電動自行車專用(yong)控制器原理及其(qi)保護(hu)功(gong)能

　　一、控制器原理

　　簡略地講控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)是由周(zhou)邊(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)和主芯(xin)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(或單(dan)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)機(ji)(ji))組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)。周(zhou)邊(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)是一(yi)些功能(neng)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)，如執(zhi)行、采樣等，它們是電(dian)(dian)阻、傳感(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、橋(qiao)式(shi)開(kai)關(guan)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)，以及輔助單(dan)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)機(ji)(ji)或專(zhuan)用集成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)完成(cheng)(cheng)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)過程的(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian); 單(dan)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)機(ji)(ji)也(ye)稱(cheng)微控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，是在一(yi)塊(kuai)集成(cheng)(cheng)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)上把(ba)存貯(zhu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、有(you)變(bian)換信(xin)號語言的(de)(de)譯(yi)碼(ma)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、鋸齒(chi)波(bo)發生(sheng)器(qi)(qi)(qi)和脈寬(kuan)調制(zhi)功能(neng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)以及能(neng)使開(kai)關(guan)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)功率管(guan)導(dao)通(tong)(tong)或截止、通(tong)(tong)過方波(bo)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)功率管(guan)的(de)(de)導(dao)通(tong)(tong)時間以控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)速的(de)(de)驅動電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、輸(shu)入輸(shu)出(chu)端口等集成(cheng)(cheng)在一(yi)起(qi)，而(er)構成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)計(ji)算(suan)機(ji)(ji)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)。這就是電(dian)(dian)動自(zi)行車的(de)(de)智能(neng)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，它是以“傻瓜”面目出(chu)現(xian)的(de)(de)高技(ji)術產(chan)品。

　　控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)的設計品質、特性(xing)(xing)、所采用的微處理(li)器(qi)的功能、功率開關器(qi)件電路及周邊器(qi)件布局(ju)等，直接關系到整(zheng)車的性(xing)(xing)能和(he)運行狀態，也影響控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)本(ben)身性(xing)(xing)能和(he)效率。不(bu)同(tong)品質的控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)，用在同(tong)一(yi)輛車上，配(pei)用同(tong)一(yi)組相(xiang)同(tong)充(chong)放電狀態的電池(chi)，有時也會(hui)在續(xu)駛能力上顯示(shi)出較(jiao)大差別。

　　二、控制器的型式

　　目(mu)前，電動(dong)自(zi)行車所采用的(de)控(kong)制器電路原理基本(ben)相同(tong)或接(jie)近(jin)。

　　有刷和(he)(he)無(wu)刷直流電(dian)機大(da)都采(cai)用脈寬調(diao)制的(de)(de)(de)PWM控制方法調(diao)速，只是選用驅動電(dian)路、集成電(dian)路、開(kai)關電(dian)路功率晶體(ti)管和(he)(he)某(mou)些(xie)相關功能上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)差(cha)別(bie)。元器(qi)(qi)件和(he)(he)電(dian)路上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)差(cha)異，構成了控制器(qi)(qi)性能上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)不大(da)相同。控制器(qi)(qi)從結構上(shang)分兩種，分別(bie)為分離式和(he)(he)整體(ti)式。

　　1、分離式

　　所謂分離(li)，是指控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器主體(ti)和顯(xian)示部分分離(li)。后者安裝在車把上(shang)，控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器主體(ti)則隱藏在車體(ti)包廂(xiang)或電(dian)動箱內，不露在外面。這(zhe)種方式使控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器與電(dian)源、電(dian)機間連線距離(li)縮短，車體(ti)外觀顯(xian)得簡潔。

　　2、一體式

　　控制部分與顯示部分合為一體，裝在一個精致的專用塑料盒子里。盒子安裝在車把的正中，盒子的面板上開有數量不等的小孔，孔徑4-5mm，外敷透明防水膜。孔內相應位置設有發光二極管以指示車速、電源和電池剩余電量。
　　三、控制器的保護功能

　　保(bao)護功(gong)能(neng)是對控(kong)制器中換相功(gong)率管、電源免過放電，以及電動機在運行(xing)中因某種(zhong)故障或誤操作(zuo)而導致的(de)可能(neng)引起的(de)損傷(shang)等故障出現時，電路(lu)根據(ju)反饋信號采取(qu)的(de)保(bao)護措(cuo)施。電動自行(xing)車控(kong)制器基本的(de)保(bao)護功(gong)能(neng)和擴展功(gong)能(neng)如(ru)下：

　　1、制動斷電

　　電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行車車把上兩(liang)個(ge)鉗形(xing)制動(dong)手(shou)把均安(an)裝有接點開(kai)關(guan)。當制動(dong)時，開(kai)關(guan)被推押閉合或被斷開(kai)，而(er)改變了原來的開(kai)關(guan)狀態。這(zhe)個(ge)變化形(xing)成信號傳送到(dao)控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路根據預設程(cheng)序發(fa)出指令，立即(ji)切斷基極驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，使功(gong)率截止(zhi)(zhi)，停(ting)止(zhi)(zhi)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。因而(er)，既保(bao)護(hu)了功(gong)率管本身，又保(bao)護(hu)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)，也防止(zhi)(zhi)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的浪費。

　　2、欠壓保護

　　這里指的(de)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。當放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)最后階段(duan)，在負載(zai)狀態下，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)已(yi)經(jing)接近(jin)“放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)”，控制器面板（或儀表顯示盤）即顯示電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量不足，引起騎行者的(de)注意，計劃自(zi)己的(de)行程。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)已(yi)經(jing)達(da)到(dao)放終時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)取樣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)將(jiang)分(fen)流信息饋入比較器，保(bao)(bao)護(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路即按預(yu)先設定的(de)程序發出指令，切斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流以保(bao)(bao)護(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子器件和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。

　　3、過流保護

　　電(dian)流超限(xian)對電(dian)機和電(dian)路(lu)(lu)一系(xi)列元(yuan)器件都可能造成損傷，甚至燒毀，這是(shi)絕對應當避免(mian)的。控制電(dian)路(lu)(lu)中，必(bi)須具備這種過(guo)(guo)電(dian)流的保護功(gong)能，在(zai)過(guo)(guo)流時經過(guo)(guo)一定的延時即(ji)切斷電(dian)流。

　　4、過載保護

　　過(guo)(guo)載(zai)保護和過(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)保護是相同的(de)(de)，載(zai)重超(chao)限必(bi)然引(yin)起電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)超(chao)限。電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)自行車說(shuo)明(ming)書(shu)上都特(te)別注明(ming)載(zai)重能(neng)力(li)，但有(you)的(de)(de)騎(qi)(qi)行者(zhe)或未注意這一(yi)點，或抱著試一(yi)下的(de)(de)心理故意超(chao)載(zai)。如果沒(mei)有(you)這種(zhong)保護功能(neng)，不一(yi)定在(zai)哪個(ge)環節上引(yin)起損傷，但首(shou)當其沖的(de)(de)就是開關功率管(guan)，只(zhi)要無刷(shua)控(kong)制器功率管(guan)燒(shao)毀(hui)1只(zhi)，變成兩相供電(dian)(dian)(dian)后電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)運(yun)轉即變得(de)無力(li)，騎(qi)(qi)行者(zhe)立即可以感(gan)覺(jue)到脈動(dong)(dong)異常(chang)；若繼續騎(qi)(qi)行，接著就燒(shao)毀(hui)第2個(ge)、第3個(ge)功率管(guan)。有(you)兩相功率管(guan)不工(gong)作(zuo)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)即停止運(yun)行，有(you)刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)則(ze)失去控(kong)制功能(neng)。因此(ci)，由過(guo)(guo)載(zai)引(yin)起的(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)是很危(wei)險的(de)(de)。但只(zhi)要有(you)過(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)保護，載(zai)重超(chao)限后電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)自動(dong)(dong)切斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)源，因超(chao)載(zai)而引(yin)起的(de)(de)一(yi)系列(lie)后果都可以避免(mian)。

　　5、欠速保護

　　仍然屬于過流保(bao)護范(fan)疇，是為不(bu)具備零速起步功(gong)能的無刷(shua)控制系統而設置。

　　6、限速保護

　　是助(zhu)力(li)型(xing)電(dian)動自(zi)行(xing)車(che)獨有(you)的設(she)計控(kong)制程序。車(che)速(su)超過某一預定(ding)(ding)值時(shi)，電(dian)路(lu)停止(zhi)供電(dian)不予助(zhu)力(li)。對電(dian)動型(xing)電(dian)動自(zi)行(xing)車(che)而言，統一規(gui)定(ding)(ding)車(che)速(su)為(wei)20km/h，車(che)用電(dian)動機(ji)在設(she)計時(shi)，額(e)定(ding)(ding)轉(zhuan)速(su)就(jiu)已經設(she)定(ding)(ding)好了，控(kong)制電(dian)路(lu)也已經設(she)好，動自(zi)行(xing)車(che)只(zhi)能(neng)在不超過這個速(su)度(du)狀態下運行(xing)。

　　控制器的位(wei)置(zhi)不會影響到性能(neng)，主(zhu)要視設(she)計者的意(yi)圖，但(dan)有幾項原則：①、在運行操作允(yun)許時(shi)；②、在整體(ti)布置(zhi)允(yun)許時(shi)；③、在線路布設(she)要求時(shi)；④、在配套(tao)設(she)施要求時(shi)。