電動自行車專用控制器原理及(ji)其保護功能

　　一、控制器原理

　　簡(jian)略地講控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)是(shi)由周邊器(qi)件和(he)主芯片(pian)(或單片(pian)機(ji))組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)。周邊器(qi)件是(shi)一(yi)些功能(neng)器(qi)件，如執行(xing)、采(cai)樣等，它(ta)們(men)是(shi)電阻、傳感器(qi)、橋式(shi)開(kai)關電路(lu)，以(yi)及輔助單片(pian)機(ji)或專用(yong)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電路(lu)完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)過程的(de)器(qi)件; 單片(pian)機(ji)也稱(cheng)微控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)，是(shi)在(zai)一(yi)塊(kuai)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)片(pian)上(shang)把存(cun)貯器(qi)、有變換(huan)信(xin)號語言的(de)譯碼器(qi)、鋸齒(chi)波發生器(qi)和(he)脈寬調制(zhi)功能(neng)電路(lu)以(yi)及能(neng)使開(kai)關電路(lu)功率(lv)管導通或截止、通過方(fang)波控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)功率(lv)管的(de)導通時間以(yi)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)電機(ji)轉速的(de)驅動電路(lu)、輸(shu)入輸(shu)出端口等集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)在(zai)一(yi)起，而(er)構(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)計算機(ji)片(pian)。這就是(shi)電動自行(xing)車的(de)智(zhi)能(neng)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)，它(ta)是(shi)以(yi)“傻(sha)瓜”面目出現的(de)高(gao)技術(shu)產(chan)品。

　　控制器(qi)的(de)設計品質、特性(xing)、所(suo)采(cai)用(yong)的(de)微處理器(qi)的(de)功(gong)能、功(gong)率開(kai)關(guan)器(qi)件電(dian)(dian)路及周邊器(qi)件布局(ju)等，直接關(guan)系到整車的(de)性(xing)能和(he)運行狀態，也影(ying)響控制器(qi)本身性(xing)能和(he)效率。不同(tong)品質的(de)控制器(qi)，用(yong)在同(tong)一輛車上，配用(yong)同(tong)一組(zu)相同(tong)充放電(dian)(dian)狀態的(de)電(dian)(dian)池，有時也會在續駛能力上顯示出較大差別。

　　二、控制器(qi)的型式

　　目前，電動自行車所(suo)采(cai)用的控(kong)制器電路原理基本相同或接近。

　　有刷和無刷直流(liu)電機大(da)都采(cai)用脈寬調(diao)(diao)制(zhi)的(de)(de)PWM控(kong)制(zhi)方法調(diao)(diao)速，只是選用驅動電路(lu)(lu)、集(ji)成電路(lu)(lu)、開(kai)關電路(lu)(lu)功(gong)率晶體管和某些相(xiang)關功(gong)能(neng)上的(de)(de)差別。元器件和電路(lu)(lu)上的(de)(de)差異，構成了控(kong)制(zhi)器性能(neng)上的(de)(de)不大(da)相(xiang)同。控(kong)制(zhi)器從結構上分(fen)兩種，分(fen)別為(wei)分(fen)離式(shi)和整(zheng)體式(shi)。

　　1、分離式

　　所謂分離(li)，是(shi)指控制器(qi)主體和顯(xian)示(shi)部分分離(li)。后者安裝(zhuang)在(zai)車(che)把上，控制器(qi)主體則隱(yin)藏在(zai)車(che)體包(bao)廂或(huo)電動箱內(nei)，不露在(zai)外面。這種方式使(shi)控制器(qi)與(yu)電源、電機間連線距(ju)離(li)縮(suo)短，車(che)體外觀顯(xian)得簡潔。

　　2、一體式

　　控制部分與顯示部分合為一體，裝在一個精致的專用塑料盒子里。盒子安裝在車把的正中，盒子的面板上開有數量不等的小孔，孔徑4-5mm，外敷透明防水膜。孔內相應位置設有發光二極管以指示車速、電源和電池剩余電量。
　　三、控制器(qi)的保護功能

　　保(bao)(bao)護功(gong)(gong)能(neng)是對(dui)控(kong)制器(qi)中換相功(gong)(gong)率管(guan)、電(dian)(dian)源免過放(fang)電(dian)(dian)，以及(ji)電(dian)(dian)動機在運行(xing)中因某種故障(zhang)或誤操作而導致的(de)可能(neng)引起的(de)損傷(shang)等故障(zhang)出現時，電(dian)(dian)路(lu)根據(ju)反饋信(xin)號采(cai)取(qu)的(de)保(bao)(bao)護措施(shi)。電(dian)(dian)動自行(xing)車控(kong)制器(qi)基(ji)本的(de)保(bao)(bao)護功(gong)(gong)能(neng)和擴展功(gong)(gong)能(neng)如下：

　　1、制動斷電

　　電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行車(che)車(che)把上兩個鉗形(xing)制(zhi)動(dong)手把均安(an)裝(zhuang)有(you)接點開關(guan)。當制(zhi)動(dong)時，開關(guan)被推押閉合或被斷開，而(er)改變了(le)(le)原來的開關(guan)狀態。這個變化形(xing)成信號(hao)傳送(song)到(dao)控制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)路根(gen)據(ju)預設程序發出指令(ling)，立即切斷基極驅(qu)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，使功率截止(zhi)，停止(zhi)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)。因而(er)，既保(bao)護了(le)(le)功率管本身，又(you)保(bao)護了(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機，也防止(zhi)了(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的浪(lang)費。

　　2、欠壓保護

　　這里指(zhi)的(de)(de)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。當放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)最后階段，在負載狀(zhuang)態(tai)下(xia)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)已(yi)經(jing)(jing)接近“放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)”，控制器面板(ban)（或(huo)儀(yi)表顯(xian)示盤）即(ji)顯(xian)示電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)不足，引起騎行者(zhe)的(de)(de)注意(yi)，計劃自己的(de)(de)行程(cheng)。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)已(yi)經(jing)(jing)達(da)到放(fang)終時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)取樣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻將(jiang)分(fen)流(liu)信息饋入比較器，保護電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路即(ji)按預先設定的(de)(de)程(cheng)序發出指(zhi)令，切斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)以(yi)保護電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子器件(jian)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。

　　3、過流保護

　　電(dian)(dian)流(liu)超限對電(dian)(dian)機和電(dian)(dian)路一系(xi)列元器件都可能造成(cheng)損傷，甚至燒(shao)毀，這(zhe)是絕(jue)對應(ying)當避免的(de)。控制電(dian)(dian)路中，必(bi)須(xu)具備(bei)這(zhe)種過(guo)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)保護功能，在過(guo)流(liu)時(shi)經過(guo)一定的(de)延時(shi)即切斷電(dian)(dian)流(liu)。

　　4、過載保護

　　過(guo)(guo)(guo)載(zai)保護(hu)和(he)過(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)流保護(hu)是相(xiang)同的(de)，載(zai)重(zhong)超限必然(ran)引(yin)(yin)起電(dian)流超限。電(dian)動(dong)自行車說(shuo)明(ming)書上都(dou)特別注明(ming)載(zai)重(zhong)能(neng)力，但有(you)(you)的(de)騎(qi)行者或未注意這一(yi)點，或抱著試一(yi)下的(de)心理故意超載(zai)。如果沒有(you)(you)這種保護(hu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)，不一(yi)定在哪個環節上引(yin)(yin)起損傷(shang)，但首當(dang)其沖的(de)就是開關功(gong)(gong)(gong)率管(guan)，只(zhi)要(yao)無(wu)(wu)刷控制器功(gong)(gong)(gong)率管(guan)燒毀1只(zhi)，變成兩相(xiang)供電(dian)后(hou)電(dian)動(dong)機運轉即變得無(wu)(wu)力，騎(qi)行者立即可(ke)以(yi)(yi)感覺(jue)到(dao)脈動(dong)異常(chang)；若繼續騎(qi)行，接著就燒毀第(di)(di)2個、第(di)(di)3個功(gong)(gong)(gong)率管(guan)。有(you)(you)兩相(xiang)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率管(guan)不工(gong)作，電(dian)動(dong)機即停止運行，有(you)(you)刷電(dian)機則失(shi)去控制功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)。因(yin)此，由過(guo)(guo)(guo)載(zai)引(yin)(yin)起的(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)流是很危險的(de)。但只(zhi)要(yao)有(you)(you)過(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)流保護(hu)，載(zai)重(zhong)超限后(hou)電(dian)路自動(dong)切斷電(dian)源，因(yin)超載(zai)而(er)引(yin)(yin)起的(de)一(yi)系列(lie)后(hou)果都(dou)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)避免。

　　5、欠速保護

　　仍然屬(shu)于過流保護(hu)范(fan)疇，是(shi)為不具備(bei)零速起(qi)步功能的無刷控制系(xi)統而(er)設(she)置。

　　6、限速保護

　　是(shi)助力型電(dian)(dian)動自行(xing)車(che)(che)獨(du)有的(de)設(she)計控(kong)制(zhi)程序。車(che)(che)速(su)超(chao)過某一預定(ding)(ding)(ding)值時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)路停(ting)止供(gong)電(dian)(dian)不予助力。對(dui)電(dian)(dian)動型電(dian)(dian)動自行(xing)車(che)(che)而言，統一規定(ding)(ding)(ding)車(che)(che)速(su)為20km/h，車(che)(che)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)動機在(zai)設(she)計時(shi)，額(e)定(ding)(ding)(ding)轉速(su)就已經設(she)定(ding)(ding)(ding)好了，控(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)路也已經設(she)好，動自行(xing)車(che)(che)只能在(zai)不超(chao)過這個(ge)速(su)度狀(zhuang)態(tai)下運行(xing)。

　　控制(zhi)器的(de)位置(zhi)不會(hui)影響到性能，主要視設(she)計者的(de)意圖，但有幾項原則：①、在運行(xing)操(cao)作允許時；②、在整體布(bu)置(zhi)允許時；③、在線路布(bu)設(she)要求時；④、在配(pei)套設(she)施要求時。