電池充電器發展趨勢
便攜式電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)應用(yong)領(ling)域寬(kuan)泛而(er)多樣。產品(pin)涵(han)蓋(gai)了(le)從(cong)平均功(gong)耗僅幾(ji)(ji) μW 的(de)無(wu)線(xian)傳感(gan)器節點到(dao)采(cai)用(yong)好幾(ji)(ji)百瓦時電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組的(de)車載式醫療(liao)或數據采(cai)集系(xi)統等(deng)眾多門類。然(ran)(ran)而(er),盡(jin)管品(pin)種繁多,但它們卻呈(cheng)現出(chu)了(le)相對(dui)一致(zhi)的(de)發展趨(qu)勢(shi) ━━ 設計人員不(bu)斷(duan)地(di)要(yao)求其產品(pin)擁(yong)有較(jiao)高的(de)功(gong)率以(yi)支持更多的(de)功(gong)能,并指望能從(cong)任(ren)何可用(yong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)來給電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)。第一個(ge)(ge)趨(qu)勢(shi)要(yao)求增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)容量。不(bu)幸的(de)是,用(yong)戶常(chang)常(chang)缺乏耐(nai)心,而(er)且增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)容量必須要(yao)在合理(li)的(de)時間(jian)之(zhi)內完成充(chong)電(dian)(dian),這就必然(ran)(ran)導致(zhi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流的(de)增(zeng)大(da)。第二個(ge)(ge)趨(qu)勢(shi)則要(yao)求電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)解決方案具有巨大(da)的(de)靈活性。我們將對(dui)這些問(wen)題逐(zhu)個(ge)(ge)進(jin)行較(jiao)為詳(xiang)細(xi)的(de)探究(jiu)。
更高的功率
新式的手持設備 (無論是消費類設備還是工業設備) 都有可能包括一個蜂窩電話調制解調器、一個WiFi模塊、一個藍牙模塊、一個大型的背面照明顯示器等等。許多手持式設備的電源架構都可通過蜂窩電話反映出來。通常,3.7V 的鋰離子電池因其很高的重量 (Wh/kg) 和體積 (Wh/m3) 能量密度而被用作主電源。過去,不少高功率密度設備都采用一個 7.4V 鋰離子電池以降低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流需求,但廉價的(de)(de)(de)(de) 5V 電(dian)(dian)(dian)源管(guan)理 IC 的(de)(de)(de)(de)面市使得越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)手持式設(she)備(bei)轉而采(cai)用(yong)較低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓架(jia)構。平板電(dian)(dian)(dian)腦很好地體現了這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)點 ━━ 標準(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)平板電(dian)(dian)(dian)腦擁有(you)豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)功能以及(ji)非常大 (用(yong)于便攜式設(she)備(bei)) 的(de)(de)(de)(de)屏(ping)幕。當采(cai)用(yong)一(yi)(yi)個 3.7V 電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)來(lai)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)時,電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量必須達到幾千(qian)mAh。為了能夠在幾個小(xiao)時之內完(wan)成此類(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian),需要幾千(qian)mA的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流。
然而,消費者同樣希望(wang)能(neng)(neng)夠在(zai)沒有可用的(de)(de)(de)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流墻上適配器(qi)時(shi)從(cong)一(yi)個(ge) USB 端口來為(wei)其高功(gong)率(lv)設備(bei)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),這種愿望(wang)并(bing)未因為(wei)上述(shu)的(de)(de)(de)高充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流而被(bei)遏制。為(wei)了滿足這些要(yao)求,在(zai)可以(yi)使用墻上適配器(qi)時(shi),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)必須(xu)要(yao)能(neng)(neng)夠以(yi)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流 (>2A) 進行充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),但仍然可以(yi)高效地(di)(di)(di)利用 USB 端口所提供的(de)(de)(de) 2.5W 至 4.5W 功(gong)率(lv)。此(ci)(ci)外,產品還必需(xu)避免敏感的(de)(de)(de)下(xia)游低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)組件遭(zao)受有可能(neng)(neng)造(zao)成損壞的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)壓(ya),將高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流從(cong)一(yi)個(ge) USB 輸(shu)入、一(yi)個(ge)墻上適配器(qi)或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)無縫地(di)(di)(di)引導至負載,并(bing)最大(da)限度(du)地(di)(di)(di)降低功(gong)率(lv)損耗。與此(ci)(ci)同時(shi),IC 必須(xu)安全地(di)(di)(di)管理(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)算(suan)法(fa)并(bing)監視關鍵的(de)(de)(de)系統參數(shu)。
解(jie)決單節電(dian)(dian)池(chi)供電(dian)(dian)型便攜式產品的電(dian)(dian)源難題
盡管似乎(hu)無(wu)法找到(dao)單(dan)個 IC 來滿足(zu)上(shang)述要(yao)求,但(dan)不妨考慮一下 LTC4155,這是一款高(gao)功(gong)率、I2C 控制(zhi)、高(gao)效(xiao)率 PowerPathTM管理器(qi)(qi)、理想二極管控制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)和鋰(li)離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)。該器(qi)(qi)件設(she)計用于從多種 5V 電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)高(gao)效(xiao)地輸(shu)送(song)高(gao)達 3A 的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流,可(ke)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及系統用途提供 3.5A 以上(shang)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流。即使(shi)在這些高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流水平下,LTC4155 的 88% ~ 94% 效(xiao)率仍然(ran)可(ke)使(shi)熱(re)預算限(xian)制(zhi)條(tiao)件有(you)所(suo)放寬。LTC4155 的開關 PowerPath 拓撲結構可(ke)對從兩個輸(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan) (比如:墻上(shang)適配器(qi)(qi)和 USB 端口) 至設(she)備的可(ke)再(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鋰(li)離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的功(gong)率輸(shu)送(song)進行無(wu)縫管理,并在輸(shu)入(ru)功(gong)率有(you)限(xian)時(shi)優(you)先向系統負載供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。
LTC4155 的開關穩壓器起一個變壓器的作用,允許 VOUT 上的負載電流超過輸入電源所吸收的電流,與常用的線性模式充電器相比,大幅度地改善了電池充電可用功率的使用效率。如前面的例子所示,LTC4155 能夠以高達 3.5A 的電流進行高效充電,從而縮短充電時間。與普通的開關電池充電器不同,LTC4155 具有“即時(shi)接通”操作能力,以確保在插入(ru)電(dian)源時(shi)可立(li)即獲(huo)得系統(tong)功率,即使所采(cai)用的是一個失效(xiao)的電(dian)池或深度放(fang)電(dian)的電(dian)池也不例(li)外。
在對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)進行高(gao)速充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi),監視電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的安(an)全性(xing)是很重要(yao)的。LTC4155 將在電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)溫(wen)度下(xia)(xia)降至(zhi) 0℃ 以下(xia)(xia)或上升(sheng)至(zhi) 40℃ 以上 (由一個(ge)外部(bu)負溫(wen)度系數 [NTC] 熱敏電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻負責(ze)測(ce)量) 時(shi)自動停(ting)止(zhi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)。除了(le)這種自主特(te)性(xing)之外,LTC4155 還提(ti)供了(le)一個(ge) 7 位擴展(zhan)標度模數轉換器 (ADC),用(yong)于以大約(yue) 1℃ 的分辨(bian)率來監視電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的溫(wen)度。結(jie)合 4 種可(ke)用(yong)的浮置電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)設定(ding)(ding)值(zhi)和 15 種電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)設定(ding)(ding)值(zhi),該 ADC 能夠用(yong)于建立基于電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)溫(wen)度的定(ding)(ding)制充電(dian)(dian)(dian)算法。
通過一個簡單的二線式 I2C 端口可獲得 NTC ADC 結果,從而據此調整充電電流和電壓設定值。該I2C 端口還通過控制 16 種輸入電流限制設定值 (包括可兼容 USB 2.0 和 3.0 規格的設定值) 提供了與 USB 規范的兼容性。通信總線允許 LTC4155提供額外的狀態指示信息,例如:輸入電源狀態、充電器狀(zhuang)態和故(gu)障狀(zhuang)態。USB OTG (On-The-Go) 支持能力可在未采用(yong)任何附加組件的情況(kuang)下提供一個返回 USB 端口的 5V 電源。
LTC4155 的(de)(de)雙輸入(ru)(ru)、優(you)先(xian)(xian)級(ji)(ji)多路復用(yong)器(qi)可(ke)(ke)根據(ju)用(yong)戶定義(yi)的(de)(de)優(you)先(xian)(xian)級(ji)(ji) (適(shi)配(pei)器(qi)輸入(ru)(ru)是默認(ren)的(de)(de)優(you)先(xian)(xian)選擇) 自主選擇最合適(shi)的(de)(de)輸入(ru)(ru) (墻(qiang)上適(shi)配(pei)器(qi)或 USB)。過(guo)壓(ya)保(bao)(bao)護 (OVP) 電(dian)路用(yong)于(yu)同時保(bao)(bao)護兩個輸入(ru)(ru)免遭因意外(wai)施加高電(dian)壓(ya)或反向(xiang)電(dian)壓(ya)而造成的(de)(de)損壞。LTC4155 的(de)(de)理想(xiang)二極管控制器(qi)可(ke)(ke)確保(bao)(bao)始終能夠向(xiang) VOUT 提供足(zu)夠的(de)(de)功(gong)率(lv),即(ji)使(shi)輸入(ru)(ru)功(gong)率(lv)不足(zu)或缺(que)失(shi)也不例外(wai)。
對于諸如(ru)平板(ban)電(dian)腦或工業條形碼(ma)掃描儀等許多便攜式應用而言,管理(li)兩個輸入 (例(li)如(ru):USB和墻上適配器) 就足夠(gou)了。不過,便攜式設備的設計人員仍在繼續探尋能夠(gou)從(cong)任何可用電(dian)源來給電(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)的方(fang)法。
多種輸入電源
諸(zhu)多(duo)原(yuan)因(yin)導致用(yong)戶希望從(cong)(cong)多(duo)種(zhong)輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)來(lai)給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。某(mou)些應用(yong)有可能(neng)需要脫離電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網并指望由太陽(yang)能(neng)板來(lai)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。其他的(de)(de)應用(yong)則希望擁(yong)有能(neng)夠(gou)從(cong)(cong)墻上適配器(qi)、汽車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池或(huo)者高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)工業(ye)或(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)進行(xing)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)便利。不管(guan)是(shi)什(shen)么原(yuan)因(yin),這種(zhong)要求都給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統施加(jia)了一個沉重的(de)(de)負擔。大(da)多(duo)數電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)均利用(yong)一種(zhong)降壓(ya) (開關或(huo)線(xian)性(xing)(xing)) 架(jia)構從(cong)(cong)一個高于最大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)來(lai)給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。早(zao)先(xian)的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)產品通(tong)常(chang)被限制(zhi)于大(da)約 30V 的(de)(de)輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。此類局限性(xing)(xing)導致設(she)計人(ren)員無法考慮將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)作為可行(xing)的(de)(de)輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan),或(huo)者采用(yong)具(ju)有 42V 開路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)太陽(yang)能(neng)板。在某(mou)些場(chang)合中(zhong),期望輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)范圍既會(hui)升至電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)以(yi)上也會(hui)降至電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)以(yi)下。設(she)計旨在應對上述難題(ti)的(de)(de)解決(jue)方(fang)案通(tong)常(chang)需要整合高精度的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流檢測放大(da)器(qi)、ADC、用(yong)于控制(zhi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)操作的(de)(de)微處(chu)理(li)器(qi)、高性(xing)(xing)能(neng)的(de)(de) DC/DC 轉換器(qi)以(yi)及理(li)想二(er)極管(guan)或(huo)多(duo)路(lu)復用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)。凌(ling)力爾特公(gong)司推(tui)出(chu)了一款更加(jia)優(you)越的(de)(de)解決(jue)方(fang)案。
功能強大且擁有無可比(bi)擬之靈活(huo)性的充電解決(jue)方(fang)案
LTC4000 可將任何在外部補償的 DC/DC 電源轉換為一個全功能的電池充電器,并(bing)具有(you) PowerPathTM 控制功能。LTC4000 能夠驅動的(de)(de)(de)常(chang)用(yong)DC/DC 轉換器(qi)(qi)拓撲結構包括(kuo) (但不限于) 降壓(ya)(ya)(ya)、升壓(ya)(ya)(ya)、降壓(ya)(ya)(ya)-升壓(ya)(ya)(ya)、SEPIC 和(he)反激式(shi)。該器(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)提供了精準(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)輸入電(dian)流和(he)充電(dian)電(dian)流調節,并(bing)可(ke)在(zai)一(yi)個 3V 至 60V 的(de)(de)(de)寬輸入和(he)輸出電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)范(fan)圍(wei)內(nei)運作(zuo),因(yin)而與多(duo)種不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)輸入電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)源(yuan)、電(dian)池組(zu)尺(chi)寸(cun)和(he)化學組(zu)成(cheng)相兼容。由(you)于這(zhe)款器(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)采用(yong)了通用(yong)型(xing)配置,因(yin)此其典型(xing)應用(yong)范(fan)圍(wei)十分廣(guang)泛,包括(kuo)高功率電(dian)池充電(dian)器(qi)(qi)系統、高性能便(bian)攜式(shi)儀器(qi)(qi)、電(dian)池后備系統、配備電(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)工業(ye)設備以(yi)及(ji)筆(bi)記本(ben)電(dian)腦 / 小型(xing)筆(bi)記本(ben)電(dian)腦等(deng)。
除了(le)可(ke)支持多(duo)種不同的(de) DC/DC 拓撲(pu)結(jie)構之外(wai),LTC4000 的(de)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓能(neng)力(li)還使(shi)其能(neng)夠利用幾乎任何(he)輸(shu)(shu)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源來形成功(gong)能(neng)強大的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解決方案。為了(le)確保來自這(zhe)些(xie)輸(shu)(shu)入的(de)功(gong)率能(neng)輸(shu)(shu)送至(zhi)合適的(de)負(fu)載,LTC4000采用了(le)一種智能(neng) PowerPathTM 拓撲(pu)結(jie)構,當輸(shu)(shu)入功(gong)率有限時(shi),該拓撲(pu)結(jie)構將優先向系(xi)統負(fu)載供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。LTC4000 通過控制外(wai)部 PFET 來提(ti)供(gong)低損(sun)(sun)耗反向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)保護(hu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)低損(sun)(sun)耗充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以(yi)及(ji)“即(ji)時(shi)接通型”操(cao)作(zuo),以(yi)確保在插入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源時(shi)可(ke)立即(ji)獲得(de)系(xi)統功(gong)率,即(ji)使(shi)所采用的(de)是一個(ge)失(shi)效的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)或(huo)深度放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)也不例外(wai)。外(wai)部檢測(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)器可(ke)提(ti)供(gong)輸(shu)(shu)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)信息,從(cong)而(er)使(shi)得(de) LTC4000 能(neng)夠與功(gong)率范圍從(cong)幾毫(hao)瓦(wa)(wa)到幾千瓦(wa)(wa)的(de)轉(zhuan)換器一起使(shi)用。
LTC4000 的全(quan)功(gong)能電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)控(kong)制器可對多種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)化學組成(cheng)進(jin)行(xing)充(chong)電(dian)(dian),包括鋰離子電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi) / 鋰聚(ju)合(he)物電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi) / 磷酸(suan)鐵鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)、密(mi)封(feng)鉛(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi) (SLA) 和鎳電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)等。另外,電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器還具有(you)高(gao)精度的電(dian)(dian)流(liu)檢(jian)(jian)測功(gong)能,可為(wei)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)應(ying)用(yong)提供較(jiao)低的檢(jian)(jian)測電(dian)(dian)壓。
新式便(bian)攜產(chan)品的(de)設計師從事著極富挑戰性(xing)的(de)工作 ━━ 特別(bie)當其面對電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)時。客(ke)戶不斷地追逐(zhu)需(xu)要消耗更多功(gong)率的(de)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng),因而必需(xu)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)更大(da)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。與此(ci)同(tong)時,客(ke)戶還希望擁有(you)(you)從幾乎所有(you)(you)的(de)可(ke)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)來給這些電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)便(bian)利。雖然便(bian)攜式電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)上述發展(zhan)趨勢帶來了(le)設計難題,但 LTC4155 和(he) LTC4000 則使(shi)設計工作大(da)為簡(jian)化。在低電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)系統中,LTC4155 可(ke)高效(xiao)提供高達 3.5A 的(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流,并具有(you)(you)諸多高性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)特性(xing)。LTC4000 能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠利用(yong)(yong)幾乎任(ren)何輸入(ru)來實現一款功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)強大(da)的(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)解決(jue)方案(an),且擁有(you)(you)無與倫比(bi)的(de)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)及靈(ling)活性(xing)。
