電動(dong)自行車專(zhuan)用(yong)控制器原理及其保護功(gong)能

　　一、控制器原理

　　簡略地講(jiang)控制(zhi)器(qi)是(shi)(shi)由(you)周邊器(qi)件和(he)主芯(xin)片(pian)(或(huo)單(dan)片(pian)機)組成(cheng)(cheng)。周邊器(qi)件是(shi)(shi)一些功(gong)能(neng)器(qi)件，如執行(xing)、采樣等，它們是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)阻、傳(chuan)感器(qi)、橋式開(kai)關電(dian)(dian)路(lu)，以(yi)及輔助(zhu)單(dan)片(pian)機或(huo)專用集成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)完成(cheng)(cheng)控制(zhi)過程的(de)(de)器(qi)件; 單(dan)片(pian)機也(ye)稱(cheng)微控制(zhi)器(qi)，是(shi)(shi)在(zai)一塊集成(cheng)(cheng)片(pian)上把存貯器(qi)、有變換(huan)信(xin)號(hao)語言的(de)(de)譯(yi)碼器(qi)、鋸齒波發生器(qi)和(he)脈寬調(diao)制(zhi)功(gong)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)以(yi)及能(neng)使開(kai)關電(dian)(dian)路(lu)功(gong)率管(guan)導(dao)通(tong)或(huo)截止、通(tong)過方(fang)波控制(zhi)功(gong)率管(guan)的(de)(de)導(dao)通(tong)時間以(yi)控制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)機轉速(su)的(de)(de)驅動電(dian)(dian)路(lu)、輸(shu)入輸(shu)出端口等集成(cheng)(cheng)在(zai)一起，而構成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)計算機片(pian)。這(zhe)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)動自行(xing)車的(de)(de)智能(neng)控制(zhi)器(qi)，它是(shi)(shi)以(yi)“傻瓜”面目出現的(de)(de)高技術產品(pin)。

　　控制(zhi)器(qi)的(de)設計品質、特性、所(suo)采用的(de)微處(chu)理器(qi)的(de)功(gong)能(neng)、功(gong)率(lv)開關(guan)器(qi)件電路及(ji)周邊(bian)器(qi)件布局等，直接(jie)關(guan)系到整車的(de)性能(neng)和運行(xing)狀態(tai)，也(ye)影響(xiang)控制(zhi)器(qi)本身(shen)性能(neng)和效率(lv)。不(bu)同(tong)品質的(de)控制(zhi)器(qi)，用在同(tong)一輛車上，配用同(tong)一組相同(tong)充放電狀態(tai)的(de)電池，有(you)時(shi)也(ye)會在續駛能(neng)力(li)上顯示(shi)出較(jiao)大差別。

　　二、控(kong)制器的型式

　　目前，電(dian)動自行車所(suo)采用的控制器電(dian)路(lu)原(yuan)理基本相同或(huo)接近。

　　有刷(shua)和(he)無刷(shua)直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)機大都采用脈(mo)寬調制的PWM控(kong)(kong)制方法調速，只是選用驅(qu)動電(dian)(dian)路(lu)、集成電(dian)(dian)路(lu)、開關電(dian)(dian)路(lu)功率晶體(ti)(ti)管(guan)和(he)某(mou)些相關功能上的差(cha)別。元器(qi)件和(he)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)上的差(cha)異，構成了控(kong)(kong)制器(qi)性能上的不大相同。控(kong)(kong)制器(qi)從結構上分(fen)(fen)兩種，分(fen)(fen)別為分(fen)(fen)離式(shi)和(he)整體(ti)(ti)式(shi)。

　　1、分離式

　　所謂分離(li)(li)，是指(zhi)控制(zhi)器主(zhu)體(ti)和顯(xian)示(shi)部分分離(li)(li)。后(hou)者安裝(zhuang)在車把(ba)上，控制(zhi)器主(zhu)體(ti)則隱藏(zang)在車體(ti)包(bao)廂或電(dian)動箱內，不露在外面。這種方式(shi)使控制(zhi)器與電(dian)源(yuan)、電(dian)機間連線距離(li)(li)縮(suo)短，車體(ti)外觀顯(xian)得簡潔。

　　2、一體式

　　控制部分與顯示部分合為一體，裝在一個精致的專用塑料盒子里。盒子安裝在車把的正中，盒子的面板上開有數量不等的小孔，孔徑4-5mm，外敷透明防水膜。孔內相應位置設有發光二極管以指示車速、電源和電池剩余電量。
　　三(san)、控制器的保護功能

　　保(bao)(bao)護功(gong)能是對控(kong)制(zhi)器中換相(xiang)功(gong)率(lv)管、電(dian)源(yuan)免(mian)過放電(dian)，以及電(dian)動機在運行中因某(mou)種故(gu)障或誤操作而導致的(de)可能引(yin)起的(de)損傷等故(gu)障出現時(shi)，電(dian)路根據(ju)反(fan)饋信號采取的(de)保(bao)(bao)護措施。電(dian)動自(zi)行車控(kong)制(zhi)器基本的(de)保(bao)(bao)護功(gong)能和擴展功(gong)能如下：

　　1、制動斷電

　　電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)自(zi)行車車把上兩個鉗形制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)手把均安裝有接點開(kai)(kai)關。當制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)時，開(kai)(kai)關被(bei)推(tui)押閉合或被(bei)斷開(kai)(kai)，而改變了(le)(le)(le)原來的(de)開(kai)(kai)關狀態。這個變化形成信號傳送到控制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)路根據預(yu)設(she)程序發出指令，立(li)即切斷基極(ji)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，使功率截止(zhi)，停止(zhi)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)。因而，既保護了(le)(le)(le)功率管本(ben)身，又保護了(le)(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機，也(ye)防(fang)止(zhi)了(le)(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)浪費。

　　2、欠壓保護

　　這里指(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。當放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)最(zui)后階段，在負載狀態下，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)已經接(jie)近“放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終(zhong)止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)”，控制器(qi)面板（或儀表顯示盤）即(ji)顯示電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量不足，引(yin)起騎行者的(de)(de)(de)注意，計(ji)劃自己的(de)(de)(de)行程。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)已經達到放(fang)(fang)終(zhong)時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)取樣(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻將分流信息饋入比(bi)較器(qi)，保(bao)護電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路即(ji)按預先設定的(de)(de)(de)程序發(fa)出指(zhi)令(ling)，切(qie)斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流以保(bao)護電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子器(qi)件(jian)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。

　　3、過流保護

　　電(dian)流超限對(dui)電(dian)機(ji)和電(dian)路(lu)一系列元器件都(dou)可能(neng)造(zao)成損傷，甚至燒(shao)毀(hui)，這是絕對(dui)應當避免的(de)。控制電(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)，必須具備這種過電(dian)流的(de)保護功能(neng)，在過流時經(jing)過一定(ding)的(de)延(yan)時即(ji)切斷(duan)電(dian)流。

　　4、過載保護

　　過(guo)載(zai)(zai)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)和過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流保(bao)護(hu)(hu)是(shi)相同的，載(zai)(zai)重(zhong)超(chao)限必然引起(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流超(chao)限。電(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行(xing)(xing)車說(shuo)明(ming)書上(shang)都特別注明(ming)載(zai)(zai)重(zhong)能力(li)，但(dan)有的騎(qi)行(xing)(xing)者或未注意(yi)這一點，或抱著試(shi)一下的心(xin)理故(gu)意(yi)超(chao)載(zai)(zai)。如果沒有這種保(bao)護(hu)(hu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能，不一定在哪個(ge)環節上(shang)引起(qi)(qi)損傷，但(dan)首當其沖的就(jiu)是(shi)開關功(gong)(gong)(gong)率管(guan)，只(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)無(wu)(wu)刷(shua)控制器(qi)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率管(guan)燒(shao)毀(hui)1只(zhi)(zhi)，變成兩相供電(dian)(dian)(dian)后電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機運(yun)轉即變得無(wu)(wu)力(li)，騎(qi)行(xing)(xing)者立即可以(yi)感覺到脈動異常；若(ruo)繼續騎(qi)行(xing)(xing)，接著就(jiu)燒(shao)毀(hui)第(di)2個(ge)、第(di)3個(ge)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率管(guan)。有兩相功(gong)(gong)(gong)率管(guan)不工作(zuo)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機即停止運(yun)行(xing)(xing)，有刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機則失去控制功(gong)(gong)(gong)能。因此，由(you)過(guo)載(zai)(zai)引起(qi)(qi)的過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流是(shi)很危險(xian)的。但(dan)只(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)有過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流保(bao)護(hu)(hu)，載(zai)(zai)重(zhong)超(chao)限后電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)自動切斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)源，因超(chao)載(zai)(zai)而引起(qi)(qi)的一系列(lie)后果都可以(yi)避免。

　　5、欠速保護

　　仍然屬(shu)于(yu)過流保(bao)護(hu)范疇，是為不具備零速起步功能(neng)的無刷控制系統而設置。

　　6、限速保護

　　是助(zhu)力型電(dian)(dian)動自(zi)(zi)行(xing)(xing)車(che)獨有的設(she)計(ji)控(kong)制程序。車(che)速超過某一預(yu)定值時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)路(lu)停止供電(dian)(dian)不(bu)予助(zhu)力。對電(dian)(dian)動型電(dian)(dian)動自(zi)(zi)行(xing)(xing)車(che)而言(yan)，統一規定車(che)速為(wei)20km/h，車(che)用電(dian)(dian)動機在設(she)計(ji)時(shi)，額定轉(zhuan)速就已經(jing)設(she)定好了，控(kong)制電(dian)(dian)路(lu)也已經(jing)設(she)好，動自(zi)(zi)行(xing)(xing)車(che)只(zhi)能在不(bu)超過這個(ge)速度(du)狀態(tai)下運行(xing)(xing)。

　　控(kong)制器的(de)位置不會影(ying)響到(dao)性(xing)能，主要視設(she)計者的(de)意(yi)圖(tu)，但有幾項(xiang)原則：①、在(zai)運行(xing)操作允(yun)許時；②、在(zai)整體布置允(yun)許時；③、在(zai)線路布設(she)要求時；④、在(zai)配套設(she)施(shi)要求時。