50～4．75 V)，輸出(chu)波(bo)紋極限小于(yu)等于(yu)200 mV峰值。③短(duan)路(lu)電(dian)流(liu)：輸入電(dian)壓(ya)(90～264V)時(shi)(shi)，負(fu)(fu)載(zai)短(duan)路(lu)，短(duan)路(lu)電(dian)流(liu)限值小于(yu)950 mA。

　　5)電(dian)流倒灌 在任(ren)何(he)情況下，無論充電(dian)器(qi)是(shi)否插上(shang)電(dian)源，由手持機測流向充電(dian)器(qi)的電(dian)流應(ying)不大于5 mA。

　　6)無負載(zai)能量消耗輸入電(dian)壓(100～240 V)時，負載(zai)開(kai)路，輸出波紋極限小于300 mW。

　　7)充電器平均效率 充電器平均效率應不小于(yu)50％。

　　8)干電(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)設計要(yao)求(qiu) 充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)不高于200 mA。

　　2 系(xi)統整(zheng)體設(she)計

　　充電器分為高壓(ya)、充電管理、升壓(ya)、邏(luo)輯控(kong)制照明燈(deng)、內部蓄電池、干電池、手動按(an)壓(ya)等(deng)功(gong)能(neng)模塊。系統整體(ti)結構框(kuang)圖如圖1所(suo)示。

　　2．1 高壓模塊

　　該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)接通(tong)(tong)(tong)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)220 V經整流(liu)(liu)(liu)橋(qiao)后(hou)，形成直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，經C1，C2濾(lv)波(bo)后(hou)，該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)經開(kai)(kai)關變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)T1的(de)(de)(de)(de)1，2引(yin)腳(jiao)施加(jia)到(dao)(dao)三極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管VQ2的(de)(de)(de)(de)C極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，同時該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為(wei)三極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管VQ2的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(B)提供一個正向偏置電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，使(shi)三極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管VQ2導通(tong)(tong)(tong)。R4，無極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)C4和肖特基(ji)二極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管VD3起保護(hu)作(zuo)用(yong)。此(ci)時振蕩(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)開(kai)(kai)始工作(zuo)，開(kai)(kai)關變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)T1的(de)(de)(de)(de)l，2腳(jiao)中有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)，在(zai)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)T1的(de)(de)(de)(de)3，4腳(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻R12加(jia)到(dao)(dao)三極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管VQ2的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，使(shi)VQ2的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)導通(tong)(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)加(jia)大(da)，迅速進(jin)入(ru)飽和區。當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)大(da)于0．5 A，U2導通(tong)(tong)(tong)，把VQ2的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)拉低，集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(C)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)開(kai)(kai)始減少，變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)T1的(de)(de)(de)(de)1，2引(yin)腳(jiao)產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)磁通(tong)(tong)(tong)量(liang)也開(kai)(kai)始減少。VQ3部分為(wei)限流(liu)(liu)(liu)作(zuo)用(yong)，當(dang)R23，R24增大(da)時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)減少，減少時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)增大(da)。TL431為(wei)恒流(liu)(liu)(liu)源，輸出(chu)穩定的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)5 V，使(shi)光(guang)耦(ou)工作(zuo)，這樣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中才(cai)不斷的(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)生振蕩(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，在(zai)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)Tl的(de)(de)(de)(de)6引(yin)腳(jiao)感應出(chu)一個5 V的(de)(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，經二極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管VD4整流(liu)(liu)(liu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)C4，C5濾(lv)波(bo)后(hou)，通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)標準USB為(wei)外部數碼產(chan)品充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。圖(tu)2為(wei)高壓(ya)(ya)模塊(kuai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)圖(tu)。

　　2．2 充電管理(li)器(qi)件BQ2057

　　此(ci)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，接(jie)通市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)后為(wei)內部蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)同(tong)時，此(ci)器件的(de)輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)4．2 V，從而(er)(er)通過(guo)SMT插座為(wei)外部數碼產品充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流開(kai)始(shi)恒流并且逐漸下(xia)降(jiang)，而(er)(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)逐漸上升最后恒壓(ya)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)流接(jie)近(jin)零時，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)完成(cheng)。

　　2．3 邏(luo)輯控制照(zhao)明(ming)燈模塊

　　當接入干(gan)電池時，按一下開(kai)關燈(deng)(deng)亮(liang)，再按一下燈(deng)(deng)滅。這個模塊里(li)的燈(deng)(deng)為(wei)手電筒用(yong)于照明，其電流(liu)不超過200 mA。

　　3 PCB設計

　　通常的充電器都為單面板，并且體積比較小，而研制的充電器為雙(shuang)面板，考慮到(dao)充電器(qi)外殼的(de)(de)形(xing)狀(zhuang)和大(da)小(xiao)，所以(yi)元器(qi)件貼(tie)片(pian)的(de)(de)較多(duo)；因為有手壓裝置，所以(yi)要(yao)注意元器(qi)件的(de)(de)擺放位置。

　　4 數據測量

　　根據國家標準的要求，在實驗中：1)當輸入電壓范圍在90～264 V之間時，空載時輸出直流電壓在4．77～4．96 V，輸出電流在O．31～0．32 A；2)在測試電流波紋時，噪聲很少，輸入電壓90～260 V時模擬負載上電壓為1．49～4．75 V，輸出電流波紋限值150 mA／5．6 Ω～160 mA／11 Ω；3)在測試電壓波紋時，輸入電壓90～260 V時模擬負載上電壓為1．49～4．75 V，輸出電壓波紋限值150～160 mV；4)當輸入電壓9～260 V負載短路時，短路電流限值540～800 mA：5)當輸入電壓100～260 V空載時功率消耗限值為2．9 mA×100 V～1 mAx240 V；6)當輸入電壓220 V，輸入電流12 mA時輸入功率為640 mW。輸出電壓5．1 V，輸出電流0．3 A時輸出功率為1 530 mW：7)平均效率為57％；8)測量過程中電流無倒灌現象。此測試結果表明本充電器完全符合國家標準。

　　利用高壓(ya)模塊和(he)充(chong)電管(guan)理模塊為(wei)外部(bu)數(shu)碼產品充(chong)電，并且(qie)給出充(chong)電過(guo)程中電壓(ya)和(he)電流的測試數(shu)據及其變化趨(qu)勢。

　　1)通過市電(dian)利用標準USB給外部數碼產品充(chong)電(dian)，電(dian)池(chi)為910mAh，每隔l min記(ji)一(yi)次電(dian)壓(ya)和電(dian)流的變化，此實驗(yan)的數據如表1。充(chong)電(dian)過程(cheng)電(dian)壓(ya)電(dian)流變化趨(qu)勢如圖(tu)(tu)3所示，從圖(tu)(tu)3中可明顯看出，充(chong)電(dian)過程(cheng)的電(dian)壓(ya)由開(kai)始5．28 V逐(zhu)漸