電(dian)動車(che)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器(qi)是專門為電(dian)動自行車(che)的電(dian)瓶(ping)配置的一個充(chong)(chong)電(dian)設備！

　　充電器的分類： 用有、無工頻（50赫茲）變壓器區分，可分為兩大類。貨運三輪充電器一般使(shi)用帶工頻變壓器的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機，體(ti)積大、重量(liang)大，費電(dian)(dian)(dian)，但是可(ke)靠，便宜；電(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行車和電(dian)(dian)(dian)摩則使(shi)用所謂開(kai)關電(dian)(dian)(dian)源式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器，省電(dian)(dian)(dian)，效率高，但是易壞。

　　開關電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源式充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的正確(que)操作(zuo)是：充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，先插(cha)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，后加市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)；充(chong)足后，先切斷市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，后拔電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)插(cha)頭。如果在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時先拔電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)插(cha)頭，特別是充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流大（紅燈）時，非(fei)常容易損壞(huai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器。

　　常用的(de)開(kai)關電(dian)(dian)源式電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器又(you)分半橋式和(he)單激式兩(liang)大(da)類(lei)(lei)，單激類(lei)(lei)又(you)分為正(zheng)激式和(he)反(fan)激式兩(liang)類(lei)(lei)。半橋式成本(ben)高，性能(neng)好，常用于帶負脈(mo)沖的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器；單激式成本(ben)低，市場(chang)占有率(lv)高。

　　關于負脈沖充電器

　　鉛(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)池已經有100多年的(de)歷史(shi)了(le)，開始全球普(pu)遍沿引老的(de)觀點和操作規(gui)程：充、放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)率為0.1C(C是電(dian)(dian)(dian)池容量)壽命較長(chang)。美國人麥(mai)斯先生為解決快(kuai)速充電(dian)(dian)(dian)問題，1967年向全世界公布(bu)了(le)他的(de)研究(jiu)成果(guo)，用大于1C率脈(mo)沖(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)間歇時對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)有利于消除極化、降(jiang)低電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液溫度(du)、提高極板接受電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷的(de)能力(li)。

　　我國(guo)一些(xie)科技工作者在1969年前后(hou)，根據麥斯先生(sheng)的三(san)定律制作成功了多種品牌的快速(su)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)機。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)循環(huan)過程是(shi)：大電(dian)(dian)流脈沖(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)→切斷充(chong)電(dian)(dian)通(tong)(tong)路→對電(dian)(dian)池短暫放(fang)電(dian)(dian)→停(ting)止放(fang)電(dian)(dian)→接通(tong)(tong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)通(tong)(tong)路→大電(dian)(dian)流脈沖(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)……

　　2000年(nian)前后，有人將這一(yi)(yi)原理用到了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中(zhong)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中(zhong)，不(bu)切斷(duan)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路(lu)，用小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池短(duan)路(lu)瞬間，進行放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。短(duan)路(lu)時由于(yu)(yu)不(bu)切斷(duan)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路(lu)，在充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路(lu)中(zhong)串連了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)。一(yi)(yi)般在1秒(miao)(miao)內(nei)短(duan)路(lu)3－5毫秒(miao)(miao)（1秒(miao)(miao)＝1000毫秒(miao)(miao)），由于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)里的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流不(bu)能跳變，短(duan)路(lu)時間短(duan)促，可(ke)以保護充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源轉換部分(fen)。如果(guo)把充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流方向叫正，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)自然(ran)為負了(le)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)業就(jiu)出現了(le)名詞“負脈沖充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器”，而且稱(cheng)可(ke)以延長(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽(shou)命等等。

　　關于(yu)三段式充電器(qi)

　　近幾年(nian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車普遍使用(yong)了所謂三(san)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)式充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫涓流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)。從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子技術(shu)角度針對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)而言：第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)限流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫高(gao)恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫低恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)比較(jiao)貼切。第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)和第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換時，面板指(zhi)示(shi)燈相應變(bian)換，大(da)(da)多數充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)、二階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)是紅(hong)燈，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)變(bian)綠燈。第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)和第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)的相互(hu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換是由充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)決定的，大(da)(da)于某(mou)(mou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)進(jin)入第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，小于某(mou)(mou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)進(jin)入第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)。這個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)叫轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，也(ye)叫轉(zhuan)(zhuan)折電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)。

　　早期充電器，包括名牌車配套的充電器，雖然也(ye)變燈(deng)，但實際是(shi)恒壓限(xian)流充電(dian)器，并不(bu)是(shi)三(san)階(jie)段(duan)充電(dian)器。一般這(zhe)類就一個穩定(ding)電(dian)壓值(zhi)，44.2V左右，對當時的(de)(de)高比重硫酸的(de)(de)電(dian)池還(huan)湊(cou)合。

　　關于三(san)段式充電器的三(san)個(ge)關鍵參數

　　第(di)一個(ge)(ge)重要參數是(shi)涓(juan)流(liu)階段的(de)(de)(de)低(di)恒壓(ya)值，第(di)二個(ge)(ge)重要參數是(shi)第(di)二階段的(de)(de)(de)高恒壓(ya)值，第(di)三個(ge)(ge)重要參數是(shi)轉(zhuan)換電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。這三個(ge)(ge)重要參數與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)數目有關，與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)容量Ah有關，與(yu)溫度有關，與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)種類有關。為了方便大家記憶，下(xia)面以最(zui)常見的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動自(zi)行車（三塊12V串聯(lian)的(de)(de)(de)10Ah電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)）所用的(de)(de)(de)三段式(shi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)為例(li)簡(jian)單(dan)介紹一下(xia)：

　　首先討(tao)論涓流階段的低(di)恒壓值(zhi)，參(can)(can)考電(dian)(dian)壓為42.5V左右(you)。此(ci)值(zhi)高(gao)將使電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)失水(shui)，容(rong)易(yi)使電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)發熱變形；此(ci)值(zhi)低(di)不(bu)利于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)足電(dian)(dian)。此(ci)值(zhi)在南方要低(di)于(yu)(yu)41.5V；膠(jiao)體電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)要低(di)于(yu)(yu)41.5V，如在南方還(huan)要低(di)一點兒(er)。這個參(can)(can)數(shu)是相對嚴格的，不(bu)可以(yi)大于(yu)(yu)參(can)(can)考值(zhi)。

　　其次(ci)討論(lun)第(di)二(er)階(jie)段的高(gao)恒壓(ya)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，參考電(dian)壓(ya)為44.5V左(zuo)右(you)。此值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)高(gao)有(you)利于快速充(chong)足(zu)電(dian)，但是(shi)容易使電(dian)池失水(shui)，充(chong)電(dian)后(hou)期電(dian)流(liu)下不(bu)(bu)來，結果使電(dian)池發熱變形；此值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)低不(bu)(bu)利于電(dian)池快速充(chong)足(zu)電(dian)，有(you)利于向涓(juan)流(liu)階(jie)段轉換(huan)。這個(ge)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)雖(sui)然沒有(you)第(di)一個(ge)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)那(nei)樣(yang)嚴格，但是(shi)也不(bu)(bu)要過高(gao)。

　　最(zui)后討論轉(zhuan)換(huan)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)，參考電(dian)流(liu)(liu)為300毫(hao)(hao)安左右。此(ci)值高有利(li)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)壽命(ming)，不容易(yi)發熱變形(xing)，但不利(li)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)快速充(chong)(chong)足(zu)電(dian)；此(ci)值低（對(dui)外行）有利(li)于(yu)(yu)充(chong)(chong)足(zu)電(dian)，但是由于(yu)(yu)較長(chang)時(shi)間高電(dian)壓充(chong)(chong)電(dian)，容易(yi)使電(dian)池(chi)(chi)失水(shui)，使電(dian)池(chi)(chi)發熱變形(xing)。特別(bie)(bie)個別(bie)(bie)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)出現問題時(shi)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)降不到轉(zhuan)折電(dian)流(liu)(liu)以下時(shi)，會連累好電(dian)池(chi)(chi)也被充(chong)(chong)壞。給出的(de)參考值有一定(ding)范圍，正負50毫(hao)(hao)安甚至100毫(hao)(hao)安都是允許(xu)的(de)，但是不允許(xu)小(xiao)于(yu)(yu)200毫(hao)(hao)安。

　　目前，市場上(shang)出現(xian)了很多高恒壓(ya)值為(wei)46.5V、低恒壓(ya)值為(wei)41.5V、轉折電流大于(yu)500毫安(an)的(de)反激(ji)式廉價充電器。

　　如果是四塊12V電(dian)池的充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)即48V充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)，前兩個(ge)參數為前述(shu)電(dian)壓參考值(zhi)除以三乘以四。高恒壓值(zhi)為59.5V左(zuo)右、低恒壓值(zhi)為56.5V左(zuo)右。

　　電(dian)池(chi)如果比(bi)10Ah大，將第三個(ge)參數(shu)電(dian)流值適當增大，例如17Ah電(dian)池(chi)可(ke)大到500毫(hao)安(an)。

　　買新充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器要(yao)(yao)檢查三(san)段式充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)(de)三(san)個重要(yao)(yao)參數，用戶(hu)一般可以自己測得(de)第三(san)階段的(de)(de)(de)低恒(heng)壓值。方法是，不接電(dian)(dian)池，給充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器加市電(dian)(dian)，用數字(zi)萬(wan)用表(biao)的(de)(de)(de)200V直流電(dian)(dian)壓檔測充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)(de)輸出電(dian)(dian)壓。另兩個參數高恒(heng)壓值和轉折(zhe)電(dian)(dian)流一般需要(yao)(yao)專用工具才能測得(de)。

　　再(zai)(zai)(zai)補充(chong)(chong)(chong)一(yi)些(xie)正確的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法：1，變綠(lv)燈(deng)后再(zai)(zai)(zai)接著充(chong)(chong)(chong)2－3小時(shi)。2，原(yuan)則是(shi)淺放（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)）勤充(chong)(chong)(chong)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)），每次(ci)用到50%以后再(zai)(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，不要充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)太頻(pin)繁這樣(yang)會縮短電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽命(ming) 3，長期(qi)不騎，要定(ding)期(qi)（1個月）充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一(yi)次(ci)。4，長期(qi)淺放的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，3個月左右，作(zuo)一(yi)次(ci)深放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，就是(shi)所謂放光再(zai)(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，有利于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)深部的(de)長期(qi)不動的(de)物(wu)質的(de)活化。放光的(de)意思是(shi)，騎到控制器(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)欠(qian)壓保護動作(zuo)為(wei)止(zhi)。

　　需(xu)要(yao)提(ti)醒客(ke)戶幾點(dian)：1，一(yi)般新電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)投入使(shi)用8－10個月后，要(yao)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)進(jin)行(xing)檢查和維護。2，一(yi)般名(ming)牌車配套(tao)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)是經過篩(shai)選的(de)(de)，通常不用測(ce)試，但是單(dan)獨到市場上采購的(de)(de)非配套(tao)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，一(yi)定要(yao)進(jin)行(xing)前(qian)述三個參數(shu)的(de)(de)測(ce)試。3，有一(yi)種不帶工頻變壓器(qi)的(de)(de)可控硅充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)，直接整流市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流可到30A，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓12V－80V可調，未徹底切(qie)斷市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)前(qian)，千萬不要(yao)摸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，貨運三輪使(shi)用這類充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)客(ke)戶特別要(yao)注意安(an)全。

　　科(ke)林充電(dian)器(qi)的特點（科(ke)林充電(dian)器(qi)與電(dian)池的關系）

　　特點：能夠(gou)有效延長鉛酸電池的(de)使用壽(shou)命+

　　原(yuan)(yuan)理：鉛(qian)酸電池損壞的主要原(yuan)(yuan)因(yin)及(ji)東科達的解決方案(an)

　　1、鉛酸電(dian)池損壞(huai)的(de)四大(da)原因：①失(shi)(shi)水 ②硫化 ③失(shi)(shi)衡 ④熱失(shi)(shi)控（充鼓）

　　前兩(liang)者(zhe)①、②占了目(mu)前市場上(shang)電(dian)池損壞的(de)97%。