電池的(de)充(chong)電過(guo)程(cheng)通常可分為預充(chong)電、快(kuai)速充(chong)電、補足充(chong)電、涓流(liu)充(chong)電四(si)個階段。 

對長期(qi)不用的或新電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時，一(yi)開始就采(cai)用快速充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，會影(ying)響電(dian)(dian)池的壽命(ming)。因(yin)此(ci)，這種電(dian)(dian)池應先用小電(dian)(dian)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，使其滿足(zu)一(yi)定的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)條件，這個階段稱(cheng)為預(yu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)。 

快速(su)充(chong)電就是(shi)用大(da)電流充(chong)電，迅速(su)恢復電池(chi)電能。快速(su)充(chong)電速(su)率一(yi)般(ban)在1C以上，快速(su)充(chong)時間由電池(chi)容量和充(chong)電速(su)率決定。 

為了避免過充電，一些充電器采用小電流充電。鎳鎘電池正常充電時，可以接受C/10或更低的充電速率，這樣充電時間要10h以上。采用小電流充電，電池內不會產生過多的氣體，電池溫度也不會過高。只要電池接到充電器上，低速率恒流充電器就能對電(dian)池提(ti)供很小的(de)涓流充電(dian)電(dian)流。電(dian)池采用(yong)小電(dian)流充電(dian)時，電(dian)池內產生(sheng)的(de)熱量可以自然散去。 

涓(juan)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)主要問題是充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)速度太慢，例如，容(rong)量為1Ah的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，采(cai)用(yong)C/10充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)速率(lv)時，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時間要10h以(yi)上。此外，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)采(cai)用(yong)低充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)速率(lv)反(fan)復(fu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時，還(huan)會產生枝(zhi)晶(jing)。大部分涓(juan)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，都(dou)沒有任何電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓或溫度反(fan)饋控制，因而不(bu)能保證電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)，立即關斷充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器。 

快速(su)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)分恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)和脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)兩種(zhong)，恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)就是以恒(heng)定電(dian)流(liu)(liu)對(dui)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)，脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)則是首先用脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)對(dui)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)。然(ran)后讓電(dian)池(chi)(chi)放(fang)電(dian)，如(ru)此循環。電(dian)池(chi)(chi)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)幅值(zhi)(zhi)很大、寬度很窄。通(tong)常放(fang)電(dian)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)幅值(zhi)(zhi)為充(chong)(chong)電(dian)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)3倍(bei)左右(you)。雖然(ran)放(fang)電(dian)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)幅值(zhi)(zhi)與電(dian)池(chi)(chi)容量有(you)關，但是，與充(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)幅值(zhi)(zhi)的(de)比值(zhi)(zhi)保持不變，脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)時，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)波(bo)形(xing)。 

充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)中，鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)氫(qing)氧化(hua)鎳還(huan)原(yuan)為(wei)氫(qing)氧化(hua)亞(ya)鎳，氫(qing)氧化(hua)鎘(ge)還(huan)原(yuan)為(wei)鎘(ge)。在(zai)這(zhe)個(ge)過程(cheng)中產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)泡，聚集(ji)在(zai)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)兩邊，這(zhe)樣就會減小(xiao)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有效(xiao)面積，使極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)內阻增大(da)。由于極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有效(xiao)面積變小(xiao)，充(chong)(chong)入全部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量所需(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時間增加。 加入放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)脈沖(chong)后，氣(qi)泡離開極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)并(bing)與負極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧復合(he)。這(zhe)個(ge)去(qu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)過程(cheng)減小(xiao)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)內部壓力、溫(wen)度和內阻。同時，充(chong)(chong)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)部分(fen)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)都(dou)轉換為(wei)化(hua)學(xue)能(neng)(neng)，而(er)不會轉變為(wei)氣(qi)體和熱量。 充(chong)(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)脈沖(chong)寬度的(de)(de)(de)(de)選擇應(ying)能(neng)(neng)保證極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)恢復原(yuan)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)晶(jing)體結構，從而(er)消除記憶效(xiao)應(ying)。采(cai)用放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)去(qu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)措施后，可以提高充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)率并(bing)且(qie)允許大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流快速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。 

采用某些快速充電止法時，快速充電終止后，電池并未充足電。為了保證充入100%的電量，還應加入補足充電過程。補足充電速率一般不超過0.3C。在補足充電過程中，溫度會繼續上升，當溫度超過規定的極限時，充電器轉(zhuan)入涓流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態(tai)。 存(cun)放(fang)(fang)時，鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量將按C/30到C/50的(de)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)(su)率減小(xiao)，為(wei)了(le)補償(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池因自放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)而損(sun)失的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量，補足充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結束后(hou)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)應自動轉(zhuan)入涓流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)。涓流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也稱為(wei)維(wei)護充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)自放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)特性，涓流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)(su)率一(yi)般都很(hen)低。只要電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池接在(zai)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)上并且充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)接通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源，在(zai)維(wei)護充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態(tai)下，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)將以某一(yi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)(su)率給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池補充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷，這樣可使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池總處于(yu)充足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態(tai)。

快速充電終止控制方法(fa) 

采(cai)(cai)用(yong)快速充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法時(shi)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流為常規充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)幾十(shi)倍。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后，如果不(bu)及時(shi)停止(zhi)快速充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)溫度和(he)內(nei)部壓(ya)(ya)力(li)將(jiang)(jiang)迅速上升。內(nei)部壓(ya)(ya)力(li)過大(da)時(shi)，密封電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)將(jiang)(jiang)打(da)開放氣(qi)孔，從而使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液逸(yi)散，造(zao)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液的(de)粘稠(chou)性增大(da)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)內(nei)阻增大(da)，容量下降。 從鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)快速充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)特性可以看出，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)開始下降，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)溫度和(he)內(nei)部壓(ya)(ya)力(li)迅速上升，為了保(bao)證電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)又不(bu)過充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可以采(cai)(cai)用(yong)定時(shi)控(kong)制(zhi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)控(kong)制(zhi)和(he)溫度控(kong)制(zhi)待多(duo)種方法。 

（1）定時控制(zhi) 采用1.25C充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速率(lv)時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)1h可充(chong)(chong)足(zu)；采用2.5C充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速率(lv)時，30min可充(chong)(chong)足(zu)。因(yin)此，根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的容量和充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，很容易確定所需的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間。這(zhe)種控制(zhi)方(fang)法最簡單，但是由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的起始充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態不完全相同(tong)，有(you)(you)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)不足(zu)，有(you)(you)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)過充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，因(yin)此，只有(you)(you)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速率(lv)小于0.3C時，才允許采用這(zhe)種方(fang)法。 

（2）電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi) 在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)中，最容易(yi)檢(jian)測的(de)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)最高(gao)(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)。常用的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)有(you)： 最高(gao)(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)（Vmax） 從充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)特性曲線可(ke)以(yi)看出，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)達(da)到最大(da)值(zhi)時(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)即充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)達(da)到規定(ding)值(zhi)后，應立即停(ting)止(zhi)(zhi)快(kuai)速(su)(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)缺(que)點(dian)是：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)最高(gao)(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)隨(sui)環境溫(wen)度(du)(du)、充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)(su)率而(er)(er)變，而(er)(er)且電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組中各單體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)最高(gao)(gao)(gao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)也有(you)差別，因(yin)(yin)此采用這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)不可(ke)能非常準確地(di)(di)判斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)已足充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。 電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)負(fu)(fu)增(zeng)量（－ΔV） 由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)負(fu)(fu)增(zeng)量與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組的(de)絕(jue)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)無關(guan)，而(er)(er)且不受環境溫(wen)度(du)(du)和(he)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)(su)率等因(yin)(yin)素影(ying)響，因(yin)(yin)此可(ke)以(yi)比較(jiao)準確地(di)(di)判斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)已充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)缺(que)點(dian)是：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)出現負(fu)(fu)增(zeng)量后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)已經(jing)過(guo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，因(yin)(yin)此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)溫(wen)度(du)(du)較(jiao)高(gao)(gao)(gao)。此外鎳(nie)氫(qing)(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)要經(jing)過(guo)較(jiao)長(chang)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)，才出現負(fu)(fu)增(zeng)量，過(guo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)較(jiao)嚴重。因(yin)(yin)此，這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)主(zhu)要適用于(yu)鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。 電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)零增(zeng)量（0ΔV） 鎳(nie)氫(qing)(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，為(wei)了避免等待出現電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)負(fu)(fu)增(zeng)量的(de)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)過(guo)久(jiu)而(er)(er)損(sun)壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，通常采用0ΔV控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)缺(que)點(dian)是：充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以(yi)前，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)在某一段時(shi)(shi)間(jian)內可(ke)能變化很(hen)小，從而(er)(er)造成過(guo)早(zao)地(di)(di)停(ting)止(zhi)(zhi)快(kuai)速(su)(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。為(wei)此，目前大(da)多數鎳(nie)氫(qing)(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)快(kuai)速(su)(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器都采用高(gao)(gao)(gao)靈(ling)敏(min)－0ΔV檢(jian)測，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)略有(you)降低時(shi)(shi)，立即停(ting)止(zhi)(zhi)快(kuai)速(su)(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。 

（3）溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi) 為了(le)(le)避免(mian)損壞(huai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)過(guo)低(di)時(shi)(shi)(shi)不能開始(shi)快(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)速充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)上(shang)升(sheng)(sheng)到規定(ding)(ding)(ding)數值后(hou)，必須立(li)(li)即(ji)停(ting)(ting)(ting)止快(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)速充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。常用的溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)法有： 最高溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)（Tmax） 充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，通(tong)常當(dang)(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)達到45℃時(shi)(shi)(shi)，應(ying)(ying)(ying)立(li)(li)即(ji)停(ting)(ting)(ting)止快(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)速充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)可通(tong)過(guo)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)裝在(zai)(zai)一起的熱(re)敏(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)來檢測(ce)。這種(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)法的缺點是熱(re)敏(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)的響(xiang)應(ying)(ying)(ying)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)較長(chang)，溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)檢測(ce)有一定(ding)(ding)(ding)滯后(hou)，同(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的最高工作溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)與環(huan)境溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)有關(guan)。當(dang)(dang)環(huan)境溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)過(guo)低(di)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)也達不到45℃。 溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)升(sheng)(sheng)（ΔT） 為了(le)(le)消(xiao)除環(huan)境影(ying)響(xiang)，可采用溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)升(sheng)(sheng)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)法。當(dang)(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)升(sheng)(sheng)達到規定(ding)(ding)(ding)值后(hou)，立(li)(li)即(ji)停(ting)(ting)(ting)止快(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)速充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。為了(le)(le)實現溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)升(sheng)(sheng)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)，必須用兩只(zhi)熱(re)敏(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)，分別檢測(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)和環(huan)境溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)。 溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)變化(hua)率(lv)（ΔT/Δt） 鎳氫和鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)迅速上(shang)升(sheng)(sheng)，而且上(shang)升(sheng)(sheng)速率(lv)ΔT/Δt基本相同(tong)，當(dang)(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)每分鐘上(shang)升(sheng)(sheng)1℃時(shi)(shi)(shi)，應(ying)(ying)(ying)當(dang)(dang)立(li)(li)即(ji)終(zhong)止快(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)速充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，這種(zhong)(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)法，近年來被(bei)普遍采用。應(ying)(ying)(ying)當(dang)(dang)說明，由(you)于熱(re)敏(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)的阻(zu)(zu)值與溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)關(guan)系是非線(xian)性的，因(yin)此，為了(le)(le)提高檢測(ce)精度(du)(du)(du)應(ying)(ying)(ying)設法減(jian)小(xiao)熱(re)敏(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)非線(xian)性的影(ying)響(xiang)。 最低(di)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)（Tmin） 當(dang)(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)低(di)于10℃時(shi)(shi)(shi)，采用大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流快(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)速充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，會(hui)影(ying)響(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的壽命。在(zai)(zai)這種(zhong)(zhong)情(qing)況下，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器應(ying)(ying)(ying)自動轉入涓流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，待電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)上(shang)升(sheng)(sheng)到10℃后(hou)，再轉入快(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)速充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。 

（4）綜合控制 述各種控制方法各有優缺點。為了保證在任何情況下，均能準確可*地控制電池的充電狀態，目前快速充電器中通(tong)常采用(yong)包括定時控制、電壓(ya)控制和溫度控制的綜合控制法。