電(dian)池的充電(dian)過程(cheng)通常(chang)可分為(wei)預(yu)充電(dian)、快速充電(dian)、補足(zu)充電(dian)、涓流充電(dian)四(si)個階段(duan)。 

對(dui)長(chang)期不用(yong)的或新電池充(chong)(chong)電時，一(yi)開始(shi)就(jiu)采用(yong)快速充(chong)(chong)電，會影響電池的壽命。因(yin)此，這種電池應先用(yong)小電流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電，使其滿(man)足一(yi)定(ding)的充(chong)(chong)電條件(jian)，這個(ge)階段稱為預(yu)充(chong)(chong)電。 

快(kuai)速(su)(su)充(chong)電就是用大電流充(chong)電，迅速(su)(su)恢復電池電能。快(kuai)速(su)(su)充(chong)電速(su)(su)率一般在(zai)1C以(yi)上，快(kuai)速(su)(su)充(chong)時(shi)間由電池容(rong)量和充(chong)電速(su)(su)率決定。 

為了避免過充電，一些充電器采用小電流充電。鎳鎘電池正常充電時，可以接受C/10或更低的充電速率，這樣充電時間要10h以上。采用小電流充電，電池內不會產生過多的氣體，電池溫度也不會過高。只要電池接到充電器上，低速率恒流充電器就能對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)提供很(hen)小的涓流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)。電(dian)(dian)池(chi)采用小電(dian)(dian)流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)時，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)內產(chan)生的熱(re)量可以自(zi)然(ran)散去。 

涓流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)主要(yao)問題是充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)(su)度(du)太慢，例如，容量為1Ah的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，采用C/10充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)(su)率時(shi)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間要(yao)10h以上。此外，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)采用低(di)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)(su)率反(fan)復充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，還會產生(sheng)枝晶。大部分涓流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，都沒有任何(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓或溫(wen)度(du)反(fan)饋控制，因而不能(neng)保證電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)后，立即關斷充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器。 

快速充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)分(fen)恒(heng)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和脈(mo)沖(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)兩(liang)種，恒(heng)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)就是以恒(heng)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，脈(mo)沖(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)則是首先用脈(mo)沖(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。然后讓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，如此循環。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池脈(mo)沖(chong)的(de)(de)幅(fu)值很大、寬度(du)很窄。通(tong)常(chang)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)脈(mo)沖(chong)的(de)(de)幅(fu)值為充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)脈(mo)沖(chong)的(de)(de)3倍左右(you)。雖然放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)脈(mo)沖(chong)的(de)(de)幅(fu)值與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池容量(liang)有關，但是，與(yu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)幅(fu)值的(de)(de)比值保持不變，脈(mo)沖(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)波(bo)形。 

充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中，鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)中的(de)(de)(de)氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎳(nie)還原(yuan)為(wei)氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)亞(ya)鎳(nie)，氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎘還原(yuan)為(wei)鎘。在(zai)這個過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)泡，聚(ju)集在(zai)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)兩邊，這樣就會(hui)減小極(ji)(ji)板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)效面(mian)積，使極(ji)(ji)板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)阻增大。由于極(ji)(ji)板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)效面(mian)積變小，充(chong)入(ru)(ru)全(quan)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)所需(xu)的(de)(de)(de)時間增加。 加入(ru)(ru)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)脈沖后，氣(qi)泡離(li)開極(ji)(ji)板(ban)并與(yu)負極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)復合。這個去極(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)減小了電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)部(bu)壓力、溫度和(he)內(nei)阻。同時，充(chong)入(ru)(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)大部(bu)分電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷都轉換為(wei)化(hua)(hua)學能，而不會(hui)轉變為(wei)氣(qi)體(ti)和(he)熱量(liang)。 充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)脈沖寬度的(de)(de)(de)選擇應能保證極(ji)(ji)板(ban)恢復原(yuan)來的(de)(de)(de)晶體(ti)結構，從(cong)而消除記憶(yi)效應。采用(yong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)去極(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)措(cuo)施(shi)后，可以提(ti)高充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)效率并且允許大電(dian)(dian)(dian)流快速充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。 

采用某些快速充電止法時，快速充電終止后，電池并未充足電。為了保證充入100%的電量，還應加入補足充電過程。補足充電速率一般不超過0.3C。在補足充電過程中，溫度會繼續上升，當溫度超過規定的極限時，充電器轉入(ru)涓流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)。 存放(fang)時，鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)將(jiang)按(an)C/30到C/50的放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速率(lv)(lv)減(jian)小，為(wei)(wei)了(le)補(bu)(bu)(bu)償電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池因自放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)而損失的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)，補(bu)(bu)(bu)足充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結束(shu)后，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)應自動轉入(ru)涓流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程。涓流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也稱為(wei)(wei)維(wei)護(hu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的自放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)特性，涓流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速率(lv)(lv)一(yi)般都很低。只要電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池接在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)上并且充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)接通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源，在維(wei)護(hu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)下，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)將(jiang)以某一(yi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速率(lv)(lv)給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池補(bu)(bu)(bu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)，這樣可使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池總處(chu)于充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)。

快速(su)充電(dian)終止控(kong)制方法 

采(cai)用(yong)快速(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法時，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流為常規充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)幾十倍。充(chong)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后，如(ru)果不及(ji)時停止快速(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)溫(wen)度和(he)內部(bu)壓(ya)力將(jiang)迅速(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)上升(sheng)。內部(bu)壓(ya)力過大時，密封電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)將(jiang)打開放氣(qi)孔，從而使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)逸散，造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)的(de)粘稠(chou)性增大，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)內阻增大，容量下降(jiang)。 從鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)快速(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)特性可(ke)以看出，充(chong)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)開始下降(jiang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)溫(wen)度和(he)內部(bu)壓(ya)力迅速(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)上升(sheng)，為了保(bao)證電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)又不過充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可(ke)以采(cai)用(yong)定時控制、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)控制和(he)溫(wen)度控制待多種方法。 

（1）定時(shi)(shi)控制(zhi) 采(cai)(cai)用1.25C充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)速率(lv)時(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池1h可(ke)充(chong)(chong)足(zu)；采(cai)(cai)用2.5C充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)速率(lv)時(shi)(shi)，30min可(ke)充(chong)(chong)足(zu)。因此(ci)，根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)容量和(he)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，很容易確定所(suo)需的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間。這種(zhong)控制(zhi)方法最簡單，但是由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)起始充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態(tai)不完(wan)全相同，有的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)不足(zu)，有的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池過充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，因此(ci)，只有充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)速率(lv)小于(yu)0.3C時(shi)(shi)，才允許采(cai)(cai)用這種(zhong)方法。 

（2）電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi) 在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，最(zui)容(rong)易檢(jian)測(ce)的(de)(de)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)最(zui)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。常用(yong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)有(you)： 最(zui)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)（Vmax） 從充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)特性曲線可以看出，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)達(da)到最(zui)大(da)(da)值時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)即(ji)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，當(dang)(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)達(da)到規定值后(hou)(hou)，應立(li)即(ji)停(ting)止(zhi)快速(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)的(de)(de)缺(que)點(dian)是：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)最(zui)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)隨環(huan)境溫(wen)度(du)、充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)率而變，而且電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)各單體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)最(zui)高充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)也(ye)有(you)差別，因(yin)此(ci)采用(yong)這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)不可能非常準(zhun)確地判(pan)斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)已足(zu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。 電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)負(fu)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)量(liang)（－ΔV） 由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)負(fu)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)量(liang)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組的(de)(de)絕(jue)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)無關，而且不受環(huan)境溫(wen)度(du)和充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)率等(deng)因(yin)素影響，因(yin)此(ci)可以比較準(zhun)確地判(pan)斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)已充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)的(de)(de)缺(que)點(dian)是：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)出現負(fu)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)量(liang)后(hou)(hou)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)已經(jing)過(guo)(guo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，因(yin)此(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du)較高。此(ci)外鎳氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)(hou)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)要(yao)經(jing)過(guo)(guo)較長(chang)時(shi)間(jian)，才出現負(fu)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)量(liang)，過(guo)(guo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)較嚴(yan)重。因(yin)此(ci)，這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)主要(yao)適用(yong)于(yu)鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。 電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)零增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)量(liang)（0ΔV） 鎳氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，為了(le)避免(mian)等(deng)待出現電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)負(fu)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)量(liang)的(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian)過(guo)(guo)久而損壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，通常采用(yong)0ΔV控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)。這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)的(de)(de)缺(que)點(dian)是：充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以前，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)在(zai)某(mou)一段時(shi)間(jian)內(nei)可能變化很小，從而造成過(guo)(guo)早(zao)地停(ting)止(zhi)快速(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。為此(ci)，目(mu)前大(da)(da)多數鎳氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)快速(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)都采用(yong)高靈敏－0ΔV檢(jian)測(ce)，當(dang)(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)略有(you)降低時(shi)，立(li)即(ji)停(ting)止(zhi)快速(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。 

（3）溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)控(kong)制(zhi) 為了(le)避免(mian)損壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)過低時(shi)(shi)不(bu)能開始快速充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)上升(sheng)到(dao)規(gui)定數(shu)值(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)，必(bi)須(xu)立即(ji)停(ting)止(zhi)快速充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。常用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)控(kong)制(zhi)方法(fa)(fa)有： 最高溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)（Tmax） 充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中，通常當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)達到(dao)45℃時(shi)(shi)，應立即(ji)停(ting)止(zhi)快速充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)可通過與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)裝在一(yi)起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)敏(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻來檢測(ce)。這(zhe)種方法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)缺點(dian)是熱(re)敏(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻的(de)(de)(de)(de)響(xiang)應時(shi)(shi)間較長，溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)檢測(ce)有一(yi)定滯后(hou)(hou)(hou)，同時(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最高工作溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)與(yu)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)有關。當(dang)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)過低時(shi)(shi)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)(hou)(hou)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)也達不(bu)到(dao)45℃。 溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)升(sheng)（ΔT） 為了(le)消(xiao)除環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)影(ying)響(xiang)，可采(cai)(cai)用(yong)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)升(sheng)控(kong)制(zhi)法(fa)(fa)。當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)升(sheng)達到(dao)規(gui)定值(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)，立即(ji)停(ting)止(zhi)快速充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。為了(le)實現溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)升(sheng)控(kong)制(zhi)，必(bi)須(xu)用(yong)兩(liang)只熱(re)敏(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻，分別檢測(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)和環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)。 溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)變(bian)化(hua)率（ΔT/Δt） 鎳氫和鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)(hou)(hou)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)迅速上升(sheng)，而且上升(sheng)速率ΔT/Δt基本相同，當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)每分鐘上升(sheng)1℃時(shi)(shi)，應當(dang)立即(ji)終止(zhi)快速充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，這(zhe)種充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)控(kong)制(zhi)方法(fa)(fa)，近年來被普遍(bian)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)。應當(dang)說明，由于熱(re)敏(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻的(de)(de)(de)(de)阻值(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)關系是非線(xian)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，因(yin)此，為了(le)提高檢測(ce)精度(du)(du)(du)(du)應設法(fa)(fa)減(jian)小熱(re)敏(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻非線(xian)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)。 最低溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)（Tmin） 當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)低于10℃時(shi)(shi)，采(cai)(cai)用(yong)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流快速充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，會(hui)影(ying)響(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)壽命。在這(zhe)種情況(kuang)下，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器應自(zi)動(dong)轉入涓流充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，待電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)上升(sheng)到(dao)10℃后(hou)(hou)(hou)，再(zai)轉入快速充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。 

（4）綜合控制 述各種控制方法各有優缺點。為了保證在任何情況下，均能準確可*地控制電池的充電狀態，目前快速充電器中通(tong)常采用包括定(ding)時控制(zhi)、電壓控制(zhi)和溫度(du)控制(zhi)的綜合控制(zhi)法。