電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器是專門(men)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行車(che)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)配置的(de)一個充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設備！

　　充電器的分類： 用有、無工頻（50赫茲）變壓器區分，可分為兩大類。貨運三輪充電器一般使用帶工頻變壓器(qi)的充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機，體積大、重量(liang)大，費電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，但是可靠(kao)，便宜；電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行車和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)摩則使用所謂(wei)開關電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源式電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，省電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，效率高，但是易壞(huai)。

　　開(kai)關電(dian)(dian)(dian)源式(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器的正確操作是：充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，先插電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，后加市電(dian)(dian)(dian)；充(chong)足后，先切斷市電(dian)(dian)(dian)，后拔電(dian)(dian)(dian)池插頭(tou)。如果在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)先拔電(dian)(dian)(dian)池插頭(tou)，特(te)別是充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流大(da)（紅燈(deng)）時(shi)，非常(chang)容易損壞(huai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器。

　　常用的開(kai)關電(dian)源式(shi)(shi)電(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)又分半橋式(shi)(shi)和單激(ji)式(shi)(shi)兩大類，單激(ji)類又分為正激(ji)式(shi)(shi)和反激(ji)式(shi)(shi)兩類。半橋式(shi)(shi)成(cheng)本高，性能好(hao)，常用于帶負脈沖(chong)的充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)；單激(ji)式(shi)(shi)成(cheng)本低，市(shi)場(chang)占(zhan)有率(lv)高。

　　關于負脈沖充電器

　　鉛(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)池(chi)已經有(you)100多(duo)年的歷(li)史了，開始全球普遍(bian)沿引老的觀點和操作規程：充(chong)、放電(dian)率為0.1C(C是(shi)電(dian)池(chi)容量)壽命(ming)較長。美(mei)國人麥斯先生為解(jie)決快速充(chong)電(dian)問(wen)題，1967年向全世界公(gong)布了他的研究(jiu)成果(guo)，用大于1C率脈沖(chong)電(dian)流充(chong)電(dian)，充(chong)電(dian)間歇時對電(dian)池(chi)放電(dian)。放電(dian)有(you)利于消除極化、降低電(dian)解(jie)液(ye)溫度、提高極板接受電(dian)荷的能力。

　　我國一些科技工(gong)作(zuo)者在(zai)1969年前后，根據麥斯先生的三定律制作(zuo)成功了多種品(pin)牌的快速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)機。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)循環過程是：大電(dian)流脈沖充(chong)(chong)電(dian)→切斷充(chong)(chong)電(dian)通路(lu)→對電(dian)池短(duan)暫(zan)放電(dian)→停止放電(dian)→接通充(chong)(chong)電(dian)通路(lu)→大電(dian)流脈沖充(chong)(chong)電(dian)……

　　2000年前(qian)后，有(you)人(ren)將(jiang)這一(yi)原理(li)用(yong)到了電(dian)(dian)動車充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)中(zhong)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程中(zhong)，不切斷(duan)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)通路(lu)(lu)(lu)，用(yong)小電(dian)(dian)阻將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)池短路(lu)(lu)(lu)瞬間，進行放電(dian)(dian)。短路(lu)(lu)(lu)時由于不切斷(duan)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)通路(lu)(lu)(lu)，在(zai)(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)通路(lu)(lu)(lu)中(zhong)串連了電(dian)(dian)感。一(yi)般(ban)在(zai)(zai)1秒(miao)內短路(lu)(lu)(lu)3－5毫秒(miao)（1秒(miao)＝1000毫秒(miao)），由于電(dian)(dian)感里的電(dian)(dian)流不能跳變，短路(lu)(lu)(lu)時間短促，可(ke)以(yi)保護(hu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)轉換部分。如(ru)果(guo)把充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流方向叫正，放電(dian)(dian)自然為負了，電(dian)(dian)動車業就出現了名詞“負脈(mo)沖(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)”，而(er)且稱可(ke)以(yi)延長電(dian)(dian)池壽命等(deng)等(deng)。

　　關于(yu)三段式充(chong)電(dian)器

　　近幾年，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車普遍使用了所謂三(san)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)式充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器，第(di)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)二(er)(er)(er)(er)個(ge)(ge)(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)恒(heng)壓階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)三(san)個(ge)(ge)(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)涓流(liu)(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)。從電(dian)(dian)(dian)子技術角(jiao)度針對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)而言：第(di)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)限流(liu)(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)二(er)(er)(er)(er)個(ge)(ge)(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高恒(heng)壓階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)三(san)個(ge)(ge)(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)低恒(heng)壓階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)比較貼切。第(di)二(er)(er)(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)和第(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)轉換時，面(mian)板指示燈(deng)相應變換，大多數充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器第(di)一(yi)、二(er)(er)(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)是紅燈(deng)，第(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)變綠(lv)燈(deng)。第(di)二(er)(er)(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)和第(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)相互轉換是由充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)決定的(de)，大于(yu)某電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)進入第(di)一(yi)第(di)二(er)(er)(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，小(xiao)于(yu)某電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)進入第(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)。這(zhe)個(ge)(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)轉換電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，也叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)轉折電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)。

　　早期充電器，包括名牌車配套的充電器，雖然也變燈，但實際是(shi)恒壓限流充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)，并不是(shi)三階段充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)。一般這類就一個穩定電(dian)壓值，44.2V左右，對當時的高比重硫(liu)酸(suan)的電(dian)池還(huan)湊合。

　　關于三段式(shi)充(chong)電器的三個關鍵參數

　　第一個(ge)(ge)重(zhong)要參數(shu)是涓流(liu)階段的(de)低恒壓(ya)(ya)值(zhi)，第二個(ge)(ge)重(zhong)要參數(shu)是第二階段的(de)高恒壓(ya)(ya)值(zhi)，第三個(ge)(ge)重(zhong)要參數(shu)是轉換電(dian)(dian)流(liu)。這(zhe)三個(ge)(ge)重(zhong)要參數(shu)與電(dian)(dian)池數(shu)目有(you)關，與電(dian)(dian)池的(de)容量Ah有(you)關，與溫度有(you)關，與電(dian)(dian)池種類有(you)關。為了方便大家記憶，下(xia)面(mian)以最常見的(de)電(dian)(dian)動自行(xing)車（三塊(kuai)12V串聯(lian)的(de)10Ah電(dian)(dian)池）所用的(de)三段式充電(dian)(dian)器為例簡(jian)單介紹一下(xia)：

　　首先討論涓流階段的低(di)(di)(di)恒壓(ya)值，參考電(dian)壓(ya)為42.5V左右。此(ci)值高(gao)將使電(dian)池失水，容(rong)易使電(dian)池發熱變形(xing)；此(ci)值低(di)(di)(di)不利于(yu)電(dian)池充足(zu)電(dian)。此(ci)值在(zai)(zai)南方(fang)要(yao)低(di)(di)(di)于(yu)41.5V；膠體(ti)電(dian)池要(yao)低(di)(di)(di)于(yu)41.5V，如在(zai)(zai)南方(fang)還要(yao)低(di)(di)(di)一點兒。這個參數是相對(dui)嚴格(ge)的，不可以大于(yu)參考值。

　　其(qi)次討論(lun)第(di)二階(jie)段的高恒壓值(zhi)(zhi)，參(can)考電(dian)壓為44.5V左右(you)。此值(zhi)(zhi)高有利于快(kuai)速充足(zu)電(dian)，但是容易使電(dian)池(chi)失水，充電(dian)后期電(dian)流下不(bu)來(lai)，結果使電(dian)池(chi)發熱(re)變(bian)形(xing)；此值(zhi)(zhi)低不(bu)利于電(dian)池(chi)快(kuai)速充足(zu)電(dian)，有利于向涓流階(jie)段轉換。這(zhe)個值(zhi)(zhi)雖然沒有第(di)一個值(zhi)(zhi)那樣嚴格，但是也不(bu)要過高。

　　最(zui)后討(tao)論轉(zhuan)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，參(can)考(kao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流為300毫安(an)左右。此值高(gao)有利(li)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽命，不容(rong)易發熱變形(xing)，但(dan)(dan)不利(li)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)快速充足電(dian)(dian)(dian)；此值低（對外行(xing)）有利(li)于充足電(dian)(dian)(dian)，但(dan)(dan)是(shi)由于較長(chang)時(shi)間高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，容(rong)易使電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)失(shi)水，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)發熱變形(xing)。特別個別電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)出(chu)現問題時(shi)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流降不到轉(zhuan)折電(dian)(dian)(dian)流以下時(shi)，會連(lian)累好電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)也被充壞。給出(chu)的(de)參(can)考(kao)值有一定(ding)范圍，正負50毫安(an)甚(shen)至100毫安(an)都是(shi)允許的(de)，但(dan)(dan)是(shi)不允許小于200毫安(an)。

　　目(mu)前(qian)，市(shi)場上出現(xian)了很多高(gao)恒(heng)壓值為46.5V、低(di)恒(heng)壓值為41.5V、轉折電流大于(yu)500毫安的反激(ji)式廉價充電器。

　　如果是四(si)塊12V電(dian)池的充(chong)電(dian)器即48V充(chong)電(dian)器，前兩(liang)個參數為前述(shu)電(dian)壓(ya)參考值(zhi)除(chu)以(yi)三乘以(yi)四(si)。高恒壓(ya)值(zhi)為59.5V左右(you)、低恒壓(ya)值(zhi)為56.5V左右(you)。

　　電(dian)池如果比10Ah大，將(jiang)第三個參數電(dian)流值適當(dang)增大，例如17Ah電(dian)池可(ke)大到500毫安。

　　買新充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器要檢查三(san)段(duan)式充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)三(san)個重要參數(shu)(shu)，用戶一(yi)般可以自己測(ce)得第三(san)階(jie)段(duan)的(de)低恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)值。方(fang)法是，不(bu)接電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，給充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器加(jia)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，用數(shu)(shu)字萬用表的(de)200V直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)檔測(ce)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。另兩個參數(shu)(shu)高恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)值和(he)轉折電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流一(yi)般需要專(zhuan)用工具才能測(ce)得。

　　再(zai)補充(chong)(chong)一(yi)些正確的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法：1，變綠燈后(hou)再(zai)接著(zhu)充(chong)(chong)2－3小時(shi)。2，原則是(shi)淺放(fang)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)）勤充(chong)(chong)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)），每次(ci)用到50%以后(hou)再(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，不(bu)要(yao)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)太頻繁這樣會縮短(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)壽命 3，長期不(bu)騎，要(yao)定期（1個(ge)月）充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一(yi)次(ci)。4，長期淺放(fang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，3個(ge)月左右，作一(yi)次(ci)深(shen)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，就(jiu)是(shi)所謂放(fang)光(guang)再(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，有(you)利于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)深(shen)部的(de)(de)長期不(bu)動(dong)的(de)(de)物質的(de)(de)活化(hua)。放(fang)光(guang)的(de)(de)意思是(shi)，騎到控制(zhi)器電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)欠壓保護動(dong)作為止。

　　需要(yao)提醒客(ke)戶幾點：1，一般新電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)投入使用8－10個月后，要(yao)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)進行(xing)(xing)檢查(cha)和(he)維護。2，一般名牌車配(pei)套的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)是經(jing)過篩選的，通(tong)常不(bu)(bu)用測(ce)試，但是單(dan)獨到(dao)市場上(shang)采購的非配(pei)套充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，一定要(yao)進行(xing)(xing)前(qian)(qian)述三個參(can)數(shu)的測(ce)試。3，有一種(zhong)不(bu)(bu)帶工頻變壓器(qi)的可控硅充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，直接(jie)整流(liu)市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)可到(dao)30A，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓12V－80V可調(diao)，未徹底(di)切斷市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)前(qian)(qian)，千萬不(bu)(bu)要(yao)摸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，貨(huo)運三輪使用這類充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的客(ke)戶特(te)別要(yao)注意安全。

　　科林充電器(qi)的特(te)點（科林充電器(qi)與電池(chi)的關系）

　　特(te)點(dian)：能夠有效延長鉛酸電池的使用壽命(ming)+

　　原(yuan)理：鉛酸(suan)電池損壞(huai)的主要原(yuan)因及東科達的解(jie)決(jue)方案(an)

　　1、鉛酸電(dian)池損壞的四大原因：①失(shi)(shi)(shi)水(shui) ②硫化 ③失(shi)(shi)(shi)衡 ④熱失(shi)(shi)(shi)控（充鼓）

　　前兩者①、②占了(le)目前市場上(shang)電池損(sun)壞(huai)的(de)97%。