電(dian)(dian)動(dong)車充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)是專門為電(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行車的(de)電(dian)(dian)瓶配置(zhi)的(de)一個充(chong)電(dian)(dian)設備！

　　充電器的分類： 用有、無工頻（50赫茲）變壓器區分，可分為兩大類。貨運三輪充電器一般使(shi)用帶(dai)工(gong)頻變壓(ya)器(qi)的充電(dian)機，體(ti)積大、重量大，費電(dian)，但是可靠，便宜；電(dian)動自行車和電(dian)摩(mo)則使(shi)用所謂(wei)開關(guan)電(dian)源(yuan)式電(dian)池充電(dian)器(qi)，省電(dian)，效率高，但是易壞。

　　開關電(dian)(dian)源式充電(dian)(dian)器的(de)正(zheng)確操作是：充電(dian)(dian)時(shi)，先插(cha)電(dian)(dian)池，后(hou)加市電(dian)(dian)；充足后(hou)，先切斷市電(dian)(dian)，后(hou)拔電(dian)(dian)池插(cha)頭。如果在充電(dian)(dian)時(shi)先拔電(dian)(dian)池插(cha)頭，特別是充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流大(da)（紅燈(deng)）時(shi)，非常容易(yi)損壞充電(dian)(dian)器。

　　常(chang)用(yong)的開關電(dian)源(yuan)式(shi)電(dian)池充電(dian)器又(you)分(fen)半(ban)橋(qiao)式(shi)和單激式(shi)兩(liang)大類，單激類又(you)分(fen)為正(zheng)激式(shi)和反激式(shi)兩(liang)類。半(ban)橋(qiao)式(shi)成本高(gao)，性能(neng)好(hao)，常(chang)用(yong)于帶負脈(mo)沖的充電(dian)器；單激式(shi)成本低(di)，市場占有率高(gao)。

　　關于負脈沖充電器

　　鉛酸電(dian)池(chi)已(yi)經有100多年(nian)的(de)(de)歷史了(le)，開始(shi)全(quan)球普遍沿(yan)引老的(de)(de)觀(guan)點和(he)操(cao)作規程：充、放(fang)電(dian)率(lv)為(wei)0.1C(C是電(dian)池(chi)容量)壽命較長。美國人麥(mai)斯先生為(wei)解(jie)決快速(su)充電(dian)問題，1967年(nian)向全(quan)世界公布了(le)他的(de)(de)研究成果，用大于1C率(lv)脈沖電(dian)流(liu)充電(dian)，充電(dian)間歇(xie)時對(dui)電(dian)池(chi)放(fang)電(dian)。放(fang)電(dian)有利于消除(chu)極化、降低電(dian)解(jie)液溫度、提高極板接受(shou)電(dian)荷的(de)(de)能力。

　　我國一些科(ke)技工作者在(zai)1969年前后，根據麥斯(si)先生的三定律制作成功了多種品牌(pai)的快速充(chong)電機。充(chong)電循環過程是：大電流(liu)脈(mo)沖充(chong)電→切斷(duan)充(chong)電通(tong)(tong)路→對電池短暫放(fang)電→停(ting)止放(fang)電→接通(tong)(tong)充(chong)電通(tong)(tong)路→大電流(liu)脈(mo)沖充(chong)電……

　　2000年前后，有(you)人將(jiang)這一原理用(yong)(yong)到了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)中(zhong)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中(zhong)，不(bu)切斷充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)通路，用(yong)(yong)小電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池短(duan)路瞬間，進行(xing)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。短(duan)路時由于(yu)不(bu)切斷充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)通路，在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)通路中(zhong)串連了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)。一般在1秒內短(duan)路3－5毫(hao)秒（1秒＝1000毫(hao)秒），由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)里(li)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)流不(bu)能跳變，短(duan)路時間短(duan)促，可以(yi)保護充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)源轉換部分(fen)。如果把充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流方向叫正，放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)自然為(wei)負了(le)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車業就出現了(le)名詞“負脈沖充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)”，而且稱可以(yi)延長(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命等等。

　　關于三段式充電器

　　近幾(ji)年，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車普遍使用了所謂(wei)三(san)(san)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)式(shi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器，第(di)(di)(di)(di)一個階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)恒(heng)流(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)二個階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)恒(heng)壓階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)個階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)涓流(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)。從電(dian)(dian)(dian)子技術角(jiao)度針對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池而言：第(di)(di)(di)(di)一個階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)限流(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)二個階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)恒(heng)壓階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)個階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)低(di)恒(heng)壓階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)比較(jiao)貼(tie)切。第(di)(di)(di)(di)二階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)和第(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)時(shi)，面板(ban)指示燈相應變(bian)換(huan)(huan)，大多數充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器第(di)(di)(di)(di)一、二階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)是(shi)(shi)紅燈，第(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)變(bian)綠燈。第(di)(di)(di)(di)二階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)和第(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)相互轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)是(shi)(shi)由充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)決(jue)定的(de)，大于(yu)某電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)進(jin)入第(di)(di)(di)(di)一第(di)(di)(di)(di)二階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，小于(yu)某電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)進(jin)入第(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)。這個電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)叫(jiao)(jiao)轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，也叫(jiao)(jiao)轉(zhuan)折電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。

　　早期充電器，包括名牌車配套的充電器，雖然也變燈，但實際是恒壓限流充電(dian)(dian)器，并不(bu)是三階段充電(dian)(dian)器。一般這類就一個穩定電(dian)(dian)壓值，44.2V左右，對當時的高比重(zhong)硫酸的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)還(huan)湊合。

　　關于三(san)段式充電器的三(san)個關鍵參數

　　第(di)一個(ge)重要參數是涓(juan)流階段(duan)的(de)低(di)恒壓值(zhi)，第(di)二個(ge)重要參數是第(di)二階段(duan)的(de)高恒壓值(zhi)，第(di)三個(ge)重要參數是轉換(huan)電(dian)(dian)流。這三個(ge)重要參數與電(dian)(dian)池數目(mu)有關(guan)(guan)，與電(dian)(dian)池的(de)容量Ah有關(guan)(guan)，與溫度有關(guan)(guan)，與電(dian)(dian)池種類有關(guan)(guan)。為了方(fang)便大家記(ji)憶，下(xia)面以最常見的(de)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)自(zi)行車（三塊12V串聯的(de)10Ah電(dian)(dian)池）所用的(de)三段(duan)式充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)為例簡單(dan)介紹一下(xia)：

　　首(shou)先討論涓流階(jie)段的(de)低(di)(di)恒壓(ya)值(zhi)，參考(kao)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為42.5V左右(you)。此(ci)值(zhi)高將使電(dian)(dian)池失水，容易使電(dian)(dian)池發熱變形；此(ci)值(zhi)低(di)(di)不利于(yu)電(dian)(dian)池充足電(dian)(dian)。此(ci)值(zhi)在南(nan)方要低(di)(di)于(yu)41.5V；膠體電(dian)(dian)池要低(di)(di)于(yu)41.5V，如在南(nan)方還要低(di)(di)一點(dian)兒。這(zhe)個參數是相對嚴格(ge)的(de)，不可以大于(yu)參考(kao)值(zhi)。

　　其次(ci)討論第二階(jie)段的高(gao)恒(heng)壓(ya)值(zhi)，參考電壓(ya)為44.5V左右。此值(zhi)高(gao)有(you)利于快速(su)充足電，但是容易使電池失水，充電后期(qi)電流(liu)下(xia)不(bu)(bu)來，結果使電池發熱變形；此值(zhi)低不(bu)(bu)利于電池快速(su)充足電，有(you)利于向(xiang)涓(juan)流(liu)階(jie)段轉換。這個(ge)(ge)值(zhi)雖然沒有(you)第一個(ge)(ge)值(zhi)那樣(yang)嚴(yan)格，但是也不(bu)(bu)要(yao)過高(gao)。

　　最后討論轉換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，參(can)考電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流為300毫(hao)(hao)安(an)(an)左右。此(ci)值(zhi)高有利于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命(ming)，不(bu)容易發熱變形，但不(bu)利于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池快速(su)充(chong)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)；此(ci)值(zhi)低（對外行）有利于充(chong)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，但是由于較長時間高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，容易使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池失(shi)水，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池發熱變形。特別個別電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池出(chu)現問題時，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流降不(bu)到轉折(zhe)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流以下時，會(hui)連累好電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池也被充(chong)壞。給(gei)出(chu)的參(can)考值(zhi)有一定(ding)范圍(wei)，正負(fu)50毫(hao)(hao)安(an)(an)甚至(zhi)100毫(hao)(hao)安(an)(an)都是允(yun)許(xu)的，但是不(bu)允(yun)許(xu)小于200毫(hao)(hao)安(an)(an)。

　　目前(qian)，市場上(shang)出現了很多(duo)高恒壓值(zhi)為(wei)(wei)46.5V、低恒壓值(zhi)為(wei)(wei)41.5V、轉(zhuan)折(zhe)電流大于500毫安的反激式廉價充電器。

　　如果是(shi)四塊12V電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)即48V充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)，前(qian)兩個參數(shu)為(wei)前(qian)述電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)參考值(zhi)(zhi)除以三乘以四。高恒壓(ya)值(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)59.5V左右、低恒壓(ya)值(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)56.5V左右。

　　電池(chi)如果比10Ah大(da)，將(jiang)第三個(ge)參數電流值適當增大(da)，例如17Ah電池(chi)可大(da)到500毫安(an)。

　　買新充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)要檢(jian)查三(san)段式充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)三(san)個重要參(can)數(shu)，用(yong)戶一(yi)般(ban)可以自己測(ce)得第三(san)階段的(de)低(di)恒壓(ya)值。方法(fa)是，不接電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，給充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)加市電(dian)(dian)，用(yong)數(shu)字(zi)萬用(yong)表的(de)200V直流電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)檔(dang)測(ce)充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。另兩個參(can)數(shu)高恒壓(ya)值和(he)轉折電(dian)(dian)流一(yi)般(ban)需要專用(yong)工(gong)具才能測(ce)得。

　　再(zai)(zai)補充(chong)一些正確的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方法：1，變綠燈后再(zai)(zai)接著充(chong)2－3小時(shi)。2，原則是(shi)淺放(fang)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)）勤充(chong)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)），每次(ci)用到50%以后再(zai)(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，不要充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)太頻繁這樣會縮短(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命(ming) 3，長期(qi)不騎，要定期(qi)（1個(ge)月）充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)一次(ci)。4，長期(qi)淺放(fang)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，3個(ge)月左(zuo)右，作一次(ci)深(shen)(shen)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，就(jiu)是(shi)所謂(wei)放(fang)光再(zai)(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，有(you)利于電(dian)(dian)(dian)池深(shen)(shen)部的(de)(de)(de)長期(qi)不動的(de)(de)(de)物質的(de)(de)(de)活化。放(fang)光的(de)(de)(de)意思是(shi)，騎到控制器(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池欠壓(ya)保護動作為止。

　　需要(yao)提醒(xing)客戶(hu)幾點：1，一(yi)般(ban)新電(dian)池投入(ru)使用(yong)8－10個(ge)月后，要(yao)對電(dian)池進行檢查和維護。2，一(yi)般(ban)名牌車配(pei)套(tao)(tao)的充電(dian)器是(shi)經過篩選的，通常(chang)不用(yong)測試(shi)，但是(shi)單獨到市場上采購的非配(pei)套(tao)(tao)充電(dian)器，一(yi)定要(yao)進行前述三個(ge)參數(shu)的測試(shi)。3，有一(yi)種不帶工頻變壓器的可控硅充電(dian)機(ji)，直接整流市電(dian)為電(dian)池充電(dian)，電(dian)流可到30A，電(dian)壓12V－80V可調，未徹底切(qie)斷市電(dian)前，千(qian)萬不要(yao)摸(mo)電(dian)池，貨(huo)運三輪使用(yong)這類充電(dian)機(ji)的客戶(hu)特別要(yao)注意安(an)全(quan)。

　　科(ke)林(lin)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器的特點（科(ke)林(lin)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器與電(dian)(dian)池的關系）

　　特(te)點(dian)：能夠有效(xiao)延長鉛酸電池的使(shi)用壽(shou)命+

　　原理：鉛酸電池損壞的(de)主要原因及(ji)東(dong)科(ke)達的(de)解決(jue)方案

　　1、鉛酸電(dian)池損壞的四大原因：①失水 ②硫化 ③失衡(heng) ④熱失控（充鼓）

　　前兩者①、②占了目(mu)前市(shi)場上電(dian)池(chi)損壞的97%。