電(dian)(dian)池的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程通常可分為預(yu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)、快(kuai)速充(chong)電(dian)(dian)、補足充(chong)電(dian)(dian)、涓流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)四個階段(duan)。 

對長期不用(yong)的(de)或(huo)新電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，一開(kai)始就采用(yong)快(kuai)速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，會影響電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)壽命。因此，這種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)應(ying)先用(yong)小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，使其(qi)滿(man)足一定(ding)的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)條件(jian)，這個階段稱為預充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。 

快速(su)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)就是(shi)用(yong)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，迅速(su)恢復電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)能。快速(su)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)率一般在1C以上，快速(su)充(chong)(chong)時間由電(dian)(dian)(dian)池容(rong)量和充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)率決定。 

為了避免過充電，一些充電器采用小電流充電。鎳鎘電池正常充電時，可以接受C/10或更低的充電速率，這樣充電時間要10h以上。采用小電流充電，電池內不會產生過多的氣體，電池溫度也不會過高。只要電池接到充電器上，低速率恒流充電器就能(neng)對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)提供(gong)很小的涓(juan)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)。電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)采用小電(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)內產生的熱量(liang)可以自然散去。 

涓流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)的主要(yao)問題(ti)是充(chong)電(dian)(dian)速度太慢，例如，容(rong)量為1Ah的電(dian)(dian)池，采用C/10充(chong)電(dian)(dian)速率時，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時間要(yao)10h以上(shang)。此外，電(dian)(dian)池采用低充(chong)電(dian)(dian)速率反復充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時，還(huan)會產生枝晶。大部分(fen)涓流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)中，都沒有任何電(dian)(dian)壓或(huo)溫度反饋控(kong)制，因(yin)而不能保(bao)證電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)足電(dian)(dian)后(hou)，立即關斷充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)。 

快速充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)分恒流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)兩種(zhong)，恒流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)就(jiu)是以恒定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)則(ze)是首先用脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。然后讓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，如此(ci)循(xun)環。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)的幅(fu)(fu)值很大、寬度很窄。通常(chang)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)的幅(fu)(fu)值為(wei)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)的3倍左(zuo)右。雖然放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)的幅(fu)(fu)值與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池容(rong)量有(you)關(guan)，但是，與(yu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流幅(fu)(fu)值的比值保持不變，脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流波(bo)形。 

充(chong)電(dian)過程中，鎳鎘電(dian)池中的(de)(de)(de)氫(qing)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎳還(huan)原(yuan)(yuan)為氫(qing)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)亞鎳，氫(qing)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎘還(huan)原(yuan)(yuan)為鎘。在這(zhe)(zhe)個過程中產生的(de)(de)(de)氣泡，聚集(ji)在極(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)兩邊(bian)，這(zhe)(zhe)樣就會減(jian)小(xiao)(xiao)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)效面(mian)積，使極(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)內阻增大。由于極(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)效面(mian)積變(bian)小(xiao)(xiao)，充(chong)入(ru)(ru)全(quan)部(bu)電(dian)量(liang)所需(xu)的(de)(de)(de)時間增加。 加入(ru)(ru)放電(dian)脈沖(chong)后(hou)，氣泡離開極(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)并與(yu)負極(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)上的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)復合(he)。這(zhe)(zhe)個去極(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)過程減(jian)小(xiao)(xiao)了電(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)內部(bu)壓(ya)力、溫度和內阻。同時，充(chong)入(ru)(ru)電(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)大部(bu)分電(dian)荷(he)都轉(zhuan)換為化(hua)(hua)學能(neng)，而不會轉(zhuan)變(bian)為氣體(ti)和熱量(liang)。 充(chong)放電(dian)脈沖(chong)寬(kuan)度的(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)擇應能(neng)保(bao)證極(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)恢復原(yuan)(yuan)來的(de)(de)(de)晶體(ti)結構，從而消(xiao)除記憶效應。采(cai)用(yong)放電(dian)去極(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)措施后(hou)，可以(yi)提高充(chong)電(dian)效率并且(qie)允(yun)許大電(dian)流(liu)快速充(chong)電(dian)。 

采用某些快速充電止法時，快速充電終止后，電池并未充足電。為了保證充入100%的電量，還應加入補足充電過程。補足充電速率一般不超過0.3C。在補足充電過程中，溫度會繼續上升，當溫度超過規定的極限時，充電器轉入涓流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態。 存放時，鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量將(jiang)按C/30到C/50的(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)率減小(xiao)，為了補(bu)償電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)因自(zi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)而損失的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量，補(bu)足(zu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結束(shu)后，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)應(ying)自(zi)動轉入涓流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)。涓流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也稱(cheng)為維護充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)自(zi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)特性，涓流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)率一(yi)般(ban)都很低。只要電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)接(jie)在(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)上并且充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)接(jie)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源，在(zai)維護充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態下(xia)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)將(jiang)以某一(yi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)率給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)補(bu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷，這樣可(ke)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)總(zong)處(chu)于充(chong)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態。

快速(su)充(chong)電(dian)終止控制方法 

采(cai)用快(kuai)(kuai)速(su)(su)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法時，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流為(wei)常規充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)幾十倍。充足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后，如(ru)果(guo)不及(ji)時停止快(kuai)(kuai)速(su)(su)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)溫(wen)度和內部(bu)壓(ya)力(li)(li)將迅(xun)速(su)(su)上升。內部(bu)壓(ya)力(li)(li)過大(da)時，密封(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)將打(da)開(kai)放氣孔，從而使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)逸散，造(zao)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)的(de)粘稠性增大(da)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)內阻增大(da)，容量下降。 從鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)快(kuai)(kuai)速(su)(su)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)特性可(ke)以看出，充足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)開(kai)始下降，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)溫(wen)度和內部(bu)壓(ya)力(li)(li)迅(xun)速(su)(su)上升，為(wei)了保證電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)又不過充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可(ke)以采(cai)用定(ding)時控(kong)制、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)控(kong)制和溫(wen)度控(kong)制待多種方法。 

（1）定時(shi)(shi)控(kong)制 采(cai)用(yong)1.25C充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)(su)率(lv)時(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池1h可(ke)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)足；采(cai)用(yong)2.5C充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)(su)率(lv)時(shi)(shi)，30min可(ke)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)足。因(yin)此(ci)，根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)容量和充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，很容易確定所(suo)需的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間。這種控(kong)制方(fang)法(fa)最(zui)簡(jian)單，但是由(you)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)起(qi)始充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態(tai)不完全相同，有(you)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)不足，有(you)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池過充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，因(yin)此(ci)，只有(you)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)(su)率(lv)小于(yu)0.3C時(shi)(shi)，才允許采(cai)用(yong)這種方(fang)法(fa)。 

（2）電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi) 在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)中，最(zui)容(rong)易檢測(ce)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。常(chang)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)有： 最(zui)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)（Vmax） 從充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)特性曲線(xian)可(ke)以看出，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)達(da)到(dao)最(zui)大(da)(da)值時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)即充(chong)(chong)(chong)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程中，當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)達(da)到(dao)規定值后，應(ying)立即停(ting)止快速(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)缺(que)(que)點是(shi)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)隨環(huan)境(jing)溫度(du)、充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)率(lv)而(er)(er)變，而(er)(er)且電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)中各單體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)高充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)也有差別(bie)，因(yin)此(ci)采用(yong)這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)不可(ke)能非常(chang)準(zhun)確(que)地判(pan)斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)已(yi)(yi)足(zu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。 電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)負(fu)增(zeng)量(liang)（－ΔV） 由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)負(fu)增(zeng)量(liang)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)的(de)(de)(de)絕對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)無關，而(er)(er)且不受環(huan)境(jing)溫度(du)和充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)率(lv)等因(yin)素影響，因(yin)此(ci)可(ke)以比(bi)較準(zhun)確(que)地判(pan)斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)已(yi)(yi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)缺(que)(que)點是(shi)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)出現(xian)負(fu)增(zeng)量(liang)后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)已(yi)(yi)經過(guo)(guo)(guo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，因(yin)此(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)溫度(du)較高。此(ci)外鎳(nie)氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)要(yao)經過(guo)(guo)(guo)較長時間，才出現(xian)負(fu)增(zeng)量(liang)，過(guo)(guo)(guo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)較嚴重。因(yin)此(ci)，這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)主要(yao)適(shi)用(yong)于鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。 電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)零(ling)增(zeng)量(liang)（0ΔV） 鎳(nie)氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，為了(le)避免(mian)等待出現(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)負(fu)增(zeng)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)時間過(guo)(guo)(guo)久而(er)(er)損壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，通常(chang)采用(yong)0ΔV控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)。這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)缺(que)(que)點是(shi)：充(chong)(chong)(chong)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以前，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)在某一(yi)段時間內(nei)可(ke)能變化(hua)很小，從而(er)(er)造成過(guo)(guo)(guo)早地停(ting)止快速(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。為此(ci)，目前大(da)(da)多數鎳(nie)氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)快速(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器都采用(yong)高靈敏－0ΔV檢測(ce)，當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)略有降低時，立即停(ting)止快速(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。 

（3）溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)控(kong)(kong)制 為了(le)避免損壞(huai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)過低(di)時(shi)(shi)(shi)不能開始快(kuai)速(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)上升(sheng)到(dao)規定(ding)數值(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)，必(bi)須(xu)立(li)即停止(zhi)(zhi)快(kuai)速(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。常用(yong)的(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)控(kong)(kong)制方(fang)法(fa)有： 最(zui)高溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)（Tmax） 充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中，通常當(dang)(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)達到(dao)45℃時(shi)(shi)(shi)，應(ying)(ying)立(li)即停止(zhi)(zhi)快(kuai)速(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)可通過與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)裝在一起的(de)(de)熱(re)敏(min)(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻來檢(jian)測(ce)。這種方(fang)法(fa)的(de)(de)缺點是(shi)熱(re)敏(min)(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻的(de)(de)響應(ying)(ying)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間較長(chang)，溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)檢(jian)測(ce)有一定(ding)滯后(hou)(hou)，同時(shi)(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)最(zui)高工作溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)與環境(jing)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)有關。當(dang)(dang)環境(jing)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)過低(di)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)(hou)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)也達不到(dao)45℃。 溫(wen)(wen)(wen)升(sheng)（ΔT） 為了(le)消除環境(jing)影(ying)響，可采(cai)(cai)用(yong)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)升(sheng)控(kong)(kong)制法(fa)。當(dang)(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)升(sheng)達到(dao)規定(ding)值(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)，立(li)即停止(zhi)(zhi)快(kuai)速(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。為了(le)實現(xian)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)升(sheng)控(kong)(kong)制，必(bi)須(xu)用(yong)兩只熱(re)敏(min)(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻，分別(bie)檢(jian)測(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)和(he)環境(jing)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)。 溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)變化率（ΔT/Δt） 鎳(nie)氫和(he)鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)(hou)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)迅速(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)上升(sheng)，而(er)且上升(sheng)速(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)率ΔT/Δt基(ji)本相同，當(dang)(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)每(mei)分鐘(zhong)上升(sheng)1℃時(shi)(shi)(shi)，應(ying)(ying)當(dang)(dang)立(li)即終止(zhi)(zhi)快(kuai)速(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，這種充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)控(kong)(kong)制方(fang)法(fa)，近年來被普遍采(cai)(cai)用(yong)。應(ying)(ying)當(dang)(dang)說明(ming)，由(you)于熱(re)敏(min)(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻的(de)(de)阻值(zhi)(zhi)與溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)關系是(shi)非線(xian)性(xing)的(de)(de)，因此，為了(le)提高檢(jian)測(ce)精度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)應(ying)(ying)設法(fa)減小熱(re)敏(min)(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻非線(xian)性(xing)的(de)(de)影(ying)響。 最(zui)低(di)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)（Tmin） 當(dang)(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)低(di)于10℃時(shi)(shi)(shi)，采(cai)(cai)用(yong)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流快(kuai)速(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，會影(ying)響電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)壽(shou)命(ming)。在這種情況下，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器應(ying)(ying)自動轉(zhuan)入涓流充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，待電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)上升(sheng)到(dao)10℃后(hou)(hou)，再轉(zhuan)入快(kuai)速(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。 

（4）綜合控制 述各種控制方法各有優缺點。為了保證在任何情況下，均能準確可*地控制電池的充電狀態，目前快速充電器中(zhong)通常采用包括(kuo)定(ding)時控(kong)制(zhi)、電(dian)壓控(kong)制(zhi)和溫度控(kong)制(zhi)的綜合控(kong)制(zhi)法(fa)。