鉛酸蓄電(dian)池(chi)由于(yu)其成本低、容量大、安全可靠(kao)等(deng)特點，在通(tong)信、電(dian)動汽車、軍事、航空航天等(deng)各(ge)個領域(yu)都(dou)有廣泛的(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)。電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)性(xing)能(neng)好(hao)壞(huai)(huai)、使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)壽(shou)(shou)命的(de)(de)長短直接(jie)影(ying)響到電(dian)子產品的(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)壽(shou)(shou)命和(he)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)安全；而充電(dian)器的(de)(de)好(hao)壞(huai)(huai)又直接(jie)影(ying)響到電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)壽(shou)(shou)命。因此研究低成本又有智(zhi)能(neng)管理(li)功能(neng)的(de)(de)充電(dian)器是有實際應用(yong)(yong)(yong)價(jia)值的(de)(de)課題(ti)。

　　1 目前智能充電(dian)器的幾種結構［1］

　　1.1 基于專用芯(xin)片的管理系統(tong)

　　現在，UNITRODE 公司(si)已(yi)開發出系(xi)列電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)管理(li)(li)專(zhuan)(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)芯片。因(yin)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)管理(li)(li)中(zhong)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)最多(duo)的就是(shi)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)及充(chong)(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)管理(li)(li)芯片正(zheng)是(shi)抓住了這一(yi)點，為(wei)VRLA 電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)研制(zhi)了具(ju)有四(si)狀態管理(li)(li)的專(zhuan)(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)芯片，可以(yi)智能地實現帶溫度補償的四(si)狀態管理(li)(li)方案：涓流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)式(shi)、大功率充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)式(shi)、過充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)式(shi)和浮充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)式(shi)。不(bu)(bu)同的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)要有不(bu)(bu)同的芯片控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)，因(yin)此(ci)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)專(zhuan)(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)芯片做管理(li)(li)系(xi)統其靈活性較(jiao)差，

　　1.2 基于監(jian)控測量的蓄電池管(guan)理系統

　　在(zai)給電池(chi)(chi)充電的(de)(de)過程中，涉及到電池(chi)(chi)工作電壓、工作電流(liu)、溫度等參數，這些都是(shi)表征電池(chi)(chi)狀態的(de)(de)重要參數。采用傳感器提取這些參數，然(ran)后再配合故障診斷、遙控遙測、自動(dong)報(bao)警和事故現(xian)場處理(li)等功(gong)能，就(jiu)可以組成(cheng)一個電池(chi)(chi)管理(li)系統。如(ru)圖1所示(shi)。

　　1.3 與(yu)電源設備一(yi)起(qi)構成(cheng)的蓄電池(chi)充(chong)放電管理系統

　　在通訊、供電系統中，為了保證電網掉電時蓄電池組能及時補充電能，在規定時間內向負載供電，保證通信或電力合閘系統的正常運轉，通常是將電池組直接掛接在電源模塊輸出端。當電網正常工作時，電池組工作在浮充狀態，起到平滑濾波和保持容量（補充自放電的容量損失）的作用。一旦電網掉電，蓄電池組立即投入工作，當電網恢復，電源模塊立即對電池進行充電。如圖2 所示。

　　這(zhe)樣(yang)的(de)一(yi)個系(xi)統由于和(he)(he)電源模塊聯系(xi)起(qi)來，所以(yi)，可(ke)以(yi)從(cong)充放電過程上(shang)來優化電池(chi)(chi)工作狀態，電池(chi)(chi)充電成為(wei)可(ke)控的(de)過程，建立在(zai)這(zhe)樣(yang)一(yi)個系(xi)統上(shang)的(de)監(jian)控單元應該(gai)具有第(di)一(yi)種(zhong)監(jian)控系(xi)統中(zhong)所有功(gong)能(neng)，并且可(ke)以(yi)和(he)(he)電源模塊直接“對(dui)(dui)話”，根據要(yao)求對(dui)(dui)電池(chi)(chi)進(jin)行管理，并且可(ke)以(yi)實時監(jian)控電池(chi)(chi)的(de)放電狀態，對(dui)(dui)電池(chi)(chi)的(de)工作進(jin)行優化［2］。因此(ci)，電池(chi)(chi)組(zu)的(de)工作會更加可(ke)靠，可(ke)控性和(he)(he)智能(neng)化程度也(ye)會更高。但是(shi)這(zhe)樣(yang)一(yi)個系(xi)統存在(zai)的(de)主要(yao)問題是(shi)：

　　（1）沒有解決電池組串聯(lian)運行過程中不(bu)均衡 現象的問題，這也是電池失效的重(zhong)要原(yuan)因之一；

　　（2）一般只完成了電(dian)池(chi)生產廠家(jia)提供的充電(dian)曲線，對于(yu)電(dian)池(chi)在使(shi)用過程中發(fa)生的其它問題控制不夠(gou)全面，例如深度放電(dian)后的涓充問題等。

　　在將(jiang)來(lai)，充電器的發展方向(xiang)是智能化、數字(zi)化、集成化。智能化可以使電池(chi)的管(guan)理做到(dao)全自動，無需人員(yuan)監管(guan)，真正做到(dao)免維護。數字(zi)化和集成化可以減少(shao)管(guan)理系(xi)統的體積和重量，減少(shao)系(xi)統的復雜度。

　　2 目前幾種充電(dian)方式［3］

　　鉛酸蓄電池的(de)充電方(fang)法(fa)目(mu)前主要有恒(heng)流、恒(heng)壓、恒(heng)壓限流、脈沖充電、Reflex充電法(fa)。

　　2.1 恒流(liu)充電

　　恒(heng)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方式是一種簡單的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方法(fa)。但是，恒(heng)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)有其局(ju)限(xian)性：對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池過(guo)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)就會(hui)造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命的縮短，而(er)過(guo)小電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)又會(hui)延(yan)長充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時間。

　　2.2 恒壓充電(dian)

　　恒壓充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)用簡單(dan)的(de)控制方(fang)法(fa)很(hen)(hen)(hen)容(rong)易就(jiu)能實現。在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)初始(shi)階段，由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓很(hen)(hen)(hen)低而(er)造(zao)成充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流很(hen)(hen)(hen)大，這對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)會造(zao)成損害。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓達(da)到一定值之(zhi)后(hou)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流就(jiu)會隨之(zhi)減小(xiao)。這種充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)法(fa)的(de)缺(que)點就(jiu)是(shi)會造(zao)成溫(wen)度上升和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)壽命減少，并(bing)且在開始(shi)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流很(hen)(hen)(hen)大，而(er)后(hou)來快充(chong)滿時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流又很(hen)(hen)(hen)小(xiao)，就(jiu)無法(fa)充(chong)分利用充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)容(rong)量(liang)。

　　2.3 恒壓限流法(fa)

　　恒(heng)壓(ya)限(xian)(xian)流(liu)法(fa)實際上是將恒(heng)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和恒(heng)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)相(xiang)結(jie)合，又可(ke)(ke)稱為混合充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)。在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開始階(jie)段，由(you)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)過低(di)，為避免(mian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)過大而損壞(huai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，就(jiu)采用恒(heng)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)來(lai)限(xian)(xian)制(zhi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。但電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)達(da)到預(yu)定(ding)值時，進入恒(heng)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式(shi)。恒(heng)壓(ya)限(xian)(xian)流(liu)方(fang)式(shi)是大多數電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)廠商推(tui)薦(jian)的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式(shi)。由(you)于蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)較低(di)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后期(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)很(hen)小，因此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液中產(chan)生(sheng)的氣泡(pao)很(hen)少，可(ke)(ke)以節省電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能、降低(di)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的溫升，避免(mian)損壞(huai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的極板。恒(heng)壓(ya)限(xian)(xian)流(liu)方(fang)式(shi)是一種很(hen)有效的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式(shi)，加上過充(chong)(chong)判斷(duan)、浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)控制(zhi)、溫度補(bu)償等就(jiu)可(ke)(ke)以形成一個簡單的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管理系統(tong)，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)可(ke)(ke)以在這個系統(tong)下更好地(di)工作。

　　2.4 脈沖充電［4］

　　在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中，只要充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)不(bu)超(chao)過蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)可(ke)接受(shou)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內部就不(bu)會產生(sheng)大量的(de)(de)氣(qi)泡。蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)中產生(sheng)的(de)(de)極化現象會阻礙充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，并且使出氣(qi)率和(he)溫(wen)升(sheng)顯(xian)著升(sheng)高。因此，極化電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)是(shi)影(ying)響(xiang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)度的(de)(de)重要因素。用周期性的(de)(de)脈動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可(ke)以使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)有時間恢復其原來(lai)狀(zhuang)態，減小極化現象的(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)，解決快速(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)面臨(lin)的(de)(de)難題。但是(shi)目前這(zhe)種充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)還(huan)在(zai)研究(jiu)階段，對(dui)于采用多大的(de)(de)脈沖周期，占空比又是(shi)多少之類(lei)的(de)(de)具體問(wen)題還(huan)沒(mei)有一個定論(lun)。

　　2.5 ReflexTM充電方式

　　Reflex 充電方法是脈沖電流法的改進：一個周期是由一個正脈沖后加一個負脈沖，然后才是空閑時段。這樣就強制消除電池的極化現象，使得電池充電時可以更快而又不損害電池的使用壽命。這種充電方式與脈沖充電方式一樣，仍然處于研究階段。
.　3 數(shu)字式(shi)智能充電器(qi)的(de)設計

　　3.1 系統結構和充電方案的設計(ji)

　　本文中(zhong)設(she)計的(de)系統是一個(ge)針(zhen)對12 V/（200～500Ah）的(de)鉛(qian)酸蓄電池(chi)智(zhi)能(neng)充電系統。采(cai)用半橋作為主(zhu)功率拓撲，開關頻率取80kHz左右(you)。

　　對于一個智能管理系(xi)(xi)統，控(kong)制(zhi)模塊無異于它的(de)(de)大腦。充電(dian)器的(de)(de)所(suo)有動作都是由它來決定(ding)和控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)，所(suo)以控(kong)制(zhi)模塊的(de)(de)選擇(ze)關系(xi)(xi)到整個系(xi)(xi)統的(de)(de)優劣。由于系(xi)(xi)統需要多個A/D 轉換器，但不(bu)需要擴(kuo)展存儲(chu)器也不(bu)需要通訊(xun)，根據以上(shang)特點我(wo)們選擇(ze)了(le)MICROCHIP 公司的(de)(de)PIC 系(xi)(xi)列PIC16C73 單片機。

　　圖3 所示為智能充電器的系統(tong)框圖。單片機(ji)是智能充電器(qi)(qi)的核心部(bu)件，它根據電流、電壓采(cai)樣以及溫度(du)采(cai)樣做(zuo)出(chu)溫度(du)補(bu)償后的PWM波形輸出(chu)，經過驅動(dong)電路提供給功率電路，并且決(jue)定了(le)智能充電器(qi)(qi)的工作狀(zhuang)態(tai)，可(ke)以在必(bi)要的情(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)做(zuo)出(chu)保(bao)護(hu)動(dong)作。意外故障(zhang)保(bao)護(hu)電路可(ke)以在單片機(ji)失效(xiao)的情(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)對(dui)電路進行強(qiang)制保(bao)護(hu)，起到雙重保(bao)險的作用。報(bao)警顯示(shi)部(bu)分(fen)用若干個LED表示(shi)系統(tong)的運行狀(zhuang)態(tai)，簡單有效(xiao)。

　　充電(dian)(dian)方式采用恒壓(ya)(ya)限流(liu)法(fa)。恒壓(ya)(ya)限流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)模式分兩(liang)個階(jie)段(duan)，第一階(jie)段(duan)是恒流(liu)階(jie)段(duan)，即(ji)系(xi)統(tong)給定電(dian)(dian)流(liu)值，給電(dian)(dian)池以恒定電(dian)(dian)流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)，當電(dian)(dian)池的(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)達到系(xi)統(tong)給定的(de)轉化值，就轉為第二階(jie)段(duan)―――恒壓(ya)(ya)階(jie)段(duan)。恒壓(ya)(ya)轉化值會影響充入電(dian)(dian)量的(de)多少。

　　由圖4 可知，當恒(heng)(heng)壓轉(zhuan)化(hua)值(zhi)(zhi)（Vref）設置(zhi)的(de)較低時，充(chong)入(ru)的(de)電(dian)量(liang)不足(zu)（圖中陰(yin)影(ying)部(bu)分就是(shi)少(shao)充(chong)入(ru)的(de)容(rong)量(liang)），沒有充(chong)分利(li)用電(dian)池(chi)的(de)容(rong)量(liang)，長期工(gong)作，會(hui)引起電(dian)池(chi)容(rong)量(liang)丟失，這就要求把恒(heng)(heng)壓轉(zhuan)化(hua)值(zhi)(zhi)設高。但是(shi)恒(heng)(heng)壓值(zhi)(zhi)較高，容(rong)易在充(chong)電(dian)末期引起過充(chong)電(dian)，這同樣會(hui)導致(zhi)電(dian)池(chi)容(rong)量(liang)丟失。

　　為了解決這個矛盾(dun)，系統(tong)引(yin)進了第三個階段―――浮充(chong)階段，這樣(yang)就可以把恒(heng)壓轉(zhuan)(zhuan)化值(zhi)設(she)置(zhi)的比普(pu)通(tong)恒(heng)壓限流模式高，這樣(yang)可以保(bao)證(zheng)充(chong)入(ru)足夠(gou)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)量，在(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)末期轉(zhuan)(zhuan)入(ru)浮充(chong)階段，用(yong)稍低的電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓浮充(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，從而保(bao)證(zheng)不會過(guo)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

　　三階段充(chong)電(dian)方法(fa)保證了充(chong)電(dian)末期不過充(chong)，同時又能達到滿充(chong)的(de)目的(de)，是一(yi)種成本(ben)較(jiao)低的(de)通用蓄電(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)解決方案。

　　3.2 軟件系統(tong)的設計

　　圖(tu)5 為系(xi)統軟(ruan)件的程序流(liu)程圖(tu)。根據電(dian)池的端電(dian)壓決(jue)定充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)工作(zuo)在何種充(chong)電(dian)狀態。

　　我們做的(de)(de)(de)是全數字化的(de)(de)(de)改(gai)良型PI 調(diao)節(jie)環，由(you)于(yu)PI 調(diao)節(jie)的(de)(de)(de)積(ji)(ji)分環在前期對誤差(cha)進(jin)行積(ji)(ji)累(lei)，為了不讓積(ji)(ji)累(lei)的(de)(de)(de)誤差(cha)影(ying)響系統的(de)(de)(de)穩定(ding)性，所以我們在誤差(cha)等(deng)于(yu)0 時，對原有積(ji)(ji)累(lei)的(de)(de)(de)誤差(cha)清零。當誤差(cha)等(deng)于(yu)±1 時，只進(jin)行積(ji)(ji)分運算，減慢調(diao)整速度(du)，避(bi)免產生(sheng)振蕩。

　　鉛酸(suan)蓄電池的充電電壓需要根據環境溫度(du)進行調整，以(yi)－4 mV/℃的補償系數來調整。因此我們加(jia)入了溫度(du)補償的功能。

　　4 實驗結果

　　圖6 為(wei)用電(dian)子負(fu)載模擬電(dian)池三(san)階段(duan)充電(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)的波(bo)形(xing)圖。從圖6 中我(wo)們可以看出智能充電(dian)系統能夠方便地(di)實現各個(ge)充電(dian)狀(zhuang)態的轉換(huan)。

　　5 結語

　　用PIC 單(dan)片機可以實現全數(shu)字化的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)管理，結構簡(jian)單(dan)，成(cheng)本(ben)較低，并且具(ju)有很高的靈活性，通(tong)過改變(bian)(bian)軟件內設置的恒(heng)流(liu)參考(kao)值和恒(heng)壓參考(kao)值就可以改變(bian)(bian)系(xi)統(tong)的恒(heng)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)和恒(heng)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓值，使得(de)系(xi)統(tong)在不改變(bian)(bian)系(xi)統(tong)硬件設計的情況下實現給多(duo)種不同容量的鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)。另外可以實現有效(xiao)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)管理和保護功能，達到智能化控制。