鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)池由于其成本(ben)(ben)低、容(rong)量大(da)、安全可靠等(deng)特點，在通信(xin)、電(dian)(dian)動汽車、軍事、航空航天等(deng)各個領域(yu)都有廣泛的(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)。電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)好(hao)壞、使用(yong)(yong)壽(shou)命的(de)(de)(de)長短直(zhi)接影響到電(dian)(dian)子產品的(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)壽(shou)命和使用(yong)(yong)安全；而充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)好(hao)壞又直(zhi)接影響到電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)壽(shou)命。因(yin)此(ci)研究低成本(ben)(ben)又有智能(neng)(neng)管理(li)功能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)是有實(shi)際應用(yong)(yong)價值的(de)(de)(de)課題。

　　1 目前(qian)智能充(chong)電器的幾種結構［1］

　　1.1 基于(yu)專用芯片的管理系(xi)統

　　現在(zai)，UNITRODE 公(gong)司已開發出系(xi)(xi)列電(dian)池(chi)(chi)管(guan)(guan)理(li)專用(yong)(yong)芯(xin)(xin)片(pian)(pian)(pian)。因(yin)為(wei)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)管(guan)(guan)理(li)中采用(yong)(yong)最多的(de)就是(shi)(shi)控(kong)制(zhi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)壓及充(chong)(chong)放電(dian)電(dian)流，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)管(guan)(guan)理(li)芯(xin)(xin)片(pian)(pian)(pian)正是(shi)(shi)抓住了(le)這一點，為(wei)VRLA 電(dian)池(chi)(chi)研制(zhi)了(le)具有四(si)狀態管(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)專用(yong)(yong)控(kong)制(zhi)芯(xin)(xin)片(pian)(pian)(pian)，可以智能地實現帶溫度補(bu)償的(de)四(si)狀態管(guan)(guan)理(li)方案：涓(juan)流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)模(mo)(mo)式、大功(gong)率充(chong)(chong)電(dian)模(mo)(mo)式、過充(chong)(chong)電(dian)模(mo)(mo)式和浮充(chong)(chong)電(dian)模(mo)(mo)式。不同的(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)要有不同的(de)芯(xin)(xin)片(pian)(pian)(pian)控(kong)制(zhi)，因(yin)此，用(yong)(yong)專用(yong)(yong)芯(xin)(xin)片(pian)(pian)(pian)做管(guan)(guan)理(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)其靈(ling)活性較差，

　　1.2 基于監控(kong)測量的(de)蓄電池管理(li)系統(tong)

　　在給電池(chi)充(chong)電的過程中，涉及到(dao)電池(chi)工作電壓、工作電流、溫(wen)度等參(can)數(shu)，這些(xie)都是表征(zheng)電池(chi)狀態(tai)的重要參(can)數(shu)。采用(yong)傳(chuan)感器(qi)提取這些(xie)參(can)數(shu)，然后(hou)再配合故障診斷、遙控遙測、自(zi)動報警和(he)事故現場處理等功能，就可以組成一(yi)個電池(chi)管理系統。如圖1所示。

　　1.3 與電源設備一起構成的蓄電池充(chong)放電管理(li)系統

　　在通訊、供電系統中，為了保證電網掉電時蓄電池組能及時補充電能，在規定時間內向負載供電，保證通信或電力合閘系統的正常運轉，通常是將電池組直接掛接在電源模塊輸出端。當電網正常工作時，電池組工作在浮充狀態，起到平滑濾波和保持容量（補充自放電的容量損失）的作用。一旦電網掉電，蓄電池組立即投入工作，當電網恢復，電源模塊立即對電池進行充電。如圖2 所示。

　　這樣(yang)(yang)的(de)一個系(xi)(xi)統由(you)于和(he)電(dian)(dian)源模塊聯系(xi)(xi)起來(lai)，所(suo)以(yi)，可(ke)以(yi)從充放電(dian)(dian)過程上來(lai)優化(hua)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)工(gong)作(zuo)狀態，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian)成(cheng)為(wei)可(ke)控(kong)的(de)過程，建立在這樣(yang)(yang)一個系(xi)(xi)統上的(de)監控(kong)單元應(ying)該具有第一種監控(kong)系(xi)(xi)統中所(suo)有功能，并且(qie)可(ke)以(yi)和(he)電(dian)(dian)源模塊直接“對(dui)話”，根(gen)據要求對(dui)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)進行(xing)管理，并且(qie)可(ke)以(yi)實時監控(kong)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)放電(dian)(dian)狀態，對(dui)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)工(gong)作(zuo)進行(xing)優化(hua)［2］。因(yin)此，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組的(de)工(gong)作(zuo)會更加可(ke)靠，可(ke)控(kong)性和(he)智能化(hua)程度也會更高。但(dan)是這樣(yang)(yang)一個系(xi)(xi)統存(cun)在的(de)主(zhu)要問題是：

　　（1）沒有解決電(dian)(dian)池組串聯(lian)運行(xing)過程中不均衡(heng) 現象的(de)問題，這也(ye)是電(dian)(dian)池失效的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)原因之一；

　　（2）一般只完成了電(dian)池生產廠家提(ti)供的(de)(de)充電(dian)曲線，對于電(dian)池在使用過程中發(fa)生的(de)(de)其(qi)它問(wen)題(ti)控制(zhi)不(bu)夠全面，例如深度放電(dian)后的(de)(de)涓充問(wen)題(ti)等。

　　在將來，充電(dian)器的(de)發展方(fang)向是(shi)智能化(hua)、數字(zi)(zi)化(hua)、集成化(hua)。智能化(hua)可以(yi)使電(dian)池(chi)的(de)管理做(zuo)到(dao)全自動，無需(xu)人員監(jian)管，真(zhen)正(zheng)做(zuo)到(dao)免維護。數字(zi)(zi)化(hua)和(he)集成化(hua)可以(yi)減少管理系統(tong)的(de)體(ti)積和(he)重量，減少系統(tong)的(de)復(fu)雜度。

　　2 目(mu)前(qian)幾種充電方式［3］

　　鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)池的充(chong)電(dian)方法目前主要有(you)恒流、恒壓、恒壓限流、脈沖充(chong)電(dian)、Reflex充(chong)電(dian)法。

　　2.1 恒(heng)流充電

　　恒(heng)流充(chong)電(dian)方(fang)式是一種簡單的充(chong)電(dian)方(fang)法。但(dan)是，恒(heng)流充(chong)電(dian)有(you)其局限性：對電(dian)池(chi)過充(chong)電(dian)就會(hui)造成電(dian)池(chi)壽(shou)命(ming)的縮(suo)短(duan)，而過小電(dian)流又會(hui)延(yan)長(chang)充(chong)電(dian)時間。

　　2.2 恒壓充電

　　恒壓充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)用簡(jian)單的(de)(de)控制方法很容易就能實(shi)現。在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)初始(shi)階段(duan)，由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓很低而(er)造(zao)成充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)很大(da)(da)，這對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)會(hui)造(zao)成損害。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓達到一定(ding)值之后(hou)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)就會(hui)隨之減小。這種充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法的(de)(de)缺點就是會(hui)造(zao)成溫(wen)度上(shang)升和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)壽(shou)命減少，并且在開始(shi)時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)很大(da)(da)，而(er)后(hou)來快充(chong)滿(man)時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)又(you)很小，就無法充(chong)分(fen)利用充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)容量(liang)。

　　2.3 恒壓限流法

　　恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)限流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)法實(shi)際(ji)上是將恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)相結合，又(you)可稱為(wei)(wei)混合充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法。在充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開始階(jie)段，由(you)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)過(guo)低(di)，為(wei)(wei)避免電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)過(guo)大而損壞(huai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，就采(cai)用恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法來(lai)限制充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)。但電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)達到預定值(zhi)時(shi)，進入恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)(fang)式。恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)限流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)方(fang)(fang)式是大多數電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)廠商推(tui)薦的充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)(fang)式。由(you)于蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)較(jiao)低(di)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后期電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)很小，因此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)中產(chan)生的氣泡很少(shao)，可以節省電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能、降低(di)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的溫升，避免損壞(huai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的極板。恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)限流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)方(fang)(fang)式是一(yi)種很有效的充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)(fang)式，加上過(guo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)判斷、浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)控制、溫度補償等就可以形成(cheng)一(yi)個簡(jian)單(dan)的充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管理系統，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)可以在這(zhe)個系統下(xia)更好地(di)工(gong)作。

　　2.4 脈(mo)沖(chong)充電［4］

　　在充(chong)(chong)電過程中，只要(yao)充(chong)(chong)電電流不超過蓄(xu)電池(chi)(chi)可接受的(de)電流，蓄(xu)電池(chi)(chi)內(nei)部(bu)就不會產生大量的(de)氣(qi)泡。蓄(xu)電池(chi)(chi)中產生的(de)極(ji)化現象(xiang)會阻礙充(chong)(chong)電，并且使(shi)出氣(qi)率(lv)和溫升(sheng)顯著升(sheng)高。因此，極(ji)化電壓是(shi)(shi)(shi)影(ying)響充(chong)(chong)電速度(du)的(de)重要(yao)因素。用(yong)周(zhou)期(qi)性(xing)的(de)脈動電流給電池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)電可以使(shi)電池(chi)(chi)有時間恢復其原來(lai)狀(zhuang)態，減小極(ji)化現象(xiang)的(de)影(ying)響，解決(jue)快速充(chong)(chong)電面臨的(de)難題。但是(shi)(shi)(shi)目前(qian)這(zhe)種充(chong)(chong)電方(fang)式還在研究階段，對于采用(yong)多大的(de)脈沖周(zhou)期(qi)，占空比(bi)又是(shi)(shi)(shi)多少(shao)之類的(de)具(ju)體問題還沒有一個(ge)定(ding)論。

　　2.5 ReflexTM充(chong)電方式

　　Reflex 充電方法是脈沖電流法的改進：一個周期是由一個正脈沖后加一個負脈沖，然后才是空閑時段。這樣就強制消除電池的極化現象，使得電池充電時可以更快而又不損害電池的使用壽命。這種充電方式與脈沖充電方式一樣，仍然處于研究階段。
.　3 數字式智能充電(dian)器的設(she)計

　　3.1 系統結構和(he)充電(dian)方案(an)的設計

　　本文中設計的系統是一(yi)個針對12 V/（200～500Ah）的鉛酸蓄電(dian)池智(zhi)能充(chong)電(dian)系統。采用(yong)半橋作為主功率拓撲，開關(guan)頻率取80kHz左右。

　　對于(yu)一個(ge)(ge)智(zhi)能管理(li)系(xi)(xi)統，控(kong)制模塊無異于(yu)它(ta)的(de)大腦。充(chong)電器的(de)所有動作都是由它(ta)來決(jue)定和控(kong)制的(de)，所以(yi)控(kong)制模塊的(de)選(xuan)擇(ze)關(guan)系(xi)(xi)到整個(ge)(ge)系(xi)(xi)統的(de)優劣。由于(yu)系(xi)(xi)統需要多個(ge)(ge)A/D 轉換(huan)器，但不需要擴展存儲器也不需要通訊，根(gen)據以(yi)上特點我們(men)選(xuan)擇(ze)了MICROCHIP 公司的(de)PIC 系(xi)(xi)列PIC16C73 單片(pian)機。

　　圖3 所示為智能充電器的(de)(de)系統(tong)框圖。單(dan)片機(ji)是智能充電(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)核心部(bu)件，它根(gen)據電(dian)流、電(dian)壓(ya)采樣以及溫(wen)度(du)采樣做出溫(wen)度(du)補償(chang)后的(de)(de)PWM波形輸出，經過驅動電(dian)路(lu)提供給功率電(dian)路(lu)，并且決定了智能充電(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)工作狀態，可(ke)以在必要的(de)(de)情況下(xia)做出保(bao)(bao)護(hu)動作。意外(wai)故障保(bao)(bao)護(hu)電(dian)路(lu)可(ke)以在單(dan)片機(ji)失效的(de)(de)情況下(xia)對電(dian)路(lu)進(jin)行(xing)強制保(bao)(bao)護(hu)，起(qi)到雙重保(bao)(bao)險(xian)的(de)(de)作用(yong)。報(bao)警(jing)顯示部(bu)分用(yong)若(ruo)干個LED表示系統(tong)的(de)(de)運行(xing)狀態，簡單(dan)有效。

　　充電(dian)(dian)方式(shi)(shi)采用恒(heng)壓(ya)限流法。恒(heng)壓(ya)限流充電(dian)(dian)模式(shi)(shi)分兩個階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)，第一階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)是恒(heng)流階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)，即(ji)系統給定電(dian)(dian)流值，給電(dian)(dian)池以(yi)恒(heng)定電(dian)(dian)流充電(dian)(dian)，當電(dian)(dian)池的電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)達到系統給定的轉(zhuan)化值，就(jiu)轉(zhuan)為第二(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)―――恒(heng)壓(ya)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)。恒(heng)壓(ya)轉(zhuan)化值會影響充入電(dian)(dian)量的多(duo)少。

　　由圖(tu)4 可知，當(dang)恒壓(ya)轉化值（Vref）設置的(de)(de)(de)較低時，充入的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)量不足（圖(tu)中陰影部分就是(shi)少充入的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量），沒有充分利(li)用電(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量，長期工作(zuo)，會引(yin)起電(dian)池容(rong)(rong)量丟失，這(zhe)就要求把(ba)恒壓(ya)轉化值設高。但是(shi)恒壓(ya)值較高，容(rong)(rong)易(yi)在充電(dian)末期引(yin)起過(guo)充電(dian)，這(zhe)同樣會導致電(dian)池容(rong)(rong)量丟失。

　　為(wei)了(le)解決這個矛盾，系(xi)統引進了(le)第三個階段―――浮(fu)充(chong)階段，這樣(yang)(yang)就(jiu)可以把恒壓轉化值設置的比普通恒壓限流模(mo)式高，這樣(yang)(yang)可以保證充(chong)入(ru)足夠(gou)的電(dian)量，在(zai)充(chong)電(dian)末(mo)期轉入(ru)浮(fu)充(chong)階段，用(yong)稍低(di)的電(dian)壓浮(fu)充(chong)充(chong)電(dian)，從而保證不會過充(chong)電(dian)。

　　三階(jie)段充(chong)電方(fang)(fang)法保證了充(chong)電末期不過充(chong)，同時(shi)又能達到滿充(chong)的(de)目的(de)，是一種成本較低(di)的(de)通用蓄電池充(chong)電解決方(fang)(fang)案。

　　3.2 軟件系統的設計

　　圖5 為(wei)系統軟件的程(cheng)序流程(cheng)圖。根(gen)據電(dian)池的端(duan)電(dian)壓決定充電(dian)器工(gong)作在(zai)何種(zhong)充電(dian)狀態。

　　我們做的是(shi)全數(shu)字化的改良型(xing)PI 調節(jie)環，由于(yu)PI 調節(jie)的積(ji)(ji)分(fen)環在(zai)(zai)前期對誤(wu)(wu)(wu)差(cha)進行(xing)積(ji)(ji)累(lei)，為了不(bu)讓積(ji)(ji)累(lei)的誤(wu)(wu)(wu)差(cha)影(ying)響系統(tong)的穩(wen)定性，所以(yi)我們在(zai)(zai)誤(wu)(wu)(wu)差(cha)等(deng)于(yu)0 時，對原(yuan)有積(ji)(ji)累(lei)的誤(wu)(wu)(wu)差(cha)清零。當(dang)誤(wu)(wu)(wu)差(cha)等(deng)于(yu)±1 時，只進行(xing)積(ji)(ji)分(fen)運(yun)算，減慢(man)調整(zheng)速(su)度，避(bi)免產生(sheng)振蕩。

　　鉛酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)池的充電(dian)電(dian)壓需要根(gen)據環境(jing)溫度(du)進行(xing)調整，以－4 mV/℃的補償(chang)系(xi)數來(lai)調整。因(yin)此我們加入(ru)了溫度(du)補償(chang)的功(gong)能。

　　4 實驗結果

　　圖(tu)6 為(wei)用電(dian)(dian)子(zi)負載模擬電(dian)(dian)池三階段充(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程的(de)波形圖(tu)。從圖(tu)6 中我們可(ke)以看出智能充(chong)電(dian)(dian)系統能夠方便(bian)地實現各個充(chong)電(dian)(dian)狀態(tai)的(de)轉換。

　　5 結語

　　用PIC 單片機可(ke)以實(shi)(shi)現全數字化的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)管理，結構簡單，成本較低，并(bing)且具有很(hen)高的(de)(de)靈活性，通過(guo)改變軟件(jian)內設(she)置(zhi)的(de)(de)恒(heng)(heng)流參考(kao)值和恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)參考(kao)值就可(ke)以改變系(xi)(xi)統的(de)(de)恒(heng)(heng)流電(dian)(dian)流和恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)值，使得系(xi)(xi)統在不改變系(xi)(xi)統硬件(jian)設(she)計的(de)(de)情況下(xia)實(shi)(shi)現給多種(zhong)不同容量的(de)(de)鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)。另外可(ke)以實(shi)(shi)現有效的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)管理和保護功(gong)能，達到智能化控制。