電(dian)動車充(chong)電(dian)器是專門(men)為電(dian)動自(zi)行車的電(dian)瓶(ping)配置(zhi)的一個充(chong)電(dian)設備！

　　充電器的分類： 用有、無工頻（50赫茲）變壓器區分，可分為兩大類。貨運三輪充電器一般使用(yong)帶工(gong)頻變壓器的充電(dian)機，體積大、重量大，費電(dian)，但是可靠(kao)，便宜；電(dian)動自行車和電(dian)摩則使用(yong)所謂開(kai)關電(dian)源式電(dian)池充電(dian)器，省電(dian)，效率高(gao)，但是易壞。

　　開關電(dian)(dian)源式充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)的正確操作(zuo)是：充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時，先插電(dian)(dian)池，后(hou)加市電(dian)(dian)；充(chong)足后(hou)，先切斷市電(dian)(dian)，后(hou)拔(ba)電(dian)(dian)池插頭(tou)。如果在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時先拔(ba)電(dian)(dian)池插頭(tou)，特(te)別是充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)大(da)（紅燈）時，非常容易損壞充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)。

　　常(chang)用的(de)開關電源式(shi)電池充(chong)電器又分半(ban)橋式(shi)和單激式(shi)兩(liang)大(da)類(lei)，單激類(lei)又分為正激式(shi)和反激式(shi)兩(liang)類(lei)。半(ban)橋式(shi)成(cheng)本高(gao)，性能好，常(chang)用于(yu)帶負脈沖(chong)的(de)充(chong)電器；單激式(shi)成(cheng)本低(di)，市場(chang)占有率(lv)高(gao)。

　　關于負脈沖充電器

　　鉛酸電(dian)(dian)池(chi)已(yi)經有100多年的(de)歷(li)史了(le)，開始(shi)全球(qiu)普遍沿引老(lao)的(de)觀點和(he)操作(zuo)規(gui)程：充(chong)、放電(dian)(dian)率為0.1C(C是電(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量(liang))壽命(ming)較長。美國(guo)人(ren)麥斯(si)先生(sheng)為解(jie)(jie)決快(kuai)速(su)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)問題，1967年向全世界公布了(le)他的(de)研究成果(guo)，用大于1C率脈沖電(dian)(dian)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)間歇時對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)放電(dian)(dian)。放電(dian)(dian)有利于消除(chu)極(ji)化、降(jiang)低電(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液溫度(du)、提高極(ji)板接受電(dian)(dian)荷的(de)能力。

　　我(wo)國一些科技工作者在1969年(nian)前(qian)后，根(gen)據麥斯先(xian)生的三定律制(zhi)作成功了(le)多(duo)種(zhong)品牌的快速充(chong)電(dian)機。充(chong)電(dian)循環過程是：大電(dian)流脈(mo)沖(chong)充(chong)電(dian)→切(qie)斷充(chong)電(dian)通路(lu)→對電(dian)池短(duan)暫放(fang)電(dian)→停止放(fang)電(dian)→接(jie)通充(chong)電(dian)通路(lu)→大電(dian)流脈(mo)沖(chong)充(chong)電(dian)……

　　2000年(nian)前后，有人將這一原理用(yong)到了電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)中(zhong)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中(zhong)，不(bu)切斷充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路，用(yong)小電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻將電(dian)(dian)(dian)池短(duan)路瞬間，進(jin)行放電(dian)(dian)(dian)。短(duan)路時(shi)(shi)由(you)于(yu)不(bu)切斷充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路，在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路中(zhong)串連了電(dian)(dian)(dian)感。一般在(zai)(zai)1秒(miao)(miao)內短(duan)路3－5毫(hao)秒(miao)(miao)（1秒(miao)(miao)＝1000毫(hao)秒(miao)(miao)），由(you)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)感里的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流不(bu)能跳變，短(duan)路時(shi)(shi)間短(duan)促，可(ke)以(yi)保護(hu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源轉換部分。如果(guo)把充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流方向叫正，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)自然為負(fu)了，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)業就出(chu)現了名詞“負(fu)脈沖充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)”，而(er)且稱可(ke)以(yi)延長電(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽(shou)命等等。

　　關于三段式充電器(qi)

　　近幾年，電(dian)動車(che)普遍使用了所謂三(san)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)式(shi)充電(dian)器，第(di)一個(ge)(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)恒(heng)流(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)二個(ge)(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)恒(heng)壓階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)三(san)個(ge)(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)涓流(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)。從電(dian)子技(ji)術角度針對(dui)電(dian)池(chi)而言：第(di)一個(ge)(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)充電(dian)限流(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)二個(ge)(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)高恒(heng)壓階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)三(san)個(ge)(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)低恒(heng)壓階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)比較貼切。第(di)二階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)和(he)第(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)時，面板指示燈相(xiang)應變換(huan)(huan)，大多數充電(dian)器第(di)一、二階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)是(shi)紅(hong)燈，第(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)變綠燈。第(di)二階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)和(he)第(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)的相(xiang)互轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)是(shi)由充電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)決定的，大于某電(dian)流(liu)進入第(di)一第(di)二階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，小于某電(dian)流(liu)進入第(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)。這個(ge)(ge)電(dian)流(liu)叫(jiao)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)電(dian)流(liu)，也(ye)叫(jiao)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)折電(dian)流(liu)。

　　早期充電器，包括名牌車配套的充電器，雖(sui)然也變燈，但實(shi)際是恒壓限(xian)流充電(dian)器(qi)，并不是三階段(duan)充電(dian)器(qi)。一般這類就一個穩定電(dian)壓值，44.2V左(zuo)右，對當時(shi)的高比(bi)重(zhong)硫酸(suan)的電(dian)池還湊(cou)合。

　　關于(yu)三段式充電器的三個關鍵(jian)參(can)數(shu)

　　第一個(ge)重(zhong)要參數(shu)是(shi)涓(juan)流階(jie)段的(de)(de)低恒(heng)壓值(zhi)，第二個(ge)重(zhong)要參數(shu)是(shi)第二階(jie)段的(de)(de)高恒(heng)壓值(zhi)，第三(san)個(ge)重(zhong)要參數(shu)是(shi)轉換電(dian)(dian)流。這三(san)個(ge)重(zhong)要參數(shu)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)數(shu)目(mu)有關，與(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)容量(liang)Ah有關，與(yu)溫度有關，與(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)種類有關。為(wei)了方便大家記憶，下面以最常見的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)自(zi)行車（三(san)塊12V串聯的(de)(de)10Ah電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)）所用的(de)(de)三(san)段式(shi)充電(dian)(dian)器為(wei)例(li)簡單介紹一下：

　　首先討論涓流階段(duan)的低恒壓值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，參考(kao)電(dian)(dian)壓為42.5V左右。此值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)高將(jiang)使(shi)電(dian)(dian)池失水，容易(yi)使(shi)電(dian)(dian)池發熱變形；此值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)低不利于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)池充足電(dian)(dian)。此值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在南方(fang)要低于(yu)(yu)41.5V；膠體電(dian)(dian)池要低于(yu)(yu)41.5V，如在南方(fang)還要低一點兒(er)。這個參數是相對(dui)嚴(yan)格的，不可以大于(yu)(yu)參考(kao)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。

　　其次討論(lun)第二階段的高恒(heng)壓值(zhi)，參考電(dian)壓為44.5V左(zuo)右(you)。此(ci)值(zhi)高有利(li)于(yu)快(kuai)速(su)充(chong)足電(dian)，但是(shi)容易使電(dian)池(chi)失水(shui)，充(chong)電(dian)后期電(dian)流下不(bu)來(lai)，結(jie)果(guo)使電(dian)池(chi)發熱變形；此(ci)值(zhi)低(di)不(bu)利(li)于(yu)電(dian)池(chi)快(kuai)速(su)充(chong)足電(dian)，有利(li)于(yu)向涓流階段轉(zhuan)換(huan)。這個(ge)值(zhi)雖然沒有第一個(ge)值(zhi)那樣嚴(yan)格，但是(shi)也不(bu)要過高。

　　最后討論轉換電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，參(can)考電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)為(wei)300毫安左右(you)。此(ci)值高有利(li)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)壽命，不容易發熱變形(xing)，但(dan)(dan)不利(li)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)快速(su)充(chong)(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)；此(ci)值低（對外行）有利(li)于(yu)(yu)充(chong)(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)，但(dan)(dan)是由于(yu)(yu)較長時間高電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，容易使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)失(shi)水，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)發熱變形(xing)。特別個別電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)出現問題時，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)降不到轉折(zhe)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)以下時，會連累好電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)也被充(chong)(chong)壞。給出的參(can)考值有一(yi)定范圍，正負(fu)50毫安甚至100毫安都(dou)是允許(xu)的，但(dan)(dan)是不允許(xu)小于(yu)(yu)200毫安。

　　目前(qian)，市場(chang)上出(chu)現了很(hen)多(duo)高恒壓值為(wei)46.5V、低恒壓值為(wei)41.5V、轉(zhuan)折電流(liu)大(da)于500毫(hao)安(an)的(de)反激式廉價(jia)充電器。

　　如果是四(si)塊12V電池的(de)充電器(qi)即48V充電器(qi)，前兩個參數為前述電壓參考(kao)值(zhi)除(chu)以(yi)三乘以(yi)四(si)。高(gao)恒壓值(zhi)為59.5V左右、低(di)恒壓值(zhi)為56.5V左右。

　　電(dian)池(chi)如(ru)果比(bi)10Ah大(da)，將第三個參(can)數電(dian)流值(zhi)適當增大(da)，例如(ru)17Ah電(dian)池(chi)可大(da)到500毫安。

　　買新充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器要檢(jian)查三(san)(san)段(duan)式充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器的三(san)(san)個重要參(can)數(shu)，用戶一般可以自己測得第三(san)(san)階段(duan)的低恒(heng)壓值。方法是，不接電(dian)(dian)池，給充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器加市電(dian)(dian)，用數(shu)字(zi)萬(wan)用表的200V直流電(dian)(dian)壓檔測充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器的輸出電(dian)(dian)壓。另兩個參(can)數(shu)高恒(heng)壓值和轉(zhuan)折電(dian)(dian)流一般需要專用工具(ju)才能測得。

　　再(zai)補充(chong)一(yi)些正(zheng)確(que)的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方法(fa)：1，變綠燈后(hou)再(zai)接著充(chong)2－3小時(shi)。2，原(yuan)則是(shi)(shi)淺(qian)放(fang)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)）勤充(chong)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)），每次用到50%以后(hou)再(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，不要充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)太頻繁這樣會縮短(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命 3，長期不騎，要定期（1個月(yue)）充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)一(yi)次。4，長期淺(qian)放(fang)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，3個月(yue)左右(you)，作(zuo)一(yi)次深(shen)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，就是(shi)(shi)所(suo)謂(wei)放(fang)光再(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，有利于電(dian)(dian)(dian)池深(shen)部的長期不動的物(wu)質的活(huo)化。放(fang)光的意思(si)是(shi)(shi)，騎到控(kong)制器電(dian)(dian)(dian)池欠壓保護(hu)動作(zuo)為止(zhi)。

　　需要(yao)(yao)(yao)提(ti)醒客戶幾點：1，一(yi)般新(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)投入使用8－10個月后，要(yao)(yao)(yao)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)進(jin)行檢(jian)查和維護。2，一(yi)般名牌車配套的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器是(shi)經(jing)過(guo)篩選(xuan)的(de)，通(tong)常(chang)不用測試(shi)，但(dan)是(shi)單(dan)獨到市場上采購(gou)的(de)非配套充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器，一(yi)定(ding)要(yao)(yao)(yao)進(jin)行前述三(san)個參數的(de)測試(shi)。3，有一(yi)種(zhong)不帶工頻(pin)變(bian)壓(ya)器的(de)可(ke)控硅充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機，直接整流(liu)市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)可(ke)到30A，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)12V－80V可(ke)調，未徹(che)底切斷市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)前，千萬不要(yao)(yao)(yao)摸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，貨(huo)運三(san)輪使用這類充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)客戶特別(bie)要(yao)(yao)(yao)注(zhu)意安全。

　　科(ke)(ke)林(lin)充電(dian)器的(de)特點（科(ke)(ke)林(lin)充電(dian)器與電(dian)池的(de)關(guan)系）

　　特點：能夠有效延長(chang)鉛酸電池的使(shi)用(yong)壽命+

　　原(yuan)理：鉛酸電(dian)池(chi)損(sun)壞的主要原(yuan)因及東科達的解決方案

　　1、鉛酸電池損壞(huai)的(de)四大原因：①失水(shui) ②硫化 ③失衡 ④熱失控（充(chong)鼓(gu)）

　　前(qian)(qian)兩者①、②占了目(mu)前(qian)(qian)市場上(shang)電池損壞的97%。