電(dian)(dian)動車(che)(che)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)是(shi)專門為電(dian)(dian)動自(zi)行車(che)(che)的(de)電(dian)(dian)瓶配置的(de)一個充(chong)電(dian)(dian)設備！

　　充電器的分類： 用有、無工頻（50赫茲）變壓器區分，可分為兩大類。貨運三輪充電器一般使用帶工頻變壓器的充電機，體積(ji)大、重量大，費電，但(dan)是(shi)可靠，便宜；電動自行車和電摩則使用所(suo)謂開關電源式電池(chi)充電器，省電，效(xiao)率(lv)高，但(dan)是(shi)易壞。

　　開關電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)式(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)正確(que)操作是(shi)：充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時，先(xian)插電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，后加市電(dian)(dian)；充(chong)足后，先(xian)切斷市電(dian)(dian)，后拔電(dian)(dian)池(chi)插頭。如果在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時先(xian)拔電(dian)(dian)池(chi)插頭，特(te)別是(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流大（紅燈）時，非常容易損壞充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)。

　　常用(yong)的(de)開(kai)關電源式(shi)(shi)電池充電器(qi)又分半橋式(shi)(shi)和單激式(shi)(shi)兩大類，單激類又分為正激式(shi)(shi)和反激式(shi)(shi)兩類。半橋式(shi)(shi)成本(ben)高，性能好，常用(yong)于帶負脈沖的(de)充電器(qi)；單激式(shi)(shi)成本(ben)低，市場占有率(lv)高。

　　關于負脈沖充電器

　　鉛酸電池(chi)已經有100多(duo)年(nian)的歷史了，開始全(quan)球普遍沿(yan)引老的觀點和操作規程：充、放電率(lv)為0.1C(C是電池(chi)容量)壽命較(jiao)長。美國人麥斯(si)先(xian)生為解(jie)(jie)決快速充電問題(ti)，1967年(nian)向(xiang)全(quan)世界(jie)公布了他的研究成果(guo)，用大于1C率(lv)脈沖電流充電，充電間(jian)歇時對電池(chi)放電。放電有利于消除極化、降低電解(jie)(jie)液溫度、提高極板接受電荷的能力。

　　我國一些科技工作者在1969年前后，根據麥斯先(xian)生(sheng)的(de)三定律(lv)制作成(cheng)功了多種品(pin)牌的(de)快(kuai)速(su)充(chong)電(dian)機(ji)。充(chong)電(dian)循環(huan)過(guo)程是：大(da)(da)電(dian)流脈沖(chong)(chong)充(chong)電(dian)→切斷(duan)充(chong)電(dian)通(tong)路(lu)→對電(dian)池短暫放(fang)電(dian)→停止(zhi)放(fang)電(dian)→接(jie)通(tong)充(chong)電(dian)通(tong)路(lu)→大(da)(da)電(dian)流脈沖(chong)(chong)充(chong)電(dian)……

　　2000年(nian)前后，有人(ren)將(jiang)這(zhe)一原理用到了(le)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)車充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)中，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程中，不(bu)切(qie)斷(duan)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)通(tong)路，用小電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)池短路瞬間(jian)，進(jin)行(xing)放電(dian)(dian)。短路時(shi)由于不(bu)切(qie)斷(duan)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)通(tong)路，在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)通(tong)路中串(chuan)連了(le)電(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)。一般在1秒內短路3－5毫(hao)秒（1秒＝1000毫(hao)秒），由于電(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)里的(de)電(dian)(dian)流不(bu)能跳(tiao)變，短路時(shi)間(jian)短促，可(ke)以保護充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)源轉換部分。如果把充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流方向(xiang)叫正，放電(dian)(dian)自然(ran)為負了(le)，電(dian)(dian)動(dong)車業就(jiu)出現了(le)名詞(ci)“負脈沖充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)”，而且稱(cheng)可(ke)以延長電(dian)(dian)池壽命等等。

　　關于(yu)三(san)段式充電器

　　近幾年，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車普遍使用了(le)所謂(wei)三(san)(san)(san)段(duan)式充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)個階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)二(er)個階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)恒(heng)壓(ya)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)(san)個階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)涓流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)。從電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)技術角度針對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池而(er)言：第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)個階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)限流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)二(er)個階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高恒(heng)壓(ya)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)(san)個階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)低恒(heng)壓(ya)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)比較貼切。第(di)(di)(di)二(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)和(he)第(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)轉(zhuan)換時，面板指示(shi)燈相(xiang)應變換，大(da)多數充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)、二(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)是(shi)紅燈，第(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)變綠燈。第(di)(di)(di)二(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)和(he)第(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)的(de)相(xiang)互轉(zhuan)換是(shi)由充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)決定的(de)，大(da)于某電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)進(jin)入第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)第(di)(di)(di)二(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)，小于某電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)進(jin)入第(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)。這個電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)轉(zhuan)換電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，也叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)轉(zhuan)折電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)。

　　早期充電器，包括名牌車配套的充電器，雖然也變燈，但實際(ji)是恒壓限(xian)流充電器，并不是三階段充電器。一般(ban)這類就一個穩定電壓值，44.2V左右(you)，對當時的(de)高比重硫(liu)酸的(de)電池還湊(cou)合。

　　關于三段(duan)式(shi)充電器(qi)的三個(ge)關鍵參(can)數(shu)

　　第(di)(di)一個(ge)重要參數(shu)是(shi)涓(juan)流(liu)階段(duan)的低恒壓值，第(di)(di)二個(ge)重要參數(shu)是(shi)第(di)(di)二階段(duan)的高恒壓值，第(di)(di)三個(ge)重要參數(shu)是(shi)轉換電流(liu)。這三個(ge)重要參數(shu)與(yu)電池數(shu)目有(you)(you)關，與(yu)電池的容量Ah有(you)(you)關，與(yu)溫度有(you)(you)關，與(yu)電池種類有(you)(you)關。為(wei)了方便大家記憶，下(xia)面以最常見的電動自行車（三塊12V串聯的10Ah電池）所用的三段(duan)式充(chong)電器為(wei)例簡單(dan)介紹一下(xia)：

　　首先(xian)討(tao)論(lun)涓(juan)流(liu)階段的低恒壓值，參考電壓為42.5V左右(you)。此值高將使(shi)電池失水，容易使(shi)電池發(fa)熱變形；此值低不(bu)(bu)利于電池充(chong)足電。此值在(zai)(zai)南方(fang)要低于41.5V；膠體電池要低于41.5V，如在(zai)(zai)南方(fang)還要低一點(dian)兒。這(zhe)個參數是(shi)相對(dui)嚴格(ge)的，不(bu)(bu)可以大于參考值。

　　其次討論第(di)二階段(duan)的(de)高(gao)恒(heng)壓值(zhi)(zhi)，參(can)考(kao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為44.5V左右。此(ci)值(zhi)(zhi)高(gao)有利于快速充(chong)(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)，但(dan)是容易使電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)失水，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)后期(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流下不(bu)來，結果使電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)發(fa)熱(re)變形；此(ci)值(zhi)(zhi)低(di)不(bu)利于電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)快速充(chong)(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)，有利于向涓流階段(duan)轉換(huan)。這個值(zhi)(zhi)雖然沒有第(di)一個值(zhi)(zhi)那樣嚴格，但(dan)是也不(bu)要(yao)過高(gao)。

　　最(zui)后討論轉(zhuan)換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，參考電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流為300毫(hao)安(an)左右。此值(zhi)高有(you)利(li)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命，不(bu)(bu)容易發熱(re)變形(xing)(xing)，但不(bu)(bu)利(li)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池快速充(chong)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)；此值(zhi)低（對外行）有(you)利(li)于(yu)充(chong)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，但是(shi)(shi)由于(yu)較(jiao)長時間(jian)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，容易使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池失(shi)水，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池發熱(re)變形(xing)(xing)。特別個別電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池出現問(wen)題時，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流降(jiang)不(bu)(bu)到轉(zhuan)折(zhe)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流以(yi)下時，會連累好電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池也被充(chong)壞。給(gei)出的(de)參考值(zhi)有(you)一(yi)定范圍(wei)，正負50毫(hao)安(an)甚(shen)至100毫(hao)安(an)都是(shi)(shi)允許(xu)(xu)的(de)，但是(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)允許(xu)(xu)小(xiao)于(yu)200毫(hao)安(an)。

　　目前，市場(chang)上出(chu)現了很多高恒(heng)壓值為(wei)(wei)46.5V、低恒(heng)壓值為(wei)(wei)41.5V、轉折電流大于500毫安的(de)反(fan)激式廉價(jia)充電器。

　　如果是四(si)塊12V電池的充電器即(ji)48V充電器，前(qian)兩個(ge)參數(shu)為前(qian)述電壓(ya)參考值除以三乘以四(si)。高(gao)恒壓(ya)值為59.5V左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)、低(di)恒壓(ya)值為56.5V左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)。

　　電(dian)池如果(guo)比10Ah大(da)，將第三(san)個參數電(dian)流(liu)值(zhi)適當增(zeng)大(da)，例如17Ah電(dian)池可大(da)到500毫(hao)安。

　　買(mai)新充電(dian)器要檢查(cha)三段式充電(dian)器的(de)三個重(zhong)要參數(shu)(shu)(shu)，用(yong)(yong)戶一般(ban)(ban)可以(yi)自己測(ce)(ce)得第三階段的(de)低恒壓值。方法是，不接電(dian)池，給充電(dian)器加(jia)市電(dian)，用(yong)(yong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)字萬用(yong)(yong)表(biao)的(de)200V直流電(dian)壓檔測(ce)(ce)充電(dian)器的(de)輸出電(dian)壓。另兩個參數(shu)(shu)(shu)高恒壓值和轉折(zhe)電(dian)流一般(ban)(ban)需要專用(yong)(yong)工具才能測(ce)(ce)得。

　　再(zai)補充(chong)(chong)(chong)一些正確的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方法：1，變綠燈后(hou)再(zai)接(jie)著充(chong)(chong)(chong)2－3小時。2，原則是(shi)(shi)淺放(fang)(fang)(fang)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)）勤充(chong)(chong)(chong)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)），每(mei)次用(yong)到50%以后(hou)再(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，不要充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)太(tai)頻繁這樣會縮(suo)短電(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命(ming) 3，長(chang)(chang)(chang)期不騎，要定期（1個月(yue)）充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)一次。4，長(chang)(chang)(chang)期淺放(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，3個月(yue)左右，作(zuo)一次深放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，就是(shi)(shi)所謂放(fang)(fang)(fang)光再(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，有(you)利于電(dian)(dian)(dian)池深部的(de)(de)(de)長(chang)(chang)(chang)期不動的(de)(de)(de)物質的(de)(de)(de)活化。放(fang)(fang)(fang)光的(de)(de)(de)意思是(shi)(shi)，騎到控制器電(dian)(dian)(dian)池欠壓保(bao)護(hu)動作(zuo)為止。

　　需要(yao)(yao)提醒客戶(hu)幾(ji)點：1，一(yi)(yi)般(ban)新電(dian)池(chi)投(tou)入使(shi)用8－10個(ge)月后，要(yao)(yao)對(dui)電(dian)池(chi)進(jin)行(xing)檢查和維護(hu)。2，一(yi)(yi)般(ban)名牌車配套的(de)(de)(de)充電(dian)器(qi)是(shi)經過篩選的(de)(de)(de)，通常(chang)不用測試，但是(shi)單(dan)獨到市場上采(cai)購的(de)(de)(de)非配套充電(dian)器(qi)，一(yi)(yi)定(ding)要(yao)(yao)進(jin)行(xing)前(qian)述三個(ge)參數的(de)(de)(de)測試。3，有一(yi)(yi)種不帶工頻(pin)變壓(ya)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)可控硅充電(dian)機，直接整流(liu)市電(dian)為電(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)，電(dian)流(liu)可到30A，電(dian)壓(ya)12V－80V可調，未徹底(di)切(qie)斷市電(dian)前(qian)，千萬(wan)不要(yao)(yao)摸電(dian)池(chi)，貨運(yun)三輪使(shi)用這(zhe)類充電(dian)機的(de)(de)(de)客戶(hu)特別要(yao)(yao)注(zhu)意(yi)安全(quan)。

　　科林充(chong)電器的特(te)點（科林充(chong)電器與(yu)電池的關系）

　　特點：能(neng)夠有(you)效(xiao)延(yan)長鉛酸電池(chi)的(de)使(shi)用壽命+

　　原理：鉛(qian)酸電(dian)池損(sun)壞的主要(yao)原因及東科(ke)達的解決方案

　　1、鉛酸電(dian)池損壞的四大原因(yin)：①失水 ②硫(liu)化 ③失衡 ④熱失控（充鼓）

　　前兩者①、②占了目前市場上電池(chi)損壞的97%。