電動自行車專用控制器原理及其保護功能
電(dian)動自行(xing)車(che)專用控制器原理(li)及其保(bao)護功能
一、控制器原理
簡(jian)略地講控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)是由周邊(bian)器(qi)(qi)件和主芯片(pian)(或(huo)(huo)單(dan)片(pian)機(ji)(ji)(ji))組(zu)成。周邊(bian)器(qi)(qi)件是一些功能(neng)器(qi)(qi)件,如執(zhi)行(xing)、采樣等(deng),它們是電(dian)阻(zu)、傳感器(qi)(qi)、橋式開關(guan)電(dian)路(lu)(lu),以及輔助單(dan)片(pian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)或(huo)(huo)專用集成電(dian)路(lu)(lu)完成控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)過(guo)程的器(qi)(qi)件; 單(dan)片(pian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)也(ye)稱微(wei)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi),是在一塊集成片(pian)上把存(cun)貯器(qi)(qi)、有變換信(xin)號語言(yan)的譯碼器(qi)(qi)、鋸齒波(bo)發(fa)生器(qi)(qi)和脈寬調制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功能(neng)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)以及能(neng)使開關(guan)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)功率管導(dao)通(tong)或(huo)(huo)截(jie)止(zhi)、通(tong)過(guo)方波(bo)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功率管的導(dao)通(tong)時(shi)間以控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)速的驅動電(dian)路(lu)(lu)、輸(shu)入輸(shu)出(chu)端口等(deng)集成在一起,而(er)構成的計(ji)算機(ji)(ji)(ji)片(pian)。這(zhe)就是電(dian)動自行(xing)車(che)的智能(neng)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi),它是以“傻瓜”面目出(chu)現的高技術產品。
控(kong)制器(qi)的(de)(de)設計(ji)品質、特性(xing)(xing)、所采用的(de)(de)微處理器(qi)的(de)(de)功能(neng)、功率開(kai)關器(qi)件電(dian)路及周邊器(qi)件布局(ju)等,直接關系到(dao)整車的(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)和(he)運行狀態,也影響控(kong)制器(qi)本(ben)身性(xing)(xing)能(neng)和(he)效率。不同(tong)品質的(de)(de)控(kong)制器(qi),用在同(tong)一輛車上,配用同(tong)一組相同(tong)充放電(dian)狀態的(de)(de)電(dian)池,有時也會在續(xu)駛能(neng)力上顯示出較(jiao)大(da)差別。
二、控制器的型(xing)式
目前,電(dian)動自(zi)行車所采用的控制器電(dian)路原理(li)基本相(xiang)同或接近。
有刷(shua)和(he)無刷(shua)直(zhi)流電機大都采用脈寬調(diao)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)PWM控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)方法(fa)調(diao)速,只是選用驅動電路(lu)、集成(cheng)電路(lu)、開關(guan)電路(lu)功(gong)率(lv)晶(jing)體管和(he)某些相關(guan)功(gong)能上(shang)的(de)差(cha)別。元器件和(he)電路(lu)上(shang)的(de)差(cha)異,構(gou)成(cheng)了控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器性能上(shang)的(de)不(bu)大相同。控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器從(cong)結構(gou)上(shang)分(fen)(fen)(fen)兩種,分(fen)(fen)(fen)別為分(fen)(fen)(fen)離式和(he)整(zheng)體式。
1、分離式
所謂分(fen)離(li),是指控(kong)制器主(zhu)體和顯(xian)示(shi)部分(fen)分(fen)離(li)。后者(zhe)安裝在車把(ba)上,控(kong)制器主(zhu)體則(ze)隱藏(zang)在車體包廂或電動箱內,不露在外面。這種方式使控(kong)制器與電源(yuan)、電機間(jian)連線距離(li)縮(suo)短,車體外觀顯(xian)得簡潔。
2、一體式
控制部分與顯示部分合為一體,裝在一個精致的專用塑料盒子里。盒子安裝在車把的正中,盒子的面板上開有數量不等的小孔,孔徑4-5mm,外敷透明防水膜。孔內相應位置設有發光二極管以指示車速、電源和電池剩余電量。
三、控制器的保(bao)護(hu)功能
保護(hu)功能(neng)是對控制(zhi)器中換相功率管(guan)、電(dian)(dian)源免過放(fang)電(dian)(dian),以及(ji)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機在(zai)運(yun)行中因某(mou)種故障或誤操作(zuo)而導致的(de)可能(neng)引起的(de)損傷(shang)等故障出現時,電(dian)(dian)路根據反(fan)饋信(xin)號采取的(de)保護(hu)措施。電(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行車控制(zhi)器基(ji)本的(de)保護(hu)功能(neng)和擴(kuo)展(zhan)功能(neng)如下:
1、制動斷電
電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)自(zi)行車(che)車(che)把上兩(liang)個鉗形(xing)制動(dong)手(shou)把均安裝有接(jie)點(dian)開(kai)關。當制動(dong)時,開(kai)關被推押(ya)閉合(he)或被斷開(kai),而改變(bian)了(le)原來(lai)的開(kai)關狀態。這個變(bian)化形(xing)成信號傳送到控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中,電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)根據預設程序發出指令,立即(ji)切斷基極(ji)驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流,使功率截止,停止供電(dian)(dian)(dian)。因而,既保護了(le)功率管本(ben)身,又保護了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機,也防止了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的浪費。
2、欠壓保護
這里指的(de)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。當放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)最后階段(duan),在負載狀態(tai)下,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓已經接(jie)近“放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓”,控制器面(mian)板(或儀表(biao)顯示(shi)盤)即顯示(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量不足(zu),引起騎行(xing)者的(de)注意,計劃自己的(de)行(xing)程(cheng)。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓已經達到放終時,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓取(qu)樣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻將分(fen)流(liu)信息(xi)饋入比較器,保護電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路即按預先設定的(de)程(cheng)序發出指令,切斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)以保護電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)器件和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源。
3、過流保護
電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)超(chao)限對電(dian)機和(he)電(dian)路一系列元(yuan)器件(jian)都可能造成損傷,甚至燒(shao)毀,這是絕(jue)對應當避免的。控制電(dian)路中,必(bi)須具備這種過(guo)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的保護功(gong)能,在過(guo)流(liu)(liu)(liu)時(shi)經過(guo)一定的延(yan)時(shi)即切斷電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)。
4、過載保護
過(guo)載(zai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)和過(guo)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)是(shi)(shi)相同(tong)的(de)(de)(de),載(zai)重(zhong)超限(xian)必然引起(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)超限(xian)。電(dian)(dian)動自(zi)行(xing)(xing)車說明書上都特別注明載(zai)重(zhong)能(neng)力,但有(you)的(de)(de)(de)騎(qi)行(xing)(xing)者或(huo)未注意這一點,或(huo)抱著(zhu)試(shi)一下的(de)(de)(de)心(xin)理故意超載(zai)。如(ru)果(guo)沒有(you)這種保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)功(gong)(gong)能(neng),不一定在哪個(ge)環(huan)節上引起(qi)(qi)損傷,但首當其沖的(de)(de)(de)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)開關功(gong)(gong)率(lv)管(guan)(guan),只要(yao)無刷(shua)控制(zhi)(zhi)器功(gong)(gong)率(lv)管(guan)(guan)燒(shao)毀1只,變成兩相供電(dian)(dian)后(hou)(hou)電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)運(yun)轉即(ji)變得無力,騎(qi)行(xing)(xing)者立即(ji)可以感(gan)覺(jue)到脈(mo)動異常;若繼(ji)續(xu)騎(qi)行(xing)(xing),接著(zhu)就(jiu)燒(shao)毀第2個(ge)、第3個(ge)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)管(guan)(guan)。有(you)兩相功(gong)(gong)率(lv)管(guan)(guan)不工作,電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)即(ji)停止(zhi)運(yun)行(xing)(xing),有(you)刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)則失去控制(zhi)(zhi)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)。因(yin)此,由過(guo)載(zai)引起(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)是(shi)(shi)很危險的(de)(de)(de)。但只要(yao)有(you)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu),載(zai)重(zhong)超限(xian)后(hou)(hou)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)自(zi)動切斷電(dian)(dian)源(yuan),因(yin)超載(zai)而(er)引起(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)一系(xi)列后(hou)(hou)果(guo)都可以避免。
5、欠速保護
仍(reng)然屬于過(guo)流保護范疇,是為(wei)不(bu)具備零速起步(bu)功(gong)能(neng)的(de)無刷控制系統而設置。
6、限速保護
是(shi)助力型電(dian)動自(zi)行(xing)(xing)車(che)獨有的設計(ji)控制(zhi)程序。車(che)速超過某(mou)一預(yu)定值時(shi),電(dian)路停止供電(dian)不予助力。對電(dian)動型電(dian)動自(zi)行(xing)(xing)車(che)而言(yan),統一規定車(che)速為20km/h,車(che)用電(dian)動機在設計(ji)時(shi),額定轉速就(jiu)已經設定好(hao)了,控制(zhi)電(dian)路也已經設好(hao),動自(zi)行(xing)(xing)車(che)只能在不超過這(zhe)個速度狀態下運(yun)行(xing)(xing)。
控制器(qi)的(de)(de)位(wei)置不會影響到性能,主(zhu)要視設計者的(de)(de)意圖,但(dan)有幾項原則(ze):①、在運行(xing)操作允許時;②、在整(zheng)體布置允許時;③、在線路布設要求時;④、在配套設施要求時。