電(dian)(dian)池的充電(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)通常可分為預(yu)充電(dian)(dian)、快速(su)充電(dian)(dian)、補(bu)足充電(dian)(dian)、涓流充電(dian)(dian)四個階段。 

對長(chang)期不用(yong)的或新電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)，一(yi)開始就采用(yong)快速充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，會(hui)影響電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的壽(shou)命。因(yin)此，這種電(dian)(dian)池(chi)應先用(yong)小電(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，使其滿足一(yi)定(ding)的充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)條件，這個階段稱為預充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)。 

快速(su)(su)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)就是用(yong)大(da)電(dian)流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)，迅速(su)(su)恢復電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)能(neng)。快速(su)(su)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)速(su)(su)率一般在1C以(yi)上，快速(su)(su)充(chong)(chong)時間由電(dian)池(chi)容量和充(chong)(chong)電(dian)速(su)(su)率決(jue)定。 

為了避免過充電，一些充電器采用小電流充電。鎳鎘電池正常充電時，可以接受C/10或更低的充電速率，這樣充電時間要10h以上。采用小電流充電，電池內不會產生過多的氣體，電池溫度也不會過高。只要電池接到充電器上，低速率恒流充電器就能對電(dian)池提供很小的(de)涓流充電(dian)電(dian)流。電(dian)池采用(yong)小電(dian)流充電(dian)時，電(dian)池內產生的(de)熱量可以自然散去。 

涓(juan)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器的主(zhu)要(yao)問(wen)題是充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)速度(du)太慢(man)，例如(ru)，容量為1Ah的電(dian)(dian)池，采(cai)用(yong)C/10充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)速率時(shi)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)間要(yao)10h以上(shang)。此外(wai)，電(dian)(dian)池采(cai)用(yong)低充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)速率反復充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)，還(huan)會產生枝晶(jing)。大部(bu)分(fen)涓(juan)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器中，都沒有任何(he)電(dian)(dian)壓或溫度(du)反饋控制(zhi)，因而不能保證電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)足電(dian)(dian)后，立即(ji)關斷充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器。 

快速(su)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)分恒流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和脈沖(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)兩(liang)種，恒流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)就是(shi)以(yi)恒定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，脈沖(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)則(ze)是(shi)首先用脈沖(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。然后讓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，如(ru)此循(xun)環。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)脈沖(chong)(chong)(chong)的幅(fu)(fu)值(zhi)(zhi)很(hen)大(da)、寬度很(hen)窄。通常(chang)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)脈沖(chong)(chong)(chong)的幅(fu)(fu)值(zhi)(zhi)為充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)脈沖(chong)(chong)(chong)的3倍左右。雖然放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)脈沖(chong)(chong)(chong)的幅(fu)(fu)值(zhi)(zhi)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)容(rong)量有關，但是(shi)，與充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流幅(fu)(fu)值(zhi)(zhi)的比值(zhi)(zhi)保持不變(bian)，脈沖(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流波(bo)形。 

充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，鎳(nie)鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氫氧(yang)化(hua)鎳(nie)還原為(wei)氫氧(yang)化(hua)亞鎳(nie)，氫氧(yang)化(hua)鎘(ge)還原為(wei)鎘(ge)。在(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣泡(pao)，聚集在(zai)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)兩邊(bian)，這(zhe)(zhe)樣就會(hui)減小(xiao)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有效(xiao)面積(ji)，使(shi)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)阻(zu)增大(da)。由于極(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有效(xiao)面積(ji)變小(xiao)，充(chong)(chong)入全部電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)所(suo)需的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時間增加(jia)。 加(jia)入放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)脈(mo)沖后，氣泡(pao)離(li)開極(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)并與(yu)負極(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)復合。這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)去極(ji)(ji)化(hua)過(guo)程(cheng)減小(xiao)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)部壓力、溫度(du)和內(nei)(nei)阻(zu)。同時，充(chong)(chong)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)部分電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷都轉(zhuan)換(huan)為(wei)化(hua)學能，而不(bu)會(hui)轉(zhuan)變為(wei)氣體(ti)(ti)和熱量(liang)。 充(chong)(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)脈(mo)沖寬(kuan)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)擇應(ying)能保證(zheng)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)恢復原來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)晶體(ti)(ti)結構，從而消除記(ji)憶效(xiao)應(ying)。采用放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)去極(ji)(ji)化(hua)措施后，可以提高充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)率并且允許(xu)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流快(kuai)速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。 

采用某些快速充電止法時，快速充電終止后，電池并未充足電。為了保證充入100%的電量，還應加入補足充電過程。補足充電速率一般不超過0.3C。在補足充電過程中，溫度會繼續上升，當溫度超過規定的極限時，充電器轉入(ru)涓(juan)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)狀態。 存放時，鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)池的電(dian)量(liang)將按C/30到C/50的放電(dian)速(su)率(lv)(lv)減小，為(wei)了補償電(dian)池因(yin)自放電(dian)而(er)損失的電(dian)量(liang)，補足(zu)充(chong)電(dian)結束后，充(chong)電(dian)器應自動轉入(ru)涓(juan)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)過(guo)程。涓(juan)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)也(ye)稱為(wei)維護充(chong)電(dian)。根據電(dian)池的自放電(dian)特性，涓(juan)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)速(su)率(lv)(lv)一(yi)般都很低。只(zhi)要電(dian)池接(jie)在(zai)充(chong)電(dian)器上并(bing)且充(chong)電(dian)器接(jie)通(tong)電(dian)源，在(zai)維護充(chong)電(dian)狀態下，充(chong)電(dian)器將以某一(yi)充(chong)電(dian)速(su)率(lv)(lv)給(gei)電(dian)池補充(chong)電(dian)荷，這樣(yang)可(ke)使電(dian)池總(zong)處于充(chong)足(zu)電(dian)狀態。

快速(su)充電終止控制方法 

采用(yong)快(kuai)速(su)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)時(shi)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流為(wei)常規充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的幾十(shi)倍。充足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后，如果(guo)不及時(shi)停止快(kuai)速(su)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的溫度和內部壓(ya)力(li)(li)將迅速(su)上(shang)升。內部壓(ya)力(li)(li)過大時(shi)，密封電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)將打(da)開放氣孔，從而使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液逸(yi)散(san)，造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液的粘稠性增(zeng)大，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的內阻增(zeng)大，容(rong)量下降。 從鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)快(kuai)速(su)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)特性可(ke)以看出，充足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)開始下降，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的溫度和內部壓(ya)力(li)(li)迅速(su)上(shang)升，為(wei)了(le)保證(zheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)又不過充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可(ke)以采用(yong)定時(shi)控(kong)制(zhi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)控(kong)制(zhi)和溫度控(kong)制(zhi)待(dai)多(duo)種(zhong)方法(fa)(fa)。 

（1）定(ding)時控制 采用1.25C充(chong)電速率時，電池(chi)1h可(ke)充(chong)足(zu)；采用2.5C充(chong)電速率時，30min可(ke)充(chong)足(zu)。因此，根據電池(chi)的容量和充(chong)電電流，很容易確定(ding)所(suo)需的充(chong)電時間。這種(zhong)控制方(fang)法最(zui)簡單，但是由于電池(chi)的起始充(chong)電狀態(tai)不完全(quan)相同(tong)，有(you)的電池(chi)充(chong)不足(zu)，有(you)的電池(chi)過充(chong)電，因此，只有(you)充(chong)電速率小(xiao)于0.3C時，才允許(xu)采用這種(zhong)方(fang)法。 

（2）電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)控制(zhi)(zhi) 在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)控制(zhi)(zhi)法中(zhong)，最(zui)容易檢測的(de)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)最(zui)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。常(chang)用(yong)(yong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)控制(zhi)(zhi)法有： 最(zui)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)（Vmax） 從充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)特性曲(qu)線可以(yi)看出(chu)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)達(da)到最(zui)大(da)值(zhi)時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)即(ji)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)達(da)到規(gui)定值(zhi)后(hou)，應立(li)即(ji)停止快(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)速充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這(zhe)(zhe)種控制(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)法的(de)缺點是：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)最(zui)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)隨環境(jing)(jing)溫度、充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速率(lv)而(er)變(bian)，而(er)且(qie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組中(zhong)各單體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)最(zui)高(gao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)也有差別，因(yin)此(ci)采用(yong)(yong)這(zhe)(zhe)種方(fang)法不可能非(fei)常(chang)準確(que)地判斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)已(yi)(yi)足充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。 電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)負(fu)(fu)增(zeng)量(liang)（－ΔV） 由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)負(fu)(fu)增(zeng)量(liang)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組的(de)絕對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)無關，而(er)且(qie)不受環境(jing)(jing)溫度和充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速率(lv)等(deng)因(yin)素影響(xiang)，因(yin)此(ci)可以(yi)比(bi)較準確(que)地判斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)已(yi)(yi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這(zhe)(zhe)種控制(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)法的(de)缺點是：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)出(chu)現負(fu)(fu)增(zeng)量(liang)后(hou)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)已(yi)(yi)經過(guo)(guo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，因(yin)此(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)溫度較高(gao)。此(ci)外(wai)鎳氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)要經過(guo)(guo)較長(chang)時(shi)間，才出(chu)現負(fu)(fu)增(zeng)量(liang)，過(guo)(guo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)較嚴重。因(yin)此(ci)，這(zhe)(zhe)種控制(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)法主要適(shi)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。 電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)零增(zeng)量(liang)（0ΔV） 鎳氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中(zhong)，為了避免等(deng)待出(chu)現電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)負(fu)(fu)增(zeng)量(liang)的(de)時(shi)間過(guo)(guo)久(jiu)而(er)損壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，通常(chang)采用(yong)(yong)0ΔV控制(zhi)(zhi)法。這(zhe)(zhe)種方(fang)法的(de)缺點是：充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以(yi)前，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)在(zai)某一段時(shi)間內可能變(bian)化很小，從而(er)造成過(guo)(guo)早地停止快(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)速充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。為此(ci)，目前大(da)多數鎳氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)快(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)速充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器都采用(yong)(yong)高(gao)靈(ling)敏(min)－0ΔV檢測，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)略(lve)有降低(di)時(shi)，立(li)即(ji)停止快(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)速充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。 

（3）溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)控(kong)制(zhi) 為了(le)避免損(sun)壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)過(guo)(guo)低(di)時(shi)(shi)不(bu)能開始快(kuai)速(su)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)上升(sheng)(sheng)到(dao)規定數值后(hou)，必須(xu)立即(ji)(ji)停止(zhi)快(kuai)速(su)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。常用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)控(kong)制(zhi)方(fang)法(fa)有(you)： 最(zui)(zui)高溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)（Tmax） 充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)，通(tong)常當(dang)(dang)(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)達到(dao)45℃時(shi)(shi)，應立即(ji)(ji)停止(zhi)快(kuai)速(su)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)可(ke)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)裝在一起的(de)(de)(de)熱(re)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)來(lai)(lai)檢(jian)測(ce)。這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)缺點(dian)是熱(re)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)響(xiang)應時(shi)(shi)間較長，溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)檢(jian)測(ce)有(you)一定滯后(hou)，同時(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)高工作(zuo)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)與(yu)環境(jing)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)有(you)關(guan)。當(dang)(dang)(dang)環境(jing)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)過(guo)(guo)低(di)時(shi)(shi)，充(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)也(ye)達不(bu)到(dao)45℃。 溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)升(sheng)(sheng)（ΔT） 為了(le)消除環境(jing)影響(xiang)，可(ke)采用(yong)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)升(sheng)(sheng)控(kong)制(zhi)法(fa)。當(dang)(dang)(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)升(sheng)(sheng)達到(dao)規定值后(hou)，立即(ji)(ji)停止(zhi)快(kuai)速(su)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。為了(le)實現(xian)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)升(sheng)(sheng)控(kong)制(zhi)，必須(xu)用(yong)兩(liang)只熱(re)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)，分(fen)別檢(jian)測(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)和(he)環境(jing)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)。 溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)變化率（ΔT/Δt） 鎳氫和(he)鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)迅速(su)上升(sheng)(sheng)，而且(qie)上升(sheng)(sheng)速(su)率ΔT/Δt基本相同，當(dang)(dang)(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)每分(fen)鐘上升(sheng)(sheng)1℃時(shi)(shi)，應當(dang)(dang)(dang)立即(ji)(ji)終止(zhi)快(kuai)速(su)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)控(kong)制(zhi)方(fang)法(fa)，近年(nian)來(lai)(lai)被(bei)普遍采用(yong)。應當(dang)(dang)(dang)說(shuo)明，由于熱(re)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)阻(zu)(zu)值與(yu)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)關(guan)系是非線性的(de)(de)(de)，因此，為了(le)提高檢(jian)測(ce)精度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)應設法(fa)減小(xiao)熱(re)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)非線性的(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)。 最(zui)(zui)低(di)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)（Tmin） 當(dang)(dang)(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)低(di)于10℃時(shi)(shi)，采用(yong)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流快(kuai)速(su)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，會影響(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)壽(shou)命。在這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)情(qing)況下(xia)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器應自動轉(zhuan)入涓流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，待(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)上升(sheng)(sheng)到(dao)10℃后(hou)，再轉(zhuan)入快(kuai)速(su)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。 

（4）綜合控制 述各種控制方法各有優缺點。為了保證在任何情況下，均能準確可*地控制電池的充電狀態，目前快速充電器中通常采(cai)用(yong)包括定時控制(zhi)、電(dian)壓控制(zhi)和溫(wen)度控制(zhi)的綜合(he)控制(zhi)法。