電動車充(chong)(chong)電器是(shi)專門為電動自行車的電瓶配置(zhi)的一個(ge)充(chong)(chong)電設備(bei)！

　　充電器的分類： 用有、無工頻（50赫茲）變壓器區分，可分為兩大類。貨運三輪充電器一(yi)般使用帶(dai)工頻變壓器的充電(dian)(dian)(dian)機，體積大、重量大，費電(dian)(dian)(dian)，但(dan)是(shi)可靠，便(bian)宜；電(dian)(dian)(dian)動自(zi)行車和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)摩則使用所謂開關(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源式電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器，省電(dian)(dian)(dian)，效率高(gao)，但(dan)是(shi)易(yi)壞。

　　開關電(dian)(dian)(dian)源式充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器的正確操(cao)作(zuo)是(shi)：充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時，先插(cha)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，后加市電(dian)(dian)(dian)；充(chong)足后，先切斷市電(dian)(dian)(dian)，后拔電(dian)(dian)(dian)池插(cha)頭。如果在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時先拔電(dian)(dian)(dian)池插(cha)頭，特別(bie)是(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流大（紅燈）時，非常(chang)容易損壞(huai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器。

　　常(chang)用(yong)的(de)開關(guan)電源式(shi)(shi)電池充(chong)(chong)電器又分半橋(qiao)式(shi)(shi)和單(dan)激(ji)(ji)式(shi)(shi)兩(liang)大(da)類(lei)，單(dan)激(ji)(ji)類(lei)又分為正激(ji)(ji)式(shi)(shi)和反激(ji)(ji)式(shi)(shi)兩(liang)類(lei)。半橋(qiao)式(shi)(shi)成(cheng)本高，性(xing)能好，常(chang)用(yong)于帶負脈沖(chong)的(de)充(chong)(chong)電器；單(dan)激(ji)(ji)式(shi)(shi)成(cheng)本低，市場占(zhan)有率高。

　　關于負脈沖充電器

　　鉛酸電(dian)池已經有100多(duo)年的歷史了，開(kai)始全球普遍沿引老的觀點和操作規程：充、放電(dian)率(lv)為0.1C(C是電(dian)池容量)壽命較長。美(mei)國(guo)人麥(mai)斯先(xian)生為解決快(kuai)速充電(dian)問題(ti)，1967年向全世(shi)界公布了他的研究成果，用(yong)大(da)于1C率(lv)脈沖電(dian)流充電(dian)，充電(dian)間(jian)歇(xie)時對電(dian)池放電(dian)。放電(dian)有利于消除極化、降低電(dian)解液(ye)溫度、提高極板接受(shou)電(dian)荷(he)的能力。

　　我國(guo)一些(xie)科技工作(zuo)者(zhe)在1969年前后，根(gen)據麥斯先(xian)生(sheng)的三(san)定律制作(zuo)成(cheng)功了多種品牌的快(kuai)速充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機。充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循環過程是(shi)：大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流脈沖充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)→切斷充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路→對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池短暫放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)→停止放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)→接通(tong)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路→大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流脈沖充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)……

　　2000年前后，有人將這一原理用到了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中，不(bu)切斷(duan)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)，用小電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻將電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)短路(lu)(lu)(lu)瞬(shun)間，進行放電(dian)(dian)(dian)。短路(lu)(lu)(lu)時由于不(bu)切斷(duan)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)，在(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)中串連了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)。一般(ban)在(zai)1秒內短路(lu)(lu)(lu)3－5毫(hao)(hao)秒（1秒＝1000毫(hao)(hao)秒），由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)里的電(dian)(dian)(dian)流不(bu)能跳變，短路(lu)(lu)(lu)時間短促，可(ke)以保護充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器的電(dian)(dian)(dian)源轉(zhuan)換部分。如(ru)果把(ba)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流方向叫正(zheng)，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)自然為負(fu)了(le)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車業就出現了(le)名詞(ci)“負(fu)脈沖充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器”，而且稱可(ke)以延長電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽(shou)命等等。

　　關于(yu)三(san)段式充(chong)電(dian)器

　　近幾(ji)年，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車普遍使用(yong)了所(suo)謂三(san)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)式充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一個階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)個階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)恒(heng)壓(ya)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)個階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)涓流(liu)(liu)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)。從電(dian)(dian)(dian)子技術角度(du)針對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池而言：第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一個階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)限流(liu)(liu)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)個階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)高恒(heng)壓(ya)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)個階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)低恒(heng)壓(ya)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)比較貼切。第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)和第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)轉(zhuan)換時，面(mian)板指示燈相應(ying)變(bian)(bian)換，大多數充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一、二(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)是(shi)紅燈，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)變(bian)(bian)綠燈。第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)和第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)的相互轉(zhuan)換是(shi)由充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)決定(ding)的，大于某(mou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)進入第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，小于某(mou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)進入第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)。這個電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)叫(jiao)(jiao)轉(zhuan)換電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，也叫(jiao)(jiao)轉(zhuan)折電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)。

　　早期充電器，包括名牌車配套的充電器，雖(sui)然也變燈(deng)，但實際(ji)是恒(heng)壓限(xian)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器，并不是三(san)階段充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器。一般這類就(jiu)一個穩定電(dian)(dian)壓值，44.2V左右(you)，對當時的高比重(zhong)硫(liu)酸的電(dian)(dian)池還湊合(he)。

　　關于三段式充電器的三個關鍵(jian)參(can)數

　　第(di)一個(ge)重要(yao)(yao)參(can)數(shu)是涓(juan)流(liu)階段的低恒壓值(zhi)，第(di)二個(ge)重要(yao)(yao)參(can)數(shu)是第(di)二階段的高(gao)恒壓值(zhi)，第(di)三個(ge)重要(yao)(yao)參(can)數(shu)是轉換電流(liu)。這(zhe)三個(ge)重要(yao)(yao)參(can)數(shu)與電池(chi)數(shu)目有關(guan)，與電池(chi)的容量Ah有關(guan)，與溫度有關(guan)，與電池(chi)種類有關(guan)。為了方便大家記憶，下(xia)面以最常見的電動自行(xing)車（三塊(kuai)12V串聯的10Ah電池(chi)）所(suo)用的三段式充電器為例簡單(dan)介紹(shao)一下(xia)：

　　首先討論涓流階(jie)段的低(di)恒壓值，參考(kao)電(dian)壓為42.5V左(zuo)右。此值高將使電(dian)池失水，容易使電(dian)池發(fa)熱變形；此值低(di)不(bu)利于電(dian)池充(chong)足電(dian)。此值在南方要低(di)于41.5V；膠體電(dian)池要低(di)于41.5V，如在南方還要低(di)一點兒。這個參數是相對嚴格的，不(bu)可以大于參考(kao)值。

　　其次討論第(di)二階(jie)段(duan)的高恒壓(ya)值(zhi)，參考電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為44.5V左右。此(ci)值(zhi)高有(you)利(li)于(yu)(yu)快速充足電(dian)(dian)，但(dan)是(shi)容易使電(dian)(dian)池(chi)失水，充電(dian)(dian)后期(qi)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)下不(bu)來，結果使電(dian)(dian)池(chi)發熱變(bian)形；此(ci)值(zhi)低(di)不(bu)利(li)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)快速充足電(dian)(dian)，有(you)利(li)于(yu)(yu)向涓(juan)流(liu)階(jie)段(duan)轉(zhuan)換(huan)。這個值(zhi)雖然沒有(you)第(di)一個值(zhi)那樣嚴格，但(dan)是(shi)也(ye)不(bu)要過(guo)高。

　　最后討論轉換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，參考電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)為300毫(hao)安左右(you)。此值(zhi)高有(you)利(li)(li)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)壽命，不(bu)容易發熱變(bian)形，但(dan)不(bu)利(li)(li)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)快速充(chong)(chong)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)；此值(zhi)低（對(dui)外行(xing)）有(you)利(li)(li)于(yu)充(chong)(chong)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，但(dan)是由于(yu)較(jiao)長時間高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，容易使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)失水，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)發熱變(bian)形。特別(bie)個別(bie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)出(chu)現(xian)問題時，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)降不(bu)到轉折電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)以下(xia)時，會連累好電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)也(ye)被充(chong)(chong)壞(huai)。給出(chu)的(de)參考值(zhi)有(you)一定范圍，正負(fu)50毫(hao)安甚至100毫(hao)安都是允(yun)許(xu)的(de)，但(dan)是不(bu)允(yun)許(xu)小(xiao)于(yu)200毫(hao)安。

　　目(mu)前(qian)，市場上出現了很多高恒(heng)壓值為46.5V、低恒(heng)壓值為41.5V、轉折電(dian)流(liu)大于500毫安的反激式廉價充電(dian)器(qi)。

　　如(ru)果是四(si)塊(kuai)12V電池的充電器即48V充電器，前兩個參數為前述電壓參考(kao)值(zhi)除以三(san)乘以四(si)。高恒壓值(zhi)為59.5V左右(you)(you)、低(di)恒壓值(zhi)為56.5V左右(you)(you)。

　　電(dian)池如(ru)果比10Ah大(da)，將第三個參數電(dian)流值適當增大(da)，例如(ru)17Ah電(dian)池可大(da)到500毫安。

　　買(mai)新充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器要(yao)檢查三(san)段式充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器的(de)三(san)個(ge)重要(yao)參(can)數，用戶一般可以(yi)自己(ji)測(ce)得(de)第三(san)階段的(de)低恒壓(ya)值(zhi)。方法是，不接電(dian)(dian)池，給(gei)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器加市電(dian)(dian)，用數字萬用表的(de)200V直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)檔測(ce)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器的(de)輸出電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。另兩個(ge)參(can)數高(gao)恒壓(ya)值(zhi)和轉折電(dian)(dian)流(liu)一般需要(yao)專用工具才能測(ce)得(de)。

　　再(zai)(zai)補充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)一(yi)(yi)些正確的充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)方法：1，變綠燈(deng)后再(zai)(zai)接著充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)2－3小時。2，原則是(shi)淺放(fang)（電(dian)）勤充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)（電(dian)），每次(ci)用到(dao)50%以(yi)后再(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)，不(bu)(bu)要充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)太頻(pin)繁這樣會縮短電(dian)池(chi)壽(shou)命 3，長期(qi)(qi)不(bu)(bu)騎(qi)，要定期(qi)(qi)（1個月）充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)。4，長期(qi)(qi)淺放(fang)的電(dian)池(chi)，3個月左右(you)，作(zuo)(zuo)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)深(shen)放(fang)電(dian)，就是(shi)所謂放(fang)光(guang)再(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)，有利于電(dian)池(chi)深(shen)部的長期(qi)(qi)不(bu)(bu)動的物(wu)質的活化。放(fang)光(guang)的意思是(shi)，騎(qi)到(dao)控制器電(dian)池(chi)欠壓保護動作(zuo)(zuo)為止。

　　需要提(ti)醒(xing)客戶(hu)幾點(dian)：1，一(yi)(yi)般新(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池投(tou)入使用(yong)8－10個月(yue)后，要對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池進(jin)行檢查(cha)和維護。2，一(yi)(yi)般名牌(pai)車(che)配套的充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器是(shi)(shi)經過篩(shai)選的，通(tong)常(chang)不用(yong)測(ce)試，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)單獨(du)到市場上采購的非配套充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器，一(yi)(yi)定要進(jin)行前述三個參數的測(ce)試。3，有一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)不帶(dai)工頻變(bian)壓器的可(ke)控硅(gui)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)，直接(jie)整流(liu)市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)可(ke)到30A，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓12V－80V可(ke)調，未徹底切斷市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)前，千萬不要摸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，貨運三輪(lun)使用(yong)這類(lei)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的客戶(hu)特別(bie)要注意安全(quan)。

　　科林(lin)(lin)充(chong)電(dian)器的特點（科林(lin)(lin)充(chong)電(dian)器與(yu)電(dian)池的關系）

　　特點：能夠(gou)有(you)效延長鉛酸電(dian)池的(de)使用壽(shou)命+

　　原理(li)：鉛(qian)酸(suan)電池損(sun)壞的主要(yao)原因及東(dong)科達的解決方(fang)案

　　1、鉛酸(suan)電(dian)池損壞的(de)四大(da)原因(yin)：①失(shi)水 ②硫化 ③失(shi)衡 ④熱(re)失(shi)控(kong)（充鼓）

　　前兩者①、②占了(le)目前市場上電池損壞的(de)97%。